Turkey Old and New: historical, geographical and statistical

Front matter

[Frontispiece- I. ABDUL HAMID. TURKEY OLD AND NEW : Historical, (foograjjjriral anfo Statistical. BY SUTHEELAND MENZIES, AUTHOR OF "ROYAL FAVOURITES," "POLITICAL WOMEN," "HISTORY OF FRANCE," "HISTORY OF GERMANY." VOL. I. LONDON: WM H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W, PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE. 1880. LONDON : WOODFALL AND KINDER, PRINTERS, MILFORD LANE, STRAND, W.C. TO THE MEMORY OF VISCOUNT STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, K.G., G.C.B., P.C., "the GREAT ELTCHI" WHO DIED, AS HE LIVED, FULL OF HONOURS AS OF TEARS, AND in himself was an epitome of that mighty problem (the eastern question) which still dominates the political horizon, This Work is Dedicated.

Preface

. The momentous events recently occurring in the East of Europe were the sequel and consequence of revolutions which have agitated that part of the world for several centuries. To thoroughly understand the facts now being accomplished from day to day, it is necessary to follow in its principal features, general results, and most important revolutions, the history of the formation, grandeur, and decadence of the Ottoman Empire. In tracing the historical development and ethnical peculiarities of the Turks, the author has endeavoured to give a clear idea of the institutions, manners, races, peoples, and religions of the Empire, composed of so many different elements ; and also as far as practicable an accurate knowledge of the geography of those still imperfectly known countries. This last-named feature, it is hoped, will be of great service to geography as well as history, and of the utmost interest to all who follow witli serious attention the pro gress of events affecting what in this country is broadly and generally known as the Eastern Question.

The statistics of the Ottoman Empire are derived from the most trustworthy sources. For these the Author has been greatly indebted to recent researches — notably those of M. Vladimir Jakschitj, Director of the Statistical vol i. l> VI

PREFACE.

. '., the and the cite the Department of Servia, and of Mr. J. W. Eedhouse, well-known scholar, as also Herren Behm Wagner. The sources to which recourse has been made in historical portion of the work are too numerous to here, but which have been acknowledged either in text or in the foot-notes. SUTHERLAND fcMENZIES. COMRIE, Alexandra Road, South BLampstead. CONTENTS. VOL. I.

Chapter I. Section

1 . Antagonism of the East and West 6 2. Mahomet, the Koran, its Dogmas and Precepts .... 7 3. Errors of the Koran 11 4. Death of Mahomet. Arab Conquests 15 5. The First Khalifes, the Ommiades and Abbassides . ... 19

Chapter II

From the Advent or the Seljukides to that of the Ottomans. 1. Origin of the Turks. Decadence of the Khalifate .... 25 2. Invasion of the Mongols 37 3. Sequel of the Mongol Conquests. Destruction of the Khalifate of Bagdad. Summary of the six preceding centuries ... 39

Chapter III

The Ottoman Turks to the Reign op Amurath I. (1231-1360). 1. Origin of the Ottomans. Orthoguel 44 2. Reign of Othoman 51 3. Reign of Orchan 56 4. Early Contests of the Turks and Greeks in Europe . . 62 5. History of Servia, Bosnia, Albania, &c 66

Chapter IV

Reigns of Amurath I. and Bajazet I. (1360-1402). 1. Amurath I. Organization of the Janissaries 71 2. Acquisitions in Asia Minor. Feudal organization of the Sipahis . 77 3. New Conquests in Europe and Asia. Battle of Iconium . . CONTENTS. SECTION PAOE 4. Battle of Kassova. Death of Amurath °1 5. Bajazet I. Abasement of the Greek Emperors. Acquisitions in Asia Minor. Conquest of Wallachia and Bulgaria ... 83 6. Submission of Asia Minor. Battle of Nicopolis. Conquest of Greece 86 7. Conquests of Tamerlane 91 8. War between Timour and Bajazet. Battle of Angora. Death of Bajazet . 94

Chapter V

Reigns of Mahomet I., of Amurath II., and of Mahomet II. to the Capture of Constantinople (1403-1453). 1. Interregnum. War between the sons of Bajazet (1403-1413) . . 98 2. Reign of Mahomet I. (1413-1421) 101 3. Amurath II. (1421-1450). Civil War. Siege of Constantinople. Submission of the Turkish States of Asia Minor . . . 105 4. Wars in Albania, Wallachia, and Servia. Hunyade Corvinus. Defeat of the Ottomans 109 5. Battle of Varna. Scanderbeg. Battle of Kassova . . . 112 6. Reign of Mahomet II. Siege and Capture of Constantinople . 115

Book II

Prom the Capture of Constantinople to the Peace of Carlowitz (1453-1699).

Chapter I

Reign of Mahomet II. from the Capture of Constantinople (1453-1481). 1. Condition of the Greeks after the Conquest 125 2. The Conquest of Servia 128 3. Subjection of the Morea. War against Scanderbeg. Conquests in Asia 131 4. Conquest of Wallachia. Cruelties of Wlad the Devil . . . 133 5. Conquest of Bosnia. War with the Venetians and in Albania . 136 6. Conquest of Karamania 139 7. War in Moldavia. Conquest of the Crimea 142 8. Capture of Croia. Siege of Scutari. Peace with the Venetians . 144 9. Expeditions into Hungary and Italy. Siege of Rhodes . . 145 10, Character of Mahomet II. His Institutions CONTENTS. IX

Chapter II. Bection Page

Reign of Bajazet II. and of Selim (1481-1520). 1. Revolt and Adventures of Djem 159 2. Expeditions in Hungary, Moldavia, and Asia Minor . . . 163 3. First Relations with Russia. War with the Venetians . . . 165 4. Revolt of the Sons of Bajazet. His death 167 5. Selim I. (1512-1520). War with Persia 168 6. Conquest of Egypt. Death and Character of Selim . . .173

Chapter III

Reign of Solyman I. 1520 to the year 1535. 1. First Acts of Solyman. Capture of Belgrade and of Rhodes . 179 2. The Grand Vizier Ibrahim. Troubles in Egypt, in the Crimea, in Wallachia 183 3. New Policy of France with Relation to the Ottoman Empire. Francis I. asks aid from Solyman. The Sultan's Letter . . 184 4. The Battle of Mohacz 190 5. Revolts in Asia 192 6. New Relations of Francis I. and Solyman 193 7. Second Expedition into Hungary. Siege of Vienna . . . 195 8. Third Expedition into Hungary. Embassy of Francis I. Siege of Guns. Peace with Austria 199 9. War with Persia. Capture of Bagdad. Chaireddin-Barbarossa. Capture of Tunis by Charles V 204 10. First Capitulation of the Porte with France 207

Chapter IV

Reign of Solyman from the Capitulations with France to his Death (1536-1566). 1. Sequel of the Franco-Turkish Alliance. War with Venice . . 212 2. Affairs of Hungary. Capture of Buda 214 3. New Alliance between Turkey and France 216 4. War in Asia 221 5. Affairs of Hungary. Siege of Erlau. Sequel of the Franco- Turkish Alliance 223 6. War with Persia. The Sultana Roxalana. Death of Mustapha . 226 7. Affairs of Hungary. Revolt and Death of Bajazet . . . 228 8. Peace with Austria. Naval Affairs. Siege of Malta . . .229 9. Renewal of the War in Hungary. Siege of Szigeth. Death of Solyman X CONTENTS.

Chapter V

Reigns of Selim II. and Amurath III. (1566-1595). PAGE

Section 1

Selim II. surnamed the Drunkard (1566-1574). Revolt of the Janissaries. Peace with Austria 241 2. Relations with France 243 3. Expedition to Arabia 245 4. Conquest of Cyprus 246 5. Battle of Lepanto 249 6. Embassy from France. Peace with Venice 251 7. Capture of Tunis. Affairs of Poland and Moldavia. Death of Selim 253 a Amurath III. (1574-1595). First Acts of his Reign . . .255 9. War with Hungary. Relations with France 257 10. War with Persia 262 11. Relations with France, England, Venice, &c. Peace with Persia . 264 12. Revolts of the Janissaries and troubles in the Provinces. War renewed in Hungary. Death of Amurath IIL . . . 268

Chapter VI

Reigns of Mahomet III. and Achmet I. (1596-1617). 1. First Acts and Character of Mahomet III. Revolt in Asia. Independence of Wallachia 271 2. War in Hungary. Treatment of the Christians by the Viziers. Michael the Brave 274 3. Relations of the Porte with France 276 4. Decadence of the Empire 280 5. War and Treaty with Persia. Treaty of Sitvatorok . . . 283 6. Mission of Savary de Breves. Influence of France in the East . 286

Chapter VII

Reigns of Mustapha I., Osman II., Amurath IV., and Ibrahim I. (1617-1649). 1. Reigns of Mustapha and Osman II. (1617-1622) .... 294 2. Restoration of Mustapha I. Amurath IV. (1623) . . . 299 3. Character of Amurath IV. State of the Army .... 301 4. Relations with France 303 5. Depredations of the Barbary Corsairs .... 307 6. Ibrahim I. (1639). War against Venice CONTENTS. XI

Chapter VIII

Reign of Mahomet IV. until 1669. SECTION PAGE 1. Insolence of the Janissaries ; Revolts in Asia. War in Transylvania, Servia, and Moldavia 313 2. Diplomatic Rupture with France. Death of Kupruli I. . .317 3. War in Hungary. Intervention of France. Battle of St. Gothard. Treaty of Vasvar 320 4. Hostilities against the Barbary Pirates 323 5. France succours Candia. Capture of that place .... 328 6. Fresh disagreement with France 332 7. The Embassy of Nointel. New Capitulations .... 335

Chapter IX

From the Capture of Candia to the Peace of Carlowitz (1669-1699.) 1. State of the Ottoman Empire after the Capture of Candia. Submission of the Cossacks. War in Poland. Treaty of 1676 . 342 2. Death of Ahmed-Kupruli (1676) ; Kara-Mustapha succeeds him. War with Russia. Peace of Radzin (1681) .... 346 3. War in Hungary. Policy of Louis XIV. Siege and Relief of Vienna . 349 4. Power of France in the Mediterranean 359 5. War against the Holy Alliance. Deposition of Mahomet IV. (1687) 363 6. Solyman II. Continuation of the War. Vizierate of Kupruli- Mustapha 367 7. Reign of Achmet II. and Mustapha II. Peace of Carlowitz . 375 Historical Index LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Abdul Hamid Frontispiece. Arch of Chosroes Face page 29 Bagdad » 41 Bayazid j. « 87 »> Servian Country People .......„„ 128 >» Scanderbeg . » 132 Scutari , ,. 145 Mahomet II . ,, 149 Harbour of Rhodes „ 181 Lake and Fortress of Van , „ 204 Famagosta „ „ 247 >, Harem ,,293 Mount Ida, in Crete „ 331 (The greater number of the Illustrations are from drawings taken by a German artist during the late Russo-Turkish war.)