[The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus.] Marlowe's Faustus. Goethe's Faust. From the German by John Anster ... With an introduction by Henry Morley ... Seventh edition

Front matter

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Introduction

BY HENRY MORLEY LL.D., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS Broadway, Ludgate Hill NEW YORK : 9 LAFAYETTE PLACE

INTRODUCTION.

. In the autumn of 1587, at the Fair of Frankfort-on-the-Main, then the headquarters of the German book trade, a bookseller named Johann Spies produced the first History of johann Faust, the far-famed Magician and Black-Artist. It was entitled Historia von D. Johann Fansten^ dem welt beschreyUn Zauberer und Schwartzkiinstler. The only complete copy of it now known is in the Imperial Library at Vienna. The unknown writer of this book seems to have been a clergyman of the Reformed Church, who caught the attention of the people by stringing together incidents of magic associated with the fabulous career of a man who had died some fifty years before, and whose name and fame survived him. The writer's desire waS to warn against presumptuous sins ; to attack, through Faust, the pride of intellect that sets God at defiance, and through stories of Faust's magic to pour, now and then, Protestant scorn upon tlie Pope.

The original Faustus traded upon superstition in the Reformation time. The date assigned to his death, 1538, was eight years before that of Luther. The earliest known mention of him — if it be of him — is by a liberal scholar of high reputation, Johann Trittenheim (Trithemius) Abbot of Spanheim, who met him at Gelnhausen in May, 1506. He knew him as a Georgius Sabellicus, who boasted that if all the works of Plato and Aristotle were burnt, he could restore them from his memory. He avoided meeting Trittenheim, by whom he was despised as a charlatan, but left his card for him. On his card he described himself as " Magister Georgius Sabellicus, Faustus junior, sons necromanticorum, magus secundus, chiromanticus, agromanticus, pyromanticus, in hydra arte secundus." The name of "Faustus junior," in this first record of an actual magician taking the name of Faustus; might point to the fame of a preceding conjuror who had borne the name of Faustus in the latter part of the fifteenth century, and who had laid foundations of a common fame associated with the name, although there is no other trace of his existence.

It may have been his actual name, or he may have taken it as a Latin addition, meaning Fortunate. A fifteenth century Faustus may have been one mq.n, Georgius Sabellicus another, and. our Faustus (of whom, in that case, the first notice would be in 1525), a third. In 1513 Conrad Mudt, a friend of Melancthon, spoke of a braggart and fool who pretended to magic, whom he had found at Erfurth, calling himself " Georgius Faustus Hemitheus," (demigod) " of Heidelberg. " An old Leipzig chronicle gives 1525 as the year in which Doctor Johann Faust rode before the eyes of many people out of Auerbach's cellar on a barrel of wine, with which he refreshed the students. The feat was celebrated by two pictures on the walls of the cellar, and/ under the picture of Faust and the students drinking were lines to this effect — Live thou, drink, and remember how Faustus lived for his pleasure, Lame-footed, slow-coming Pain overtook him, Pain without measure. In a volume of notes from the conversation of Melancthon {Locoruftt

INTRODUCTION.

. communium collectanea ; a Johanne Alanlio per multos annos pleraquc turn ex lectionibus D. Philippi Melanclhonis, turn ex aliorum virorum rclationibus excerpta et nupcr in ordinem ab eodem redacta), Johann Mennel represents that Reformer as saying: "I knew a man named Faustus, out of Kiindling" (Kniitlingen), "a little town not far from my own home" (at Bretten, in Baden, Kniitlingen being a frontier town of Wurtemburg). "When he studied at Cracow he learnt magic, as it used to be actively taught there, where public lectures were read on the art. Afterwards he roamed about and talked of secret things. When he sought attention at Venice, he gave out that he would fly. The Devil lilted him to some height, but then let him fall, so that he almost died of the bruise. Not many years ago this Johannes Faustus sat, on his last day, greatly troubled, in a Wurtemberg village inn.

The innkeeper asked him why he was so much troubled and unlike himself, for he had formerly been a wild fellow, who more than once was nearly killed over his love affairs. Whereupon he replied to that village innkeeper : ' Do not be frightened to-night.' At midnight the house shook. As Faustus had not risen next morning, when it was already noon, the innkeeper went into his room, and found him lying near the bed with his face twisted round. It was so that the Devil killed him. When lie yet lived he went about with a dog, who was the Devil." This was published in 1562. In 1563 appeared Wier's wise and generous book, De Prœstigiis Dœmonum et incantationibus ac veneficiis, in which there are stories of Faustus. VVier follows Mennel's record as to the magician's birthplace ; and in 1585, two years before the publication of the book on Faustus at the Frankfort fair, another book, by Augustin Lercheimer — Bedencken -yon '/.aubcrcy— suggested by indignation against the cruelties practised on witches, who should be placed, said Lercheimer, under the doctor and the divine, not under the criminal judge, told more stories about Faustus, and gave the right form of the name of his birthplace, Kniitlingen.

Roda, which Marlowe translates Rhodes, first appears as Faust's birthplace in the first edition of the famous prose story, published in Frankfort in 1587, at the autumn book fair. That book was widely read. Before the end of the year John Aylmer, Bishop of London, licensed "A Ballad of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the great Conjuror." In the following year, 1588, there was a new edition of the original German book, with some additions, also a rhymed version in German, and a translation into Low German. From the second edition of the book published at Frankfort, a translation was made into English, and published, without date, in 1588 or as The Historv op tlie Damnable Lipe and Deserved Death op Dr. John Faustus. 'Newly printed, and in convenient places impertinent matter amcndei., according io the true copy printed at Frankport, and translated into English by pA R. Gent.

At the same time young Christopher Marlowe must have been tinning the new story-book into a play. Tlie original German book of 1587 was translated into French by Victor Palma Cayet, whose translation was published in 1589, and' in 1592 there appeared a Dutch translation of the second German edition. This translation not only gave 1-38 as the year of the death of Faustus, but fixed also the exact time of isis being carried off by the Devil. It was in the night between the 23rd and 24th of October. In 1587, when the story of Faustus first appeared at Frankfort, Christopher Marlowe was a young man in the twenty-fourth year of his age. He had been baptized on the 26th of February, ..'564 (new style) in the Church of St. George the Martyr, at Canterbury. His father was John Marlowe a shoemaker. After education at the King's School, in Canterbury, he mat'ri-

INTRODUCTION.

. 7 culated as a Pensioner of Benet College, Cambridge. Christopher Marlowe matriculated at Cambridge in March, 1581, and probably owed his college education to the kindness of Sir Roger Manwood. Sir Roger had himself risen from the ranks to which John Marlowe belonged ; he was distinguished for munificence, and had his chief mansion near Canterbury. In 1583 Christopher Marlowe took his B.A. degree, and he proceeded to M.A. in 1587, when he had already leapt to fame as a dramatist by the great success of his first play. That play was Tamburlaine the Great. A letter by Thomas Nash, prefixed to Greene's Menaphon, published in 1587, condemns the recent introduction of blank verse upon the stage, and it was Marlowe, in his Tamburlaine, who introduced it. In the next year, 1588, Greene, in an address "to the Gentlemen Readers" prefixed to his novel of Pcrimcdes, the Blacksmith, refers directly to the " daring of God out of Heaven" by "that atheist Tamburlan."

Marlowe and Shakespeare were within two months of the same age. Shakespeare came to London about the year 1586, twenty-five years after the production of Gorboduc, our earliest English tragedy. During those twenty-five years few plays of high mark had been produced. The writers had been almost invariably young University men. Shakespeare studied his art as an actor, and as an alterer of other men's plays, for about six years be fore he declared his strength as an original writer. Those six years of Shakespeare's training time include almost the whole career of Marlowe, the greatest of his predecessors, from the first acting of Tamburlaine, in 1586 or 1587, until his death by a stab in a tavern brawl on the 1st of June, 1593, when he was little more than twenty-nine years old. Marlowe's Tamburlaine — Timourthe Tartar— was the story of a Scythian shepherd chief, who began with revolt from Persia, then rolled a tide o'f conquest through the Eastern world, and was the scourge of kings.

Marlowe represented his swelling pride, that braved at last the Gods themselves, in bombastic phrase, but with the grand energy of a young poet who had also realms to conquer. In a prologue of eight lines Marlowe began with a repudiation of rhyme, and disdain of the base jesting of the clown who intruded himself too freely on the action of our early plays. From jigging veins of rhyming mother wits And such conceits as clownage keeps in pay, I'll lead you said Marlowe, and there are no clown scenes in any of his plays, excepting Faustus. Fresh from the display of pride in the strong arm of the flesh defying Heaven, Marlowe was ready to write his second play when the Faust story appeared at Frankfort. Probably the book was brought to England by a company of English players, who are known to have been in the service of Duke Christian of Saxony in October, 1586.

But however Marlowe came by the book, in the very year of its first publication, here was a picture of the pride of intellect defiant of its Giver, and although there were many clownish incidents of magic in the original book that were intended to blend jest with earnest, Marlowe probably confined himself to the poetical development of the main thought. Clown scenes, not pertinent to the main story, were, I beiieve, added at will by the players for the satisfaction of their audiences. This is fairly to be inferred from the fact that tlie earliest known edition of Marlowe's Faustus was published in 1604, and entries in the diary of Henslowe the player, dated respectively 1597 and 1602, record payments for "additions to Faustus." Goethe's Faust was first published in 1806, after a slow development through many years. The ballad of the King of Thule, the first monologue, and the first scene with Wagner, were written in 1774-5; from that time

INTRODUCTION.

. onward Goethe made fragmentary additions from time to time. In 1797 he remodelled the whole work, then added the two Prologues and the Walpur gis night. In 1801 the work was finished. The feebler Second Part of Faust, completed in July, 1831, at the age of 81 — Goethe'died on the 22nd of March, 1832 — was an after thought, continuing to the end association of the Faust legend with thoughts and feelings from his own experience of life. " The marionette fable of Faust," he said, " murmured with many voices in my soul. I too had wandered into every department of knowledge, and had returned early enough satisfied with the vanity of science. And life, too, I had tried under various aspects, and always came back sorrowing and unsatisfied." Here it must be enough to say that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, August 28, 1749.

His father was an Imperial Councillor with refined tastes, which he could satisfy, and in which he could train his son. Geothe studied at Leipsic, and afterwards at Strasburg ; cared more for the natural sciences than for law ; took the degree of doctor, and at the age ot twenty-five represented the sick mind of Europe in the days before the French Revolution with the ' ' Sorrows of the Young Werter, " first published in 1774. In 1779 he entered the service of the Duke of Saxe Weimar, by whom he was employed in high offices, loaded with honours, and impeded in the free use of his mind. But after the first ten years at Weimar, a journey to Italy gave impulse to his genius, and bore fruit in Iphigenia, Egmont, Tasso, and much oi Faust. This greatest of German poets began his career, like Schiller, with reaction against a literature of classical convention and a life encumbered witli dead forms.

He gave, for Germany, highest-expression to the struggle for a real life, uttering itself in a real literature. Taught by the free spirit of Shakespeare, he turned early from the classical drama to represent in Gbtz von. Berlichingen, a hero out. of the old national tradition, who like himself, though in another way, defied authority. As the healthy artist life developed, the poet was the man. From the lightest grace of song to the large conception of his burgher epic, Hermann und Dorothea, most of all in his Faust, all is direct utterance of /us own inner life, with the intensity and the repose of thought that through the man himself, and his own life problems, touched all humanity in a time of Revolution, when minds exulted in the new sense of recovered power. Goethe solved no riddle of life, but he expressed himself, and, through himself, a world of newly wakened thought among men, with the full sincerity that is of the essence of all high artistic power.

Dr. John Anster, whose version is here given, was the earliest translator of Faust into English. He was born in Cork at the close of the last century, educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and called to the Irish Bar in 1S24. He graduated as LL.D. in 1826. He had published at one-and-twenty a prize poem, and Poems with Translations prom the German, and after con tributing to Blackwood's Magazine — in which he was a frequent writer fragments of his translation of Faust, he published the whole in 1835. In 1850 Dr. Anster was appointed Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Dublin. He died in June, 1867. His translation oi Faust gave pleasure to Coleridge, and is liked in Germany. July, 1883. HENRY MORLEY. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. \From the Quarto of i6o#.] DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

The Pope. An Old Man. Cardinal of Lorrain. Scholars, Friars, and Attendants. Duchess or Vanholt. The Emperor of Germany. Duke of Vanholt. Lucifer. Bei.zebub. Faustus. Valdes, "i , . . L. _ \ friends to Faujtus. Cornelius,) Wagner, servant to Faustus. Clown. Mephistophilis. Good Angel. Evil Angel. The Seven Deadly Sins. Devils. Robin. Ralph. Vintner. Spirits in the shapes of Alexander the Great, of his Paramour, and of Helen. Horse-Courser. A. Knight. Chorus. Enter Chorus, Cho. Not marching now in fields of Thrasymene, Where Mars did mate the Carthaginians ; Nor sporting in the dalliance of love, In courts of kings, where state is overturn'd , [act r, FAUSTUS. 10 _> [Exit. Nor in the pomp of proud audacious deeds, Intends our muse to vaunt her heavenly verse : Only this, gentlemen, — we must perform The form of Faustus' fortunes, good or bad.

To patient judgments we appeal our plaud, And speak for Faustus in his infancy. Now is he born, his parents base of stock, In Germany, within a town call'd Rhodes : Of riper years, tp Wertenberg he went, Wliereas his kinsmen chiefly brought him up. So soon he profits in divinity, The fruitful plot of scholarism grac'd, That shortly he was grac'd with doctor's namea Excelling all whose sweet delight disputes In heavenly matters of theology ; Till swoln with cunning of a self-conceit, His waxen wings did mount above his reach, And, melting, heavens conspir'd his overthrow For, falling to a devilish exercise, And glutted now with learning's golden gifts, He surfeits upon cursed necromancy ; Nothing so sweet as magic is to him, Which he prefers before his chiefest bliss : And this the man that in his study sits.

ACT I. Scene I. Faustus discovered in his study. Faust. Settle thy studies, Faustus, and begin To sound the depth of that thou wilt profess : Having commenc'd, be a divine in shew, Yet level at the end of every art, And live and die in Aristotle's works. Sweet Analytics, 'tis tnou hast ravish'd me ! Betie disserere est finis logices. Is, to dispute well, logic's chiefest end ? Affords this art no greater miracle ? Then read no more ; thou hast attain'd that end A greater subject fitteth Faustus' wit : Bid Economy farewell, Galen come : Seeing, Ubi desinit philosophies, ibi incipit medicus Be a physician, Faustus ; heap up gold, And be eterniz'd for some wondrous cure. Summum bonum medicince sanitas, The end of physic is our body's health. Why, Faustus, hast thou not attain'd that end ? Is not thy common talk sound aphorisms ?

Are not thy bills hung up as monuments, Whereby whole cities have escap'd the plague, And thousand desperate maladies been eas'd ? Yet art thou still but Faustus, and a man. FAUSTUS. [act I. 12 Couldst thou make men to live eternally, Or, being dead, raise them to life again, Then this profession were to be esteem'd. Physic, farewell ! Where is Justinian ? [Reads. Si una eademque res legatur duobus, alter rein, Alter valorem rei, etc. A pretty case of paltry legacies ! [Reads. Exhæreditare filium non potest pater, nisi, etc. Such is the subject of the institute, And universal body of the law : This study fits a mercenary drudge, Who aims at nothing but external trash ; Too servile and illiberal for me. When all is done, divinity is best : Jerome's Bible, Faustus ; view it well. [Reads. Sttpendium peccati mors est : Ha !

Slipendium, The reward of sin is death : that's hard. [Reads. Si peccasse negamus, fallimur, et nulla est in nobis veritas ; If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and there is no truth in us. Why, then, belike we must sin, and so consequently die Ay, we must die an everlasting death. What doctrine call you this, Che sera, sera, What will be, shall be ? Divinity, adieu ! These metaphysics of magicians, And necromantic books are heavenly ; Lines, circles, scenes, letters, and characters; Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires. O, what a world of profit and delight, Of power, of honour, of omnipotence, Is promis'd to the studious artizan ! All things that move between the quiet poles Shall be at my command : emperors and kings Are but obeyed in their several provinces, Nor can they raise the wind or rend the clouds ; But his dominion that exceeds in this, Stretcheth as far as doth the mind of man ; A sound magician is a mighty god : Here, Faustus, tire thy brains to gain a deity.

Enter Wagner. Faust. Wagner, commend me to my dearest friends, The German Valdes and Cornelius ; Request them earnestly to visit me. Wag. I will, sir. [Exit. Faust. Their conference will be a greater help to me Than all my labours, plod I ne'er so fast. E?i/er Good Angel and Evil Angel. Good Ang. O, Faustus, lay that damnfed book aside, And gaze not on it, lest it tempt thy soul, And heap God's heavy wrath upon thy head ! Read, read the Scriptures : — that is blasphemy. Evil Aug. Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art FAUSTUS. [act I. 14 Wherein all Nature's treasure is contain'd Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky, Lord and commander of these elements. [Exeunt Angels. Faust. How am I glutted with conceit of this 1 Shall I make spirits fetch me what I please, Resolve me of all ambiguities, Perform what desperate enterprise I will ?

I'll have them fly to India for gold, Ransack the ocean for orient pearl, And search all corners of the new-found world For pleasant fruits and princely delicates ; I'll have them read me strange philosophy, And tell the secrets of all foreign kings ; I'll have them wall all Germany with brass, - And make swift Rhine circle fair Wertenberg ; I'll have them fill the public schools with silk, Wherewith the students shall be bravely clad ; I'll levy soldiers with the coin they bring, And chase the Prince of Parma from our land, And reign sole king of all the provinces ; Yea, stranger engines for the brunt of war, Than was the fiery keel at Antwerp's bridge, I'll make my servile spirits to invent. Enter Valdes and Cornelius. Come, German Valdes, and Cornelius, And make me blest with your sage conference.

Valdes, sweet Valdes, and Cornelius, Know that your words have won me at the last To practise magic and concealed arts : Yet not your words only, but mine own fantasy, That will receive no object; for my head But ruminates on necromantic skill. Philosophy is odious and obscure ; Both law and physic are for petty wits ; Divinity is basest of the three, Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible, and vile : 'Tis magic, magic, that hath ravish'd me. Then, gentle friends, aid me in this attempt ; And I, that have with concise syllogisms Gravell'd the pastors of the German church, And made the flowering pride of Wertenberg Swarm to my problems, as the infernal spirits On sweet Musæus when he came to hell, Will be as cunning as Agrippa was, Whose shadow made all Europe honour him. Val. Faustus, these books, thy wit, and our experience, Shall make all nations to canonize us.

As Indian Moors obey their Spanish lords, So shall the spirits of every element Be always serviceable to us three ; Like lions shall they guard us when we please ; Like Almain rutters with their horsemen's staves, Or Lapland giants, trotting by our sides ; FAUSTUS. [act i. soul ! Sometimes like women, or unwedded maids, Shadowing more beauty in their airy brows Than have the white breasts of the Queen of Love From Venice shall they drag huge argosies, And from America the golden fleece That yearly stuffs old Philip's treasury ; If learned Faustus will be resolute. Faust. Valdes, as resolute am I in this As thou to live : therefore object it not. Com. The miracles that magic will perform Will make thee vow to study nothing else. He that is grounded in astrology, Enrich'd with tongues, well seen in minerals, Hath all the principles magic doth require : Then doubt not, Faustus, but to be renown'd, And more frequented for this mystery Than heretofore the Delphian oracle.

The spirits tell me they can dry the sea, And fetch the treasure of all foreign wrecks, Ay, all the wealth that our forefathers hid Within the massy entrails of the earth : Then tell me, Faustus, what shall we three want ? Faust. Nothing, Cornelius. O, this cheers my Come, shew me some demonstrations magical, That I may conjure in some lusty grove, And have these joys in full possession. Val. Then haste thee to some solitary grove. SCENE II.] FAUSTUS. 17 And bear wise Bacon's and Albertus' works, The Hebrew Psalter, and New Testament; And whatsoever else is requisite We will inform thee ere our conference cease. Corn. Valdes, first let him know the words of art ; And then, all other ceremonies learn'd, Faustus may try his cunning by himself. Val. First I'll instruct thee in the rudiments, And then wilt thou be perfecter than I. Faust.

Then come and dine with me, and after meat, We'll canvass every quiddity thereof; For, ere I sleep, I'll try what I can do :._ This night I'll conjure, though I die therefore. [Exeunt. Scene II. Enter fcvo Scholars. First Schol. I wonder what's become of Faustus, that was wont to make our schools ring with sic probo. Sec. Schol. That shall we know ; for see, here comes his boy. Enter Wagner. First Schol. How now, sirrah ! where's thy master ? Wag. God in heaven knows. Sec. Schol. Why, dost not thou know ? Wag. Yes, I know ; but that follows not. First Schol. Go to, sirrah ! leave your jesting, and tell us where he is. [act !. 18 FAUSTUS. Wag. That follows not necessary by force of argument, that you, being licentiates, should stand upon it : therefore acknowledge your error, and be attentive.

Sec. Schol. Why, didst thou not say thou knewest ? Wag. Have you any witness on't ? First Schol. Yes, sirrah, I heard you. Wag. Ask my fellow if I be a thief. Sec. Schol. Well, you will not tell us ? Wag. Yes, sir, I will tell you : yet, if you were not dunces, you would never ask me such a question ; for is not he corpus naturate ? and is not that mobile ? then wherefore should you ask me such a question ? But that I am by nature phlegmatic, slow to wrath, and prone to lechery (to love, I would say), it were not for you to come within forty foot of the place of execution, although I do not doubt but to see j'ou both hanged the next sessions. Thus having triumphed over you, I will set my countenance like a precisian, and begin to speak thus : — Truly, my dear brethren, my master is within at dinner, with Valdes and Cornelius, as this wine, if it could speak, would inform your worships : and so, the Lord bless you, preserve you, and keep you, my dear brethren, my dear brethren ! [Exit.

First Schol. Nay, then, I fear he is fallen into that damned art for which they two are infamous through the world. Sec. Schol. Were he a stranger, and not allied to me, yet should I grieve for him. But, come, let us go and inform the Rector, and see if he by his grave counsel can reclaim him. SCENE III.J FA USTUS. 19 First Schol. O, but I fear me nothing can reclaim him ! Sec. Schol. Yet let us try what we can do. [Exeui. [Exeunt. Scene III Enter Faustus to conjure. Faust. Now that the gloomy shadow of the earth, Longing to view Orion's drizzling look, Leaps from th' antarctic world unto the sky, And dims the welkin with her pitchy breath, Faustus, begin thine incantations, And try if devils will obey thy hest, Seeing thou hast pray'd and sacrific'd to them. Within this circle is Jehovah's name, Forward and backward anagrammatiz'd, Th' abbreviated names of holy saints, Figures of every adjunct to the heavens, And characters of signs and erring stars, By which the spirits are enforc'd to rise : Then fear not, Faustus, but be resolute, And try the uttermost magic can perform. — Sint mihi dei Acherontis propitii !

Valeat numen triplex yehovæ! Ignei, aerii, aquatani spiritus, salvete > Orientis princeps Eclzebub, inferni ardentis monarcha, et Demogorgon, propitiamus vos, ut appareat et surgat Mephistophilis, quod tumeraris; per jpehovam, Gehennam, et consecratam aquam quam mine spargo, signumque crucis quod nunc facio, et pet vota nostra, ipse nunc surgat nobis dicatus Mephistophilis I FA USTUS. [act I, Enter Mephistophilis. I charge thee to return, and change thy shape ; Thou art too ugly to attend on me : Go, and return an old Franciscan friar ; That holy shape becomes a devil best. [Exit Mephistophilis I see there's virtue in my heavenly words Who would not be proficient in this art ? How pliant is this Mephistophilis, Full of obedience and humility ! Such is the force of magic and my spells : Now, Faustus, thou art conjuror laureat, That canst command great Mephistophilis: Quin regis APephistophilis fratris imagine.