Mining. An elementary treatise on the getting of minerals

Front matter

Messrs. Longmans intend this book to be sold to tlie Public at the adver tised price, and supply it to the Trade on terms which will not allow of discount. ' MINING f? MINING AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE GETTING OF MINERALS BY ARNOLD LUPTON, M.I.C.E., F.G.S., etc. MINING ENGINEER, CERTIFICATED COLLIERY MANAGER, SURVEYOR, ETC. PROFESSOR OF COAL MINING AT THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS PROFESSOR OF MINING AT THE DERBYSHIRE COCNTY COUNCIL SELECTED MINING CLASS, DERBY EXAMINER IN MINE SURVEYING, CITY AND GUILDS CENTRAL INSTITUTION, LONDON LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. AND NEW YORK : 15 EAST 16th STREET 1893 All rights reserved

Preface

This treatise is prepared exclusively for the use of beginners and for those who wish to teach beginners, or as a handy refer ence-book for busy men whose excess of knowledge and experience causes them sometimes to forget their early lessons. Still, the author must appeal to the good-natured forbearance of the reader, on account of the many shortcomings and imperfec tions of this little work. He has found great difficulty in compressing into the space at his disposal even the briefest reference to many subjects which have to be noticed in an elementary treatise on Practical Mining. He has also found it hard, in the midst of his practical engagements, to find time for any literary work. He would like, however, to assure the reader that he has not ventured into print without endeavouring, so far as it was possible to him by long years of labour and study, to prepare himself for the task.

He has had thirty years' experience in practical mining, and has been officially connected with mines as consulting mining engineer, colliery manager, and surveyor in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, South Wales, North Wales, and Staffordshire. He has also from time to time inspected mines in Lancashire, Durham, Northumberland, Devon, Anglesea, and Scotland ; and has visited many mines abroad in France, Germany, Austria, and in the United States of America, He is not only acquainted with coal-mines, but has experience of mines of clay, stone, iron, lead, zinc, copper, tin, gold, silver, and slate. For the last twenty years he has been responsible manager of coal-mines, and for the last sixteen years instructor and professor at the Yorkshire College. He has had charge of rather difficult sinking operations, and has VI

PREFACE.

. made with his own hand the working drawings for most kinds of plant and machinery required at a colliery ; and has had to fix the price of all kinds of labour at collieries. He has also worked as a miner both at coal-getting and sinking. Therefore, whilst he is glad to quote other engineers, and to use their published drawings, he is able to check from his own experience the statements which he sees in print. As a member of numerous Institutes of Mining Engineers, of the Geological Society of London, the Institutions of Civil Engineers and Mechanical Engineers, and other scientific societies, he has access to all the most recent and best information on mining matters ; and he has derived great assistance from the records of the proceedings of these institutions, and from the books of many able writers.

He has found it convenient, as a means of saving time and labour, to make use in many cases of the drawings contained in these proceedings and books, though a great part of the six hundred illustrations are from his own original drawings and photographs. He wishes to thank the authors of papers and of books who have kindly permitted him to make reductions of their drawings, or who have specially given him information or opinions, viz. Messrs. T. Forster Brown, A. L. Steavenson, Wm. Galloway, Reuben Smallman, E. Reumaux, Professor Oscar Hoppe, Dr. C. Le Neve Forster, and many others, some of whom are specially acknowledged in other pages. His object in calling attention, not only to his own long and varied labours, but to the gentlemen above named, whose individual experience is, as regards some of them, much greater than his own, and who are specialists of specialists on the subjects on which they have been consulted for this little book is simply to let the comparatively inexperienced reader who may look at these pages know that he has the benefit of the knowledge obtained by others with unstinted labour; and if the reader should think that on some subjects the information given is not as full and complete as he would like, let him reflect that any one of fifteen out of the twenty-four subjects to which a chapter is given in these pages would require for its complete and masterly treatment a book as large or nearly as large as this.

CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Geology i II. Exploration 29 III. Boring : Hand, Steam, Rods, Ropes, Tubes, Free-fall, Diamond, etc. 51 IV. Winning ; or, Mode of Approaching the Mineral . 80 V. Sinking and Sinking-machines, Tubbing, Walling, Quicksand, Pneumatic, Freezing, Kind-Chaudron, etc 85 VI. " Opening out ; " or, First Operations in the Mineral 143 VII. Methods of working Coal, Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, Gold, Salt, Slate ; Spontaneous Combustion . . 149 VIII. Ventilation : Doors, Overcasts, Brattice, Pipes, Furnaces, Fans : Theory 184 IX. Chemistry of Mines : Gases, Waters .... 251 X. Coal-dust : Dangers and Remedies .... 260 XI. Safety-lamps 274 XII. Blasting : Water-cartridges, Flameless Explosives, Lime, Wedging, Electric Fuse, etc 289 XIII. Power Drills and Heading Machinery . . . 299 XIV.

Coal-cutting Machinery 306 XV. Timbering : Wooden and Steel Bars and Props . 314 XVI. Underground Haulage : Jigs, Single Rope, Tail Rope, Endless Rope, Chain, Locomotives, Compressed Air, Electric, Ropeways on Surface . . . 329 XVII. Transmission of Power : Rods, Ropes, Air, Water, Electricity, Oil 358 XVIII. Winding-engines : Vertical, Horizontal, Coupled ; Size, Power, Speed ; Valves, Brakes, Automatic Stop-valves and Brakes, Balancing, etc. . . CONTENTS. VII! CHAPTER rAC.F. XIX. Pit-frames, Pulleys, Cages, Water-tanks, Conductors, Hydraulic Stages, Double Stages, Ropes, etc. . 412 XX. "Safety-hooks" and "Safety-cages" .... 429 XXI. Pumping-engines : Cornish, Compound, Horizontal, Fly-wheel, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Electric . 435 XXII. Treatment of Mineral on the Surface : Ore-dressing, Lead, Tin, and Gold ; Colliery Screens, Coal-washing, Coke-oven 45 6 XXIII.

Miscellaneous Precautions for Safety; Discipline; etc., Blowers of Gas, Outbursts of Coal, Dams of Wood, Brick, etc 475 XXIV. Miners' Tools : Sharpening, Tempering, etc. . 491 Appendix . 495 Index LIST OF TABLES. TABLE PAGE I. List of Geological Formations 8 II. List of Minerals 19 III. Minerals got in Stratified Beds 19 IV. Minerals got in Veins 21 V. Tonnages and Values of Minerals got in the United Kingdom 22 VI. Cost of Borings 79 VII. Poetsch's Freezing 135 VIII. Weight of Air 200 IX. Fuel required for Furnace 206 X. Efficiency of Fans 225 XI. Coefficient of Friction ........ 239 XII. Light of Safety-lamps compared with that of Candles . . 288 XIII. Weight of Safety-lamps without Oil and Wick . . .288 XIV. Strength of Wooden Bars : Yorkshire College Tests . . 322 XV. Strength of Steel Bars 323 XVI.

Strength of Wooden Props : Yorkshire College Tests . . 325 XVII. Ratio of Length and Diameter of Props and Crushing Load . 326 XVIII. Strength of Steel Props 327 XIX. Volume of Compressed Air required per H.P. . . . 366 XX. Friction of Air in Bends 370 XXI. Dimensions, Weights, etc., of a Winding-engine . . . 391 XXII. Strength of Steel Ropes 418 XXIII. Accidents in Mines 476 b Geology. FIGURE PAGE r. Section of the earth I 2. Curvature of the earth 2 3. Flatness of the earth ....... 3 4. Crust of the earth ........ 3 5. Original rocks and stratified rocks 5 6. Older stratified rocks and new stratified rocks . 6 7. Intrusive igneous rock ....... 6 8. Volcano 7 9. Section of coal strata 8 10. Ideal section of English strata 10 11. " Gateway " in Colorado. . . . . . .11 12. " Dutchman " 12 13.

Ammonite 14 14. Portion of sigillaria . . . . . . 14 15. Portion of stigmaria ....... 14 16. Stigmaria, from a photograph ...... 14 17. Lepidodendron . . ■ . 15 18. Alethopteris 15 19. Calamites 15 20. Section of fossilized shell, goniatite . . . 15 21. Weathered surface of crinoidal limestone ... 15 22. Trilobite 15 23. Three coal-seams uniting to form one .... 16 24. Sandstone merging into shale 16 25, 26. Magnified sections of coal-plant, lepidodendron . 16 27. Section across Midland Coal-field 17 28. Vertical section of Derbyshire Coal-field between Chesterfield and Nottingham 18 29. Vein in fault 20 30. Fault in coal measures 20 31. Section of gold-vein 20 32. Silver-lead vein : photograph showing ore and spar — section of mineral vein . . ■ • • .21 33, Water-worn cavity and mineral 21 34.

Section of volcanic shaft LIST OK FJGURB& FIGURE PAGE 35. Section of salt-mine and strata 24 36. Section showing deposit of hæmatite ore ... 25 37. Section showing coal-measure ironstone .... 25 38. Section showing Oolite ironstone 26 Exploration. 39. Plan of estate, outcrops, quarries, shafts, etc. (case 1 ) . 29 40. Section of above estate from shaft to shaft ... 30 41. Plan showing " wash-out " 31 42. Section across " wash-out " 31 43. Plan of estate, showing outcrops, etc. (case 2) . . -32 44. Section of above estate proved by digging, etc. . . 32 45. Excavation to prove strata 33 46. Section of hillside, showing rocky cliff* ■ • ■ ■ 3S 47. Sectional elevation of hillside with fault and spring . 33 48. Plan of coal-field, showing outcrops and dips (case 3) 35 49. Section o£ above coal-field, showing anticlinal ridge 36 50.

Plan showing faults, dips, bore-holes, etc. (case 4) . .36 51. Section of above estate, showing faults .... 37 52. Section of bore-hole 37 53. Section of above estate, showing faults and dips drawn to a " natural " scale 38 54. Plan of estate, showing outcrops, etc., etc. (case 5) . -39 SS- Section of above estate from north to south, showing three faults 30 56. Section from east to west, showing effect of fault 39 57. Plan showing outcrop on hillside (case 6) ... 40 58. Section on line x y, Fig. 57, showing hills, valleys, etc. . 40 59. Section on line A B, Fig. 57 40 60. Plan showing estate partly covered by New Red Sandstone " (case 7) 4o 61. Section of above estate, showing anticlinal, etc. . 41 62. Plan showing three veins (case 9) 42 63. Plan showing veins crossing (case 10) . . . -43 64.

Section on line A B, Fig. 62, showing veins ... 43 65. Section on line C D, Fig. 63, showing veins • • . 43 66. Plan showing iron-mine and borings (case 11) . . . 44 67. Section on line A B, showing iron ore . . . .44 68. Excavations at outcrop to prove dip, etc. ■ • • 45 69. Clinometer 70. Clinometer quadrant, graduated to show angles and percentage of dip 4c 71. Plumb-bob, level, etc 46 72. Outcrop and inclination by digging, boring, etc. . . 46 72a. Method of finding true dip 47 73- Circle divided into parts 48 74- Circle divided by chords c0 Boring. FIGURE PAGE 75. Hand-boring tools 52 75a. Hand-boring frame and lever ..... 54 76. Core-grapnel 56 77. Vertical section of boring-shed 58 78. Sliding joint 59 79,80. Kind's disengaging apparatus for free-fall cutter . 59 81-84. Fabian's „ ,, 59 85-88.

M. Dru's „ ,, .61 89, 90. Hydraulic slide (Arrault) 62 91. Wooden rod and locking-clip 63 92. Wooden rod and lantern-guide 63 93-96. American rope boring 64 97, 98. American rope boring : lining oil-holes ... 66 99. Mather and Platt : engines and frame .... 67 100. Mather and Platt : drilling-tool 68 101. Mather and Platt : sand-pump 6S 102. Hollow rods (Swedish) 69 103. Grapnel (Wolff's) 70 104. Other grapnels 71 105. Application of hook-grappler 71 106, 107. Method of riveting tubes 72 108, 109. Widening borers cutting down and cutting up . 73 1 10. Diamond drill machine 74 III. Diamond boring : crown 75 112. Diamond boring : crown and tubes and core-extractor 75 113. Diamond boring : special small American machine . 76 1 14. Diamond boring : head 77 115. Diamond boring : core-cutter 77 116.

Diamond boring : clamp 77 117. Diamond boring : lifting-clamp 77 1 18. Diamond boring : bayonet clutch coupling ... 77 119. Diamond boring : core-lifter 77 Winning. 120-124. Methods of winning coal 80-82 125. Metalliferous veins 83 125*7. Proposed water-level for the Forest of Dean . . 83 Sinking. 126. Sinking pit-bottom, and tools used 87 127. Plan and section of pit for simultaneous blasting . . 88 128. Blast-hole, fuse, and candle 88 129. Electric blasting : circuit series 9° 130. Electric blasting : in parallel 9° 131. Electric blasting : low-tension LIST OF FIGURES, FIGURE PAGE 132. Oak curb . . . . ' 92 133. Section of shaft walling 92 134. Operation of walling and suspended scaffold . . ■ 93 135. Old-fashioned capstan and shear legs 93 136. Steam capstan. ........ 94 137. Sinking pit-bank ........ 95 138.

Pit-bank buildings 95 139. Sinking-engines and drum ...... 96 140, 141. Sinking-tubs 96 142. Water-barrel 96 143. Snap-hook for water-barrel 96 144. Section of shaft showing water-garlands .... 97 145. Galloway's guides ........ 98 146. Galloway's pit-top ........ 98 147. Pumping-beam and saddle ...... 99 148, 149. Pumping-set ........ 100 150, 151. Pumping-set screws 102 152. Sliding wind-bore ........ 102 153. Swinging wind-bore ■■..... 102 '54> :55- Cornish sinking-pump 103 156. Suspended pump and arrangement of pipes in shaft 104 157. Plan showing arrangement of pipes for suspended pump . 104 158. Worthington sinking-pump ...... 105 159. Section showing pulsometer pump silted with grid valves 105 160. Pulsometer (Canklow pits) 10c 161, 162. Pump in shaft-side (Llanbradach) .... 106 163.

Bore-hole draining pit 107 164. Rectangular shafts : section io8 165. Rectangular shafts : plan log 166. Shaft nearly round ....... 108 167. Temporary shaft lining io8 168. Temporary shaft lining (Walker's) : plan . . . 109 169. Temporary shaft lining (Walker's) : elevation . . 109 170. Bratticed shaft Iu 171. Ventilation and bricking of shaft, etc. , . . .113 172. Rock-drill and stand . . . . . . .114 173. Rock-drill: details Ur 174. Circular bricks ..» 175. Plan of vertical shaft at Clausthal 118 176. . Section of vertical shaft at Clausthal . . . .118 177. Section of shaft on hillside, showing tubbing . . .119 178. Cast-iron tubbing . . ... . . . I20 179. Tubbing, wedges, and tools I2i 180. Cast-iron tubbing-plate, desigti B 123 181. Cast-iron tubbing, internal flanges, faced and bolted . 125 182.

Cast-iron wall-box ....... I2g 183. Brick-and-cement coffering ,2» 184, 185. Brick-and-cement coffering J28 FIGURE PAGE 186. Stone coffering 128 187. Wooden tubbing . . . . . . . .129 188. System of piling . . . . . . . .129 189. System of piling, modified . . . . . . 130 190. Quicksand sinking with grabber . . . . .130 191. Pneumatic sinking : section of shaft .... 131 192. Pneumatic sinking : section of bell and cutting edge . 132 193. Pneumatic sinking : air-lock 133 194. Pneumatic sinking : stage and gantry .... 133 195. Poetsch's system of sinking 134 I95<7. Freezing-tube 134 196. Peetsch's system of freezing bore-holes .... 135 197. Deepening shaft (Lieven) 137 198. Deepening shaft (other way) ...... 138 199. Limestone over coal measures (Marsden) . . . 138 200. Chalk over coal measures (Westphalia) .... 139 201.

Small drill or cutting-tool ...... 140 202. Sludger : Kind-Chaudron process 140 203. Large drill or cutting-tool ...... 140 204. Three sizes of boring-hole 141 205. Boring-tool (Lippmann) . . . . . . .141 206. Tubbing and moss-box (Kind-Chaudron) . . , 141 Opening out. 207- Arrangement of three shafts 143 208. Arching of porch 144 209. Shaft-pillar 147 210. Heads driven by Stanley's heading-machine . . . 148 Methods of Working. 211. Open hole 149 212. Open hole at Mechernich 150 213. Bell pits 150 214. Pillar-and-stall 151 215. Stoops and rooms 151 216. View of stall 152 217. Props and packs 152 218. Section of pillars and stalls, showing creep . . . 153 219, 220. Diagrams of pillars, showing calculation of pressure 154 221,222. Pillar working (Ryhope) 156 223. Working back 1 56 224. Stalls with narrow entrance .... 157 225.

Cleavage planes and joints ...... 157 226. Pillar-and-stall (Cheshire) 158 227. Pillar-and-stall (North Staffordshire) .... 159 228. Longwall LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PAGE 229. Section of working place ...... 160 230. Cross-section of gate road 161 231. Longitudinal section of gate road 161 232. Longwall (Harris's Navigation) 163 233. Plan showing packs in longwall face .... 163 234. Drainage of gas by headings 165 235. Gate roads resting on brattice wood and wax walls. . 167 236. South Staffordshire thick-coal workings : plan . . 16S 237- ,. ,, ,, „ section . . 169 238- ,, ' ,, ,, ,, enlarged plan . 169 239. Thick coal (Silesia) 170 240. Grand combe (France) . . . . . . 171 241. Section of thick coal and shalts (St. Etienne) . . . 171 242. Longitudinal section of shafts (St. Etienne) . . .172 243.

Cross-section of thick-coal workings (St. Etienne) . . 172 244. Plan of workings (St. Etienne) . . ... 172 245. Mammoth vein : section of breast (Pennsylvania) . . 171 246. Mammoth vein : elevation (Pennsylvania) . . 173 247. Vertical seam, thin 1 74 248. Section of gate road in thin seam 174 249. Section through working places in four contiguous seams (Warwickshire Coal-field) 175 250. Great vein (Bristol Coal-field) 175 251. Yorkshire colliery : longwall face in steps . . .176 252. Section across level gates, showing longwall working place in steep measures . . . . . . .176 253. 2S4- Maundrils used in Belgium 177 255. Wide banks (South Wales) I77 256. Section of copper-mine 178 257. Section of gold-mine (North Wales) .... 178 258. Method of mining tin (Cornish tin-mine) . . 179 259. Section of gold-veins j8o 260.

Plan of salt-mine 261. Penrhyn Slate-quarry »g0 262. ,, ,, section of quarry and shafts . . 1S1 263. Ffestiniog Slate-mine : section of working place . . 182 2"4- ,. ,, plan and section, showing cleavage joints and blast-hole 182 265. Hydraulic gold-mining ,8-. Ventilation. 266. Brattice wooden boards -gr 267. Brattice cloth .g 268. Bratticed brick quadrant :8p 269. Bratticed brick wall .§6 270. Bratticed brick wall, covered jgg 271. Air-pipes .186 FIGURE pAGE 272. Application of brattice and air-pipes . . . .187 273. Brattice, bad 274. Brattice, good 188 275. Air-pipes, bad xg8 27577. Air-pipes, good x88 276. Air-pipes, bad jgg 27617. Air-pipes, good !88 277. Brattice for a number of stalls 189 278. Air-pipes for a number of stalls 189 279. Regulator door jqo 280. Overcast in ground toi 281.

Overcast, brick and timber 191 282. Overcast, iron in2 283. Overcast pipes ......... 192 284. Ventilation of colliery : model plan, longwall . . 193 285. Wind-blower IO, 286. Waterfall . . 194 287. Earth-temperature ........ 194 288. Air-currents in shallow pits, summer and winter . . 195 289. Fire-lamp in shaft ........ 196 290. Furnace and dumb-drift ....... 196 291. Single furnace in pit ....... 196 292. Double furnace in pit ....... 197 293. Range of four furnaces in pit . . . . . .198 294, 295. Hypothetical downcasts 201 296. Pressure and temperature in furnace pit, dumb drift . 201 296a. Water-gauge 202 297. Bonnet for fan-shaft ....... 208 298. Cover for fan-shaft 208 299. Richards's indicator ....... 209 300. Richards's indicator on cylinder and velocimeter . 209 301. Richards's indicator diagrams 210 302.

Anemometer (Biram's) 212 302a. Anemometer testing machine (Atkinson and Daglish) . 212 303. Anemometer (Dickinson's) . ' 213 304. Anemometer (Robinson's) 213 305. Nixon's ventilator 214 306, 306a. Struve ventilator . . . ' . . . . 214 307. Cooke's ventilating apparatus 215 308. Root's small ventilator 216 309. Root's large ventilator 217 310. Screw ventilator ........ 217 311. Centrifugal machine 218 312. Guibal fan 219 3I3-3I5- Leeds fan 219-220 316, 316a. Waddle fan 221 317, 317a. Rammell fan 221 318. Gwynne fan ......... LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PACE 319, 319a. Bowlker and Watson's fan 222 320. Schiele fan 222 321. Capell fan 223 322. Medium fan 223 323. Circle and square 23° 324. Square road and four small roads 230 325. Narrow road and square road 230 326. Inclined plane for gravity demonstration . . ■ 233 327. 10-foot road and 15x5 road 238 328.

Air-roads of uniform and of uneven section . . . 245 329. Splitting in four air-currents 247 330. Inclined air-roads 249 331. Compressed air-jet in pipes 25° Chemistry of Mines. 332. Mixing of air and sire-damp 254 333. Mixing of air and black-damp 254 334. Hydrogen-gas detector 255 Coal-dust. 335- West Riding Collieries : plan 262 336. West Riding Collieries : section of west chain road . 263 337. Whitehaven Colliery 265 338. West Stanley Colliery : plan 266 339. Elemore Colliery : plan of road 268 340. ,, 1, section 268 341. ,, ,, transverse sections .... 268 342. Water-cart 270 343. Water-cart : revolving brush 270 344. Water-cart : pump (Kirkhouse and Lewis) . . . 270 345. Pipes and spray (Ynishir) 271 346,347. Pipes, spray, and compressed air (Dowlais) . . 271 348. Spray-jet enlarged (Harris) 272 Safety-lamps. 349- Gas and gauze 275 350.

Davy lamp 275 351. Clanny lamp 276 352. Stephenson lamp 277 353. Stephenson lamp, enlargement 277 354. Mueseler 278 355. Marsaut . . ■ ■ • • • • ■ 279 356. Tin-can Davy 279 357. Shielded lamp (" Protector," Mueseler) : section . . 280 358. Shielded lamp (Marsaut) : elevation .... 280 359. Marsaut with spring-locked corrugated shield . . . FIGURE PAGF 360. Ram to open above lamp 280 361. Morgan lamp : elevation 281 362. ,, ,, section 281 362a. Clifford lamp ......... 281 363. Wolff* detonating lamp ....... 282 364. Howat deflector ........ 283 365. Ashworth-Hepplewhite-Gray 283 365a. Ashworth-Hepplewhite-Gray, shielded .... 283 366. Paraffin burner (West Riding) 283 367. Thorneburry ......... 284 368. Percentages of gas (Galloway). ..... 285 369. Pieler lamp ......... 285 370. Swan portable electric lamp ...... 286 371.

Lamp-room (Lupton) 286 Blasting. 372. Horizontal shot at bottom of seam 289 373. Horizontal shot at top of seam ..... 289 374. Shot in gate-road 290 375. Compressed powder ....... 290 376. Wedge 291 377. Breaking down coal by hand-wedges in a row . . 291 378. Multiple wedge and feather (Elliot's) .... 292 379. Grafton Jones wedge ....... 292 380-386. Grafton Jones wedge : details 292 387,388. Grafton Jones wedge :' application .... 293 389. Drilling-machine 293 390. Villepigue perforator 294 391. Villepigue nut . ........ 294 392. Villepigue nut and breaks ...... 294 393. Hand-drilling machine (Bidder and Jones) . . 295 394. Lime process of breaking down coal .... 295 395. Water-cased cartridge 29° Power Drills. 396. Rio Tinto power drill 299 397. Darlington power drill 3°° 398. Drills on carriage 301 399.

Walker's drill 3°! 400. Beaumont's Channel Tunnel machine .... 303 401. Stanley's coal-heading machine 3°4 402. Stanley's two tunnels 3°5 COAL-CUTTING. 403. Section of holing 3o(> 404. Firth's pick machine : plan 3°7 405. Firth's pick machine : side elevation .... XX LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PAGE 406. Firth's pick machine : end elevation .... 307 407. Gillott and Copley's 308 408. Winstanley's 309 409. Rigg and Meiklejohn's 310 410. Baird's _ . . 310 411. Bower and Blackburn's : elevation . . . . 311 412. Bower and Blackburn's : plan 31 1 413. Harrison's 312 414. Harrison's : section 312 Timbering. 415- Props and bars, round 314 416. Props and bars, half-round 314 417. Props and bars, steel 315 . 418. Props and bars, notched 315 419. Props and bars, spiked ....;.. 315 420. Props in heading 315 421.

Bars in heading ........ 316 422. Sections of timbered heading . . ... 316 423. Timbering working face ....... 316 424. Prop and angle measure 317 425. Props and large lid 317 426. Cast-iron prop . ........ 317 427. Ringer and chains and tools 318 428. Rope and props 318 429. Jobber 31^ 430,43i- Timbering: oval iron rings and polings (Saxony) . 319 432. Timbering: horseshoe iron rings and smooth boards (France) 320 Underground Haulage. 433- Methods of hurrying 320 434. Sections of rails ....... 330 435. Double-headed rail in chair ...... 330 436. Double-headed rail in fish-joints 330 437. Joint-chair 33, 438, 439- Cast-iron points and crossings 331 440. Swing-point and crossing 332 441. Double set of points and crossings, wrought-iron . . 332 442. Cast-iron plates ........ 332 443. Waggons, or corves -,,2 444.

Tram-axle lubricator ,,, 445- J'g* plan and section -,,, 446. Jig-drums 447. Jig-wheel 337 448. Single-rope haulage ,,g FIGURE 449- Tail-rope haulage ,, ™ 449a. Tail-rope engine ,,q 450. Methods of taking ropes round a curve .... 340 451. General view of endless-chain system . . . .341 451a. Chain-drum : ,, n ,., 452. Fork, on tub: „ „ '.'.'.'. 342 453. Self-acting curve : „ „ . -342 454. Steep incline „ ,, • ■ • ■ 343 455- Endless rope : attachments to waggons, lashing-chain, etc. 344 456. Endless rope : clip 3 . 457. Endless rope : twisting hook 34c 457a. Endless rope : general view : rope under tubs . . 345 458. Endless rope : tongs 346 459. Endless rope : wedge-clips 346 .460. Endless rope : Fowler's clip pulley 346 461. Endless rope : Barraclough's clip 347 462. Endless rope : grip pulley 347 463.

Endless rope : three-groove and two-groove wheels . 347 464. Endless rope : tightening wheel 348 465. Plan of mine, showing methods of haulage . . . 349 466. Locomotive, air (Lishman and Young) .... 350 467. Locomotive, air (Lishman and Young) : end view . . 350 468. Electric haulage 351 469. Slope-carriage and balance-weight . : . . 352 470. Winch 353 471. Horse-gin 353 472. Hauling-engine on timbers 354 473. Rope rollers 354 474. Engine and dynamo 355 475- Motor and drum 355 476- Electric cable : casing in shaft ..... 356 477- Pit-bottom siding arrangements 356 478. Rope-way : general view 356 479. Rope-way : posts 357 480. Rope-way : rollers and buckets 357 Transmission of Power. 481. Compressed air : general application .... 360 482. Transmission : air-cylinder 360 482a. Air-compressing engines (Bettisfield) . . . .361 483.

Transmission : water in cylinders ..... 362 483a. Compression of air, work done in . .... 364 483^. Friction of air in pipes 369 484. Immisch dynamo . . . . . . . . 371 485. Electric conductors and coverings ..... 372 486. Davis and Stokes's safety commutator .... 373 487. Laufen-Franklort experimental plant .... LIST OF FIGURES. FIGURE PAGE 488. Three phase alternate-current motor .... 375 489. Transmission by rods ....... 379 490. Transmission by wire rope, from surface to tunnel : elevation ......... 38° 491. Ditto: plan 380 Winding-engines. 492. Windlass : side view 382 492a. „ end view 383 493. ,, iron saddle ....... 383 494. Single water-wheel, gearing and drum : end view . . 384 494a. „ #„ „ ,, side view . . 384 495. Double water-wheel 385 496. Water-balance ......... 385 497. Single vertical engine : elevation 386 498. ,, ,, end view 386 499.

Monkwearmouth : single vertical engine. . . 386 500. Parallel motion for piston-rod 387 501. Horizontal coupled engines: cranks at right angles . 388 502, 503. Coupled engines: inverted (Harris). . . . 389 504, 505. Coupled engines : horizontal (Denaby) . . . 390 506. Balanced slide-valve 393 507. Equilibrium steam-valve ....... 393 508. Eccentrics, link, lever, and wedge-shape slides to lift valve-spindle, etc. ....... 394 509. Engine-driver, and small valve engine .... 396 510. Sliding cam-valve gear ....... 397 511. Balance-chain 398 512. Balance-rope and pulley-guide ..... 398 513. Spiral or scroll drum 399 514. Flat-rope drum (aloe fibre) ...... 400 515. Automatic steam-brake (Reumaux) 401 516-521. Indicator diagrams 403 522. Velocimeter ......... 404 523. Explanatory diagram (Denaby) 406 524.

Explanatory diagram (Monkwearmouth) .... 407 525. Explanatory diagram (Douglas Bank) .... 409 Pulleys, Pit-frames. 526. Cast-iron pulley-rim 412 527- Steel pulley-rim (Harris's Navigation) . -413 528. Pit-frame, plate girder (Hasard) 414 529. Pit-frame, lattice girder (Mansfeld) . . . -415 53°. Pit-frame, lattice girder (Harris's Navigation) . . . 415 53'> 53ia. Wood pit-frames 4I6 532- Rope-clamp for flat rope 4I7 533- Round-rope socket and capping xmii FIGURE PAGE 534. Wire rope 419 535. Rope : Latch and Bachelor's locked coil .... 420 536. Cage and conductors 420 536a. Double-decked cage . . . . . . .421 536^. Cages : wooden guides ....... 422 537. Cage, waggons, and rail-guides (Harris's Navigation) . 422 538. Wire guides and weights ....... 424 539. Platform and balance-weights at pit-bottom . . . 424 540.

Hydraulic landings (G. Fowler) 425 541. Double landings (fixed) 426 542. Cage-catches 427 543. Water-winding tank 428 Safety-hooks. 544, 544a. Ormerod's 429 545- King's 430 546. West's 431 547. Walker's 431 Safety-cages. 548. Owen's 432 549. Hasard's 433 550. Calow's 433 PUMPING-ENGINES. 551. Cornish engine and pumps in shaft 436 552. Cornish engine : section of cylinder, valves, and air-pumps 437 553. Cornish engine : section of pump and valves . . . 438 554. Cataract 439 555. Bull engine 439 556. Barclay engine ......... 440 557. Horizontal engine with fly-wheel ..... 441 558. Balance-beams on shaft-side 443 559- Mushroom valve ........ 443 560. Double-beat valve, with guttapercha seats . . . 443 561. Steel bucket with brass rings ...... 444 562. Staveley ram pumps 445 563. Staveley ram : small valves ...... 446 564.