The Emancipation of South America. Being a condensed translation by W. Pilling of the 'History of San Martin' ... With maps

Preface

. The title of this translation is the second title of the original " History of San Martin." This transposition of title is an index to the relation which the translation bears to the original. This latter is truly a biography of San Martin, whose life could not be understood unless very full account were given of the events in which he took so prominent a part, therefore the biography is also a history. No man who plays a prominent part in the history of a revolution can escape becoming involved in disputes with his contemporaries, and in many intricate questions which are of interest only to a very small number of their successors. These disputes and these questions greatly affect the career of a man, but have small influence upon the history of a Nation. Of such troubles San Martin had his full share, his biographer has entered fully into them, and with much detail has given proofs of the correctness of the view he takes of them.

These details are, for the most part, suppressed in the' translation, and all matters con cerning San Martin himself are greatly curtailed, while prominence is given to the events of the times in which the TRANSLATOR'S

PREFACE.

. scene passes. The translation is thus a history in which enter the biographies of the two principal personages, San Martin and Bolivar. This translation is intended only for the general mass of English-speaking readers, to whom minute details are wearisome, and is thus in every part a condensation of the copious accounts which are given in the original of the stirring events described. The student of history will not find in it that ample information which he requires, in order fully to understand the subject in all its bearings ; for him the original provides a mine of historic wealth, enriched as it is with notes and with a voluminous appendix. William Pilling. London, March, 1893. PAGE 31 CONTENTS. Translator's Preface vii Prologue xxvii

Chapter I. Historical

introduction. The Argument of the Book — Synopsis of the South American Revolution — The Action of America upon Europe — The Colonization of Spanish America — The Colonization of North America — Colonial Policy in both Americas — The Emancipation of North America — The Affiliation of the Revolution of South America — The Moral Revolution of South America — The Precursor of the Emancipation of South America — The Races of South America ; the Creole — The First Throes of Revolution — The Growth of the Revolution — Attempts at Monarchy in South America — Retrospection i

Chapter II. San Martin In Europe And In America

1778 — l8l2. His Birth and Parentage — Leaves for Spain — His Career in the Spanish Army — Africa — France — St. Vincent — Portugal — Cadiz — Society of Lautaro — Argonilla — Baylen — Tudela — Albuera — Lord Macduff — London — Buenos Ayres — Outbreak of the Revolution — Experiments in Government— The Influence of San Martin — Personal Appearance and Character of San Martin CONTENTS. X

Chapter III. The Lautaro Lodge

1812 — 1813. PAGE The First Triumvirate— Political Parties— The Mounted Grenadiers —Military School— The Lautaro Lodge— Battle of Tucuman— Revolution of 8th October— The Second Triumvirate— Military Plans 43

Chapter IV. San Lorenzo

1813 — 1814. Battle of the Cerrito— Meeting ofthe Constituent Assembly — Reforms — Spanish Depredations on the Fluvial Coasts — The Action of San Lorenzo — Battle of Salta — Influence of the Lodge — Disasters of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma — Argentine Generals — San Martin takes Command of the Army of the North — Appointment of the Supreme Director 53

Chapter V. Upper Peru

1814. The Problem of the Argentine Revolution — The Geography and Ethnology of Upper Peru — Outbreak and Progress of the Revolution in Upper Peru — Cruelties of the Spaniards — Composition of the Royalist Army — Arenales — His Campaign from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz — Battle of La Florida — Results of these Operations 64

Chapter VI. The War In The North

1814. The Army of Tucuman— Preparations of Pezuela— Plans of San Martin— The New Military School— Popular Movement in Salta— Martin Giiemes— The Gauchos of Salta— Operations of the Royalists— The Fall of Monte Video— Retreat of Pezuela— San Martin's Secret Plan— His Illness — Is appointed Governor ofCuyo -2 CONTENTS. XI PAGE 80 91

Chapter VII. The Chileno-argentine Revolution

1810 — i8ir. Chilian and Argentine Society compared— Martinez Rozas — Popular Excitement — Loss of Power by Governor Carrasco — The South of Chile — O'Higgins — Deposition of Carrasco— Establishment of a Junta — Resemblances of the Two Revolutions — Argentine- Chilian Alliance — Freedom of Commerce — Mutiny in Santiago — Installation of the First General Congress — Defeat of the Radicals — Rozas at Concepcion .......

Chapter VIII. Progress And Fall Of The Chilian Revolution

l8ll — 1814. The Three Carreras — A New Junta — Dissolution of Congress — Armed Protest by Rozas — Valdivia — The First Newspaper — Death of Rozas — The Chilian Flag — Carrera again Dictator — Abascal — Pareja lands at Valdivia — Battle of San Carlos — Siege of Chilian — O'Higgins made General-in-Chief — Argentine Auxiliaries — Arrival of Gainza — Lastra named Supreme Director — Capture of Talca — Mackenna at Membrillar — Defence of Quecheraguas — Mediation of the British Commodore — Treaty of Lircay — The Carreras again in Power — Invasion of Osorio — Siege of Rancagua — Flight of O'Higgins and Carrera .

Chapter IX. Cuyo

1814 — 1815. The District of Cuyo — Policy of San Martin — Reception of Chilian Refugees — Trouble with Carrera — Fall of Alvear — Cuyo becomes an Independant State — Self-sacrifice of the People of Cuyo — Revenues of Cuyo — Characteristics of San Martin — Anecdotes of San Martin — Royalist Successes — The Banquet at Mendoza 108

Chapter X. The Spy System Of The Patriots

1815— 1816. The Restoration of Spanish Domination in Chile — Cruelties of the Royalists — Nationalist Reaction— The Plans of Abascal— San CONTENTS. PAGE "7 Martin establishes Secret Agencies in Chile — His Spy System — Preparations of the Chilian Patriots— Marc6 del Pont— Manuel Rodriguez — Brown and the Argentine Privateers — Loss of the Uribe — Capture of the Consequencia — Blockade of Callao — Attack on Guayaquil — Loss of the Trinidad — Return of the Squadron ......-•.•• CHAPTER XT. THE IDEA OF THE PASSAGE OF THE ANDES. 1815— 1816. Opposition to the Plans of San Martin — He receives Permission to assume the Offensive — Also Supplies of Guns and War Material — Collects the Grenadiers — Balcarce Provisional Director — The Lodge in Mendoza — Tomas Guido . . . . . .124

Chapter XII. The Army Of The Andes

1816— 1817. Composition of the Army — Freeing the Slaves — Fray Beltran — The Arsenal — Powder Factory — Cloth Factory — Pueyrred6n elected President — Declaration of Independence — Interview at C6rdoba — Condarco— Maps of the Passes of the Andes — Concentration of the Army — The Function of the 17th January, 1817 — The Flag of the Army of the Andes 126

Chapter XIII. The Passage Of The Andes

i3i7 The Southern Andes— Passes of the Andes— Stratagems of San Martin— The Pehuenche Indians— Preparations of Marco— Preparations at Mendoza— Pueyrredon— Detachments flankine the Main Army— Instructions from Government— The Sierra of" Chacabuco — Occupation of Coquimbo by Cabot— Capture of Copiap6— Capture of Talca— March of the Main Army— The Affair at Pichueta— Capture of Achupallas— Juan Lavalle— Capture ofthe Guardia Vieja— Putaendo— Defeat of Atero— Con centration of the Army at the Foot of Chacabuco— The Tudsr ment of Posterity .... CONTENTS. XIII PAGE 144 LSI 157

Chapter XIV. Chacabuco

1817. The Sierra of Chacabuco — Atero occupies Chacabuco — Maroto appointed to command the Royalist Army — Moonlight March of the Patriots — The Royalist Vanguard driven in — Advance of the Main Body — Repulse of O'Higgins — Soler takes the Position in Flank — Total Rout of the Royalists — Baraiiao — Occupation of Santiago — O'Higgins elected Supreme Director — Marco taken Prisoner — San Bruno shot — Reception of the News in Buenos Ayres — San Martin returns to Buenos Ayres

Chapter XV. The First Campaign In The South Of Chile

1817. The Mistakes committed by San Martin — Ordonez — Las Heras marches to the South — Occupation of Concepcion — The Action of Gavilan — O'Higgins takes Command — Freyre captures the Forts of Arauco — Treaty with the Indians of Arauco — Operations against Talcahuano — French Officers — The Assault of the Morro — Las Heras is withdrawn from the captured Outwork

Chapter XVI. Argentine-chileno Alliance

1817. Origin and Results of this Alliance — San Martin in Buenos Ayres — Carrera's Trip to North America — His Return and Arrest by Pueyrredon — The Mission of Condarco to London — Quintana Deputy Director — Coinage of Chilian Money — " The Legion of Merit " — Guido as Argentine Representative — Irizarri appointed Chilian Agent in Europe — Monarchical Ideas — Chilian Jealousy of Argentine Influence — The Conspiracy of the Carreras — Two of the Brothers imprisoned at Mendoza — Life of San Martin at Santiago — The " Tertulias " — Commodore Bowles takes a Secret Agent to Lima CONTSKTS. 174

Chapter XVII. Cancha-rayada

i8i7— 1818. PAGE The Political State of Chile— Pezuela appointed Viceroy of Peru— His Policy — Osorio lands at Talcahuano with Reinforcements— The Patriot Forces— Retreat of O'Higgins— March of Osorio on Santiago — Proclamation of Independence — Concentration of the Patriot Army— Affair on the Lo ntue— Retreat of Osorio— The Halt at Talca— The Night Attack at Cancha-rayada— Dispersion of the Patriot Army — O'Higgins wounded — Masterly Retreat of Las Heras — Panic in the Capital — Return of O'Higgins and San Martin — Reorganization of the Army — The Camp on the Plain of Maip6 165

Chapter XVIII

M A I P 6. 1818. Confusion of the Royalists after Cancha-rayada — They march on Santiago — The Plain of Maipo — Position of the Patriots — ■ Desertion of General Brayer — Battle of Maip6 — Results of the Battle — Osorio collects a Small Force at Talcahuano — Zapiola takes Command in the South — Osorio evacuates Talcahuano

Chapter XIX. After Maipo

1818. Execution at Mendoza of Don Luis and Don Juan Jos6 Carrera — Constitutional Reform in Chile — Tragic Fate of Dr. Rodriguez — The Secret Correspondence of Osorio — San Martin leaves for Buenos Ayres — His Arrangements with Pueyrred6n — Monarchical Illusions — Bolivar — Spain jgi

Chapter XX. The First Naval Campaign On The Pacific

1818. The Naval Resources of Chile — Ships purchased by Government- Affair of the Esmeralda— Blanco Encalada— Another Convoy from Spain— The Mutiny of the Trinidad— The Chilian CONTENTS. XV PAGE 186 Squadron leaves Valparaiso— The Capture of the Maria liabel —Capture of Five Transports— The Return of the Squadron— Cochrane — The Two Wives

Chapter XXI. The Repassage Of The Andes

1818— 1819. The Last Campaign in Chile— Another Conspiracy of Can-era's— Proclamation to the Peruvian People — Correspondence with Bolivar — San Martin withdraws a Division to Mendoza — The Tragedy at San Luis — Definite Arrangements for the Expedition to Peru — Retirement of Pueyrred6n 194

Chapter XXII. Cochrane

— CALLAO VALDIVIA. 1819 — 1820. The Character of Cochrane — He sails for Callao — The Spanish Squadron — The First Attack on Callao — Loss of a Fireship — Capture ofthe Montesuma — Return to Valparaiso — Manufacture of War Rockets — Second Attack on Callao — Inefficiency of the Rockets — Guise captures Pisco — Death of Colonel Charles — Capture of Transports at Guayaquil — Escape of the Prueba — Cochrane's New Scheme — Valdivia — Capture of the Potrillo — ■ Reinforcements at Talcahuano — Return to Valdivia — Capture of the Southern Forts — Evacuation of the Northern Forts — Wreck of the Intrepido — Surrender of the City — Repulse at Chiloe — Return 200

Chapter XXIII. The Disobedience Of San Martin

1819 — 1820. The Perplexities of San Martin — Popular Sentiment in Spain — The Expedition assembling at Cadiz — Discontent among the Troops — O'Donnell crushes the Conspiracy — San Martin summoned to Buenos Ayres — His Proposal to O'Higgins and Cochrane — The Gaucho Chieftains — San Martin again ordered to Buenos Ayres — The Plans of Government — The Due de Luca — Uprising of the Argentine People — San Martin still hesitates — Mutiny of the Army of the North — San Martin sends in his Resignation — Critique on his Behaviour CONTENTS. PAGE 216 223

Chapter XXIV. The Convention Of Rancagua

l820. The Spanish Revolution of 1820— Return of San Martin to Chile — Mutiny of the Detachment at San Juan — The Remnant of the Division crosses the Andes to Chile — Rout of Cepeda — The Reign of Anarchy in the United Provinces — The Convention of Officers at Rancagua — The Disobedience of San Martin endorsed by the Army — Cochrane aspires to the Command-in- Chief — San Martin appointed Generalissimo — The Presence of the Army of the Andes a Danger to Chile

Chapter XXV. Peru

182O. The Colonial Era in Peru — Lima — The Peruvian People — Viceroy Abascal — The Native Army — Pezuela — La Serna — Revolutionary Outbreaks — The Insurrection of Cuzco — Secret Societies — Correspondence with San Martin — Dissolution of the Native Army — Olaneta — Camba — Valdes — The Royalist Forces .

Chapter XXVI. The Expedition To Peru

1820. San Martin's Address to the Argentine People — Composition of the Expedition — Sailing ofthe Expedition — Disembarkation at Pisco — Occupation of Pisco by Las Heras — Proclamation by San Martin — Pezuela proposes Peace — The Commissioners meet at Miraflores— Arrange an Armistice — The Terms proposed— Negotiations broken off— Expedition of Arenales to the Highlands — Reembarkation of the Army 2^0

Chapter XXVII. The Opening Of The Campaign

1820 — 1821. The Coming Campaigns— The Pageant at Callao— Expedition from Ancon— Guayaquil— Revolution of Guayaquil— The Esmeralda CONTENTS. XVII Frigate cut out by Cochrane— The Expedition lands at Huacho ** — Huara — Cavalry Skirmish at Chancay — The Numancia Battalion joins the Patriots— Discontent in Peru— The Inde pendence of Trujillo— Torre-Tagle— Junction with Arenales— The Guerillas — The Provisional Regulation . . . .235

Chapter XXVIII. The First Campaign In The Highlands

1820 — 1821. The Natural Division of Peru— The Highlands of Peru— The Flying Column under Arenales — Defeat of Quimper — The Invasion of the Highlands — The Battle of Pasco — Retreat of Aldao from lea — Massacres of Indians by Ricafort — The Sack of Cangallo and Huancayo — Aldao establishes himself at Huancayo — Arenales rejoins San Martin ........ 245

Chapter XXIX. The Armistice Of Punchauca

1821. Prospects of the Royalists— Spanish Councils of War — Deposition of Pezuela — Proposals of Peace — The Conference at Retes — State of the Two Armies — The Royal Commissioner — The Patriot Army moves to Ancon — Proclamation from King Ferdinand — Effect in Columbia — Effect in Mexico — Course of the Revolution in Mexico — Iturbide — The " Plan de Iguala" — Success of the Plan — Fate of Iturbide — The Conference of Punchauca — Armistice ofPunchauca — Interview between San Martin and La Serna — Mistaken Policy of San Martin — The Conference renewed at Miraflores — Prolongation of the Armistice — Captain Basil Hall — Canterac moves to the Highlands — Return of the Patriot Army to Huacho — La Serna evacuates Lima — Occupation of Lima by the Patriots — Proclamation and Inactivity of San Martin 249

Chapter XXX. The Second Campaign In The Highlands

1821. Aldao and his Indian Levies — Gamarra takes Command — Is driven out by Ricafort — Ricafort returns to Lima — Arenales marches from Huara — The Successes of Arenales cut short by the CONTENTS. XVIII PAGE 265 Armistice— Character of Arenales— His Expostulations against the Mistaken Policy of San Martin being unheeded he rejoins him at Lima— Repulse of La Serna by the Mountaineers of Jauja 26i

Chapter XXXI. The Expedition To The South

I82I. Conspiracy to capture Callao — Miller sent South with a small Force — Lands at Pisco — Insurrection at Cuzco — Cochrane applies to Chile for Aid — Ravages of Fever at Chincha — Cochrane sails for Arica — Capture of Arica — Evacuation of Tacna — Miller marches Inland — Capture of Mirave — Occupation of Moquegua — Miller retreats to Tacna and to Arica — Miller establishes himself at lea — Loss of the San Martin

Chapter XXXII. Peru Independent

1821. The Continental Campaign — Lack of National Spirit in Peru — Convention of Notables at Lima — Declaration of Independence — Capture of Ships by Cochrane at Callao — Attempted Surprise by Las Heras — Overtures of Cochrane to La Mar — San Martin appoints himself " Protector of Peru " — Decree against the Spaniards — Banishment of the Archbishop — Tragic Fate of Jose Miguel Carrera 270

Chapter XXXIII. The Protectorate Of Peru

1821 — 1S22. The Captain of the Army of the Andes — Royalist Expedition for the Relief of Callao — The Defile of Espiritu Santo — Outburst of Enthusiasm in Lima — Manœuvres in Front of Lima — Retreat of Canterac— Feeble Pursuit of the Royalists— Capitulation of Callao — Reforms of San Martin— The Order of the Sun — Deterioration in the Spirit of the Army — Subsidy from the City of Lima— Conspiracy in the Army— Monarchical Ideas of San Martin— Monteagudo and the " Patriotic Society of Lima "— Mission of Garcia del Rio to Europe ...... CONTENTS. XIX PAGE 287 292 296

Chapter XXXIV. San Martin And Cochrane

1821 — 1822. Mutual Invectives of Two Heroes— San Martin fails to fulfil his Promises to the Fleet — A Stormy Interview— Cochrane seizes Treasure— Cochrane pays his Men with Government Funds And sails for Guayaquil — Surrender of Two Spanish Frigates to Peruvian Agents — Cochrane attempts to seize the Venganza— Returns to Callao and Captures the Montezuma — Returns to Chile and abandons the Pacific — The New Peruvian Navy

Chapter XXXV. The Disaster At Ica

182I 1822. Royalist Headquarters established at Cuzco — Expedition under Loriga against Pasco — Defeat of Otero — Burning of Cangallo — San Martin sends a Contingent to the Assistance of Bolivar — And Summons the First Peruvian Congress — Torre-Tagle Deputy-Protector — Expedition to lea — Rout of the Patriots by Canterac — Barbarous Treatment of Spaniards by Monteagudo .

Chapter XXXVI. The Revolutions In Quito And Venezuela

1809 — l8l2. The Northern Zone of South America — The First Outbreak at Quito — The Revolution at Caracas — Commencement of the Reaction — SIMON Bolivar — His Appearance and Character — His Education — His First Visit to Europe — His Second Visit to Europe — His Life at Caracas — Reception of the Envoys by the British Government — Bolivar meets Miranda in London — Brings him back with him to Venezuela — Action of the Regency of Cadiz — The Patriot Junta sends an Army against Coro — Reception of Miranda — His Plan for a Constitution — First Congress of Venezuela — Declaration of Independence — Revolt of the Canarians — Revolt at Valencia — Capture of Valencia by Miranda — Adoption of a Federal Constitution — General Discontent — Carora sacked by Monteverde — The Royalists of Guayana — Destruction of the Patriot Flotilla — The Great Earthquake — San Carlos burned by Monteverde — Miranda is appointed Dictator — Successes of the Royalists — Monteverde is repulsed in an Attack on the Entrenched Camp at Victoria — Insurrection of the Slaves — Loss of Puerto-Cabello — Miranda treats for Peace — The Capitulation — Miranda is imprisoned by his Officers — Cruelties of Monteverde — Death of Miranda .... XX CONTENTS. PAGE 312

Chapter XXXVII. The Revolutions In New Granada And Quito

1809 — 1813. Excitement in New Granada — Expedition against Quito — Reinstallation of the late Captain-General of Quito — Massacres by the Royalist Soldiery — Revolution at Cartagena — Outbreak on the Plains of Casanare — A Junta established at Pamplona — And at Socorro — Pacific Revolution at Bogota — Establishment of a Junta — Social Anarchy — Proposals to summon a Congress — The State of Cundinamarca — Narino appointed Dictator — Congress adopts the Federal System of Government and retires to Ibague — The Province of Cartagena declares itself an Independent State — Preparations of the Royalists — Torices named Dictator of Cartagena — Operations against Santa Marta — Arrival of a New Viceroy — The First Victory of the Patriots — Another Insurrection in Quito — Successes of Montufar and Macaulay — Treachery of the Pastusos — La Vendee of the Revolution — Installation of a Junta at Quito — Operations in the South — Quito declares itself an Independent State — Murder of Ruiz de Castillo — Victory of the Royalists at Mocha — Capture of Quito — Massacres at Popayan — The Policy of Narino — The Congress at Leiva — Dr. Camilo Torres named President — Civil War — Arrival of another Viceroy — Cundinamarca and Antioquia declare themselves Independent States — Congress places Narino in Command of the Army — Successes of Narino — His Passage of the River Juanambu — Dispersion of his Army — He is sent in Irons to Spain — Operations of Bolivar against Santa Marta — Defeat of an Expedition from Cartagena — Bolivar conceives the Idea of Reconquering Venezuela — He crosses the Cordillera — His Memorial to the People of New Granada — President Torres adopts his Idea

Chapter Xxxviii. The Reconquest Of Venezuela

1813. ' Pacification " by Monteverde — The Signal for Revolt — Triste — The Expedition to the Mainland— Cruelties of Zuazola — Defeat of the Royalists at Maturin — The Island of Margarita — Arismendi— Siege of Cumana— Cajigal retreats to Guayana — Marino named Dictator of the Eastern Provinces— The Expedition of Briceno — Defeat of Correa by Castillo— Bolivar's Commission from the Congress of Granada — Capture of Merida and Trujillo — Bolivar fulminates a Decree of Extermination against all Royalists— Marti Defeated by Rivas— Rout of Izquierdo — Valencia and Caracas evacuated by Royalists— The Genius of Bolivar —His Triumphant Entry into Caracas— He proclaims Himself CONTENTS. XXI PAGE Dictator— Lays Siege to Puerto Cabello— The Reaction— Second Decree of Bolivar — Arrival of Reinforcements at Puerto Cabello — Death of Girardot — Victory of Las Trincheras — Honours to Bolivar at Caracas — The Order of the "Liberators" — Boves, Morales, and Yafiez — They rouse the Llaneros — Campo- Elias — Defeat of Boves at Mosquitero — Massacre of Royalists at Cala bozo — Repulse of Patriots at Barquisimeto — Battle of Araure — Effects of the Dual Dictatorship — Reappearance of Boves on the Scene — The Patriots are driven from the Plains — General Revul sion of Feeling 324

Chapter XXXIX. The Second Fall Of Venezuela

1814. Bolivar discloses a New Phase of his Character — The Assembly of Caracas — His Treaty with Marino — Defeat and Death of Yafiez —Action at La Puerta — Repulse of Morales at Victoria — Successes of Rivas — The Massacres of Caracas and La Guayra — Preparations of Bolivar — His Defence of the Entrenchments of San Mateo — -Heroism of Recaurte — Defence of Caracas by Rivas — Of Valencia by Urdaneta — Action at Boca Chica — Marino defeated at San Carlos — First Battle at Carabobo— Rout of the Patriots at La Puerta — Capitulation of Valencia — D'Eluyar raises the Siege of Puerto-Cabello— Bolivar evacuates Caracas —Entrenches Himself at Aragua — Retreats to Barcelona — Capture of Aragua by Morales — Bolivar is accused of Treachery — Retires to Curagoa — Repulse of Morales at Maturin — Massacre at Cumana — Rout of the Patriots at Urica — Death of Boves — Capture of Maturin by Morales — Death of Rivas— -The Last Patriot Army under Urdaneta seeks Refuge in New Granada . 343

Chapter XL. The Dissolution Of New Granada

1815 — 1817. The Fall of Constitutional Government in Spain — Jealousy of Native Troops — Bolivar takes Command of the Army of New Granada — Capture of Bogoti — Fresh Honours to Bolivar — Bolivar makes War on Cartagena — And retires to Jamaica — His Memorials — Morillo arrives from Spain with a Powerful Squadron, and takes Command of the Royalists — Miyares secures the Isthmus of Panamd — Morillo's Instructions— Reduction of the Island of Mar [ garita — Loss of the San Pedro — Morillo occupies Caracas — And sails thence for Cartagena— Cartagena— The Siege of Cartagena— The Fortress and City are evacuated by the Patriots b CONTENTS. PAGE 353 —Repulse of Calzada from the Plains of Casanare— Defeat of the Patriots at Balaga— Further Successes of Calzada— Madrid is defeated by Samano in the South— Fresh Disturbances in Venezuela— Offers of Amnesty— Establishment of Military Rule at Bogota— Executions — Morillo returns to Venezuela— Cruelties of Samano— Death of La Pola— Samano is appointed Viceroy by Morillo

Chapter XLI. The Third War In Venezuela

1815— 1817. Position of Affairs in Venezuela — The Fresh Outbreak on the Island of Margarita— Paez — His First Action — Revulsion of Opinion among the Llaneros— The Army of the Apure — Successes of Cedefio — Attempt to assassinate Bolivar — Bolivar goes to Haiti — The Expedition from Cayos — The Landing at Margarita — Bolivar is named Supreme Chief — The Expedition proceeds to Carupano — Bolivar proceeds to Ocumare — Defeat of Bolivar by Morales — Bolivar's Flight from Ocumare — Successes of Mac- Gregor — The Army of the Centre — Bolivar returns to Haiti — Defeat of Lopez by MacGregor — Piar defeats Morales at Juncal — -Paez lays Siege to San Fernando — The Spaniards evacuate the Island of Margarita — Bolivar leaves Haitf with a Second Expedition — Piar marches on Guayana — Forces the Passage of the Cauca — Occupies the Missions of Coroni — Bolivar again defeated — And leaves for Guayana — Capture of Barcelona by the Royalists — The True Base of Operations — Advance of La Torre from New Granada — Is totally defeated by Paez — And descends the River to Angostura — Is again defeated by Piar at San Felix — Marino summons a Congress — Morillo puts an End to the Farce — Brion forces his Way up the Orinoco — Flight of La Torre — Conspiracy of Piar and Marino — Execution of Piar — Banishment of Marino 365

Chapter XLII. The Reorganization Of Venezuela

1817 — 1819. The Expedition of Morillo and Canterac against the Island of Margarita—The Action at Matasiete— The Massacre at Juan Griego- — Morillo returns to Caracas — Position of Patriots and of Royalists — The Civil Administration of Bolivar— Rout of Saraza at Hogaza— The Horse Marines — Bolivar surprises Morillo at Calabozo— Retreat of the Royalists to Sombrero — Defeat of Bolivar at La Puerta— Capture of San Fernando by Paez — CONTENTS. PAGE Defeat of Paez at Cojedes— Defeat of Cedeno by Morales— And of Morales by Paez — Marino takes Cumana, and refuses Alle giance to the Liberator — Bolivar raises a New Army, and is reconciled to Marino — Santander sent to Casanare — Bolivar's Idea of a Constitution — The Congress of Angostura — Bolivar is named President of Venezuela — The Foreign Auxiliaries — -Luis Mendez— Colonel Hippisley— Colonel Wilson — Campbell—Gil mour — General English — Colonel Elsom — General MacGregor — General Devereux— Colonel Montilla — Morillo opens the Cam paign — Tactics of Paez — Morillo reoccupies San Fernando — The Affair of " Las Queseras del Medio " — Bolivar's New Idea . 380

Chapter XLIII. Boyaca

— COLUMBIA — CARABOBO. 1819 — 1822. Bolivar joins Santander — The Passage of the Cordillera — The Expedition halts in the Valley of Sagamoso — Skilful Manœuvres of Bolivar — He captures the City of Tunja — Battle of Boyaci — Bolivar occupies Bogotd — His Activity and the Honours paid Him — Founds the Republic of Columbia — Cruelty of Santander — Bolivar returns to Angostura —Changes during his Absence — Decrees of Congress — Bolivar named Provisional President of Columbia — Military Operations on the North Coast — Arrival of the Irish Legion at Margarita — Paez retakes San Fernando — The Armistice of Trujillo — Morillo returns to Spain — Revolution in Maracaibo — Operations of Montilla — Bolivar again takes the Field — Battle of Carabobo — Bolivar for the Second Time enters Caracas.in Triumph — The Constituent Congress — Bolivar is named President — Capitulation of Cartagena — The Provinces of the Isthmus declare their Independence — Fall of Chagres and Portobello — Bolivar leaves for the South — Activity of Morales — He capitulates — Puerto Cabello is taken by Paez . . 394

Chapter XLIV. The War In Quito

1821 — 1822. Operations in the South of Columbia — Sucre — He leads an Expedition to Guayaquil — His Victory at Yahuachi — His Defeat at Ambato — Arrival of Murgedn from Spain — Bolivar marches on Quito with a Fresh Army — Battle of Bombona — He retreats to Patia — San Martin sends a Contingent to aid Sucre — Manœuvres of the Opposing Armies — The Cavalry Affair at Rio Bamba— Battle of Pichincha — Surrender of Quito — Capitulation of Garcia and of the Pastusos — Prætorianism — Bolivar enters Quito in Triumph CONTENTS.

Chapter XLV. Guayaquil

1822. PAGR The Meeting and Merging of Two Revolutions— The Protectorate of Guayaquil — Defeat of the Provincial Army at Ambato — Arrival of Sucre— The Revolt of Puerto- Viejo — Arrival of Salazar — La Mar takes Command of the Provincial Forces— The Question of Guayaquil 4'4

Chapter XLVI. The Interview At Guayaquil

1822. The Influence of Individuals — The Illusions of San Martin — Bolivar becomes jealous of Argentine Influence — The Entry of Bolivar into Guayaquil — He annexes the Province to Columbia — The Arrival of San Martin — The Conference — The Banquet — The Ball — Departure of San Martin — Result of the Conference — Remarkable Letter from San Martin to Bolivar .... 418-

Chapter XLVII. The Abdication Of San Martin

1822. Disturbances in Lima — Banishment of Monteagudo — Return of San Martin — The First Congress of Peru — The Resignation of San Martin — Honours decreed to him by Congress — He leaves Peru — His Illness in Chile — He retires to Mendoza . 42f>

Chapter XLVIII. The First National Government Of Peru

l822 1823. The State of Peru— Appointment of a Junta— Bolivar offers Assistance, which is declined — The Plan of Campaign — The Army of the South— Dilatory Movements of Alvarado — The Advance of the Royalists — Battle of Torata — The Rout of Moquegua — Activity of Miller— Withdrawal of the Columbian Contingent — Arenales leaves Peru— Riva-Agiiero named President — Preparations for a Fresh Campaign— English Loan— Despatch of a CONTENTS. XXV PAGB- Peruvian Army to the South under Santa Cruz— Capture of Lima by Canterac — Sucre brings another Columbian Contingent to Peru — Bolivar is named Generalissimo — Canterac returns to the Highlands— Plans of Sucre — Manœuvres of Santa Cruz— He captures La Paz — Gamarra occupies Oruro — Retreat of Santa Cruz — Indecisive Action at Zepita — Dispersion of the Patriot Army — Orderly Retreat of Sucre — Appeals to San Martin for Help — Reconstruction of Congress — Arrival of Bolivar — His " Reception — His Appearance— He is Master of Peru . . -431