The history of England from the accession of James the Second ... Eleventh edition

Chapter I

Page Introduction ...... 1 Britain under the Romans - - - - 4 Britain under the Saxons ..... 4 Effect of the Conversion of the Saxons to Christianity - 6 Danish Invasions - - - - - -10 The Normans - - • - - -11 The Norman Conquest and its Effects - - - 12 Effects of the Separation of England and Normandy - - 15 Amalgamation of Races - - - - - 16 Conquests of the English on the Continent - - - 18 Wars of the Roses - - - • - -21 Extinction of Villenage - - - • 22 Beneficial Operation of the Roman Catholic Religion - - 22 The Nature of the ancient English Government often misrepresented, and why - - - - - 25 Description of the limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages - 28 Prerogatives of the ancient English Kings how limited - 29 The Limitations not always strictly observed, and why - 30 Resistance an ordinary Check on Tyranny in the Middle Ages - - - - - - -34 Peculiar Character of the English Aristocracy - - 37 The Government of the Tudors - - - - 39 The limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages generally turned into absolute Monarchies, and why - - - 42 The English Monarchy a singular Exception, and why - 43 The Reformation and its Effects - - - - 44 Origin of the Church of England - - - - 51 Her peculiar Character - - - - - 52 The Relation in which she stood to the Crown - - 54 a VI CONTENTS.

Page The Puritans - - - - - - 58 Their Republican Spirit - - - ... 60 No systematic Parliamentary Opposition offered to the Government of Elizabeth, and why • - - - 60 The Question of the Monopolies - - - - 62 Scotland and Ireland become Parts of the same Empire with England - - - - - - 63 Diminution of the Importance of England after the Accession of James the First - - - - - 69 The Doctrine of Divine Right - - - - 70 The Separation between the Church and the Puritans becomes wider ----- - -74 Accession and Character of Charles the First - - - 82 Tactics of the Opposition in the House of Commons - - 83 Petition of Right ----._ 84 The Petition of Right violated - - - - 85 Character and Designs of Wentworth - - - - 86 Character of Laud - - - - - - 87 The Star Chamber and High Commission - - - 88 Shipmoney - -,- - . - -89 Resistance to the Liturgy in Scotland - - - 92 A Parliament called and dissolved - - - - 94 The Long Parliament - - - - - 96 The first Appearance of the two great English Parties - 97 The Irish Rebellion - - - - . -104 The Remonstrance - - - . - -106 Tii3 Impeachment of the Five Members ... iq7 Departure of Charles from London - - - - 109 Commencement of the Civil War - - . * ~ 1 1 2 Successes of the Royalists - - - . . j \ - Rise of the Independents - - - . -115 Oliver Cromwell - - - _ . -116 The Self-denying Ordinance - - . . - 1 1 7 Victory of the Parliament - - . . -IIS Domination and Character of the Army _ . . . iiq Risings against the Military Government suppressed - -122 The Proceeding against the King - . _ - 12S His Execution - - . . _ .107 Subjugation of Ireland and Scotland - 190 Expulsion of the Long Parliament - - . - 130 The Protectorate of Oliver - . . . , „ .

Oliver succeeded by Richard - . . . , „u Fall of Richard and Revival of the Long Parliament - - 142 Second Expulsion of the Long Parliament Monk and the Army of Scotland march into England - I U± CONTENTS. VII Page Monk declares for a free Parliament - - - - 147 General Election of 1660 - - - - - 147 The Restoration - - - - - -149

Chapter II

The Conduct of those who restored the House of Stuart unjustly censured ... ... 151 Abolition of the Tenures by Knight Service - - - 153 Disbanding of the Army - - - - - 154 Disputes between the Roundheads and Cavaliers renewed - 155 Religious Dissension - - - - - -157 Unpopularity of the Puritans ..... 160 Character of Charles the Second . - - - - 167 Characters of the Duke of York and Earl of Clarendon - 171 General Election of 1661 - - - - - 174 Violence of the Cavaliers in the new Parliament - - 175 Persecution of the Puritans - - - - - 1 76 Zeal of the Church for hereditary Monarchy - - - 177 Change in the Morals of the Community - - - 1 79 Profligacy of the Politicians of that Age - - - 181 State of Scotland - - - - - 183 State of Ireland - - - - - - 1S6 The Government becomes unpopular in England - - 187 War with the Dutch - - - - - - 191 Opposition in the House of Commons - - - 193 Fall of Clarendon - - - - - - 194 State of European Politics, and Ascendency of France - 1 97 Character of Lewis the Fourteenth - - - - 199 The Triple Alliance ------ 202 The Country Party - - - - - - 203 Connection between Charles the Second and France - - 204 Views of Lewis with respect to England ... 206 Treaty of Dover - - - - - - 209 Nature of the English Cabinet - - - - 211 The Cabal ------- 211 Shutting of the Exchequer - - - - - 215 War with the United Provinces and their extreme Danger - 216 William Prince of Orange - - - - -217 Meeting of the Parliament .... - 220 Declaration of Indulgence ..... 220 It is cancelled, and the Test Act passed ... 222 The Cabal dissolved - - ' - - - - 223 Peace with the United Provinces ; Administration of Danby - 224 Embarrassing of the Country Party - - CONTENTS.

Page Dealings of that Party with the French Embassy - - 228 Peace of Nimeguen ; violent Discontents in England - - 229 Fall of Danby ; the Popish Plot - - - - 232 First General Election of 1679 - - - - 236 Violence of the new House of Commons ... 238 Temple's Plan of Government ... - 239 Character of Halifax ------ 243 Character of Sunderland ----- 246 Prorogation of the Parliament ; Habeas Corpus Act - - 248 Second General Election of 1679 ; Popularity of Monmouth - 249 Lawrence Hyde - - - - - -253 Sidney Godolphin .-.-.- 255 Violence of Factions on the Subject of the Exclusion Bill - 256 Names of Whig and Tory -■_.-.--- 256 Meeting of Parliament ; the Exclusion Bill passes the Commons 258 Exclusion Bill rejected by the Lords ; Execution of Stafford - 259 General Election of 1681 ----- 260 Parliament held at Oxford and dissolved ; Tory Reaction - 261 Persecution of the Whigs ----- 264 The Charter of the City confiscated ; Whig Conspiracies - 265 Detection of the Whig Conspiracies ; Severity of the Government ------- 268 Seizure of Charters ------ 269 Influence of the Duke of York - 270 He is opposed by Halifax - - - . . 271 Lord Keeper Guildford ...... 273 Policy of Lewis --.._. 276 State of Factions in the Court of Charles at the Time of his Death ------- 277

Chapter III

Great Change in the State of England since 1685 - - 281 Population of England in 1685 - 281 The Increase of Population greater in the North than in the South 284 Revenue in 1685 --____ oqc Military System .... „oQ The Navy - - 297 The Ordnance - - . . _ 0„_ Noneffective Charge - qor Charge of Civil Government - „nr Gr°.at Gains of Courtiers and Ministers .. 307 State of Agriculture - „ Mineral Wealth of the Country . ~ \ '. t\- Increase of Rent ; the Country Gentlemen - . - CONTENTS.

IX Page The Clergy - - 324 The Yeomanry - « - - - - 333 Growth of the Towns ; Bristol .... 334 Norwich - - - - - - -336 Other County Towns - - - - - - 338 Manchester ....... .339 Leeds - - - - - - - 340 Sheffield 341 Birmingham ---.--- 342 Liverpool ------- 343 Watering places : Cheltenham, Brighton, Buxton - - 344 Tunbridge Wells - - - - - - 345 Bath -------- 346 London ------- 347 The City - - - - - - - 349 The Fashionable Part of the Capital - - - - 355 Police of London - - - - - - 360 The Lighting of London ----- 360 White Friars - - - - - - 361 The Court - - - - - - - 362 The Coffeehouses ---.-. 366 Difficulty of Travelling - - - - - 370 Badness of the Roads - - - - - - 371 Stage Coaches ...... 375 Highwaymen - 379 Inns - - - . - - - - - 382 The Post Office -.....-. 334 The Newspapers - « - - - - 386 The Newsletters - - - - - 388 The Observator ...... 390 Scarcity of Books in Country Places - - - - 391 Female Education ------ 392 Literary Attainments of Gentlemen - 393 Influence of French Literature .... 395 Immorality of the Polite Literature of England - - 396 State of Science in England - - . - - - 404 State of the Fine Arts - - - - - 410 State of the Common People ; Agricultural Wages - - 413 Wages of Manufacturers - - - - -415 Labour of Children in Factories - - - - 417 Wages of different Classes of Artisans - - - 4 1 8 Number of Paupers - - - - - -419 Benefits derived by the Common People from the Progress of Civilisation - - - - - -421 Delusion which leads Men to overrate the Happiness of preceding; Generations -.--..- 42 J CONTENTS.

X CHAPTER TV. Page Death of Charles the Second ... 426 Suspicions of Poison ------ 438 Speech of James the Second to the Privy Council - - 440 James proclaimed ------ 442 State of the Administration ----- 443 New Arrangements _-_--*'-- 445 Sir George Jeffreys - - - - - -447 The Revenue collected without an Act of Parliament - - 452 A Parliament called ------ 453 Transactions between James and the French King - - 453 Churchill sent Ambassador to France ; his History - - 457 Feelings of the Continental Governments towards England - 46 1 Policy of the Court of Rome ----- 463 Struggle in the Mind of James ; Fluctuations of his Policy - 466 Public Celebration of the Roman Catholic Rites in the Palace - 468 His Coronation - - - - - - 470 Enthusiasm of the Tories' Addresses - - - - 473 The Elections - - - - - - 474 Proceedings against Oates ----- 479 Proceedings against Dangerfield ... - 485 Proceedings against Baxter ----- 487 Meeting of the Parliament of Scotland - - - 491 Feeling of James towards the Puritans ... 493 Cruel Treatment of the Scotch Covenanters - 495 Feeling of James towards the Quakers ... 499 William Penn .-.-._ 502 Peculiar Favour shown to Roman Catholics and Quakers - 505 Meeting of the English Parliament ; Trevor chosen Speaker - 508 Character of Seymour ----- 509 The King's Speech to the Parliament - - - - 510 Debate in the Commons ; Speech of Seymour - - 511 The Revenue voted - - - - - -513 Proceedings of the Commons concerning Religion - - 513 Additional Taxes voted ; Sir Dudley North - 515 Proceedings of the Lords - - - - -517 Bill for reversing the Attainder of Stafford - 518

Chapter V

Whig Refugees on the Continent - 520 Their Correspondents in England - - . - 521 Characters of the Leading Refugees ; Ayloffe ... 522 Wade; Goodenough - ... - . . CONTENTS.

XI Page Rumbold - - - - - - - 524 Lord Grey - - - - - - - 525 Monmouth - - - - - . 526 Ferguson - - - - - - - 527 Scotch Refugees : Earl of Argyle - - - - 532 Sir Patrick Hume ------ 535 Sir John Cochrane ; Fletcher of Saltoun ... 536 Unreasonable Conduct of the Scotch Refugees - - 537 Arrangements for an Attempt on England and Scotland - 539 John Locke .... - - 541 Preparations made by the Government for the Defence of Scotland --.-_. 542 Conversation of James with the Dutch Ajnbassadors ; ineffectual Attempts of the Prince of Orange and of the States General to prevent Argyle from sailing - - - 543 Departure of Argyle from Holland ..... 546 He lands in Scotland .... - 546 His Disputes with his Followers .... 548 Temper of the Scotch Nation ----- 550 Argyle's Forces dispersed ; Argyle a Prisoner - - 554 His Execution .-..-- 560 Execution of Rumbold ..... 561 Death of Ayloffe - - - - - - 564 Devastation of Argyllshire ; ineffectual Attempts to prevent Monmouth from leaving Holland ... 565 His Arrival at Lyme - - - - ... 568 His Declaration .----. 569 His Popularity in the West of England - - - 570 Encounter of the Rebels with the Militia at Bridport - - 573 Encounter of the Rebels with the Militia at Axminster - 575 News of the Rebellion carried to London .... 575 Loyalty of the Parliament - - - - - 576 Reception of Monmouth at Taunton - - - - 580 He takes the Title of King - - - - - 583 His Reception at Bridgewater .... 587 Preparations of the Government to oppose him - - 588 His Design on Bristol ..... 592 He relinquishes that Design ----- 594 Skirmish at Philip's Norton - - - - - 595 Despondency of Monmouth ----- 596 He returns to Bridgewater ----- 598 The Royal Army encamps at Sedgemoor ... 598 Battle of Sedgemoor ------ 603 Pursuit of the Rebels - - - - - 609 Military Executions ; Flight of Monmouth - - - CONTENTS.

Page His Capture - - - - - - - 612 His Letter to the King - - - - - 614 He is carried to London - -' - - -615 His Interview with the King -• - - - -616 His Execution - - - - - - 620 His Memory cherished by the Common People - - 624 Cruelties of the Soldiers in the West ; Kirke - - - 627 Jeffreys sets out on the Western Circuit ... 632 Trial of Alice Lisle - - - - - - 633 The Bloody Assizes ------ 638 Abraham Holmes - - - - - -641 Christopher Battiscombe ----- 642 The Hewlings - - - - - - 643 Punishment of Tutchin ---... 644 Rebels transported ------ 645 Confiscation and Extortion ----- 647 Rapacity of the Queen and of her Ladies ... 648 Case of Grey ...... 551 Cases of Cochrane, Storey, Wade, Goodenough, and Ferguson 652 Jeffrey o Lord Chancellor ; Trial and Execution of Cornish - - - - - - - 655 Trials and Executions of Fernley and Elizabeth Gaunt - 658 Trial and Execution of Bateman ... - 660 Cruel Persecution of the Protestant Dissenters - - G'Jl CHAP. I. IutroduC' tiun. HISTORY OF ENGLAND.