The Jaulân, surveyed for the German Society for the exploration of the Holy Land, by G. Schumacher ... Translated ... from the Transactions of the German Society. With all the original maps and illustrations

Preface

. THIS work is translated from the Zeitschrift of the German Society for the Exploration of the Holy Land. We have to acknowledge with gratitude the permission accorded by the Committee of that Society to translate and reproduce the work with all its original illustrations. It will be found a worthy pendant to Captain Conder's works. The notes are mostly those furnished by Prof. Socin for the original edition. The spelling has been chiefly conformed to the usual practice in the published works of the Fund. i, Adam Street, Adelphi, March, 1888. CONTENTS. PAGE A. — Introduction 1-9 B. — Position, Extent, Limits and Administration of the Jaulan .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 9-1 1 C. — The Nature of the Ground, Plants and Animals, Irrigation and Climate, of the Jaulan 11-42 D. — The Inhabitants of the Jaulan .... .... ...42-61 E. — Roads Communicating with the Jaulan 61-65 F. — Names and Places in the Jaulan, in Alphabetical Order, with the number of Inhabitants over ten years of age .... ... 65-273 Index to the Names.

A As the measurements in the illustrations have been made in metres, a scale of metres and English feet is given, showing their proportional values. Scale. FIG. PAGE I. Wooden Mortar with Pestle for Pounding Coffee .... 46 2. Coffee Pot 46 3. Circassian .... 58 4. Old Stone Wall Enclosure in Abu Kebir 66 5. Tribe Marks of the Beni Sakhr 68 6. Greek Inscription at el-Ahmediyeh .... .... ... 70 7. Nine-branched Candlestick at el-Ahmediyeh ... 71 8, 9. Ornament at el-Ahmediyeh 72 10. Plan of Building at el-Ahseniyeh .... 73 II. Cell Work at el-Ahseniyeh 74 12-14. Fragments of Ornamentation found at el Ahseniyeh 74 15. Basalt Statue at el-'Al 82 16. Greek Inscription and Stone Ornament FIG. PAGE 17. Fragment of Roman Cornice .... .... 84 18. Side View of Sarcophagus at el-' Al .... ... .... 85 19.

Inscription on Door-post in 'Ayun .... 98 -y--2o. View of eastern Shore of Sea of Galilee .... .... 104 21. Layers of Basalt Stone Wall .... 108 22. View of el-Breikah and Tell el-Akkasheh .... .... 113 23. Ornamented Lintel at Breikah.... .... .... .... 115 24. Spring of Arch .... .... .... .... .... .... 116 25-27. Ornamented Lintels at el-Butmiyeh .... .... 116 28. Ruin at ed-Dikkeh 120 29. Winged Figure on Basalt Stone at ed-Dikkeh .... 121 30-33. Fragments of Ornamentations at ed-Dikkeh .... 122 34. Stone Circle and Dolmen at Jisr Rukkad 124 35. Dolmen near er-Rawiyeh .... .... 126 36. Dolmen at Dabura .... 128 yj. Bedawin Tomb at Kulat el-Husn 129 38. Cross Ornament at Esbitteh .... ... 135 39. The Village of Fik 137 40, 41. Ornamentation at el-Fik 139 42. Cufic Inscription at el-Fik 140 43, 44.

Greek Inscriptions at el-Fik 140 45. Column with Seven-branched Candlestick and Hebrew Inscription .... 14! 46, 47. Ornamentations at el-Fik 141 48-51. Ornamentations on Lintels at el-Fik 142 52. Column at el-Hammeh ,r-, J !5j 53. Capitals at el-Hammeh j,-. 54. Roman Theatre at el-Hammeh x <-4 55-58. Sections of Seat and Mouldings I5r 59. Caves at el-Hammeh : r_ 60. Bases at Jibin jg. 61. Ionic Capital ,g. FIG. PAGE 62. Underground Chamber 165 63. Jisr er-Rukkad .... 166 64. Ornamented Lintel at Kefr Harib 171 65. Greek Inscription at Kefr Harib 171 66. Plan of Sheikh's House in Kefr el-Ma 172 67. 'Ain Kefr el-Ma .... 173 68. Statue or Idol in Basalt Stone 175 69. Altar (part of the Statue) at Kefr el-Ma 176 70. Plan of Sliding Tombs 178 71. Sketch of Sliding Tombs 178 72. Door in Khan el-'Akabeh 181 73.

Ornamented Stone in Khan el-'Akabeh 182 74-76. Ornamented Lintels at Khan Bandak 183 77, 78. Ornamentation at Khisfin 185 79. Ruin in Khisfin 186 80. Kh. el-'Ashek 188 81. Doorofes-Sur 191 82, 83. Arch Stones 196 84,85. Plan and Section of Sarcophagi 197 86 88. Plan and Views of a Sarcophagus 198 89,90. Section of Top and Base of Sarcophagus .... 199 91,92. Section of Bases of Columns at Kulat el-Husn .... 201 93. Capitals at Kulat el-Husn ., 201 94. Cone Ornament 202 95. Section of Column, showing Shalt 202 96. Arch Stone .... 203 97. Section of Pipe of Aqueduct 203 98. Cornice at Kiilat el-Husn 203 99. Old Ruin at Kiilat el-Husn 204 100. El-Habs at Kulat el-Husn 204 101. Scroll Ornamentation on Yellow Stone 210 102. Leaf Ornamentation on Basalt X FIG. PAGE 103-106. Greek Inscriptions 212, 213 107.

Plan, showing Mode of Building Walls 223 108. Old Building in Nuaran 225 109. Ornamentation in Stones 225 no. Capitals in Nuaran .... ... .... .... .... 226 in. Key Stone 227 112. Door in er-Rafid , 227 113,114. Ornamented Lintels in er-Rafid 228 115. Plan of Church in er-Rafid 228 116. Stone Wall 228 117. Ancient Building Restored 232 118,119. Ornamentations on Lintels 232 120. Lintel Stone with Ornamental Crosses and Greek Inscriptions 233 121. Cross Ornament at Rumsaniyeh 233 122. Ornamentation on Stone at Rumsaniyeh 233 123, 124. Ornamentation on Stone at Rumsaniyeh .... 234 125. Greek Inscription .... .... 235 126. Crater of Tell Abu en-Neda .... 248 127. Leaf Impression on Basalt Stone .... 249 128. Fragment of a Bird in Basalt 250 129. Tell Abu en-Neda and Tell el-Uram from Kh. 'Ain el-H6r 251 130.

Fountain at Umm el-Kanatir 260 131,132. Plan and Arch of Fountain 261 133. Figure of a Lion on Stone at Umm el-Kanatir .... 262 134. Figure of an Eagle in Low-relief on Stone at Umm el-Kanatir .... .... .... .... .... .... 262 135. Entrance to Old Building in Umm el-Kanatir .... 263 136. Niche with Ornamentation 263 137-141. Ornaments and Mouldings on Stones, Sections, &c, at Umm el-Kanatir 264, FIG. PAGE 142. Capital at el-Yehudiyeh 271 143. Section of el-Yehudiyeh 271 144. Top Stone at el-Yehudiyeh 272 MAPS AND PLANS. Map of the Jaulan, reduced from the Surveys of Gottlieb Schumacher, C.E., by George Armstrong. Frontispiece PAGE Plan of el-Hammeh 149 Plan of Kiilat el-Husn .... 195 View in Wady es-Semakh 267 Note. — For Sections of the Country and other descriptions of places mentioned in this work, see 'Across the Jordan,' by the same author. THE JAULAN. A. —