Ten Years North of the Orange River: a story of everyday life and work among the South African Tribes from 1859 to 1869

Preface

. I OFFER this work to the public as a humble contribution to our literature on Southern Africa. The reader is first introduced to the rural and village life of the Cape Colony. Sketches of social and religious life in the Free State and Transvaal Republic are followed by a description of long-established mission stations. Several chapters are devoted to the Makololo Mission, which was inaugurated so auspiciously and ended so fatally. Narrat ing events as they took place, I have left their lessons to be drawn by others. My journey to Matebele-land enables me to describe the hideous form of society in a purely military tribe. Our residence at Shoshong, and the experiences of the Mission there, are given in the concluding chapters. The Appendix contains what may be read with advantage as an introduction to the present work.

I would specially direct attention to that part of it which describes the results of the past contact of Europeans with South Africans. Every Christian believes in the spread and final triumph of Christianity. Various opinions are held as to the methods of securing this end, and different views have been expressed as to the capacity for improvement of cer-

PREFACE.

. VI tain races. I return to my work in Africa, cherishing the hope that the present volume will furnish some information for the discussion of this important subject. I beg to thank my friend Mr. Samuel Edmonston for the carefully executed and faithful Illustrations which enliven the following pages. I am under obligation to the Rev. Dr. Mullens for access to documents in the Mission House, and for his kind assistance with the Map. I am also indebted to the Rev. R. Moffat, Rev. W. B. Philip, Rev. Dr. Brown, late Colonial Botanist at the Cape; to F. W. Reid, Esq., T. Elliot, Esq., and other friends, for photographs or sketches of African subjects. POETOBELLO, NEAR EDINBURGH, 23d February 1871. PAGE 1-4 5-27 CONTENTS.

Introduction

. Arrival of Dr. Livingstone in England in 1856— Proposal to form new missions — Mission to tbe Makololo — Dr. Livingstone resigns connection with London Missionary Society — Rev. H. Helmore appointed in his stead to be the leader of the mission to the Makololo — Departure of the missionaries from England,

Chapter I. The Cape Colony

Ai-rival at Cape Town — The young missionary and his work — South African Dutch : first attempt to speak it— A Dutch store at mid-day — "Baas Slaap ! " — Ascent of Table Mountain — Introduction to the Governor of the colony— Environs of Cape Town — Rifle practice — Arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Helmore — Preparations for waggon journey — Description of our camp — The Karroo — Failure of draught oxen — A pious drover helping the "good cause" — Beaufort West — Victoria — Hope Town — Sketches of rural life in the Cape Colony — The farm-house : its occupants, their daily habits, their hospitality — Evening worship in a Dutch farmer's family — The Dutch colonists and Romanism — The colonial village rises round the church — Nachtmaal — Business and religion — The Boy and Bible — Candidates for "aanneming" and for matrimony — The colonial Churches — The London Missionary Society directing chief attention to the tribes in the interior. ....

Chapter II. First Year In Bechuana Land

Crossing the Orange and Vaal rivers- Waggon upset — Griqua Town — Rumours of war — Arrival at Kuruman at the end of 1858 — CONTENTS. PAGE Discussions as to the interior missions— Proposed bachelor expedition to Linyanti — Objections on the part of the Dutch men of the Transvaal to the new missions — Impending attack on the Batlaping, and occupation of Kuruman— Postponement of departure for the interior — Death of Mrs. Ashton and of Mrs. Sykes — Dispersion of the mission party at Kuruman—Faure smith—Remonstrance of Sir George Grey with Transvaal Govern ment — Abandonment of hostilities by the latter — Hasty visit to Kuruman from the Free State, with Rev. W. B. Philip — "Kom binnen !" — Departure of Messrs. Helmore and Price for Makololo country — Residence at Kuruman — Learning Sechuana — Sechu ana literature— Medical studies: introduction to practice — Bechuana gratitude — " 'Naea thipa, 'ra ! " . . . 28-45

Chapter III. The Orange Free State And Transvaal Republic

Northward movement of European population in South Africa — "Emigrant Boers" and "trekking" — The Orange River Free State, its extent and products — The Transvaal, its boundaries undefined — Natural products — Comparative legislative and administrative talent in the " independent " States — Feudal Bechuanas — Griqua field cornets — Dutch farmer on the Landdrost's bench: "te veel uitlanders in de dorp" — Religious life and opinions of the Dutch : the " Doppers," Liberaalen, and Orthodox — The Dutchmen and Canaan : " Could one go there in his waggon?" — Ignorance and superstition in remote districts: Sechuana idioms creeping into use among the Dutch — The " large bag " of the Sechuana interpreter : result of the mistake — The white skin passport — Questions concerning the future government of the country : are there to be many small independent states, or one large republic bordering on our Cape possessions, or are the boundaries of the English possessions to be extended farther north ?..... 46-55

Chapter IV. Griquas Or Half-caste Hottentots

Mr. Anderson and his nomadic charge — Learn to live a settled life — Christian instruction — Agriculture — The. "dorps" of Griqua Town and Philippolis — The Griquas protect northern frontier of the colony — Bergenaars and Mantatees — Beneficial result of Christian teaching — Waterboer, a pure Bushman, elected chief at Griqua Town— Progress of the work of Christian CONTENTS. IX PAGE 56-66 67-83 instruction— The out-stations of Griqua Town— Drying up of the fountain and consequent dispersion of the people— Philippolis in 1859 : intelligence of some of the people — Colonists' charge of idleness and pride— Imitation of the Dutch in the every-day habits of the Griqua men and women — Drunkenness the beset ting sin of Griquas and Hottentots— The brandy waggon — Griquas "trek" to No Man's Land— " Menschen," "volk,"and "schepsels," .......

Chapter V. Kuruman, Formerly Lattakoo Mission

Bechuanas first described by Messrs. Truter and Somerville, who visited Lattakoo in 1801 — Lichtenstein and Burchell — Visit of Mr. John Campbell in 1812— Messrs. Evans and Hamilton attempt to establish a mission in 1815 — Mr. Campbell returns with Mr. Moffat in 1820— Purchase of a tract of land from the chief — Building of church and dwelling-houses— Impressions of the people in 1859— Irrigation now practised — The influence on the people of an inadequate supply of food — "Lo yang?" " What are you eating ? " — Sunday morning at Kuruman — - Estimate of Bechuana Christians — Catechumens — The inquirer at the waggon— Influence of those who introduce Christianity among a people — " The nearer the kirk the farther frae grace " — Too much teaching — Best Christians not on stations with European missionaries — Native teachers in 1842 and 1866 — Proposed seminary for training native ministers — The heathen who resist the gospel — Backsliders — The future of the Bechuanas — " God is merciful, and the ages are long,"

Chapter VI. Batlaping Missions At Taung And Likatlong

Taung. Batlaping tribe leave Kuruman — In 1842 Dr. Livingstone and Mr. Ross join Bechuana mission— Mr. Ross proceeds to Taung, the residence of the Batlaping — Removal of tribe to Mamusa — Sketch of Mr. Ross's life — His labours as an evangelist— His death — The war between the Dutch and the Batlaping in 1857-8 — The Christians kept clear ofthe raids which led to the war — — The native newspaper at Kuruman and the war — A Sunday at Taung in 1862— Former enemies unite in celebrating the Lord's Supper — Masse, and his attempts to irrigate the land. X CONTENTS. PAGE Likatlong, the Diamond Country. Likatlong originally an out-station of Griqua mission— Mr. Helmore takes over the station in 1840 — Christianity interferes with the reconstruction of the model heathen town— The Batlaping scattered under the head men of the tribe — Jantje, the Christian chief of Likatlong — Mr. Ashton joins Kuruman mission in 1842 — Removes to Likatlong in 1864 — The native Church and brandy-drinking — Discovery of diamonds in 1867 — Surprise of the natives — Rush to the " diggings " — Description of diamondseeking — Canvas towns — Claimants for the ownership of the country — Jantje addresses the English Governor— Necessity for a strong government, ...... 84-97

Chapter VII. Journey Into The Interior

Leave Kuruman in May 1860 — My travelling companions — Joined by a hunting party — A Sunday at Maritsane river — " Auld lang syne" — Detention at Kanye — A colonial blacksmith and his health— Visit to the Barolongs — Ruins of Dr. Livingstone's station at Kolobeng — New belt of vegetation — More genial country — Sechele, chief of the Bakwena — A sketch of his career and character — Dutch mode of treating African fever — An eland shot — Arrival at Shoshong — Meet Mr. Moffat — The Bamangwato remember Mr. Helmore's address in their courtyard — Mrs. Helmore and her projected home north of the Zambese — Arrangements for entering the desert — Purchase calabashes for the men — "At the jar again!" — Furu and his wallet — Roualeyn Gordon Cumming — The desert — Nkowane wells — Arrival at Lotlakane — Traces of Messrs. Helmore and Price — Extract from aletter of Mrs. Helmore written from Lotlakane, ....... 98-127

Chapter VIII. Bushman Land

The system of vassalage among the Bechuanas — The Bakalahari formerly independent Bechuanas — The mode of raising tribute from them — The Bushmen have less in common with their masters — Assist in hunting — The reason for chiefs' reluctance to opening of the country — Vassalage and Christianity — The wretched condition of vassals in time of war — The evangelist in the desert — The Bushmen at our camp on Sunday — The Bushmen very superstitious — Fetichism— Sleeping at the Bushmen's fire— Hunting for a guide at Nchokotsa— A Sunday at Kube — CONTENTS. XI PAGE Vassals with and without Christianity — " Norval " hunting on Sunday — Ntwetwe — First baobab— Waggon-mending under difficulties — A. horse killed by a lion — Tall Bushmen — A strike — Reach Maila — The Makalaka an agricultural people — Narrow escape — The " boy with the beard " — Fear of mentioning the lion's name at night — Account of disastrous end of Messrs. Reader and Burgess's expedition, . . . 128-155

Chapter IX. Bushman Guidance

Makalaka refugees — Matebele outrage — Putse's joke — Preserving the water for the oxen by keeping off the herds of game — The news of the old Bushman from Mababe : " Sekeletu had killed the missionaries, and seized upon their property " — The story discredited — The Bushmen decline to accompany me to the north of Maila, and narrate the sufferings of Messrs. Helmore and Price in that country — Extract from the last letter received from Mrs. Helmore — Accept the offer of the Makalaka to show a route to the east, leading to Victoria Falls — The dilemma — The Bushmen and the Makalaka meet and discuss the route to Linyanti — Recommend a new road to the west — Leave Maila with two Bushmen guides— The Bushmen and the compass — Deserted by our guides — Ruse to bring them back — Bechuana oxen endure thirst best — Opening up the fountain — Scarcity of water — Proceed with one waggon and open up a path to the Zouga or Botletle at More oa Maotu — Meet Batowana boatmen on their way to the Lake — Story of the death of our friends at Linyanti repeated — Still incredulous, refuse to turn aside to visit their town — Folly of paying for guides before starting — "Making hay while the sun shines" — Reiterated statements of the calamity at Linyanti — The waggons stopped— The party of men from the Lake — "The white man in the boat" — Suspense — Meeting with Mr. Price — Relieving the Makololo mission — An " express " from Kuruman — Bushman guidance and Bushman kindness, ...... 156-185

Chapter X. Linyanti

Messrs. Helmore and Price reach Linyanti in February 1860— Hospitably received by Sekeletu — The chief refuses to remove to Tabacheu — Unhealthy season — Sekeletu refuses permission to the missionaries to remove to Shesheke — The party stricken with fever — Suspicion of poisoning — Death of Malatsi — Death of three little children— The guardian mother — Mrs. Helmore's death — Mr. Helmore resolves not to leave Linyanti till Dr. CONTENTS. PAGE Livingstone arrives — He has a relapse of fever, and dies — Death of Tabe and Setloke — Fever accompanied by acute physical pain— Mahuse the tempter — Sekeletu robs Mr. Price and the orphan children — Hospitality among natives — Its breach by Sekeletu — His endeavour to explain away his crime — Death of Mrs. Price on the Mababe plain — Mr. Price led into the tsetse — Arrives at Lake Ngami, .... 186-203

Chapter XI. Return Journey From Lake Ngami

Cross the Zouga at Khame's ford — Effects of tsetse bite — Boating on the Zouga — The Batowana lords and their vassals — The Makoba fisherman's proposal, " Come in and conquer the Bechuanas " — Makoba belief in a future state — Lechulatebe's town — Delight of Mr. Helmore's children on our arrival — Lechulatebe complains that no missionary came to him — Lake district and native evangelists — Mistake in selling a horse — Powder must be in a bag — Death of Dr. Holden — Game-pits— Bechuana sportsmen — Reluctantly resolve to return to Kuruman — Case of African fever — Effect of the air of the desert ou fever — Our sweet-tempered goat-herd — Shoshong — Meet Mr. Moffat — Sympathy of friends at the Cape — Reach Kuruman — Illness of Mrs. Mackenzie — African fever, different types — Livingstone's prescription a specific — Visit to Fauresmith, . . 204-225

Chapter XII. The Last Of The Makololo

Appointment to Shoshong — Visit to Montsiwe's town — Moleme's story — Steadfastness of the believers — Montsiwe's daughter — Her father's persecution — Night travelling — Boatlanama — Sleeping while walking — A lion in the way — Follows the waggons and kills an ox — The Bushman's portion — Pool of Selinye — Meet Mr. John Moffat and Mr. Price at Shoshong — Project for again attempting a mission to the north of the Zambese — The scheme entirely fails — Death of Sekeletu — Feuds among the Makololo — Insurrection of the vassals— Betrayal and assassination of Makololo by Lechulatebe— The tribe extinct — Native interpretation of these events, ..... 226-248

Chapter XIII. First Year At Shoshong

Temporary hut — Co-operation with Hanoverian missionary — Small-pox — Its past ravages in Southern Africa — Its slow progress into CONTENTS. XIII PAGE the interior — Its ravages at Shoshong — Inoculation in the fore head and knee — Prowling hyenas and their habits — A few days in the open country — A misadventure — The Bushman's fire — Mr. Price kills two giraffes — The oryx or gemsbuck at bay — Horse sickness — Attempts to cure it — "Salted " horses — Gradual accli matization of horses in Southern Africa — Woman stoned by boys — Brought to mission-house for protection — African features — Bewildering effect of colour — Departure of German missionary — Knowledge of medicine of great consequence to the missionary — The old man and the colourless eye-lotion, . 249-266

Chapter XIV. The Matebele Raid

The native wars always in summer, the Dutch always in winter — The dust-covered messengers — The war-cry in Shoshong — Assembly of the men — A native review — Women and children hasten to the mountain — A lonely night — Visit from the young chiefs — Prayer in the moonlight — Refuge on the mountain — Engagement with the Matebele — The war-cry in the night — Incidents in the fight — Sunday : an armed congregation — " Love your enemies " — Proposal to visit the Matebele camp — The Matebele give up the attack and return to their own country — Cruel death of a Matebele soldier — Khame and the lesson of Sunday morning — The Bamangwato raid on the Matebele, 267-285

Chapter XV. Journey To Matebele Land

Return of Messrs. Price and J. S. Moffat to Shoshong in June 1863 — Death of Mrs. Thomas from fever — Temporary reinforcement of Matebele mission — Leave Shoshong — Country to the north-east drained by the Ouri or Limpopo river — A buffalo shoots a Dutchman — Accident in the Seribe river — Perils of elephanthunting — Arrive at Mahuku's town — Afiican Glencoe — The massacre of the Batalowta by the Matebele — Announce our approach to Moselekatse — Pass through the beautiful Makalaka country — Monyame's town — A rhinoceros cow and calf killed — Moselekatse refuses to see Sekhome's missionary — Explanations — A Sunday at Tlapa Baloi — First impressions of the Matebele — The camp of Moselekatse — Our reception — Arrival at Inyate —Mrs. Thomas and the Matebele, . . . 286-306 CONTENTS.

Chapter XVI. Moselekatse

PAGE Early history of this chief — Deserts from Tshaka, leading with him all his regiment — Scatters the Bechuana tribes and occupies their country — Visited by Mr. Moffat and Dr. Smith — His ideas of the English — Attacked by Griquas, by Zulus, and by Dutchmen from the colony — He removes northward — Rebellion and death of one of his sons — Takes up his residence in Mashona country — Massacres Makalaka women —Followed by Dutchmen, who are unsuccessful — Mr. Moffat twice visits him in his present country — Arrival of mission party in 1859 — Waggons pulled by soldiers — Early difficulties of the mission — The missionaries distrusted as spies — Explanation of this feeling — A change takes place in the treatment of the missionaries — They are invited to settle at Inyate — Preaching through interpreters before Moselekatse — The chiefs emendations — Village preaching begun — Killing game for the congregation — A native history of the planting of Christianity — Moselekatse's chief officer conducting the white man's dance, or religious service — The etiquette of Moselekatse's court — Sitting on a stool — The missionaries rank as " sons of Moselekatse " — Dining at court in Matebele-land, . . 307-323

Chapter XVII

A MILITARY TRIBE AND CHRISTIANITY. Matebele tribe exhibits a complete military despotism — Society exists for the chief — All the people and all the property belong to him — The head men : their precarious life, their habits — The "chiefs knife" — Death of Monyebe — The common soldiers — Law of celibacy — The career of the captive boy to Matebele manhood — Incentives to leave the restraints of Matebele barracks for the license of the war-party — The Zulus despise the captives ; the latter have little or no religion — The missionary among ' such a people— The " strong man armed " — Impatience for results— The Spirit of God all-powerful — The condition of the Matebele without a parallel in New Testament— Dawnings of good impressions — Conversation with Moselekatse — His cunning reply — Experiment to show Matebele head men the power of letters — Law of celibacy relaxed through influence of missionaries — Decrease of bloodthirstiness among the Matebele — Various theories concerning barbarous tribes — Christianity effete — French polish — Christianity and civilisation united at a mission station — The old heathen life impossible to the natives through the destruction of game— Trade followed Christianity CONTENTS.

XV PAGE into Matebele-land— Soldiers begin to acquire private property — Ideas as to dress— Mistaken identity — Taking leave of Mosele katse : the old chief pleads for medicine— My waggon pulled out of a river by soldiers— A scramble — Mr. and Mrs. Sykes accompany us to Monyame's — A night scene at Shashane river — " Nero" and the lion — Arrive at Shoshong — Discovery of gold in Mashona-land by Mr. Mauch— Matebele object to explora tion of the country— Death of Moselekatse in 1868 — Romantic story of a son and successor in Natal — The tribe divides on the subject — Lobingole, the victor, declared chief— The mission station at Inyate a place of refuge for the wounded of both Parties, - . 324-354

Chapter XVIII

A CHAPTER OF BAMANGWATO HISTORY. Bamangwato tradition preserves names of seven chiefs — The Bahurutse take the first rank in North Bechuana-land — The Bangwaketse, the Bakwena, and the Bamangwato, originally one tribe — Division of the Bamangwato in the days of Matipi — Affecting story of this chief : broken-hearted in his old age he commits suicide — Khari, the favourite of Bamangwato story — His death in the battle-field — The Bamangwato scattered — The Makololo and Matebele pass northward — Moselekatse's cruelties — Heroic speech of one of the Bamangwato — They rescue their cattle from the Matebele — Sekhome kills the Matebele tax-gatherers — The history of Macheng — Complications at Shoshong — Sechele plays at chief-making — The " child of cattle " — The Bamangwato are fond of their hills — Possible explanation of fondness of mountaineers for their native land — The town of Shoshong — The Machwapong — The Basilika — The laying out of a Bechuana town — The cattle-posts and hunting stations, and their relation to the town — No purchase of land — No boundary lines between tribes, 355-370

Chapter XIX. Religion And Polity Of The Bamangwato

Offices of the Bechuana chief — As chief— Public assemblies — Their uses — As judge — Ideas of property — Head men the assessors — Advocates and their speeches — Modes of procedure — Justice often miscarries — Irritation of Europeans, and unreasonable expectations— Theory and practice of law — Fine, maiming, death — As commander-in-chief of the men — Circumcision — The lesson of endurance — Not sparing the rod — The steps to Bechuana CONTENTS. PAGE manhood— Regiments enrolled according to age— Early missionaries and circumcision— " Boyali " — Introduction to Bechuana womanhood — The lesson to endure well learnt, — also a Christian lesson — As ngaka or priest — The medical profession at Shoshong —Entrance fee— " Teaching to dig "—Baboon-skin head-dress and hyena skin mat— A consultation of doctors — Attending a stingy patient— Public duties of lingaka— Preparation of lipeku or town-charms— Rain-making— Cutting the sacred hack-thorn — Widows and widowers unclean— Cleansing the hearths — Sacred fire — Sacrificing, and praying to ancestors — " The rain has fallen" — Ngaka and moloi — The wizard mounted on the hyena — Driving away rain — Sekhome bewitching Sechele's corn fields — Punishment of the wizards — " Given over" to a buffalo — Worship on high places and in groves -Prayer before a large tree — Superstitious fears — The sacred animal, the owl, the goat, and the cow, which " transgress " — Ceremonies somewhat simi lar to Levitical code— Morimo (God) — Two plurals — Only one singular, ....... 371-395

Chapter XX. The Leaven Of The Gospel

Feigning ignorance — Bechuana "caste" the barrier to the speedy reception of the gospel — Work in the schools — Capacities of Bechuanas — Opinions of Rev. H. Calderwood — Rev. Dr. Wilson of Bombay — Dr. Livingstone — Retentive memory of the people — Bechuana diplomacy— The plea Not Guilty fully taken advantage of by Bechuanas — Beautiful appearance of the town in summer — Suicide of a Matebele refugee — Bamangwato attacked by Bakwena — Rumoured attack by Matebele — Perplexity of Sekhome — His evening visits to my house — "The heart of the white man straight, the heart of the black man crooked" — Sekhome's conception of becoming a Christian, . . 396-409

Chapter XXI. The Trial Of Faith

Polygamy the cause of feuds — The ceremony of "boguera" — Attempt on the part of Sekhome to compel his sons to attend — By his entreaties and threats he persuades two to give up attending church and school— Steadfastness of Khame and other two sons —Beginning of persecution — Build a new house — The chief seeks a quarrel with the missionaries — Hostility of the head men to Tshukuru — This is mixed up with the opposition to the CONTENTS. XVII PAGE Word of God — Khame commanded to take home a heathen woman as his head wife — His refusal— Khamane's wife does not attend the "boyali" before marriage — The town in arms — Sekhome's men desert him — His flight — Forbearance of his sons — Settlement of the strife — The baloi bewitching the young chief's house, ...... 410-422

Chapter XXII. The Father Against The Son

Mr. and Mrs. Price leave Shoshong — Their labours at Sechele's town — Ideas of church-membership — Khame warned of a new plot against him — Driven from the town — Attitude of the people — Firing begins at dawn — Position of some English traders — A strange " neutral " position — Missionary's premises respected — A congregation on the mountain — The property of absent Englishmen handed to the missionary by both parties — "Blood drawn by an Englishman" — A "black watch" — Invisible attendants — Sekhome's secret council — His mother's speech — Hooted on the streets — The scene in the kotla — Cause of the irritation — The wizard shot — The people's temper improves, 423-440

Chapter XXIII. Flight Of Sekhome

Khame besieged on the mountain — The missionary acts as messenger — Terms of agreement — Flight of Tshukuru — His death at Sechele's town — The death-wail — Arrival of Macheng — Khame's speech — The two brothers— Macheng recognised chief — Confession of Sekhome — Final effort of Sekhome to overcome his enemies — Failure of the scheme — Sekhome's trust in the missionary — His flight from Shoshong — Fact and fiction— Opinion of Dr. Fritsch, . . . . . . 441-452

Chapter XXIV. Discovery Of

GOLD— BUILDING OF THE CHURCH. Gold discovered at Tatie river in 1867 by Mr. Mauch, and afterwards in Mashona-land — The mines had been previously worked Proposal by the Transvaal Government to native chiefs — Its reception — Sweeping measure of Transvaal Executive — Public assembly at Shoshong — Macheng's offer to the Governor at the b CONTENTS. XVIII PAGE Cape — The Cape Parliament and the Colonial Executive — Mashona-land suitable for a colony — Necessity for a seaport on the east coast — Anticipated beneficial result on natives and Dutch frontier men — Building of the church at Shoshong — Macheng assists me with two regiments of men to hew timber, and women to cut grass for thatch — Opening of the church — Fears of the heathen — Public service — A breakfast-party — The head man's share of the entertainment — Good feeling produced — District meetings, ..... 453-465

Chapter XXV

"BY LITTLE AND LITTLE." Ancient and modern missions — The life of the mission family attainable — A Sunday at Shoshong — Bible class and morning service in church — Afternoon service in public court-yard — Impressing on the heathen mind the leading truths of revelation — English service in the mission-house — The missionary the servant of all classes — Delay in organizing a native church — Circles of hearers — The mission has left some mark on the whole community — Conclusion — The evangelization of the heathen appeals to the highest Christian thought and feeling — The Church has been slow to realize the aggressive and expansive aim of her Head — Rallying-cries of the Church — High type of Christianity appears for a time — Proposed chair or lectureship — Influence of parents —The youthful reverie, ..... 466-482