History of the Forest of Rossendale ... Second edition, etc

Preface

TO THE FIRST EDITION. Some apology or explanation would seem to be due from me to those who will peruse the present Work, why I, who am no native of the Forest of Rossendale, should have presumed to write its History. I am aware that there are those residing in Rossendale who, by their antiquarian and genealogical acquirements and their longer acquaintance with the locality, are more fitted for the duty, and have access, probably, to more copious sources of information than those of which I can boast; but I have not been able to learn that such have ever contemplated the undertaking, though their researches, if given to the public, would be of enduring interest. Their backwardness in this respect may, therefore, be accepted as one reason why I have taken it in hand. Again, the longer such a work is delayed the more difficult it is of accomplishment, and the less trustworthy many of the sources of information become ; and how desirable it is (applying the remark to any district) that the fragments of Fact and Legendary Lore which exist on our right hand and on our left, should be gathered up and strung together, however indifferently, before they become utterly dispersed and lost.

And how many there are amongst us who, possessing but vague notions of the past History of the Forest, would rejoice in a better acquaintance therewith — would delight to be told the story of its earlier existence — to learn more than they at present know of "the rude forefathers" who thinly tenanted its bleak hill-sides, or wandered centuries ago in -its wooded doughs ; where, instead of the noise of manufacturing Industry, the rush of the Red Deer through the leafy covert alone broke the prevailing stillness. Preface. VI But I have a further reason to assign for the present venture. A residence of nearly seventeen years has endeared me to the district (all the pleasanter for its rugged character) and its people ; and should my efforts afford pleasure to the dwellers within the boundaries of the Ancient Forest, I shall be, in some measure, repaying the debt due for kindnesses received, and which I can neither enumerate nor forget.

I have another and final plea to urge — the desire of personal gratification. The enjoyment associated with the preparation of any History, however limited in its range, or humble in its pretensions, is only such as can be fully appreciated by those who undertake the pleasing Labour. In following such pursuits we live a double life ; for, whilst enjoying the intercourse of present friends, we delight ourselves in the society of those who have long since passed away. A Work of this character, to be moderately complete, must necessarily glean its material from every available source. I have spared neither pains nor expense in the search for authorities. Dr. Whitaker's "History of the Parish of Whalley," of which this district forms a part, contains many interesting particulars relating to Rossendale and the neighbourhood ; and I have freely dipped into the pages of that comprehensive work.

In the "History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster," by Edward Baines, Esq., are also some references to this locality, and of the informa tion therein contained I have occasionally availed myself. The elaborate papers " On the Battle of Brunanburh, and the probable Locality of the Conflict," by T. T. Wilkinson, Esq., F.R.A.S. of Burnley, read before the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, and published in the Society's Transactions, are replete with information of a Local character, and have enabled me to supply a chapter connecting the district with the events of the most important period in Saxon History. In the early stages of the Work I received valuable assistance from documents kindly placed at my service by the late Miss Preface. VII Maden, of Greens House, and Mr. George Howorth, -of Bacup-fold.

To George Hargreaves, Esq., J. P., of Newchurch, and to James Rushton, Esq., of the same place, I am indebted for much that is indispensable in elucidating the bygone manners and economy of the inhabitants. During the progress of the Work I have received many valuable oral communications from different persons ; and several unknown correspondents have supplied me with interesting material. For all the assistance received, I am sensibly obliged, and desire to tender my sincere thanks. Other sources of information are duly recognised in the body of the Volume. Lastly, to my friend, J. H. Redman, Esq., I am anxious to express my grateful acknow ledgments for counsel in matters of Literary taste, and for his kindly aid in revising the proof sheets of the Work. Let me now crave indulgence for any mistakes or omissions which may have been made.

These cannot always be avoided, even where the time at the disposal of the writer is most ample ; and in the work that is performed during the intervals of leisure to be found in the midst of other responsible duties, they may be expected to occur. T. N. Bacup, November i, 1867.

PREFACE.

TO THE SECOND EDITION. The writing of the History of the Forest of Rossendale, more than a quarter of a century ago (how time slips away!) was a great pleasure to me. Perhaps, after all, I was fairly well qualified to undertake the work, because my duties during the years I resided in the locality led me constantly to traverse the district from end to end. In this way its places grew very familiar to me; I came in contact with many of the old inhabitants, I noted their characteristics, and became acquainted with circumstances and incidents that might, and probably would, have passed into oblivion (as doubtless many such have really done) had I not taken care to preserve them. Besides actual observations and notes made on the spot, I searched original documents, and such works as were available, for material throwing light on past occurrences in the district, and read all that I could find written in books on the subject.

In this way my notes grew, and eventually took the form of a regular History. The work was widely and favourably reviewed ; it has since become scarce, and copies of the first edition that find their way into the market fetch a price beyond what many people are willing, or can afford, to pay. These considerations have influenced me to undertake the revision of the work, and also to add to the record the further materials of interest which I have accumulated in the interval. From a few friends, some of whom have passed away of recent years, I received both encouragement and assistance by the loan of original documents, and without these the work would have been less attractive and valuable. My personal acquaintance with Mr. J. J. Riley, J. P., the present publisher, justifies me in believing that the production of the volume will be highly creditable to him and acceptable to readers. Thomas Newbigging. Manchester, September 30th, 1893. CONTENTS BOOK FIRST.

Chapter I

Absenoe of Roman remains in Rossendale — The ancient Britons, their worship, mode of life, and dwellings — The natural features of a country or a district usually its most permanent monuments — The Forest of Eossendale once the resort of wild animals of different kinds : the Wild Boar, the Wolf, Wild Oxen, the Deer tribe — Names of places in Rossendale having reference to the Deer and its kindred — Discovery of antlered horns, described by Captain Aitkin — Wild animals of an inferior class — Fish formerly plentiful in the different streams — The great natural aud prominent boundaries of the Forest — The " Watling Street " of the Romans — The " Limersgate," one of the oldest roads in the locality — Derivation of the name, Rossendale, and of other place-names in the' District, . . . Pp. 1-8

Chapter II

The Dykes at Broadclough — Described by Dr. Whitaker and by Mr. T. T. Wilkinson, F.R.A.S. — Further description — Believed to be of Saxon or Danish origin — Mr. Wilkinson's investigations connecting the Dyke with the Battle of Brunanburh — The history of the period recounted — Ethelred — Alfred the Great — The Battle of Ethandune — Edward — Athelstan, King of Wessex — On the death of Sihtric he annexes the kingdom of Northumbria to his own dominions — Flight of Guthfred and Anlaf — The ambition of Anlaf to recover the kingdom of his father — Sails from Ireland on an expedition — Lands his forces on the banks of the Mersey, the Ribble, the Wyre, and the Lune — Their advance through the country — The Battle of Brunanburh — Saxon Ode on the Battle — Discovery of relic3 — The Beacon remains on Thieveley Pike — Central position of the Pike — View obtained therefrom, . Pp. 9-21 Contents. X

Chapter III

The River Irwell — Its source in Cliviger— The original boundary between Cliviger and the Forest of Rossendale — Removal of the ancient meres or bonndry marks —Law-suit instituted by the Proprietors of Bacup Booth against those of Cliviger during the reign of Elizabeth — First mention of the Irwell — Account of the origin of the name by Mr. Whitaker, the historian of Manchester— The same by Dr. Whitaker, the historian of Whalley— Further conjectures as to the derivation of the name — Michael Drayton on the Irwell, . • Pp- 22-31 BOOK SECOND.

Chapter I

Pendle, Trawden, Accrington, and Rossendale Forests formerly embraced in the general name of the Forest of Blackburnshire — Signification of the term Honor — Area of the Forest of Blackburnshire — Area of Rossendale Forest — Account of the Hundred given in Domesday Book — Measurement of Forests not included therein — Roger de Poictou first lord of the Honors of Lancaster and Clitheroe — Succeeding owners — The House of Lacy— Union of the Houses of Lancaster and Lacy — Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, beheaded — His possessions forfeited on account of his share in the insurrection of the barons against the De Spensers — Act for reversing the attainder of his brother Thomas, obtained by Hem-y, Earl of Lancaster — Henry, Duke of Lancaster — John of Gaunt — -Henry of Bolingbroke, afterwards Henry IV. of England — The Honor of Clitheroe bestowed by Charles II. upon General Monk — Duke of Montague succeeds to the Honor — Its possession by the Duke of Buccleuch, . . . Pp. 32-36

Chapter II

Grant by Roger de Lacy of Brandwood to the Monastery of Stanlaw, in Cheshire — Brandwood the first part of the Forest cleared and cultivated — The Deed of Roger de Lacy — Grant of John de Lacy to. the same Abbey, of the right to cut Hay in the Forest — Confirmation of the foregoing grants to the Abbot and Monks of Whalley — Suit between the Abbot of Whalley and Richard de Ratcliffe, Master Contents. XI Forester, for Puture of the Foresters — Deed of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, confirming previous Grants of Brandwood, &c, and relinquishing his right to pasture therein — References to Rossendale in the rolls of the Duchy of Lancaster in the reign of Edward III. — Commission of Henry VII. relating to the Puture Rents within the Forest— Character of Henry VII., . . .Pp. 37-51

Chapter III

Rossendale a favourite Hunting-ground — Disappearance of the larger animals of chase — The Deans of Whalley : Mighty hunters— Liwlphus Cutwulph — Forest Laws — Definition of a Forest — The Constitutiones de Foresta of King Canute — Forest Courts — Justice-seat — Swainmote — Woodmote or Attachment — Offioers of the Forest — Their duties — Signification of the terms Venison and Vert — Difference between a Forest and a Chase — Beasts of Forest — Beasts of Park and Chase — Beasts of Warren — Fowls of Warren — Appropriation of Forests by the King — Exceptions to this rule — -The Forests of Lancaster and Pickering — Complaint of the Earl of Lancaster, temp, of Edward II. of malefactors and disturbers of the peace — Saxon Forest Laws — Punishments inflicted comparatively mild — A sternand merciless code introduced after the Conquest — Severity of punishments during the reign of William Rufus — A milder policy inaugurated by Henry III. and Edward I. — Curious provision in the Carta Foresta of Henry III. — Provision of Edward I. — Inqnisition to be made of any Deer found dead or wounded — Spaniels and Greyhounds forbidden in the Forest — The Mastiff admitted — " Hambling," or " Expeditation," how performed — Agisting of goats and sheep — Agisting of lands held by persons within the boundaries of the Forests — The Boundaries of a Forest of two kinds—" Dog-draw "— " Stable-stand "— " Back-Bear "— " Bloody-hand " — The Fence-mouth — Rhymed Oath taken by the inhabitants of the Forest; — Purlieus — Parks — Musbury, the Park or Laund of the Forest of Rossendale, .... Pp. 52-60

Chapter IV

Earliest known record of any Rossendale Inhabitant — Henry Rossyndale, of Rosindale — Granted Lands in Denbigh — Certain of his descendants — Humphrey Lloyd, the Antiquary— William Rosindale — The Rosindale Arms — Adam de Rosindale — Owner of Hulme Hall, Manchester — Grotesque Wood Carvings therein — Rossendale as a Surname — Examples of, in the Diary of the Rev. Oliver Heywood, . Pp. 61-66 Contents. BOOK THIRD.

Chapter I

Commission for Granting of the Forests — Eleven Vaccaries in Rossendale in time of Edward II. — Afterwards increased to Nineteen — Then to Twenty — Their names and estimated value — Particulars relating to property in Brandwood in the time of Henry VIII., . Pp. 67-73

Chapter II

Freehold lands in Brandwood — Possessed by Henry VIII. after the Execution of John Paslew, Abbot of Whalley — Granted by the king to Thomas Holt of Gristlehurst — Subsequent descent of the Property — 1 Manor of Rochdale possessed by the Byron family— Letter of Lord Byron — Manor purchased by James Dearden, Esq. — Action at law respecting the manorial rights of the Freehold in Brandwood — Summary of the trial — Verdict of the j ury, . . Pp. 74-79

Chapter III

The titles to copyhold property in the Forests disputed by the Crown Lawyers of James I. — The land said to be only of the nature of assart land — Explanation of the term — Letter of Richard Towneley, Edward Rausthorn, and others — Dr. Whitaker's comments npon the proceedings — Settlement of the dispute — Titles to Wapontake, or copyhold lands of the new tenure in Blackburnshire, . . Pp. 80-86 BOOK FOURTH.

Chapter I

The Greave of the Forest— His Duties— Fulfilment of the office not optional — Accounts of the Greave — Dr. Whitaker and Mr. Baines on the GreaTe of Rossendale Forest — The Reeve of Chaucer — List of the Greaves of Rossendale from a.d. 1559 to 1818 — Historical value of the list, in being an enumeration of the oldest families of the district — The Cause of the Parliament espoused by the inhabitants of Rossendale during the Revolution — Names of Persons common to the. locality, . . . . .Pp. 87-107 Contents. XIII

Chapter II

Description of tho Greaves' Accounts — Explanation of the various Rates for the County Palatine of Lancaster — I. The Subsidy — II. The Fifteenth— III. The Oxley— IV. The Maimed Lay— V. Tho Prisoners' Lay — VI. The Soldiers' Lay, or County Lay — Extracts from the Greaves' Book — The Bridle or Brank for Scolding women — The Ducking Stool — The Bridle formerly used in the Township of Pilkington — Finger or Guide Posts — The Rebellion of 1715 — Trophey Money — The Rebellion of 1745 — List of the Posts for Rossendale Militia, 1744-5 — The taking of Carlisle and Stirling — Watch and Ward — Stocks in the different villages in Rossendale — Sabbath-breaking and Profane Swearing — Old Custom of the Churchwardens — ■ The Town Box — Bacup Stocks — Impressing for the Navy— Dungeons at Bacup — Minute respecting Dungeons at Newchurch and Goodshaw Chapel — Dungeon at Crawshawbooth— The war with France — Expenses on account pf the Militia — Numbering the Inhabitants — Able-bodied men in Rossendale capable of actual service — The Peace of Amiens — Threatened Invasion of Great Britain — Meetings held in Rossendale for the Defence of the Nation — Returns made by the Greave — Prisoners formerly conveyed to Holmes Chapel — Public Notices in the Church — Cloughfold Pinfold — List of Pinders from 1747 to 1753— Workhouse Accounts for 1734-5, . . Pp. 108-137

Chapter III

Other Officers appointed by the Halmot Court — The Office of Ale-Taster— The Ale-Taster's Oath — Richard Taylor, the Rossendale Ale-Taster — His Eccentricities — His Petitions to the Court — Died, a martyr to duty, . . . . . .Pp. 138-145 BOOK FIFTH.

Chapter I

Rough Lee — View of the landscape from the hill — Chapel erected there — Traditions respecting the Chapel — Description of the same— Fragments of Stones bearing inscriptions found — Conjectures respecting the foundation of the Chapel— The "Waste of Brendewode "—The Old Hall, Newhallhey, . . . .Pp. 146-149 Contents. XIV

Chapter II

Decree of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster relating to the Chapel in Bossendale — The original Chapel at Newchurch — Date of its erection — Rebuilt in the third year of the reign of Qaeen Elizabeth- Legend connected with the Church— Addition made to the structure by Mr. John Ormerod, of Tunstead, and Mr. John Hargreaves, of Newchurch, in 1753 — Memorial to the Bishop of Chester for authority to enlarge — Extract from Bishop Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis — Church rebuilt and enlarged in 1824-5 — Its Architecture and Situation — Newchurch Bell-ringers — Surrender of Lands by Lettice Jackson for the use of the New Church — Remarks by Dr. Whitaker thereon — Letter from the Rev. J. B. Phillips respecting the same — Note by Canon Raines on the same — Lambeth Inquisition — List of Incumbents from the foundation — Will of Sir George Gregory, Priest — Bees in Rossendale — Contest, for the right of Patronage, betwixt Dr. Keene, Bishop of Chester ; the Archbishop of Canterbury ; and Mr. Johnson, Vicar of Whalley — Extracts from the correspondence — Remarks thereon — National School, Newchurch — Grammar School, Newchurch — Endowments — Account of Thomas Sanders, Incumbent of Newchurch, in parochial register — John Shorrock, A.M., Incumbent — The " Book of Sports" — Newchurch Charities — Goodshaw Chapel — Deed entered into for the building thereof — Extract from Bishop Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis — Note by Canon Raines — Incumbents of Goodshaw — St. John's Church, Sunnyside — Mills' Charity, . . Pp. 150-181

Chapter III

St. John's Church, Bacup—" Th' Kirk Gate "—Foundation of St. John's— Consecration — " The Old School," Bacup, used as an Episcopal place of worship — National School erected — Minister's Salary — Rev. Joseph Ogden first Incumbent — His character — Rev. William Porter, Incumbent — Fees — The Parsonage — Meadowhead Farm, near Gambleside, purchased by the Congregation of St. John's — Character of Mr. Porter — Living sold to the Hulmeian Trustees — Account of the origin of Hulme's foundation — Names of Incumbents — Bacup made a Consolidated Chapelry in 1837 — Interments in the Churchyard of St. John's — Erection of a New Structure — St. Mary's Church, Rawtenstall — Its consecration — Names of principal Subscribers to its erection — Incumbents thereof — Tunstead Church, built through the efforts of Robert Munn and George Ormerod, Esquires — Patrons — Incumbents — District assigned to this Church — Lumb Church — Its consecration — Contents.

XV Patrons — Incumbent — Lumb constituted an Ecclesiastical District by Order in Council — Christ Church — Cost of erection — Patron — Conse cration—Incumbent — St. James's Church, Waterfoot — Date of opening — Of consecration — Cost of erection — Patrons — Incumbent — St. Saviour's Church, Bacup — Date of consecration — Incumbent — - Baptistery for Adults — School — Parsonage — Patron — St. Anne's Church, Edgeside — Chief contributors — Patrons and Vicar — Church of St. John the Divine, Cloughfold — Principal contributors — Patrons and Vicar, . . . . . .Pp. 185-196

Chapter IV

The New Church originally Roman Catholic — Goodshaw original Church the same — Dispersion of Catholics at the Reformation — The Booth family re-introduce Catholicism into Rossendale — Early meeting places of the Catholics — First resident Priest — Church at Constablee, Rawtenstall — Opening ceremony — List of Incumbents — St. Mary's Church, Bankside, Bacup — Incumbents, . . . Pp. 197-200

Chapter V

The Baptist denomination in Rossendale — Bacup at the end of the 17th century — No place of worship in Bacup prior to the establishment of the Baptist denomination in Rossendale — William Mitchel and David Crossley — Their character and labours — Mitchel taken prisoner under the Conventicle Act — Crossley, the friend of Bunyan and Whitefield— Lawrence Britliffe executed at Lancaster — The United Congregations of Bacup and Cloughfold — The Old School, Bacup, erected for the use of the Protestant Dissenters — Trust-deed of the Building — Deed of admission — Henry Lord and Joseph Piccop, successors to D. Crossley — Erection of the "New Meeting House" — Extracts from the Building Accounts — Chapel rebuilt in 1778 — Gallery erected in 1783 — Again taken down and rebuilt in 1811 — Cloughfold Section of the Baptist Church in Rossendale — Writings belonging to the same — Endowments — Baptist Chapel at Lumb — Musical skill of the inhabitants of the Lumb and Dean Valleys — John Nuttall — Removal to Goodshaw — Other Baptist Chapels in Rossendale — Baptist Churches which have sprung from those in the district — Table, showing present position of Baptist denomination in Rossendale — Sketch of Joseph Piccop — John Hirst, forty-two years minister at Bacup, . . Pp. 201-213 Contents. XVI

Chapter VI

Tho Methodist denomination in Rossendale — William Darney and John Maden — Sketch of the life of John Maden, the first Rossendale Methodist — Mr. Darney preaches at Heap Barn — Formation of a Society at Miller Barn, Wolfenden Booth — Mr. Maden opens his house for divine service — Progress of the Society — Another house taken — The use of the Baptist Meeting-house obtained — The propriety of Building a Chapel discussed — The work accomplished — The New Erection opened by John Wesley — Extracts from Mr. Wesley's Journal relative to visits which he paid to Rossendale — Mr. Maden's death — Interred at Mount Pleasant, Bacup — Inscription on Tombstone — Character and labours of William Darney — Number of Methodist Chapels in Rossendale — The Quakers ; their place of meeting ; decrease iu their numbers — Unitarians — Original Unitarian Chapel at Rawtenstall — The old School there — Independents at Bacup — Number of Places of Worship within the Forest, . . Pp. 214-221 BOOK SIXTH.

Chapter I

Genesis of the original inhabitants of Rossendale — Pendle and Rossendale compared — Clitheroe Castle and Church — The Parish Church of Rossendale — The inhabitants of Rossendale proverbial for their shrewd, enterprising character — The chief men of wealth and position in the district risen from the ranks — Key to the success and growing importance of Rossendale — Table showing the annual value of the Rateable Property in each Township from 1815 to 1892 — Increase per cent — Acreage of each Township — Increase on the "advanced rents" confirmed by King James I. — Population of the district in 1511, 1551, and during the Commonwealth — Table showing the amount of the Population in each Township, aud its increase from 1801 to 1801 — . Excess of Females over the Males in Rossendale — The Cotton Dearth — ■ Migration of many families into Yorkshire — The Municipal Boroughs of Bacup and Rawtenstall, . . .Pp. 222-230

Chapter II

Rossendale forty years ago — Views of Scenery in Rossendale — The Hills and their venerable antiquity — Wind on the Hills— Climate of Rossendale — Effect of the Hills in bringing down the rain — Character Contents. XVII of the soil — The Climate not congenial to delicate constitutions — Rainfall — Number of days on which rain fell — Weight of rain annually deposited on the area of the district — Mean temperature of Rossendale Its Agrioulture — Dairy Farming — Epidemic diseases rare in Rossen dale—Births and Deaths for the years 1891-2, . Pp. 231-235 BOOK SEVENTH.

CHAPTER I.

Local worthies — John Lord, schoolmaster— Traitsof his character — Rhyming Calendar —Rev. John Butterworth — His religious views — Author of a Concordance to the Holy Scriptures — His father Henry Butterworth, and brothers — James Hargreaves, author of the "Life of John Hirst" — Incidents in his early youth — His first essay at preaching — Joins the Baptist Society at Bacup — Removes to Bolton, and afterwards to Ogden — Opens a Boardiug-School — Accepts a Call to Wild Street Chapel, London — Finally settles at Waltham Abbey Cross — He is appointed Secretary of the Peace Society — His labours in connection therewith — List of his Published Works — Lawrence Heyworth — His birth and parentage — Education — Commences business — His success in Portugal —Embarks for South America — Establishes Commission houses there — Resists Sir James Chamberlain in his attempts to impose a tax upon English goods imported into Rio de Janeiro — Founds an Establishment at Hamburgh — Retires from business, and invests his Capital in Railways — Begins to take an active part in Politics — His connection with the Anti-Corn Law League — Is returned to Parliament for the borough of Derby — His Political views — Resigns his seat iu Parliament — His Literary Labours— John Crabtree, M.D. — Birthplace — Early Education — Studies in Edinburgh and Dublin for the Medical Profession — Takes the degree of M.D. — Obtains his disploma — Begins to practise— Estimate of his abilities — His character — Decease — Sketch of the life of Robert Munn — John Aitken— Henry Cunliffe — William Hoyle, . . . . . Pp. 236-257 Contents. XVIII

CHAPTER II.

Musical abilities displayed by the inhabitants of the Forest of Rossendale — The "Deighn Layrocks" — Sketch from thepen of Edwin Wangh — Psalm Tunes and Chants composed by the " Deighners " — "Old Simon " — Hand-loom days — Anecdote of two Musical enthusiasts — Anniversary Services at Lumb Chapel — Description of the Singers' Gallery — The Minister peruses the Sacred Volume — His earnest prayer — The old-fashioned instruments at Lumb supplanted by the Organ — The Hallelujah Chorus — Unspeakable value to mankind of these glorious Musical Productions, . . . Pp. 258-265

Chapter III

Visits of Remarkable Men to Rossendale — John Wesley — George Whitefield — Christopher Hopper — William Gadsby — Fergus O'Connor — Mary Harrison, aged 108 years — Sharneyford Mill — Changes in Bacup — Bull-baiting formerly a common sport in Rossendale — " Abb o' th' Yate" — The Thrutch — Th' Arks o' Dearden and Pike Law — Legend connected with Hell Clough — The belief in Witchcraft — Tong Boggart — The Goodshaw Witch — Account of the killing of a Rossendale Witch or Wizard, from Harland and Wilkinson's " Lancashire Folk-Lore " — : Another Rossendale Witch — His Satanic Majesty at Crawshawbooth — Story of a bewitched cow — Edwin Waugh's references to Rossendale, Pp. 266-277 BOOK EIGHTH.

Chapter I

Result of the fulfilment of the decree of Henry VII. — Growth in the number of the Population — Corn Mills in Rossendale — Introduction of the Woollen Manufacture during the reign of Henry VIII. — The Wool at first greased with butter in lieu of oil — The processes of Carding, Spinning, and Weaving originally performed by hand — Invention of the Shuttle — Application of Water power in turning the Machinery — Prejudices against the Water-turned Machines — Arkwright's Inventions for Spinning Cotton — Invention of the Steam Engine — Woollen Carding Mills in Rossendale from forty to fifty years ago — Spinning and Weaving formerly entirely domestic processes — Lawrence Hardman, of Greens Spotland — John and James Hardman, merchants — Prior to the erection of largo facLories, the warp and wool " put out " Contents.

XIX to the several hands living in the district — Description of the Sizing process — Drying the Warps — Jack Spinning — Hareholme Mill erected iu 1798 — The first building in Rossendale lighted with gas — Wool combing — Festival in honour of Bishop Blaize — Particulars of the Woollen trade of the district at the present time — The Slipper trade — Silk Weaving— Manufacture of Ginghams, . , . Pp. 278-293

Chapter II

The Cotton Trade — The prosperity of the district chiefly due to its development — Increase in the population — Probably no Cotton goods manufactured in Rossendale prior to 1770 — Fustian Weaving — The Deeting Frame — Early records of the Trade — The oldest Cotton Factory in the district — J. & W. Clegg at Little Baltic — Handloom Weaving from 1815 to 1830 — Robert and John Mnnn — Whitehead Brothers — Hardman Brothers — Trades directly dependent upon the Cotton Manufacture — Other Trades — Gas and Water Supply — The Rossendale Branch Railway — Tho Stone Trade — Coal and other Mines, Pp. 294-303

Chapter III

The Co-operative Movement in Rossendale — Account of the origin of the Bacup Co-operative Store — Difficulties experienced by the early Co-operators — Mistakes in "buying in" — Educational appliances — Table of Industrial and Provident Societies in Rossendale — Population represented by the number of Members in the various Stores, Pp. 301-311