The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to the death of Marcus Antoninus ... Edited by ... J. T. White

Front matter

I.ONDC r.ANl_ THE HISTORY "I-- IHK ROMAN EMPERORS, FROM AUGUSTUS TO THE DEATH OF MARCUS ANTONINUS. BY THE LATE KEY. ROBERT LYNAM^JI.A. UK TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; EDITED BY THE REV. JOHN T. WHITE, M.A. OF CORPUS CIIRI8TI COLLEGE, OXFORD, jeNIOR UPPER MASTER OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON. IN TWO VOIUMES, VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED FOR SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, fc CO., WHITTAKER & CO., HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO., HATCHARD efc SON, SHAW & SONS, STEVENS & NORTON, WALLER & SON. CAMBRIDGE : J. DEIGHTON. OXFORD : J. H. PARKER. MANCHESTER : C. MEREDITH. EDINBURGH : OLIVER & BOYD. DUBLIN : HODGES & SMITH. 1850. LONDON" : rillNTED BY -SHAW AND SONS, FETTER LANE. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK EARL OF CARLISLE, VISCOUNT MORPETH, e&C. eke. &C. A NOBLEMAN NO LESS DISTINGUISHED FOR THE AMIABLE QUALITIES OF HIS HEART THAN FOR HIS HIGH INTELLECTUAL ATTAINMENTS, THIS HISTORY OE THE ROMAN EMPERORS IS (with his lordship's permission) MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY HIS LORDSHIP'S OBEDIENT AND FAITHFUL SERVANT, THE EDITOR

Preface

. It has not been left to the Editor of the present History of the Roman Emperors to g*ather from the internal evidence of its pages, on what g-rounds it was undertaken, or what is the object it professes to accomplish. The views and intentions of its author — the late Rev. Robert Lynam — will be found in the following extract taken from his papers : — " While Hooke and many other authors have written upon the History of the Roman Republic, and while Gibbon has appropriated to himself the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, it is remarkable, that the intervening* period has been almost totally neglected in English literature. The lives of the early Roman Emperors, which have been written in our lang*uage, may be considered as rapid sketches, rather than regular and accurate histories. The French have the voluminous works of Tillemont aud Crevier upon this subject; and the latter of these authors is not unknown to English readers. But his work, if it had no other faults, is presented to ua in vol. i. b VI

PREFACE.

. a translation, occupies part of the period selected by Gibbon, and is exceedingly diffuse, being* extended to no less than ten volumes octavo. It is presumed, therefore, that the Lives of the first Emperors, written in English without prolixity, and carefully dio-ested from the oriffinal Latin and Greek authors, may possess some claim to the attention of scholars, and all readers of history." It appears, therefore, that Mr. Lynam undertook the task, he has thus achieved, on the ground, that there is not in the English language any original work of sterling merit, and acknowledged accuracy, treating of the events occurring between the periods occupied by Hooke and Gibbon respectively ; and with the object of connecting the History of the Roman Republic with the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

In the followingpages, he has filled up the gap existing between the two above named great Historians ; — taking up the narrative of events where the former leaves off, and leaving off where the latter, ceasing to give merely a barren outline of the occurrences of earlier ages, throws all his powers of delineation into a vivid picture of the times of which he treats. The historical field thus left for Mr. Lynam to occupy affords ample space for the exercise of talent, and the display of taste. To use the language of Tacitus, the Romans had experienced quid ultimum in libertate esset ; but now the case was reversed,

PREFACE.

. VII and, to again use the words of the same philosophical writer, they were to find quid in servitute esset ultimum. The Roman glory, indeed, at the period here spoken of, was gradually advancing to its height : the Roman armies went forth " conquering, and to conquer": foreign nations submitted to the yoke of the mighty mistress of the world, and foreign potentates were oftentimes compelled to bow to the dictation of even her subordinate officers. Abroad, with but trifling exceptions, all was bright : the Roman sun shone with meridian splendour, with only here and there a swift-passing cloud momen tarily to dim its rays ; but within the City itself, from the death of Augustus to the accession of Nerva, there was an almost-uninterrupted thick dark night, shrouding her liberties, obscuringher free institutions, and penetrating into the very homes of her children, so that men regarded freedom of action, and even freedom of speech, as the pleasing reminis cences of a dream that had fled never to return.

The blood of slaughtered armies flowed in streams in nearly every foreign land ; but the blood of Romans flowed also at home — in the streets of the Imperial City itself — polluted their very hearths, and defiled even the temples of their gods. The shout of victory was heard in the deep vallies, on the lofty mountain-tops, and across the broad plains of distant countries ; but in Rome there arose the bitter wailing* cry of human beings sacrificed to bl

PREFACE.

. uncontrouled absolutism, as victims to its revenge, its avarice, or even its thirst for human blood. Law, as such, there was none. The will of the Soldier abroad, and the will of the Emperor at home, were the sole acknowledged code of government. And, however much, in other respects, Rome and foreign lands differed from each other, in this they were on an equality under most of the early Em perors — the sword was the only sceptre by which they were ruled. There are, indeed, here and there occasional bright spots in the records of those ages, but they are few and trifling ; so that their very existence tends only to make the surrounding gloom more palpable. At the accession, however, of Nerva to the imperial power, the Romans imagined that they distinguished the dawning of a brighter day.

Nor were they deceived. The arrival of peaceful, happy, times for their long*-miserable City, proved a reality under the sway of that Emperor and his two immediate successors : while under the Antonines the Roman state rose to the highest pitch of prosperity and happiness that it was permitted to attain during the Empire. To produce a work commensurate with the importance of such a subject as the above required the combined efforts of toil, perseverance, research, sound judgment, and learning of no ordinary description. Indeed, nothing short of a just union of these could suffice to blend the grand political and public events

PREFACE.

. IX recorded by Tacitus, and Dion Cassius, with the leading* features of each Emperor's character drawn from the biographies of Suetonius, the Victors, Spartian, and Capitolinus, or gathered from in cidental notices in the works of other writers — to assign to each circumstance its proper chronological order, and its due amount of importance — to bring it forward into the broad light as a main, essential, feature in the delineation of the g*reat human drama of the period, or to throw it back into the shade as a mere adjunct required by taste, hereby presenting to the mind a grand historic picture, magnificent as a whole, correct in its detail, and harmonious in all its parts. Enough, it is hoped, has been said to show the importance and the interesting nature of the present work. The general reader is herein supplied with information drawn from the original sources, carefully digested, and chronologically arranged, which — if he has heretofore approached the subject — he has had to glean from the diffuse translation of Crevier.

The student is furnished with a record of the earlier history of Rome Imperial, concise indeed, yet amply sufficient for all ordinary purposes; while the references in the margin, veri fied, as they have been, with great care and labour, afford him the ready means of gaining access to much additional information not deemed of suffi cient importance to be embodied in the work itself,

PREFACE.

. X and yet, perhaps, useful for the elucidation of some point connected with his studies. The politician may here learn, how uncontrolled power, deposited in the hands of one person, will,— if not invariably, yet for the most part, — prove subversive of all liberty, public and private alike, as he may further gather, from other portions of History, that the un controuled power of the many is no less destructive of true freedom ; and thus, from these two proved realities, he may find reason to be deeply thankful to the Giver of all Good for that adjusted balance of power, desired, though deemed visionary, by Tacitus, and yet existing in our own land, where, from the throne to the cottag*e all are free, because all are under the guardianship of laws, which tolerate no aggres sion on the clearly-defined rights of each.

The Christian will see abundant cause for heart-felt grati tude that his lot is cast in the bright days of Gospel light, and not in the gross dark night of Heathenism ; while the investigator of prophecy may behold the earlier portion of the prophetic vision* of the Apo calypse realized in the record of human events depicted in the latter portion of this Avork — from the closing years of Domitian's reign to the end of the reign of Marcus Antoninus — and, thus, from the fulfilment of the past in accordance with the Divine word, will feel and confess the certainty of what he is told in that same word " must be hereafter." * See Elliott's Hortz Apocalypticœ, part 1, chap. 1.

PREFACE.

. XI By the judgment pronounced upon this work, Mr. Lynam's character as an author must stand or fall. It is the only one he has written : whenever his name has heretofore been attached to books, it has been merely as an Editor. Certainly it will be granted, that he has supplied what has long been a great desideratum in the literature of this country, and has produced a work derived from authentic records of the times of which he treats. Scholars, however, must decide upon its merits, and pro nounce, Avhether it successfully delineates the varied aspect of the Roman State under its early Em perors. Christ's Hospital, Feb. 1850. CONTENTS OP VOLUME T. THE EMPEROR CÆSAR OCTAVIANUS AUGUSTUS.

Chapter I

B. C. Page 31. Octavius master of the Roman Empire . . . . 1 29. Enters Rome in triumph . . . . . .2 Temple of Janus shut . . . . . .3 Octavius resolves not to resign his power . . . .ib. Receives the title of Emperor . . . . .4 Revises the Senate . . . . . . .5 28. Thebes in Egypt destroyed . . . . . . Ci 27. Octavius, by pretending to relinquish his authority, constrains the Senate to confirm it . . . . .8 Divides the provinces with them . . . . .ib. The mode of government which he adopts . . . . !) Receives the name of Augustus . . . . .13 The power of the Emperors ...... ib.

Chapter II

B.C. 27. Pacuvius the tribune devotes himself to Augustus . . .15 The Emperor goes into Gaul . . . . .16 20. Death of Cornelius Gallus . . . . . .17 Augustus goes into Spain ...... ib. Revolt of the Salassians, and the Cantabrians and Asturians . 18 25. They are subdued . . . . . . .ib. Embassy of the Indians and Scythians . . . .19 Agrippa dedicates the Pantheon ..... ib. Julia married to Marcellus . . . . . .ib. 24. Augustus exempted from obedience to the laws . . .20 The Cantabrians and Asturians again revolt .... ib. Expedition into Arabia Felix . . . . .ib. 23. Illness of Augustus . . . . • • .21 Death of Marcellus . . . . • • .22 Augustus abdicates the consulship . . . .ib. Distress at Rome . . . . . • .23 VOL. I. A CONTENTS. [Augustus. XIV B. C. PaJ.e 22. Augustus refuses the dictatorship . . . • • •i* Conspiracy against Augustus . . . • .26 Dedication of the temple of Jupiter Tonans . . • .ib.

The Cantabrians and Asturians again revolt . • .ib. Petronius defeats Queen Candace . . . • .26 Augustus goes into Sicily . . . . • .ib. 21. Tumults at Rome . . . . • ■ ■ ib- Julia married to Agrippa . . . . . .27 20. Augustus goes into the East . . . . • .ib. The Parthian standards restored . . . • .ib. Second embassy of the Indians . . . • .29

Chapter III

B.C. 1 9. Agrippa subdues the Cantabrians . . . . .31 Death of Virgil ....-•• 32 18. Agrippa invested with the Tribunician power . . .33 Augustus endeavours to reform the senate . . . .ib. Makes regulations respecting marriage . . . .34 17. Sæcular games . . . . . ■ .35 Caius and Lucius adopted by him . . . . .ib. 16. Augustus leaves Rome . . . . . .ib. War with the Sicambrians . . . . . .36 1 5. Rapacity of Licinius . . . . . .37 Drusus and Tiberius conquer the Rhætians . . .ib. Cruelty of Vedius Pollio . . . . . .39 14. People of the Maritime Alps subdued . . . .ib. Disturbances in the Cimmerian Bosphorus . . . .ib. 13. Augustus returns to Rome, and fixes the time of military service . 41 Dedicates the theatre of Marcellus . . . . .ib. Compels the senators to retain their dignity . . .ib. Becomes supreme pontiff on the death of Lepidus . . .42 Freedom of Antistius Labeo . . . . . .ib.

Chapter IV

B.C. 1 2. Agrippa dies, and is buried with great distinction by Augustus . 43 His character . . . . . . .44 The Emperor chooses Tiberius as his coadjutor, who subdues the Pannonians . . . . . . .ib. 11. The success of Drusus in Gaul and Germany . . .45 Revolt of the Bessi . . . . . . .40 The Augustalia instituted . . . . . .47 10. Julia married to Tiberius . . . . . .ib. Revolt of the Dacians, Dalmatians, and Germans . . .48 9. Drusus dies in Germany . . . . . .ib. 8. Tiberius carries on the war there . . . . .51 Extinction of the Sicambrians . . . . .ib. Tiberius receives the title of Imperator. . . . .ib. The name of the month Sextilis changed . . . .ib. 8. Death of Mæcenas . . . . . . .52 Augustus.] CONTENTS. XV B. C. Page 8. His character . . . . . . .62 Death of Horace . . . . . . .53 The arrogance of Caius and Lucius ..... ib. 6. Tiberius invested with the Tribunician power for five years . . 54 Retires in disgust to Rhodes ..... ib. Aretas King of Arabia . . . . . .55

Chapter V

B.C. Caius receives the title of Prince of the Youth . . .50 The Christian Era ...... ib. Death of Herod the Great, aud the division of his territories . 57 Augustus becomes acquainted with the licentiousness of his daughter Julia, and banishes her to Pandataria . . . .58 Her marriage with Tiberius dissolved . . . .59 Disturbances in Armenia tranquillized by Caius . . .60 A. D. 2. Caius has an interview with the Parthian King . . .ib. Tiberius returns to Rome . . . ■ • .61 3. Death of Lucius and Caius . . . ■ .ib. 4. Disgrace of Agrippa and Julia . . . . 61,62 Tiberius adopted by Augustus . . • • .62 Augustus refuses to be called Lord . . . . .63 Pardons the conspiracy of China . . . • .ib. Vonones appointed King of the Parthians . . ■ .64 5. A fund provided for the Roman troops . . . .60 0. Famine at Rome . . . • • • .07 Nightly guards established . . . . ■ .ib.

Chapter VI

A.D. 0. Archelaus banished into Gaul, and Judæa made a Roman province 0ft War in Dalmatia and Pannonia . . . • . G9 9. Law against celibacy . . . • • .72 The Dalmatians subdued . . . . • .75 Varus and his legions destroyed in Germany . . .77 Banishment of Ovid . . . • • . ib. 10. Tiberius keeps the Germans in check . . . .78 12. Is associated with Augustus in the government of the empire . 79 13. Augustus permitted to transact all affairs by means of his council alone ....•••• 8()

Chapter VII

A. D. al 14. Augustus dies at Nola ..... His burial ...-•••■ 84 He is deified . • • ■ • • * a'* His character as drawn by differeut writers . . • ll'- The effect of his government upon the Romans . . -89 His person, accomplishments, and style of living • 90 A CONTENTS. [Tiberius. THE EMPEROR TIBERIUS.

Chapter I

a. d. Page 14. Parentage of Tiberius . . . . • .93 His profound dissimulation . . . . • .95 Orders Agrippa Posthumus to be murdered . . .96 Pretends to decline the imperial power, but at length desists from his refusal . . . ■ • • .97 Jealous of his mother . . . . • .99 Deprives the people of all right in the election of the magistrates . ib. Sedition among the troops in Pannonia appeased by Drusus, in consequence of an eclipse of the moon .... 100 The German legions revolt, and are with difficulty pacified by Germanicus ....... 103 Death of Julia, the daughter of Augustus .... 107

Chapter II

A. D. 15. Germanicus carries on war against the Catti and the Cherusci . 108 Inters the remains of the legions of Varus .... 109 Actions for treason and libel . . . . .112 Disturbances at the theatre . . . . .118 10. Vonones is driven from the kingdom of Parthia, and afterwards from that of Armenia . . . . . .114 Germanicus gains signal victories over the Cherusci, but on his return loses great part of his fleet by shipwreck . .115 Accusation and death of Drusus Libo . . . .118 Astrologers expelled from Italy . . . . .119 The bold spirit of L. Piso . . . . . .ib. Clemens, the slave of Agrippa Posthumus, counterfeits his master 120 17. Triumph of Germanicus ...... 121 Death of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia . . . .122 Germanicus is sent into the east, and Cn. Piso is made governor of Syria ........ 123 Drusus sent into Illyria . . . . . .ib.

Dissensions between the Suevi and the Cherusci . .124 Tumults excited in Africa by Tacfarinas . . . .ib. Twelve cities of Asia destroyed by an earthquake . . . 125 18. Germanicus crowns Zeno King of Armenia . . .126 Vonones is removed to Pompeiopolis . . .ib.

Chapter III

A.D. 19. Maroboduus, King of the Suevi, expelled from his dominions . 127 Dissensions in Thrace, between Cotys and Rhescuporis . .128 Death of Vonones ..... Tiberius.] CONTENTS. XVII A.D. Page 19. Germanicus visits Egypt, and afterwards dies at Antioch . . 130 His character ....... 132 Grief of the Romans at his death ..... 133 Decrees against profligate women ..... 134 Punishment of the Jews, and of those addicted to the Egyptian superstitions . . . . . . .ib. Death of Arminius ....... 130 20. Arrival of Agrippina at Rome, and funeral of Germanicus . .137 Trial of Piso, and his death . . . . .ib. Africa disturbed by Tacfarinas . . . . .139 21. Commotion in Thrace ...... 140 Rebellion excited in Gaul by Julius Florus and Sacrovir, who are defeated, uud destroy themselves ..... ib. C. Lutorius Priseus put to death for a poem . . .142 A respite often days granted to persons condemned by the senate . 143 22.

Tiberius refuses to enact any new sumptuary laws . . . ib. The Tribunician power conferred upon Drusus . . . 144 The asylums in the Grecian cities reformed . . . ib. Tiberius returns to Rome on account of the illness of Ms mother . 145 Blæsus carries on the war against Tacfarinas . . . 146 Death of Junia . . . . . . .ib.

Chapter IV

A.D. 23. Character of Sejanus, and his ambitious designs . . . 148 He poisons Drusus ....... 149 Character of that prince ...... 150 The behaviour of Tiberius becomes more vicious after the death of his son ....... 151 An account of his government up to that time, with the number and station of the Roman legions . . . .152 Sejanus persecutes Agrippina . . . . .153 The cities of Asia erect a temple to Tiberius . . . . 154 Actors expelled from Italy . . . . . .ib. The malignity of Tiberius against a certain architect . . ib. 24. His jealousy of Nero and Drusus ..... 155 The war in Africa terminated by the death of Tacfarinas . . 156 A servile war suppressed in Italy . . . . .ib. Vibius Serenus accused by his own son . . . . . 157 The informers protected by Tiberius . . . 158 25. Death of Cremutius Cordus ..... 169 People of Cyzicum deprived of their liberty . . . 160 Tiberius will not allow a temple to be erected to him by the people of Spain ....... ib.

Sejanus, requesting permission to marry Livia, is refused . . ib. 26. Poppæus Sabinus subdues some mountaineers of Thrace . .161 Discord between Tiberius and Agrippina .... 163 The Emperor leaves Rome and is nearly killed by the fall of a grotto . . . . • • • • 16s CONTENTS. [Tiberius. XVIII

Chapter V

A.D. PaP 27. The fall of an amphitheatre at Fidenæ . 166 Conflagration on Mount Cælius . . ■ • l67 Tiberius retires to the island of Capreæ, and Agrippina and Nero are placed under guards . . . . • 1"° 28. Unjust condemnation of Titius Sabinus . . • . ib. Death of Julia, grand-daughter of Augustus . . .170 Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, married to Cn. Domitius . ib. The Frisii revolt, and defeat the Romans . . . .ib. Tiberius and Sejanus allow themselves to be seen in Campania . 171 29. Death and character of Livia . . . • .ib. Condemnation of Agrippina and her two sons . . • 174 30. The ambitious designs of Sejanus discovered by the Emperor . ib. 31. They are appointed consuls together . . . .175 Death of Nero, son of Germanicus . . . . .170 Tiberius writes to the Senate against Sejanus, who is sent to prison and executed on the same day ..... 178 His children put to death ...... 181 His wife, having acquainted Tiberius with the murder of his son Drusus, destroys herself . . . . .ib. Tiberius becomes still more cruel ..... 182

Chapter VI

A.D. 32. Tiberius visits the Tiber, and returns to Capreæ . . . 184 Submissive conduct of the Senate . . . . .185 Tiberius avows to them his wretchedness .... 186 Prosecutions at Rome . . . . . .ib. M. Terentius acknowledges his friendship with Sejanus, and boldly defends his conduct . . . . . .187 Dearth at Rome ....... 189 33. Marriage of the daughters of Germanicus . . . .ib. Distress on account of usury . . . . .ib. Deaths of several persons ...... 190 Tiberius orders all the supposed friends of Sejanus to be executed ib. Deaths of Asinius Gallus, Drusus, Agrippina, Plancina, and Cocceius Nerva ...... 191 Marriage of Caius Cæsar, and his duplicity . . .193 Prediction concerning Galba . . . . .194 Thrasyllus the astrologer . . . . . .ib. 34. The appearance of a Phœnix ... . 195 Deaths of Pomponius Labeo and Mamercus Scaurus . . 196 Lentulus Getulicus saves himself by his bold remonstrance . ib. 35.

Deaths of Falcinius Trio and others .... 197 Artabanus, King of Parthia, seizes Armenia for his eldest son . 198 Is expelled from his dominions by the Romans and Iberians, but in a short time recovers his kingdom .... 200 30. His hatred of Tiberius .... . Tiberius.] CONTENTS. XIX

Chapter VII

A. D. Pagc 30. The revolt of the Clitæ ...... 204 Vibulenus Agi-ippa poisons himself in the senato . . .ib. Tigranes, grandson of Herod the Great, put to death . . 205 His cousin Agrippa cast into prison . . . .ib. Disgrace of Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judæa . . . 206 Fire on Mount Aventine . . . . . .ib. 37. Power of Macro, and his subserviency to Caius Cæsar . . 207 Tiberius deliberates concerning his successor . . .ib. Death of L. Arruntius, and of Sex. Papinius . . . 209 Illness of Tiberius, who continuos his ordinary pleasures, but dies at Miscnum ....... 210 Various accounts of his death . . . . .212 Joy of the people . . . . . . .213 Character and attainments of Tiberius . . . .ib. His exterior ....... 215 The chief authors of his reign . . . . .ib. THE EMPEROR CAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR GERMANICUS CALIGULA.

Chapter I

A.D. 37. Birth and education of Caius ..... 217 He obtains the imperial power to the exclusion of the young Tiberius 220 Performs many popular acts . . . . .ib. Assumes the consulship, making his uncle Claudius bis colleague 221 Honours conferred upon him ..... 223 Gives the kingdom of Commagene to Antiochus . . .ib. Liberates Agrippa, and makes him king . . . .ib. Vitellius concludes a favourable treaty with the Parthians . . ib. Caius attacked with illness, after which his conduct becomes altered 224 Orders the young Tiberius to be killed, and causes the death of Antonia . . . . . . .225 38. Restores to the people their right of electing the magistrates . 226 His cruelty in the games . . . . . .ib. Puts to death Macro, Ennia, and Silanus ... ib. The death of his sister Drusilla, who is deified . . . 228 Caius marries Paulina ...... 229 Pretends to be a god, and claims divine worship . . . 230 Persecution of the Jews at Alexandria, and banishment of Flaccus the governor . . . . • ■ .231 CONTENTS. [Caius. XX

Chapter II

_• . D. Pas?" 39. Cruelty and extortion of Caius ..... 234 His regard for his horse Incitatus ..... 235 Justifies Tiberius before the senate, and revives the actions for treason and libel . . . . . .ib. Builds a bridge over the sea from Baiæ to Puteoli . . . 237 Orders the persons, who were in banishment, to be put to death . 239 Pardons Domitius Afer, and is jealous of the eloquence of Seneca . 240 Worshipped as a god by L. Vitellius .... 241 Deprives the consuls of their office, and the people of the right of election, and orders the commemoration of the battle of Actium to be abolished . . . . . .ib. His ridiculous expedition against the Germans, and his unjust methods of enriching himself ..... 242 Puts to death Getulicus and others for an alleged conspiracy, and banishes his sisters ...... 245 Repudiates Paulina and marries Cæsonia .... 247 Birth of a daughter, named Julia Drusilla . . . . 248 The Germans repulsed by Galba . ... . .ib.

Chapter III

A.D. 40. Caius receives new-year's gifts, and exhibits games at Lyons . 249 Rome without any consul ...... 250 Death of King Ptolemy ...... 251 The Emperor's pretended invasion of Britain . . .ib. Wishes to slaughter part of his legions, and returns to Rome greatly incensed ..... 252 Persists in his pretensions to divinity .... 254 Orders his statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem, but is firmly resisted by the Jews ... . 255 King Agrippa intercedes for them ....... 256 Embassy of Philo .... 257 41.Chærea, Sabinus and others conspire against the Emperor, and assassinate him as he returns from the theatre . . 258 The burial of Caius .... 0R5 His person, and probable insanity . . . ofjfi His arrogance and luxury . . _ 2C7 His style of dress and eloquence ... 268 His fondness for singing and dancing, and his attachment to actors ib. The works which he undertook or projected . , Claudius.] CONTENTS. XXI THE EMPEROR CLAUDIUS.

Chapter I

A. D. Page 4 1 . Commotion excited at Rome upon the death of Caius, and the violence of the German troops .... 272 41. Claudius is carried by the soldiers to the camp, and declared Emperor ....... 274 The senate desirous of restoring freedom .... ib. Chærea commands the wife and child of Caius to be killed . 275 King Agrippa, being sent by the senate on a deputation to Claudius, advises him not to resign his power .... ib. The senate, deserted by their soldiers, are compelled to acknowledge Claudius . . . . . . .276 His previous life and disposition . . . . .277 Orders Chærea and some others to be put to death . . 279 Acquires popularity by various good actions . . . 280 Recalls Agrippina and Julia from exile . • . . . 282 The latter is again banished, and afterwards put to death by Messalina . . . . . . .ib.