Journal of a passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, crossing the Andes in the Northern Provinces of Peru, and descending the river Marañon, or Amazon

Front matter

PASSAGE FROM THE PACIFIC TO THE ATLANTIC. JOURNAL OF A PASSAGE FROM THE PACIFIC TO THE ATLANTIC, CROSSING THE ANDES IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF PERU, AND DESCENDINO THE RIVER MARANON, OB AMAZON. BY HENRY LISTER MAW, lieut. r.n. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. MDCCCXXIX. LONDON c Printed by W. CLOWKS, Stamford-street. DEDICATION. TO VICE-ADMIRAL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR GEORGE COCKBURN, G.C.B., A MEMBER OF HIS MAJESTY'S MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY COUNCIL, AND ONE OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY. Sir, Having risen to my present rank in His Majesty's Service under your patronage, I avail myself of this opportunity to express my gratitude ; and I beg leave to add my admiration of that high Professional Character which, throughout a long course of service, as a Captain with Lord Nelson, an Admiral in the Chesapeake, and a Lord Commissioner of the British Admi ralty, throws out a steady light for the guidance of such as may endeavour to follow in your track.

With most sincere respect and gratitude, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient and much obliged Servant, HENRY LISTER MAW. Page. xin 1 17 CONTENTS. Preface

Chapter I

Causes which led to the Expedition— Interviews with the Minister, Senor Don Mariategui — Various and contradictory accounts relative to the Interior and the River— Receive Letters from Sir John Gordon Sinclair, senior officer of his Majesty's vessels in the Pacific, from the British Consuls, and from the Peruvian Minister — Embark on board the Peruvian brig Alcanza — Passengers — Outline sketch of Lima. . ,

Chapter II

Make the Campana, or Bell of Huanchaco, the Port of Truxillo — Description of the Anchorage — Vale and Ruins of the Gran Chimu — Interviews with General Orbegoso, Prefect of Truxillo — Mr. Hinde expresses a wish to accompany me — Description of Truxillo — General Orbegoso grants Mr. Hinde a passport, and gives me letters to the Intendentes of Caxamarca, Chachapoyas, and Moyobamba — Rate and error of Chronometer — Leave Truxillo — Journey along the coast to Chicama — Commence ascending the base of the Andes towards Cascas — Chronometer stopped from shaking of the Mules — Description of Cascas — Glen or ravine of the Andes — Pueblo of Contumasa — Valley of Magdalena — Ascend the first Cordillera/and arrive at the City of Caxamarca — Newly raised battalion — Description of Caxamarca— Don Mariano Castro CONTENTS. Page

Chapter III

Leave Caxamarca— Cross the Pampa and arrive at the Hacienda of an old miner— Ascend the second Cordillera, and meet with numerous springs on the sides of the mountains — Old Peruvian cultivations- Pueblo of Selendin— View of the Maranon running between the mountains— Cross the Maranon at Balsas- Muleteers— Extraordinary ridges and pass— Plants common to England— Third Cordillera— St. George's jalca— Leimabamba —Alcalde and his rancho— Sootah— Magdalena II— Procession and recruits — Levanto — Chachapoyas— Curiosity of the inhabitants — Intendente's inquiries as to ' the capture of the rock'— Information relative to the productions of the Province of Chachapoyas. .... 41

Chapter IV

Leave Chachapoyas — Journey by moonlight — Toulea — Passage through the Montana — Cross several rivers — Peruvian manner of making Inclosures — Pueblo of Rioca — Pucuna, or tube for blowing poisoned arrows — Moyobamba — Mons. Du Bayle — Miguel Ramos, alias Michael Ramsay — Vicar-General's report — Padre de la Torre's account of the river Guallaga — Intendente's account of the productions of the province of Maynas, also of the pueblos and authorities — Latitude of Moyobamba, manner of making observations, &c. — Ball given to celebrate the coming-in of the new year — Markets — Intendente, Mons. Du Bayle. .... C5

Chapter V

Journey on foot to Balsa Puerto — Manners of the Indians — Productions of the district. . . . CONTENTS. IX Page 135

Chapter VI

Embark in canoes— Canoemen' s manner of taking leave of their friends — Numerous banks, trees, &c. — Bring-to a playa for the night — Indians' sleeping tents— Proceed at daylight— Sugar chacra — King of the vultures — Manner of making a meal — Bring-to for the second night — Prints of footsteps in the sand — Indians' preparations — Old and New Muniches — Junction of the Cachi Yaco with the Guallaga — Yurimaguas — Old Governor — Men come down the Guallaga, and from the Ucayali — Proceed down the Guallaga — Santa Crux — Indian method of hunting — Laguna — Curiosity and manners of the Indians — Governor's account of the productions, &c. of his district — Padre's account — Engage fresh Indians and canoes.

Chapter VII

Leave Laguna — Boys fishing — Bring-to to refit the Apalmacayas — Beans and seeds found in the Montana — Squall — Junction of the Guallaga with the Marafion — Drink the health of his Royal Highness the Lord High Admiral — Opinion respecting that part of the Guallaga we descended — Bring-to for the night — Ourarinas — Night bird — Shooting in the Montana — Sagacity of the Indians — Birds and animals — Sungarros — Misunderstanding with the Indians — San Regis, old padre— Indian mode of digging a grave — Health and longevity of the natives — Breeze up the'Maranon — Junction of the Ucayali — Omaguas — People mostly fishermen — Extraordinary basin — Iquitos — Junction of the Napo— Oran ' libre comercio' — Pebas — Find governor of Iquitos — Disturbances at Iquitos after our departure — Governor of Pebas — His manner of treating the Indians — Yaguas — Palo de Cruz— Want of clergy— Herd of Roonsookas on bank below Pebas— Men on playa — Cochichenas — Alligator— New Indian Pueblo— Women chewing yucas for X CONTENTS.

Page 165 214 240 289 making chicha — Squall, precautions and exertions of canoemen — Loretto canoeman taken ill—Musquitoes—Putumayo—Ta bitinga, the frontier post of Brazil.

Chapter VIII

Land at Tabitinga, present passport and British consul's letter to commandante of frontier — Assured of our passage being facilitated — Padre Bruno — Inquiries respecting Peru — Quarters — Conversation relative to the new commandante and our proceeding—Indian Festival — Drs. Spixand Martius— Canoe and Indians from the Ucayali — Paths and chacras in the woods, Indian mode of clearing ground — Description of pueblo and Indians — Pucuna poison — Commandante's equivocation — Visits to padre — Peruvian's engagement with a tigre — Sarsaparilla — Parrots, land tortoises, and monkeys — Vaca marina — Skin of tapir .....

Chapter IX

Leave Tabitinga— Meet new commandante— St. Pablo— Difficulty in proceeding— Juez— Padre— Ladrone and crew— Matural— lea— Deserted by Indians— Arrangements, Squalls, &c— Diez Guerrero's chacra— Government galatea — Manteiga log— Meet with river craft— Caissara— Hire three Indians— Remarks on Maranon— Arrive at Egas

Chapter X

Leave Egas, and proceed down the Maranon— Lake of Peixe Cuna— River Coary— Castanhas, wild cocoa, poison-tree, palms, dyes, &c— Cudaja-Mouth of the Puru— Mura island-Rio Negro-City of the Barra- Colonel Commandante, Colonel Zany, Dezembargador, and Vicar- General— Barcellos-Buildings at the Barra— Embark in river craft CONTENTS. XI Page

Chapter XI

Proceed down the Maranon — Description of river craft — Mura Pueblo — The Madeira — Serpa — Negociante and Cabo's condemnation of the Indians — Passages in sailing-vessels — Shock of earthquake — Extraordinary eddies — River Maues — Villa Nova, Commandancia — Old Negro — Manoel Pedro's chacra — Obidos — Cocoa plantations — Santarem — Seized as prisoners when asleep, and taken back to Santarem — Commandante Militar's proceedings, &c. — Passage down to Para — Gurupa — Numerous Channels — Resistos — Santa Anna — Igarape Merim 313

Chapter XII

Arrive at Para — Application to the President— Investigation — Commandante Militar of Santarem suspended — Vice-consul — — Mr. Campbell — British merchants — Foreign consuls — Capt. Welsh — General das Armas — Colonel of engineers — Former president — Invitations— Deaths— Black On-2-a— Ball— Baron and Baroness de Baje — French surgeon — Specimens, Tapir — Embark in Brig Douglas for England — Remarks on banks, &c. — Extracts from Douglas' log — Journal ends 378 417 Concluding Remarks Appendix

Preface

. The cause of my undertaking an expedition across Peru, and down the river Maranon, forms the commencement of my Journal ; my reasons for publishing, it is, I believe, my duty to state here ; and they are as follow : — Having crossed the Continent of South America, from the shores of the Pacific to the Atlantic, by a route little known ; having descended the Maranon, the largest river of the world, for about three thousand miles; and, having been seized as a prisoner by the Military Commandant of a district in Brazil, it became my duty, on my arrival in England, to report what had occurred at the Admiralty. I did so ; mentioning at the same time, that

PREFACE.

. I had some rough notes of a Journal ; these notes I was directed to arrange, and send in. Whilst occupied in preparing my Journal for the Admiralty, some friends recommended my publishing; and feeling that, however deficient I may be in the qualifications neces sary to become a good author, it is possible my Journal may contain some information that maybe of service to the public, — and, perhaps, tend to the improvement of the countries and the wretched people amongst whom I passed, — I do now publish it, premising, that, far from professing to have discovered countries hitherto unknown, or to have entered into scientific investigations, all I undertake is, to make known such practical remarks as circumstances admitted of my making on such subjects as came within the range of my observation; also, that although I undertook the expedition and left Lima alone, a person

PREFACE.

. XV whom I had engaged to accompany me as interpreter, having become alarmed at the reports which were in circulation at Lima, when my intention was known, I was joined at Truxillo by an English gentleman of the name of Hinde, who had been some years in Peru, in a mercantile capacity, and was master of the Spanish language. This gentleman accompanied me to Eng land, complying readily with such requests as I thought necessary to make during the pas sage, and afforded me such assistance as is most valuable, and, perhaps, most esteemed, on occasions similar to those we encountered. PASSAGE FROM THE PACIFIC TO THE ATLANTIC.

Chapter I

Causes which led to the Escpedition — Interviews with the Minister, Senor Don Mariategui — Various and contradictory accounts relative to the Interior and the River — Receive Letters from Sir John Gordon Sinclair, senior officer of his Majesty's vessels in the Pacific, from the British Consuls, and from the Peruvian Minister — Embark on board the Peruvian brig Alcanza — Passengers — Outline sketch of Lima. In November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven, being about to return from his Ma jesty's ship Menai, at Lima, to England, I was given to understand that a route across Peru, and down the river Maranon, though little known, was sup posed to be practicable. I was told that much interest existed relative to the interior of Peru ; that the British merchants trading on the coast were anxious for information ; and that Mr. Ricketts, his Majesty's late Consul-General, had entered into an arrangement with the government of the Republic to explore the interior — more particularly that part of the river Maranon contained within the limits of the Peruvian territory ; that, in consequence, an expedition had been planned, and one of the senior captains in the Peruvian navy appointed to command, whilst an English gentleman attached to the Consul-General's B [Chap. I. CAUSES WHICH LED suite was to have assisted in exploring.

But obstacles had presented themselves ; the arrangement had not been carried into execution ; and Mr. Ricketts was gone to England. It may be imagined that, to a naval officer, such an undertaking held out great inducements, particularly at a period when opportunities of obtaining dis tinction, or meriting promotion, are difficult to be met ; moreover, this being principally a water ex cursion, appeared more calculated for a seaman, than a landsman. But be that as it may: the account I have given was mentioned to me on board the Menai, on a Sunday evening, by a mercantile gentle man with whom I had become acquainted in Lima. I thought of it during the night ; and being aware that Sir John Sinclair, as senior officer of his Ma jesty's vessels in the Pacific, could not well order me to undertake such an expedition, especially as Mr. Ricketts had returned to England, I resolved, if my superior officers would give their consent, to make an attempt at my own expense.

Accordingly, in the morning, I applied to Captain Seymour, of his Majesty's ship Menai, to know whether he would inquire, for me, of Sir John Gordon Sinclair, as senior naval officer, whether he would sanction my going. With the same kind feeling which he had shown towards me while serving under his command, Captain Seymour endeavoured to dissuade me from the un dertaking, but said that, if I was determined, he would inquire of Sir John Sinclair, who, he did not Chap. I. J TO THE EXPEDITION. 3 doubt, would give his consent. Sir John Sinclair did give his consent ; promised to apply for me to Mr. Kelly and Mr. Willimot, who had been appointed to act jointly as Consuls-General in the absence of Mr. Ricketts; and they applied to the Peruvian go vernment. In the meantime, I was occupied in Lima endeavouring to gain information.

I made inquiries, and received various accounts from priests, Peruvian officers, some old books, and Englishmen who had been towards the interior. I had also two inter views with Senor Don Mariategui, minister of the interior. During these interviews, the minister said, that it having been the system of the Spa nish government not to allow information relative to Peru to be made public, little was known. It had been the intention of the government of the Republic to send an expedition to explore, and Captain Carter of the Peruvian navy had been nominated for the command, but obstacles had intervened. He believed the vegetable productions of the districts bordering on the Maranon, and its tributaries the Guallaga and Ucayali, to be more numerous and more valuable than those of any other part of Peru.

He said, that so far from the government objecting to my expedition, I might go where I wished ; and that as soon as the route was determined, not only a passport should be made out, but directions given to such official persons as I might meet to afford me every facility. He recommended my getting a supply of beads, knives, b2 [Chap. I. SAFETY IN TRAVELLING. scissors, fish hooks, &c. to pay the Indians ; and I received some papers from the minister's secretary, which, I was told, contained the best information the government at that time possessed relative to the in terior. The tenor of various other accounts differed in the widest extremes. Some persons would have per suaded me that the passage was scarcely more difficult than a journey from London to Edinburgh ; and that, after reaching the river, I might descend to the Atlantic in a few days; — whilst others, and they the most numerous, pronounced the undertaking rashness, and success unattainable.

The only information I could glean from such contradictory accounts was, that it appeared possible a passage might be effected, and that an account of the country through which the route lay was desirable. It is right to state that I had not at this time seen M. Condamine's account. As far as the Peruvian territory extended, I was assured of no obstacle being offered by the govern ment ; but it appeared possible, that on reaching the frontier, a difficulty might be presented, in conse quence of there being no Brazilian consul at Lima, from whom a passport could be obtained for Para. To obviate this, Mr. Kelly and Mr. Willimot, as his Majesty's consuls, gave me an official letter, stating that I was an officer in his Britannic Majesty's navy, and calling upon the authorities of all nations in alliance with Great Britain to facilitate my progress to Para.

I also received another letter to a similar effect from Sir John Gordon Sinclair. Chap. I.] EMBARK IN THE ALCANZE. The rainy season having commenced, and some of the persons to whom I had applied for information being of opinion that the roads were already impassable, no time was to be lost. I purchased one of Arnold's chronometers from the master of a merchant vessel lying in Callao ; got together such other instruments as time and opportunity would allow ; and, having received my passport, with a letter from the minister to General Orbegoso, prefect of Truxillo, (that being considered the best point from which to cross the Cordilleras to the river,) I embarked on board the Peruvian brig Alcanze, and on the 30th of November left Callao. The Menai had gone to sea the evening before ; but, on weighing, the Alcanze passed at a short dis tance from the stern of the Doris; when, exchanging a signal of recognition and farewell with some of my friends on board the Commodore, I for a time bade adieu to naval routine, and turned to the new scenes that were opening.

The Alcanze had, I believe, been built at Ber muda, and was originally called the Charlotte Gam bier; she measured about two hundred tons, was manned principally by Englishmen, had two English mates, and was commanded by a native who had been an officer in the Peruvian navy, and had served under Lord Cochrane. The orders on board of her were given in English ; and she was said to answer better than almost any other vessel for the confined trade on the coast of Peru ; yet she had not more FELLOW PASSENGERS. [Chap. I. than half a cargo, and appeared to depend principally on passengers, of whom there were between twenty and thirty, including twelve priests, mostly young men, who had been to Lima for ordination. After sail was made, the master and chief mate, both of whom might with justice be termed able seamen, came, with a sort of naval feeling, to apologize to me for their want of smartness in getting the vessel under weigh, remarking that I must observe a wide difference between their manner of doing things, and the style of a British man-of-war.

The apology was, however, unnecessary, as, allowing for the difference between a man-of-war and a merchant vessel, the Alcanze was not badly handled. Getting outside the anchorage, the long swell of the Pacific began to affect the passengers, who, according to the Spanish or Peruvian custom, spread their beds on the quarter-deck, taking entire possession, sleeping, &c. &c. and occasioning an odour that by no means accorded with the taste of a British man-of-war's man. I therefore took my station amongst the seamen on the forecastle, getting an occasional walk on the gangways when clear. One of the passengers must have equalled, if he did not exceed, the celebrated Daniel Lambert in dimensions. He was young, and had a more than commonly fine countenance. His misfortune appeared to be an en tire absence of irritability, fear, or ambition ; added to which, his circumstances being affluent, he had no excitement to exertion.

He passed the greater part Chap. I.] CITY OF LIMA. 7 of his existence sleeping; ate whenever anything good was given to him ; and laughed, played on a guitar and sang during the remainder. Yet when he did speak, his remarks were not stupid. Of the other passengers, it may be sufficient to say, they were neither brilliant nor cleanly. My undertaking occa sionally excited their wonder; which extended to mysterious surmises, when they saw me comparing my watch and chronometer, or working up observa tions. During the passage we kept in with the land, and had a view of the harbour of Ferrol, which appeared to afford more shelter than any place I had seen on the coast. I made some inquiries of the Master respecting it. He said there was anchorage, but that it was not used, in consequence of there being no fresh water.

A few fishermen who lived there were obliged to get water from another part of the coast. Little of interest occurring at this time, and the impressions I received on first seeing Lima, also called the City of Kings, not having accorded with the ideas I had previously formed, I shall venture to leave the Alcanze under sail for Truxillo, and endea vour to give an outline sketch of the capital of Peru, and of the former Spanish colonies. The connection which the mind almost naturally forms between the ideas of kings and palaces, the stories spread abroad of the rich mines of Peru, added to the magnificent impressions caused by the [Chap. I. LIMA. recollection of European palaces, or perhaps still more, of the city of palaces in India, had led me to expect a somewhat similar magnificence on beholding Lima.

The fairy tales of golden thrones, and streets inlaid with precious ingots, we knew were at an end. We were aware that the troubles and outrages of the revolution had even defaced the brilliancy of its churches ; but the buildings were the same ; and although the showy equipages of Viceroys, and the proprietors of unbounded wealth, were no longer there to add to the effect, we still imagined that on seeing Lima we should be struck with admiration, if not surprise ! Such, however, was not the case ; and yet Lima is neither badly built, nor deficient in what may be justly termed palaces. The causes of this seeming enigma are as follow : — From the violence of earthquakes, the public buildings of Lima cannot, as in other countries, and but for earthquakes probably would be here, be built of those massive, durable materials, and carried to that commanding height, which produces admiration in the minds of beholders.

From the dryness of the climate, added to the dread of earthquakes, the roofs of the houses are flat, and made of laths covered with mud. But what has perhaps a more decided effect than either or both of the preceding causes combined, is, that the principal houses are built rather with consideration to individual comfort and magnificence, than to general display. Each of the principal houses has a square, or ' pateo,' before it, of which the Chap. I.] PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 9 blank wall and gateway form the street ; and it is only by going into each of these pateos that a stranger discovers the palaces of Lima. The streets are, in my opinion, far from bad; they are broad, and laid out at right angles, forming solid squares of houses, the squares being of equal dimen sions. The streets are paved; some of the principal have streams of water running down the middle ; they are clean, and appeared to be swept every morning.

There is a ' plaza,' or open square, one of the solid squares, or 'quadras,' having been left out. In the centre of the plaza is a fountain that supplies the city with water. On the north side is the palace formerly the residence of the Viceroy, now of the president of the republic. It also contains several of the state offices. On the east side is the cathedral, and the bishop's palace; the former of which has lost much of its splendour, by being robbed, in common with other churches, of its gold and silver ornaments during the disturbances of the revolution. I was told that, from donations, the wealth of the churches is again reviv ing; but a decided shock has been given to the power of the priests. The other two sides of the plaza are colonnades, on which houses are supported, the lower parts being shops.

The other public buildings in Lima are, numerous churches and monasteries, some of which cover large spaces of ground; — the Senate-house, where the Con gress meet daily to debate, and which is well fitted THE INQUISITION. [Chap. I. up ; — the Mint, which, though perhaps not so busily engaged as formerly, is still, at least was when I saw it, actively employed ; — the Custom-house* a large, but not fine, building, and apparently not particularly well managed ; — a National Library, which has been long established, and which contains many volumes of old books, mostly classics and ecclesiastical : it is said the Spanish government objected to works on modern history and political economy, of which there are few. A small museum, consisting principally of old Peruvian curiosities and minerals.

A large, but not handsome theatre. A circo de toro, or open theatre, for bull fights, which is at a distance from the city, and, to the credit of the Peruvians, now little used. The halls and cells of the Inquisition. These cells were buildings above ground, ten or twelve feet long by eight or nine broad and high. They had light and air, and there was nothing horrible in their ap pearance beyond the idea of a prison. But in the hall of the inquisition, where examinations were held, were marks against the wall, where the person who accompanied us as guide said, that an image of our Saviour had stood, and pointed out a hole in the wall, through which he said (and which indeed ap peared to have been the case) that a rope had led. It was, I believe, a wooden pipe, somewhat similar to the leaden pipes through which ropes lead in a ship's side.

The account the guide gave of this hole Chap. I.] VIEW FROM LIMA. was as follows : — In front of the figure of our Saviour sat the chief inquisitor; and when a case was brought forward, respecting which there was a doubt or difficulty, the question was put, " See what the Lord says?" and the rope was made use of to give an in clination to the head of the figure. This story is too horrible for me to vouch for its truth. I repeat as nearly as possible what I was told, and state what I saw. The reader must judge for himself. On the walls of the cells was much writing, apparently by the prisoners ; in most there were drawings of the Virgin Mary ; and in some, rude sketches of ships. The general term of confinement had been about three years, the dates being marked on the walls. Lima is a walled city.

Outside the walls are several alamedas or promenades, formed by walks between rows of fine trees. There is a well-built stone bridge over the small river Rimac. The view from the bridge, having the river and alamedas in the foreground, and the Andes in the distance, is fine, particularly by moonlight. The principal fortifications are at Callao, the port of Lima, which is two leagues from the city. The castles at Callao are strong, and were held by General Ro dill for several months, after all other parts of South America were lost to Spain. The general made a gallant defence, though not unattended by cruelty to his own people. I was told, he would send for an officer, and give him a note to convey to the com- [Chap. I. THE LIMANIANS. mander of an inferior battery ; the note giving orders for the bearer's death !

This plan is said to have been repeated so frequently, that the officers, when summoned, anticipated what was to take place. If so, it appears strange that the general was not himself disposed of by some of the note-bearers. He was, however, on his guard against assassination, and is reported seldom to have slept twice together in the same part of the castle. In my opinion, the principal features displayed in the defence of Callao, were perseverance in not surrendering, and ingenuity in constructing blinds,'-'&fc. to protect the garrison ; but had heavy artillery or mortars been used, or even a determined assault been made, I question whether the castles would not have fallen long before they were given up. The republican forces chose rather to invest them, occasionally using (judging from the shot) small field-artillery, which produced little or no effect.

Of the character of the Peruvians, more particu larly as relates to the treatment of the Indians by the Spaniards, I shall have occasion to speak here after ; but of the people of Lima I will venture to make some remarks here. The state of blockade in which Spain kept her South American colonies, and the consequent want of all foreign intelligence, and of intellectual employ ment and improvement, added to the great wealth and almost uncontrolled domestic power of theLima nians, made evident in the strongest degree the pro- Chap. I.] THE LIMANIANS. position, that the human mind, when unoccupied by useful and virtuous employment, becomes vicious and degraded. There is every reason to believe that, during the latter part of the Spanish authority, the people of Lima had become most corrupt. Bi gotry had gone to its extreme length, and ignorance, effeminacy, and vices of the worst description, were common.

In such a state they were the last to shake off the power of Spain and demand their indepen dence. Not that there were no exceptions to so de graded a character; but the energies even of those who were aware of their \$etched state were weak ened by habit ; whilst the greater number, sunk in sloth and vice, and ignorant of the advantages of a contrary system, scarcely wished a change. Lima also, as the head-quarters of the power of Spain, was the point in which it was most difficult for the revolutionists to make opposition. Moreover, when the Chilenos and Colombians, having driven the Spaniards out of their own states, sent forces to the assistance of Peru, the Limanians, as they say, found that all who came under the titles of protectors and liberators were not patriots, but that the mines which had formerly attracted the avarice of the Spaniards influenced the conduct of their newly professed friends and allies ; and with bitterness they complain of the executions of several of those citizens who were best capable of rendering service to their country ; of the robbery of the little property left them by the Spa niards ; and still more of the declaration, that they are now unfit for a free government.