The Natural History of the Varieties of Man

Front matter

a .<* THE NATURAL HISTORY OP THE VARIETIES OF MAN. THE NATURAL HISTORY 01 THE VARIETIES OF MAN. I«Y ROBERT GORDON LATHAM, M.D., F.R.S., LATE FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; .NE OF THE VICE-PKESIDENTS OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY, LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER TO THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK, ETC. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. M.D.CCCL. LONDON : Printed by S. & J. Bentley and Henry Fley, Bangor House, shoe Lane. TO EDWIN NORRIS, Esq., OF TUB ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, TO WHOSE VALUABLE INFORMATION AND SUGGESTIONS MANY OF THE STATEMENTS AND OPINIONS OF THE PRESENT VOLUME OWE THEIR ORIGIN, Cf-e follototng "gagta art llnscriteJr, BY HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. London, July 25th, 185(1.

Preface

. If the simple excellence of a book were a sufficient reason for making it the only one belonging to the sciences which it professed to illustrate, few writers would be desirous of attempting a systematic work upon the Natural History of their species, after the admirable Physical History of Mankind, by the late and lamented Dr. Prichard, — a work which even those who are most willing to defer to the supposed superior at tainments of Continental scholars, are not afraid to place on an unapproached eminence in respect to both our own and other countries. The fact of its being the production of one who was at one and the same time a physiologist amongst physiologists, and a scholar amongst scholars, would have made it this ; since the grand ethnological desideratum, required at the time of its publication, was a work which, by combining the historical, the philological, and the anatomical methods, should command the attention of the naturalist, as well as of the scholar.

Still it was a work of a rising rather than of a stationary science ; and the very stimulus which it supplied, created and diffused a spirit of in vestigation, which — as the author himself would, above all men, have desired — rendered subsequent investigations likely to modify the preceding ones. A subject

PREFACE.

. VIII that a single book, however encyclopædic, can repre sent, is scarcely a subject worth taking up in earnest. Besides this, there are two other reasons of a more special and particular nature for the present addition to the literature of Ethnology. I. For each of the great sections of our species, the accumulation of facts, even in the eleventh hour, has out-run the anticipations of the most impatient ; in deed so rapidly did it take place during the latter part of Dr. Prichard's own life-time, that the learning which he displays in his latest edition, is, in its way, as admir able as the bold originality exhibited in the first sketch of his system, published as early as 1821 ; rather in the shape of a university thesis than of a full and com plete production. Thus — For Asia, there are the contributions of Rosen to the philology of Caucasus ; without which (especially the grammatical sketch of the Circassian dialects) the pre sent writer would have considered his evidence as dis proportionate to his theory.

Then, although matters of Archæology rather than of proper Ethnography, come in brilliant succession, the labours of Botta, Layard, and Rawlinson, on Assyrian antiquity, to which may be added the bold yet cautious criticism and varied observations of Hodgson, illustrating the obscure Ethnology of the Sub-Himalayan Indians, and pre eminently confirmatory of the views of General Briggs and others as to the real affinities of the mysterious hill-tribes of Hindostan. Add to these much new matter in respect to the Indo-Chinese frontiers of China, Siam, and the Burmese Empire ; and add to this the result of the labours of Fellowes, Sharpe, and Forbes, upon the monuments and language of Asia Minor. I do

PREFACE.

. IX not say that any notable proportion of these latter in vestigations have been incorporated in the present work ; their proper place being in a larger and more discursive work. Nevertheless, they have helped to de termine those results to the general truth of which the present writer commits himself. Africa has had a bright light thrown over more than one of its darkest portions by Krapff for the eastern coast, by Dr. Beke for Abyssinia, by the Tutsheks for the Gallas and Tumalis, by the publications of the Ethnological Society of Paris, and the researches of the American and English Missionaries for many other of its ill-understood and diversified populations, especially those to the south and west. The copious extract from Mr. Jukes's Voyage si the Fly, show at once how much has been added ; yet, at the same time, how much remains to be learned in respect to our knowledge of New Guinea ; whilst the energy of the Rajah Brooke has converted Borneo, from a terra incognita, into one of the clear points of the ethnological world.

In South America, although many of the details of Sir Robert Schomburgk were laid before the world previous to the publication of the fifth volume of the Physical History, many of them, though now published, were at that time still in manuscript. The great field, however, has been the northern half of the New World ; and the researches which have illustrated this have illustrated Polynesia and Africa as well. What may be called the personal history of the United States Exploring Expedition, was published in 1845. The greatest mass, however, of philological data ever accumulated by a single enquirer — the con-

PREFACE.

. X tents of Mr. Hales's work on the philology of the voyage — is recent. The areas which this illustrates are the Oregon territory and California ; and the proper com plements to it are Pickering's work on the Races of Man, the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, and the last work of the venerable Gallatin on the Semi civilized nations of America. Surely these are elements pregnant with modifying doctrines ! II. For each of the great sections of our species, the present classification presents some differences, which if true, are important. Whether such novelties (so to say) are of a value at all proportionate to that of the fresh data, is a matter for the reader rather than the writer to determine — the latter is satisfied with indi cating them. The extension of the Seriform group, so as to include the Caucasian Georgians and Circassians on the one side, aud the Indians of Hindostan on the other ; the generalization of the term Oceanic so as to include the Australians and Papuans — the definitude given to the Micronesian origin of the Polynesians — the new distribution of the Siberian Samoeids, Yeniseians, and Yukahiri — the formation of the class of Peninsular Mongolidæ, so as to affiliate the Americans (previously recognised as fundamentally of one and the same stock) with the north-eastern Asiatics — the sequences in the way of transition from the Semitic Arab to the Negro — the displacement of the Celtic nations, and the geographical extension given to the original Slavo nians, are points for which the present writer is responsible ; not, however, without previous minute investigation. The proofs thereof lie in tables of vocabularies, analyses of grammars, and ethnological reasonings,

PREFACE.

. XI far too elaborate to be fit for aught else than a series of special monographs ; not for a general view of the human species, as classified according to its varieties. This classification is the chief end of his work ; and, more than anything else, it is this attempt at classifica tion which has given a subordinate position to certain other departments of his subject. Where such is not the case, one of three reasons stands in its place to account for the matters enlarged upon, apparently at the expense of others. 1. The novelty of the information acquired. 2. The extent to which the subject has been pre viously either overlooked or thrown in the back-ground. 3. And, finally (though perhaps the plea is scarcely a legitimate one), the degree of attention which has been paid to the particular question by its expositor.

London, July 25th, 1850. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Notice if the chief works either used as authorities, and not particular! ij quoted, or else illustrative of certain portions of the subject. Arnold.— History of Rome — Early Italian nations. Adelung (Vater). — The Mithridates — Generally. Baer's Beytrage, &c. — For Russian America. Bartlett. — Report upon the present state of Ethnology. New York. Beke. — Papers in the Transactions of thc Philological and Geographical Societies — Abyssinia. Bopp. — Vergleichende Grammatik, &c, other works. Biooke (Keppell and Marryat). — Borneo. Brown. — Papers in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, iv. 2. — The tribes about Manipur. Balbi. — Atlas Ethnologique. Bunsen. — Ægypt's Place in Universal History. Catlin. — American Indians. Crawford's. — Embassy to Ava, and Papers read before the Ethnological Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Dennis. — Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. D'Orbigny. — Homme Americain — South America. The chief authority. Ellis. — History of Madagascar. Erman. — Reise in Siberien. Fellowes, Sir C. — Travels in Lycia, Forbes (and Spratt's), Professor E. — Ditto. Gaimard (and Quoy). — Zoology of the Voyage de l'Astrolabe — Tlie Papuas, Micronesians, &c. Gallatin. — Papers in the Archœologia Americana, and the Transactions of the Ethnological Society, New York. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Grimm.— Deutsche Grammatik, Deutsche Sprache, &c. Grote. — History of Greece — Pelasgians and other early nations. Hodgson. — On the Kocch, Bodo, and Dhimal. Papers in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal — Indispensable for the Sub- Himalayan Indians. Hales. — Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition — Oregon, California, Polynesia, Australia, Africa.

Humboldt, A. — Persona] Narrative — Indians ofthe Orinoco. Humboldt, W. — Uber die Kawisprachi — Java, and the influence of the Indian upon the Malay stock, &c. Jukes. — Voyage of the Fly — New Guinea. Kemble. — The Anglo-Saxons in England. Krapff. — MS. vocabularies of the Pocomo and other languages of Eastern Africa. Klaproth. — Asia Polyglotta, Sprachatlas, &c. — The chief authorities for Caucasus and Siberia. Lesson. — Mammologie. — Classification of Man as a Mammal. Zoology of the Uranie and Physicienne — Micronesia, &c. Leyden. — Asiatic Researches — For the Indo-Chinese Languages. Layard. — Antiquities of Assyria. Muller. — Die Ugrische Volker — The Ugrian Mongolidæ. Marsden's Sumatra. Mallat. — Description des Isles Philippines. Morton. — Crania Americana, Crania Ægyptiaca, &c. Newbold. — Malacca Settlements.

Niebuhr.— Roman History — Ancient Nations of Italy, Etruscans, Pelasgi. Newman (Francis). — Berber Grammar. Paper in the Philological Transactions. Hebrew Monarchy. Prich%rd.— Physical History of Mankind. Eastern origin of the Celtic- Nations. Prescott.— History of Mexico, Peru. Pickering.— The Races of Men. See Hales and Wilkes. Quoy (and Gaimard).— Zoology of the Astrolabe-Papuans and Micronesians. BIBLIOGRAPHY. XV Retzius. — Papers in the Literary Transactions of Stockholm. Rosen. — On the Languages of Caucasus. Riihs. — Finnland und Seine Einwohner. Raffles. — History of Java. Renouard. — Abstract of Spix and Martius on the Indians of Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society. Riippell. — Reise in Kordofan. Schomburgk, Sir R. — Transactions of the Geographical, Ethnological and Philological Societies — British Guiana.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. — (Squier and Davis.) — North American Archæology. Scouler, Dr. — Papers in the Transactions of the Geographical and Ethnological Societies. — Oregon and the Hudson's Bay Territory. Stockfleth. — Om Finnerne — Om Quanerne. — The Laplanders, and Finlanders of Scandinavia. Sharpe. — History of Ægypt. Sharpe (Dan.). — On the Lycian Inscriptions — Transactions ofthe Philological Society. Spratt (and Forbes) Travels in Lycia. Transactions of the Ethnological Societies of London — Paris — New York. Wilson, H. H. — Ariana Antiqua, &c. Wilkes. — United States Exploring Expedition. Zeuss. — Die Deutschcn und die Nachbarstamme. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Fig. page 1. A Yakut. From Von Middendorf ( Travels in Siberia) . . 1 2. Skull of an Eskimo. From Prichard's Physical History of Mankind 5 3.

Skull of one of Napoleon's Guards killed at Waterloo. Ibid. 5 4. Skull of a Creole Negro. .... Ibid. 6 5. A Yakut Female. From Von Middendorf . . 94 6, 7. Papuan skulls. From the Voyage sur L'Uranie et La Physicienne ...... 213 8. A Native of Van Diemen's Land. Drawn by Campbell De Morgan, Esq., from a cast belonging to the Ethnological Society ...... 245 9. Samoeid Man. From Von Middendorf . . .268 10. Ground-plan of embankments in Ohio. From the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge . . . 360 11. Ground-plan, &c, in Wisconsin . . . Ibid. 361 12. Antiquities from the Tumuli ofthe Valley ofthe Mississippi. Ibid. . . . .' . . .362 13. Casa Grande. From a Treatise of Mr. Squier's upon the Ethnology of California and New Mexico . . 388 14. A Patagonian Female. From a Treatise of Professor Retzius on the Patagonians ..... 417 15.

Fac-simile of a Vei MS., in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society, taken by E. Norriss, Esq., F.A.S. . 474 16. Arrow-headed Persian character. From Rawlinson. Transactions of Asiatic Society . . . . . 522 17. Tuarick Alphabet. From Richardson . . . . 523 18. Specimen of the Cherokee syllabic alphabet. From a Cherokee Newspaper ...... 524 19. Sub-Himalayan Indians. From Hodgson's Kocch, Bodo, and Dhimal . . . . . ■ .548 b CONTENTS. PAG14 Explanation of Terms ....•■ 1 Terms descriptive of differences in the way of physical conformation . ...... 2 Typical, sub-typical, transitional, quasi-transitional . 7 Terms descriptive of differences in the way of language . . 9 Terms descriptive of differences in social civilization . 12 The primary varieties of the human race . . . 13

Part I

MONGOLIDÆ 15—462 A. Altaic Mongolidæ .... 15 — 106 Seriform Altaic Mongolida . . ■ ■ 15— 60 Chinese ...••• 16 Tibetans ...••■ 18 Anamese . 20 Siamese ...... 21 Kambogians ..... 22 Burmese ...... 23 Mon ...... 23 Si-Fan 24 Miaout-se . 25 Lolos, &c. . 25 — 34 Garo 34 Brown's Tables ..... 36 Dhimal and Bodo .... 37- 53 Tribes of Sikkim and Nepaul . . 53 Antiquity of the Chinese civilization — how far indisputable ...... 55— XX CONTENTS. PAGE Turanian Altaic Mongolidæ . . . 61 — 106 Mongolians ...... 63 — 73 Tongus ...... 74 Turks 75— 95 Ugrians 95-106 Voguls ...... 96 Pennians ..... 97 Tcheremiss ..... 99 Finlanders ..... 99 Esthonians ..... 101 Laplanders ..... 101 Hungarians . . . . . 101 B. Dioscurian Mongolidæ .... 107 — 128 Georgians . . . . . . 112 Lesgians, Mizjeji, Iron ... 115 Ossetic grammar . . . . . 116 Circassians . .... 119 Circassian grammar .... 120 Table of comparison between the Dioscurian and Seriform languages ... 123 C. Oceanic Mongolidæ ..... 129 — 264 Amphinesians ..... 133 — 210 Protonesians ...... 133 — 183 Malacca ..... 133 Sumatra ...... 137 Mythology of the Battas . . . 143 Malay characteristics .... 147 Java ...... 152 The Teng'ger Mountaineers . . . 153 Bali, &e. 158 Languages between Sumbawa and Australia . 158 Timor ...... 160 Timor Laut ..... 161 The Serwatty and Ki Islands . . 161 The Anu Isles .... 162 Borneo ...... 163—169 Celebes ..... 169 Bugis constitution ...

CONTENTS. XXI PAGE The Moluccas, &c. . . . . . 175 The Philippines . . . . . 176 Philippine Blacks .... 177 languages .... 178 Extent of Hindu influences . . . 178 Remains of original mythology . . . 179 Formosa . . . , . . 182 Polynesians ...... 183 — 210 Micronesians ...... 186 — 191 Lord North's Island .... 186 Sonsoral, The Pelews .... 187 The Mariannes .... 188 Carolines ...... 189 Isles of Brown, &c. .... 190 Proper Polynesians ..... 191 — 210 The mythology. .... 191 — 195 Navigators' Isles ..... 195 Tonga group ..... ibid. Tahitian group . . . . . 196 Easter Island .... 197 The Marquesas ..... 198 Sandwich Islands .... 198 New Zealand, &c. .... 203 Tikopia ..... 204 Questions connected with the Ethnology of Polynesia 205 — 210 Kelænonesiuns ...... 210 — 264 Papuan Branch ..... 211—229 Waigiu ...... 212 New Guinea ..... 213 Vanikoro, &c. . . . . . 222 Erromango ..... 224 Tanna, Annatom ..... 225 New Caledonia .... ibid.

The Fiji Islanders .... 226 Australian Branch ..... 229 — 246 Australians ...... 229—245 Tasmanians ..... 244 Andaman Islanders .... 246 Nicobarians . . . • . 247 Origin of the Kelænonesians . . . 250 Polynesians . . 253 Ceremonial Language .... . CONTENTS. I). PAGE Hyperborean Mongolidæ . . ■ 265 — 272 Samoeids ...... 266 Yeniseians . .V . . • 268 Yukuhiri . . T. . . . 269 Table of languages .... 270 — 272 E. Peninsular Mongolidæ .... 273 — 286 Koreans ..... 275 Japanese . . . . . . 277 Aino 281 Koriaks 283 Kamskadales ..... 285 F. American Mongolidæ ..... 287 — 460 Eskimo ..... 288 Koluch ...... 294 Doubtful Koliiches .... 297 The Nehanni ..... 298 Haidah, &c. . . . . 300 Niitkans ...... 301 Athabaskans ..... 302 — 310 Chippewyans, &c. . . . 303 Hare Indians .... ibid. Dog-ribs . . . . ibid.

Carriers ..... 304 Sikani ...... 306 Southern Athabaskans . . . 308 Table of languages ..... 308 — 310 Tsihaili ..... 310—316 The Salish ..... 311 Kiitanis ..... 316 Chinuks ...... 317—323 The Lingua Franca . . . . 321 Sahaptin, &c. . . . . 323 — 328 Algonkins ..... 328 Bethuck ..... 330 Shyennes ..... ibid. Blackfoots .... 332 Iroquois '..... jjy. CONTENTS. XX111 PAGE Sioux ...... 333 Catawba, Woccoon . . . 334 Extinct tribes ...... ibid. Cherokees ..... 337 Choctahs . . . . . ibid. Uche, Coosada, Alibamons . . . 338 Caddos ...... ibid. Value of Classes .... 339 The Natchez ..... 340 Taensas, &c. ..... 341 Ahnenin, Arrapahoes .... 344 Riccarees and Pawnees .... ibid. The Paduca areas ..... 345 Wihinast ..... 346 Shoshonis, Cumanches .... 347 Apaches ..... 348 Texian tribes ..... 349—351 The unity or non-unity of the American populations 352 — 380 Opinions . .... 352 Vater's remark .... 354 Polysynthetic — Philological paradox . . 356 Grounds for disconnecting the Eskimo . 357 Peruvians . ibid.

Archæology of the Valley of the Mississippi . 359 — 362 American characteristics . . . 363 languages .... 365—380 Tables for simple comparison . . 366 indirect .... 371 Paucity of general terms . . . 375 Numerals ..... 376 Verb-substantive .... 378 Negative points of agreement . . ibid. Positive .... 379 The Californias .... 380—395 Description of a Casa Grande . . . 388 Pimos Indians .... 390 Coco-Maricopas ..... 394 New Mexico 395—398 Tarahumara ..... 398 Casa Grande ..... 399 Tepeguana, &c. ..... 400 Otomi ..:••• 403—408 Supposed monosyllabic character of ihe language 404 Tables ..... CONTENTS. XXIV PAGE Mexico ...... 408 The Maya 410 Indians of the Isthmus . . . 411 Andes (western) . . . 412 — 414 Moluche, Puelche', Huilliche . . . 415 Conventional ethnological centre . . 418 Charruas 420 Indians of Moxos .... 424 Chiquitos .... 425 Chaco .... 428 Brazil (not Guarani) . . . 429 Warows ..... 438 Tarumas . . .... 439 Wapityan, &c. .... ibid.

Atures ...... 440 Maypure ..... 441 Achagua, Yarura, Ottamacas . . . 442 Chiricoas ..... ibid. Guarani ...... 443 Caribs ...... 445 Their supposed North American origin . 447 Indians ofthe Eastern Andes . . 448 Yuracares ...... ibid. Apolistas ..... ibid. Northern Indians of the Eastern Andes . 450 Reasons for not separating the Eskimo from the other Americans ..... 452 Reasons for not separating the Peruvians, &c. 454 Classification of D'Orbigny . . . 459 G Indian Mongolidæ. .... 461 — 468 Tamulians ...... 462 Pulindas ..... 463 Rajmahali ..... 464 Brahui ..... ibid. Indo-Gangetic Indians . . . 465 Purbutti ..... 466 Cashmirian . ... 467 Cingalese ..... 468 Maldivians . . ... ibid. CONTENTS. XXV PACE ATLANTIDÆ . 469 A. Negro Atlantidæ ..... 471 Woloffs 473 Sereres ...... ibid. Serawolli ...... ibid.

Mandingos ..... ibid. The Vei alphabet . • . .474 Felups, &c. ..... 475 Fantis, &c. . . . . . .476 The Gha ...... ibid. Whidah, Maha, Benin tribes .... 477 Grebo, &c. . . . . . . 478 The Yarriba 479 The Tapua . .... ibid. Haussa ....... ibid. Fulahs 480 Cumbri ....... ibid- Sungai ...... 481 Kissour ....... ibid. Bornu, &c. ...... ibid. Begharmi ...... ibid. Mandara ...... ibid. Mobba 483 Furians . . . . . . ibid. Koldagi ...... ibid. Shilluk, &c. ..... ibid. Qamamyl ...... 484 Dallas, &c. ...... ibid. Tibboo ....... 485 Gongas ...... ibid. B. Kaffre Atlantidæ .... 487 — 494 Peculiarities of Kaffre language . . 487 Western Kaffres ..... 489 Southern Kaffres ..... 490 Eastern Kaffres ..... ibid. Kazumbi, Mazenas, &c. • . . 491 Pocoma, Wanika, Wakamba, &c. . . . 492 C CONTENTS. XXVI c. PAGE Hottentot Atlantidæ .... 495 49b Hottentots . 49G Saabs 497 Dammaras . tbid- Overlapped peripheries .

D. Nilotic Atlantidæ ..... 499 506 Gallas 499 Agows and Falasha .... 500 Nubians ..... •'*«*■ Bishari 501 The M'Kuafi, &e ibid. E. Amazirgh Atlantidæ .... 507, 508 F. Ægyptian Atlantidæ .... 509, 510 G. Semitic Atlantidæ .... 511 Syrians . . . . . . ibid. Syriac literary influence . . . 512 Assyrians ... . . ibid. Babylonians ..... ibid. Beni Terah ...... 513 Edomites . 514 Beni Isiael ..... ibid. Samaritans ..... ibid. Jews ...... ibid. Arabs ...... 515 Æthiopians ..... 517 Canaanites, &.C . .... 518 Malagasi ...... 519 Question to the single origin of alphabetical writing . 520 On the accumulation of certain climatologic influences CONTENTS. XXVII PAGE IAPETIDÆ 527 A. Occidental Iapetidæ .... 528 Kelts ...... ibid. B. Indo-Germanic Iapetidæ . . . 531 European Cluss ..... 531 — 543 Goths ..... 531—535 Teutons ..... 532—534 Mœso-Goths .... ibid.

High Germans .... 533 Franks ..... ibid. Low Germans .... 534 Batavians .... ibid. Saxons ..... ibid. Frisians .... * ibid. Scandinavians ..... ibid. Sarmatians ..... 535 — 541 Lithuanians ..... 536 Slavonians ..... 538 Russians ..... ibid. Servians .... ibid. Illyrians ..... 539 Bohemians (T'sheks) . . , ibid. Poles ..... ibid. Serbs .... ibid. Slavonians of the Germanic frontier . ibid. Mediterranean Indo-Germans . . 541 Hellenic branch . ibid. Italian branch .... 542 ■Iranian clcus ..... 543 The Sanskrit language . . . ibid. Population of Persia . . . 546 Siaposh .... 547 Lugmani ..... ibid. Dardoh .... ibid. Wokhan .... ibid. CONTENTS. XXVIII PAGE Armenians ....... 549 Iberians ....... 550 Finnic hypothesis ..... 552 Albanians ...... ibid. * * * * * Pelasgi . ..... 553 Etruscans . ..... 554 Populations of Asia Minor . . . 555 Hybridism ..... ibid.

Part II

Apophthegms on the nature of the Science of Ethnology 559 — I NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN Fig. 1