Lectures on the History of England, etc. Lectures I.-V

Front matter

LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. LONDON PETNTED BY SFOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW-STREET SQUARE LECTURES ON THE HISTOEY OF ENGLAND. BY WILLIAM LONGMAN. VOLUME I. (lectures I. V.) FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF EDWARD II. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, ROBERTS, & GREEN. 1863. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST LECTURE, WITH SOME ADDITIONS, INTENDED TO ASSIST THE MEMORY, AND FORM A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE PERIOD. BEFORE THE ROMANS. Page The History of England a glorious subject - - - -1,2 i The earliest Visitors to these Islands the Phœnicians 3 The earliest Inhabitants of these Islands called Celts 5 Account of England by Julius Cæsar ----- 6 The Religion of the Ancient Britons called Druidism 7 THE ROMANS IN ENGLAND. B.C. The Romans invade England in the Year - - 55 - 9 The Romans build two Great Walls to defend England against Picts and Scots - - - - - — -II A. D. The Romans leave England 420 - 12 Effects of the Roman Invasion. — Roads made, London built, and Christianity introduced ... 300 - 13 THE SAXONS IN ENGLAND.

Arrival of the Saxons ....-- 429 - 14 The Saxons the Race from which the English have principally sprung ------ — -14 Saxon Energy the Foundation of our Greatness - — 14 — 16 The History of England very uncertain till the Reign of Ethelbert, King of Kent 550 - 17 Christianity nearly rooted out by the Saxons, re-established by St. Augustine, who converted King Ethelbert - - 597 - 18 Arrival of the Danes about 787 - Is it Page ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST LECTURE. 11 ANGLO-SAXON KINGS.- 827 to a.d. 1016. A. D. The History of England very confused till Egbert became King of England .... 827 - 18 Ethelwulf, son of Egbert, reigned from - - 838—857 - 19 Ethelbald -| f 857—860 j Ethelbert ! - . ■:•■ - )860—866l _ ,q Ethelred the First f " Sons of Ethelwulf - | 866_871 s Alfred J 1 871— 901 J The Reign of King Alfred — Danes defeated, Laws improved, Education promoted, Division of England into Shires, Parishes, Hundreds, &c. - — 19 — 22 Edward the Elder, Son of Alfred - - - 901—925 - 23 Athelstan •> r 925— 940 j Edmund the First I- Sons of Edward the Elder 4 940—946 }- - 23 Edred J 1 946— 955 J 2^7*) - Sons of Edmund the First - {955-9591 23 Edgar J 1959-975 J Edward the Martyr ~| 1 975—978 "| *Ethelred the Second, V - Sons of Edgar - J 1-23 called the Unready J I 978—1016 J His second wife was Emma, sister of Richard, the second Duke of Normandy, who afterwards married Canute.

Edmund the Second, called Ironside, Son of *Ethelf 1016 reigned 1 „„ red the Unready - - - - - - I one year I DANISH KINGS. 1017—1042 - 23 Canute 1017 — 1036 - 26 Harold the First, -I / 1036 — 1039] called Harefoot >- - Sons of Canute - •! >- 2'6 Hardicanute J 1 1039—1042 J The English language derived mainly from the Saxon, thus showing that the English have sprung mainly from the Saxons - - — - 27 The number of places whose names are Danish show the widespreading of the Danes over the country ....... — -35 ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST LECTURE. III Page 37 38 39 43 50 52 •53 56 SAXON LINE RESTORED.— 1042— 1066. A.D. Edward the Third, called the Confessor, Son-> of*Ethelred the Unready, and of Emma of 1 1042— 1066 Normandy J Harold the Second, Son of Earl Godwin, the last / 1066 reigned 1 of the Anglo-Saxon Kings.

Preface

. I feel that some explanation is needed of the reasons which have induced me to step out of my province as a publisher,- and encroach on the domains of authors ; for, independently of a natural feeling, akin to jealousy, which either author or publisher must feel if one or the other attempt to combine the two vocations, it is clear that they cannot, as a general principle, be united with advantage. I trust, however, that authors will forgive me, and not revenge themselves by turning publishers. There is, nevertheless, some advantage in a publisher dabbling in literature, for it shows him the difficulties with which an author has to contend — the labour which is indispensable to produce a work which may be relied on — and it increases the sympathy which should, and which in these days does, exist between author and publisher.

The circumstances which caused me to under take the laborious, but most agreeable, task of giving Lectures on the History of England, were these. A Society for the Improvement of the Labouring Classes was formed in 1855 in the small village of Chorley wood in Hertfordshire, the population of which was almost A

PREFACE.

. VI entirely agricultural. After this Society had been established for a year or two, it was thought desirable that monthly evening Lectures should be delivered during the winter season. These were well attended, and, having given in 1857 a Lecture on Switzerland which seemed to interest my agricultural neighbours, I was requested by the incumbent of the district, the Kev. A. Scrivenor, to deliver a series of Lectures on the History of England. In an easy moment I promised to do so. I little thought, when I consented to this request, that I was undertaking a task which would require no ordinary perseverance to accomplish, and would occupy a lifetime of such leisure as I possess to bring to a conclusion. I thought that a few Lec tures, skimming lightly over the surface, touching on the main events only, and telling the workers of the soil what races had ruled over their forefathers, and what had been their general character, would suffice.

No one thoroughly understands a subject until he tries to teach it to some one else ; and when, for .this purpose, I grappled with the History of England, studying it in a very different way to that in which, as a boy, I plodded through the dry abridgments, I became fas cinated with the subject. It laid hold of me and would not let me go ; and thus it was that I became entangled in authorship. The history I have given of the way in which I was induced to undertake these Lectures, will ex plain their deficiencies. I began by giving short accounts of the various reigns, but, as I worked on, I became less and less satisfied with so brief a narrative,

PREFACE.

. VII and could not refrain from entering into greater de tails ; and thus, while the sixteen years of King John's reign occupy only five pages, the thirty-five years of that of Edward I. occupy nearly one hundred. I now regret this disparity, for I feel that I have too briefly passed over several most important periods of our history, but I hope I am not now erring in an opposite direction. The first Lecture was printed nearly as it was delivered; the account of the division of England into shires, parishes, and so on, and of the origin and meaning of the names of places, was considerably added to, but, in the main, the Lecture was printed as delivered. The subsequent Lectures, however, have been carefully studied, and much increased in length, since I read them to my audience. Many matters which would not interest them, would, I thought, interest that more instructed public which I began to hope and believe I was addressing as readers in stead of listeners.

The nature of the audience which I originally addressed rendered it necessary that I should en deavour to use plain and simple language, and to express my ideas clearly, for without this they could hardly have understood me, and would certainly not have taken an interest in the Lectures. In these efforts I trust I have succeeded. For the same reason I have tried throughout to give a narrative interest to the history, by relating events, as far as possible, in their natural order of time, and not, as a rule, separating any one series of events from A

PREFACE.

. the general thread of the history. To this system there are, of course, many exceptions ; but I have followed it to the best of my ability, believing that the sequence of events, and their dependence on each other, are thereby more clearly seen. When any par ticular subject, too, has specially interested me, I have followed it out at considerable and perhaps dispro portionate length, believing that those things which I myself felt a desire to understand fully, would be equally interesting to others. Thus, the origin of the laws and government of England, and of the courts in which those laws are administered, fasci nated me, and induced me to devote more than ordinary time and space to their elucidation. I have now said enough to explain why I have undertaken these Lectures, and the plan on which they are written ; and, in conclusion, I have only to thank my numerous friends, really too numerous to mention by name, for the kind and most valuable assistance they have given me in revising and cor recting them.

London : April 1863. THE FIRST VOLUME.

LECTURE I. PAGE Before the Romans ...... ..j The History of England a glorious subject - - - - 1 The earliest Visitors to these Islands the Phœnicians 3 The earliest Inhabitants of these Islands called Celts - - - 5 Account of England by Julius Cæsar ----- 6 The Religion of the Ancient Britons called Druidism - - - 7 The Romans in England ------.-9 The Romans invade England in the Year ----- 9 The Romans build two Great Walls to defend England against Picts and Scots - - - - 11 The Romans leave England ---....12 Effects of the Roman Invasion. — Roads made, London built, and Christianity introduced - - - - - - -13 The Saxons in England -14 Arrival of the Saxons 14 The Saxons the Race from which the English have principally sprung .---------14 Saxon Energy the Foundation of our Greatness - - 14 — 16 The History of England very uncertain till the Reign of Ethelbert, King of Kent 17 Christianity nearly rooted out by the Saxons, re-established by St. Augustine, who converted King Ethelbert - - - 1 8 Arrival of the Danes - - - - - - - -18 X PAGE Anglo-Saxon Kings --- ...--18 The History of England very confused till Egbert became King of England - - - - - - - - -18 Ethelwulf, Son of Egbert 19 Ethelbald -> t^i i j a -ai r Sons of Ethelwulf - - - - - 19 Ethelred the First Alfred J The Reign of King Alfred — Danes defeated, Laws improved, Education promoted, Division of England into Shires, Parishes, Hundreds, &c. 19—22 Edward the Elder, Son of Alfred 23 Athelstan Edmund the First - Sons of Edward the Elder - 23 Edred Edwy ") P , I Sons of Edmund the First - - - - - 23 Edward the Martyr -) *Ethelred the Second, J- Sons of Edgar ----- 23 called the Unready J His second wife was Emma, sister of Richard, the second Duke of Normandy, who afterwards married Canute.

Edmund the Second, called Ironside, Son of *Ethelred the Unready -------.... 23 Danish Kings ----------23 Canute ------.--.. 26 Harold the First, i called Harefoot j- Sons of Canute ------ 26 Hardicanute J The English language derived mainly from the Saxon, thus showing that the English have sprung mainly from the Saxons 27 The number of places whose names are Danish show the widespreading of the Danes over the country - - - - 37 Saxon Line Restored -----.__ 07 Edward the Third, called the Confessor, Son of *Ethelred the Unready, and of Emma of Normandy 37 Harold the Second, Son of Earl Godwin, the last of the Anrdoc„„„„ tt: o Saxon Kin<rs ----- „„ _. . ° .„ - - 38 His sister was wife of Edward the Confessor. Harold defeated by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings gg PAGE The Norman Kings 43 William the First, called the Conqueror, Son of Robert Duke of Normandy, and Grandson of Richard Duke of Normandy, whose Sister married *Ethelred the Unready - - - 43 William creates the New Forest in Hampshire. — England surveyed in his Reign, an Account of which is to be found in Domesday Book.

William Rufus ■) The Crusades L Sons of William the Conqueror - 50 — 52 Henry the First J Stephen, Son of Adela, the Fourth Daughter of William the Conqueror, and of Stephen Count of Blois - - - - 53 The Barons extort leave to fortify their Castles, and great Oppression of the People in consequence. Peantagenet Race, or House of Anjou - - - - 56 Henry the Second, Son of Matilda, Daughter of Henry the First, and of Geoffrey Plantagenet Earl of Anjou - - - 56 Quarrels with the Pope. — Murder of Thomas it Becket. Richard the First, called Cœur de Lion" Cruel Massacre of the Jews. — Third Crusade. — Richard taken Pri- I Sons of Henry fi2 ,- . soner on his Return and ransomed by the Second the English John Murders his Nephew, Arthur of Brittany. — Quarrels with the Pope and basely submits. — Consequent Dissatisfaction of the Barons and granting of Magna Carta.

LECTURE II. Position of England at end of First Lecture - - - - 75 Present Lecture intended as a Summary of the Early Institutions of England ---- 77 The Feudal System 78 Founded on Ownership of Land 79 Origin of Property in Land -------79 Allodial Lands and Feudal Lands 80 Suited to Ancient Times - - 81 The King's Vassals 82 Sub-Vassals PAGE Tenure of Land ..-....--82 The Oath of Vassalage 85 Investiture ----------86 Feudal Customs mostly sprang from the obligation of Military Service .-.-...-86 The Lord's Control over Heirs and Heiresses - - - - 87 Abuses of the Feudal System -------88 Reliefs, Fines, Aids, and Heriots ..-.-- 89 Good Effects of the Feudal System - 91 Chivaxry 91 Investiture of a Knight --------92 Tournaments ....-...-93 Results of Feudalism -.------94 Further Abuses of Feudalism -------95 Feudal System established in England by the Normans - - 95 Further Remarks on Tenure of Land, and Division of the Nation into Classes -------98 Manors 98 Commons .---.....-98 Thralls, or "Villeins 99 Villeinage 100 Ceorls, or Churls 100 Thanes, or Lords ---.--... joi Government of the Country, Making of Laws, and putting Laws in force ........

X01 Parliament - - - - - - - - . -102 The King goes to his Vills, or Farms, accompanied by his Lesser Council .......... 102 Greater Council, or Gewitena-gemote - - - - - 103 Origin of the Houses of Lords and Commons .... 104 Members of the Great Council first elected in reign of William the Conqueror -------.. 104 First clear evidence of Representation in reign of Henry the Third, A. n. 1254 105 Towns first represented in a.d. 1265 ..... log Separation of Parliament into Two Houses .... 107 History of English Law ------., jos The earliest Code of Laws is that of Ethelbert, a.d. 600 - - 109 Putting the Laws in force - - - - - . -no Shire-motes, or County Courts • Burg-motes, or Town Courts ; and Hundred Courts - - -lio page Origin of the Courts of Law - - - - - - -112 The King's Court, the origin of all our Courls, divided into other Courts - - - - . - - . . -112 The Court of Exchequer - - - - - -114 The Court of Common Pleas 115 The Court of King's Bench - - - - - -115 Contrivances for removing business from one Court to another - 116 Exclusive powers of the Court of King's Bench - - - -117 Further arrangements for bringing justice home to every man's door 119 Judges going on Circuit 120 Assizes and Gaol Delivery - ■ 120 Magistrates, or Justices of the Peace 122 Trial by Jury - - - - 123 Exact date of its origin uncertain - - - - - -124 Grand Jury and Common Jury - - - - - - 125 Trial by Ordeal, by Compurgation, and by Battle ... 127 Trial by Jury fully established by Magna Carta - - - 131 Court of Chancery - - -132 Tempers the severity of Common Law Courts - - - - 132 Its origin.

Appointment of a Secretary by the King, whose office was called the Chancery, and hence the Secretary became Chancellor 132 The Chancellor became Keeper of the King's Conscience, and Judge of the Court of Chancery - - - - - -134 The Great Seal 136 Examples of Remedies provided by the Court of Chancery - - 137 Ecclesiastical Courts - - - - - - - -138 On the Continent the Laity were exhorted to submit themselves to the Clergy 139 Clergy joined with the Laity in English Law Courts, but not so on the Continent of Europe - - - - - - -140 William the Conqueror separated the Ecclesiastical from Civil jurisdiction, and thus originated the Ecclesiastical Courts in England 140 Admiralty Court --------- 146 Conclusion ---------- 147 The Saxons tried to embody their Laws in complete Codes - - 147 Not attempted in modern times, and therefore difficult to study the Law as a whole -------- 148 Codification of the Criminal Law ------ 148 Value of a complete Code - - - - - - -149 LECTURE III.

HENRY THE THIKD. fage General Character of Henry and of his Reign - - - - 155 Enlarged Summary of Events at the end of the Reign of King John 156 English Possessions in France, and French Acquisitions in England 158 Henry's Position on his Accession, a.d. 1216 - 161 Military Operations of the French and the Barons against the King 163 Siege of Lincoln --------- 164 Departure of the French ... ... 166 Defeat of the French Fleet 167 Arrangements for the Government of the Kingdom - 167 Contests with the Barons begin, by their Refusal to give up the Royal Castles 169 History of Fulke de Breaute - - - - - - -170 History and Origin of Fairs - - - - - - -180 The King begins to want Money - - - - - -183 Means resorted to for the Raising of Money - 184 Wars with France --------- ]87 Fall of Hubert de Burgh 189 Return of Peter des Roches - - - - - - -190 King's Marriage, a.d. 1236 - 192 The Pope's Oppressions of the English Clergy - - - - 193 Simon de Montfort - - - - - - - - -198 The King's Contests with the Barons for the Raising of Money, and their Demand for Redress of Grievances ... 200 Simon de Montfort takes the Lead ------ 204 Government deputed to a Council of State, and "Provisions of Oxford "--------. 206 The King tries to recover his Power - - - - - -211 Is obliged to yield -------- 214 Again resists the Barons - - - - - - -215 Unsatisfactory Arbitration of Louis ------ 216 The Barons prepare for a decisive Struggle .... 217 Defeat of the King's Party at Lewes ----- 219 De Montfort rules the Kingdom ------ 220 Reaction, and Escape of Prince Edward from the Custody of De Montfort ---------- 223 De Montfort collects an Army to oppose Prince Edward - - 224 Is defeated at Evesham -------- 227 His Character --------- 228 Oppressive Measures of King Henry ------ 230 Mitigated by the Compact at Kenilworth - - - - 231 Prince Edward goes to the Holy Land ----page Death of the King 233 His Character ......._. 234 Remarkable Persons in Henry's Reign 235 Robin Hood --------.. 236 Wife and Issue of King Henry the Third 246 LECTURE IV.

EDWARD THE FIRST.

Introductory Remarks -------- 249 Picture of the State of England in the Thirteenth Century 251 Edward returns from the Holy Land ----- 263 King of Scotland does Homage ----.. 265 Edward reforms Abuses ------- 265 Statutes of Westminster ------- 266 Wars with Wales - - 268 Edward and Eleanor visit supposed Tomb of King Arthur - 274 The Barons resist Edward's Reformation of their Abuses - - 276 Law of Mortmain --------- 279 Edward again invades Wales ------ 280 Death of Llewellyn 282 The Origin of the Title of Prince of Wales, and History of the Earldom of Chester and Dukedom of Cornwall being conferred on the King's eldest Son ------ 283, 336 Beginning of Troubles in Scotland ----- 286 Death of Alexander the Third ------ 286 The Maid of Norway his Successor 286 Other Claimants - 287 Edward begins to plan Union of Scotland and England - - 287 Treaty between England and Scotland ----- 288 Death of the Maid of Norway 289 Death of Queen Eleanor - - — - - - - 290 Meeting of Scotch Nobles at Norham ----- 291 Claims of the various Competitors ------ 293 Baliol King of Scotland 294 War with France -------- 296 Origin of the Quarrel -------- 296 Conditions of Peace -- - 298 Treachery of Philip 299 War resolved on--------- 299 The King adopts illegal means for raising Money - - - 299 Quarrel with the King of Castile 300 Disturbances in Wales PAGE Wars with Scotland - -301 Berwick taken - - - - - - " - ■ " 302 Baliol taken Prisoner - - - -- - - " 303 Continuation of War with France, and English Affairs arising therefrom -------- 304 The Clergy and Laity refuse an Aid ----- 304 Nevertheless the King perseveres ------ 305 Quarrel between the King and the Barons - 306 War with Scotland begins again ----- 307 The Scotch resist the Dominion of the English ... 308 Wallace heads the Revolt 309 The Patriots joined by Douglas ------ 309 Bruce first joins the English and then joins the Scotch - - 310 Battle of Stirling Bridge 311 Prince Edward summons a Parliament ----- 312 Second Invasion of Scotland ------- 313 Proceedings of Wallace -------- 314 Elected Governor of Scotland 315 Battle of Falkirk 316 Wallace resigns - - - - - - - - -317 Charter of Forests 318 Third and Fourth Invasions of Scotland - - - - -318 The Pope claims Sovereignty over Scotland - - - - 319 Great Charters confirmed -------- 320 Parliament repudiates the Pope's Claims ----- 321 Fifth Invasion of Scotland - - 321 Sixth Invasion of Scotland ------- 322 Wallace betrayed, and, to the eternal Disgrace of Edward, executed 324 English Affairs ------.-. 325 Reformation of Abuses -------- 325 Commission of Trayle-baston ------- 325 Piers Gaveston -- 326 Clement V. absolves the King of his Oath - 326 War with Scotland -------- 326 Scotland again revolts, with Bruce as Leader - - - - 326 Quarrel between Bruce and Comyn 327 Comyn murdered ----.-... 328 Bruce crowned --------- 329 Seventh Invasion of Scotland ------ 330 Ceremony of Knighthood - - - - . . . 330 Continuation of War with Scotland ----- 331

Bruce's romantic Adventures - - - - - - -331 Edward's Severity ---»-... 331 Bruce again returns to Scotland, and his Successes - - - XVU PAGE Death of Edward 333 Wives and Children of Edward the First ... 333 The King's Ordinance in behalf of the " Hakeneymen " - 334 Note A. Princedom of Wales ------ 336 B. Earldom of Chester - ... 335 C. Dukedom of Cornwall ------ 337 Genealogy of the Dukes of Cornwall .... 338 Genealogical Table of Plantagenet Line and of the Scottish Kings - - - - - - - - - -341 LECTURE V. EDWARD THE SECOND.

Character of Edward the Second, and of his Reign ... 345 The King's Affection for Gaveston ..... 347 Dying Commands of Edward the First ----- 347 The King disobeys his Father's Commands, and recalls Gaveston 348 Honours heaped on Gaveston, who insults the Barons - - 349 Tournament at Wallingford ------- 350 Rise and Overthrow of the Order of Knights Templars - 350 Origin of the Order - - - - - - - -351 The Christians driven out of Palestine ----- 352 Crimes imputed to the Order ------ 352 Their Property seized 353 Philip the Fair, the Pope, and Edward the Second - - - 353 Arrest of Templars in England ------ 354 Death of Jacques de Molay ------- 355 Events from the King's Marriage until the Death/of Gaveston ......... 356 Marries Isabella of France ------- 356 Gaveston appointed Guardian of the Kingdom ... 357 The King's Coronation and Oath .----. 357 Liberties derived from Edward the Confessor .... 358 Gaveston banished ....-.-. 359 The King's Misgovernment and its Consequences ... 359 Gaveston returns --------- 360 The Barons threaten Rebellion, and the King yields - - 361 " Ordainers " appointed - - - - - - -361 The King invades Scotland 362 Parliaments Courts of Justice and Appeal ... - 363 Gaveston again banished, but returns ----- 364 The Earl of Lancaster heads the Barons 366 VOL. I. a PAGE Siege of Scarborough, and death of Gaveston - - - - 367 The King evades the Ordinances ------ 368 Birth of his eldest Son 369 Renewal of Quarrel between the King and the Barons - - 370 War with Scotland - - - - - " " 371 Events in Scotland at the beginning of Edward's Reign - - 371 Siege of Stirling --------- 378 Scotch Weapons --------- 380 Topography of Country round Stirling ----- 381 Single Combat between Bruce and de Boune - - - - 384 Battle of Bannockburn -------- 385 Bruce invades England -------- 386 Domestic History --------- 387 Distress in England from Failure of Crops - - - . 387 Consequences of Scarcity ------- 388 Wars with Scotland -------- 389 Complaints against the King ------- 389 The new Favourite Despenser ------ 389 The Earl of Lancaster Commander of the English Army - - 390 General Distrust in the King ------ 391 Negotiations for a Truce with Bruce ----- 392 Hollow Reconciliation between the King and Lancaster - - 393 Bruce takes Berwick -------- 393 Bruce excommunicated -------- 394 Formation of Armies -------- 394 Edward lays Siege to Berwick ------ 396 Invasion of Randolph and Douglas ----- 398 Quarrels between the King and the Barons - - - 399 Appointment of Standing Council to advise the King - - 399 The Despensers --------- 399 The Scots break the Truce 399 Fresh Outbreak between the King and the Barons - 401 Parliament banishes the Despensers .... - 402 Charge against the younger Despenser that he attempted to limit the power of the King ------ 403 The Barons compel the King to grant them an Indemnity - 404 The Barons make the Queen their Enemy ... - 404 The Despensers return to England ----- 404 Defeat of the Barons and

Execution of Lancaster - 405 Enormous Wealth of the Despensers ----- 406 The King reverses the Sentence against them - - - - 407 Edward invades Scotland, but without Success - - - 407 Truce with Scotland PAGE The new Favourites and their fatal Influence - - 408 The Despensers prevent the King from doing Homage to the King of France, who seizes his Dominions - 408 Mortimer escapes from Prison ------ 409 Further Quarrel between England and France ... 409 The Queen goes to France to settle the Difficulties - - - 410 Her Son follows her - - - - - - - -411 Treaty of Marriage between the Prince and Philippa of Hainault 411 The Queen invades England - - - - - - -412 The King flees with the Despensers to the West of England - 413 The elder Despenser put to Death, and the King taken Prisoner 413 The younger Despenser put to Death ----- 414 The King deposed, and his Son made King - - - - 414 The King murdered -------- 415 AVife and Issue of Edward the Second - - - - 416 Note as to Prices -------- 416 Notes 151, 247, 343, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

MAPS. Map illustrating the early History of England - - Frontispiece Map of France, showing the Possessions of the English in that country* ------- To fuce page 155 Map illustrative of the Tactics by which Prince Edward hemmed in De Montfort in Wales, and thus prepared the Way for his Defeat at Evesham ----- To face page 227 Map of Wales showing the ancient Divisions prior to the Time of Edward the First, and the Counties formed by him To face page 249 Map of Scotland in the 14th Century - - - „ 345 Plan of the Battle of Bannockburn - - - „ 385 * The Map represents the Political Divisions of France from the accession of Henry the Second (of England) until the accession of Henry the Third. The boundaries of the provinces, however, must not be understood as strictly correct, for Sismondi truly says: — "As the frontiers of the departments do not correspond to the ancient frontiers of the grand fiefs, it is impossible to give an exact valuation of their contents." f The provinces belonging to England in the reign of Henry the Second were : — Normandt, united to the English Crown at the conquest of England by Williani in 1066 ; separated after William's death, when it became the patrimony of Robert " Courthose," William's eldest son ; reunited to England, after the Battle of Teuchebray, in the reign of Henry the First (1106), where Robert was taken prisoner ; and conquered by Philip Augustus of France, from John, in 1204.