The Great Conspiracy [i.e. the Secession of the Southern States] : its origin and history

Preface

. IN the preparation of this work it has been the writer's aim to present in it, with historical accuracy, authentic facts; to be fair and impartial in grouping them; and to be true and just in the conclusions necessarily drawn from them. While thus striving to be accurate, fair, and just, he has not thought it his duty to mince words, nor to re frain from " calling things by their right names ; " neither has he sought to curry favor, in any quarter, by fulsome adulation on the one side,. nor undue denunciation on the other, either of the living, or of the dead. But, while trac ing the history of the Great Conspiracy, from its obscure birth in the brooding brains of a few ambitious men of the earliest days of our Republic, through the subsequent years of its devolution, down to the evil days of Nullification, and to the bitter and bloody period of armed Rebellion, or contemplating it in its still more recent and, perhaps, more sinister development, of to-day, he has conscientiously dealt with it, throughout, in the clear and penetrating hght of the voluminous records so readily accessible at the seat of our National Government.

So far as was practicable, he has endeavored to allow the chief characters in that Conspiracy — as well as the Union leaders, who, whether in Executive, Legislative, or Mihtary service, devoted their best abilities and energies to its suppression — to speak for themselves, and thus while securing their own proper places in history, by a process of self-adjustment as it were, themselves to write down that history in their own language. If then there be found within these covers aught which may seem harsh to those directly or indirectly, nearly or remotely,

PREFACE.

. VI connected with that Conspiracy, he may not unfairly ex claim: "Thou canst not say I did it." If he knows his own heart, the writer can truly declare, with his hand upon it, that it bears neither hatred, malice, nor uncharitable ness, to those who, misled by the cunning secrecy of the Conspirators, and without an inkling or even a suspicion of their fell purposes, went manfully into the field, with a courage worthy of a better cause, and for four years of bloody conflict, believing that their cause was just, fought the armies of the Union, in a mad effort to destroy the best government yet devised by man upon this planet. And, perhaps, none can better understand than he, how hard, how very hard, it must be for men of strong nature and intense f eehng, after taking a mistaken stand, and especially after carrying their conviction to the cannon's mouth, to acknowledge their error before the world.

Hence, while he has endeavored truly to depict — or to let those who made history at the time help him to depict — the enormity of the offence of the armed Rebellion and of the heresies and plot tings of certain Southern leaders precipitating it, yet not one word will be found, herein, condemnatory of those who, with manly candor, soldierly courage, and true patriotism, acknowledged that error when the ultimate arbitrament of the sword had decided against them. On the contrary, to all such as accept, in good faith, the results of the war of the Rebellion, the writer heartily holds out the hand of forgiveness for the past, and good-fellowship for the future. Washington, D. C. April 15, 1886. CONTENTS. [For detailed Table os Contents see Pages ix. to xxv.] CHAPTER. PAGES. I. A Preliminary Retrospect, 1-12 II.

Protection, and Free Trade, .... 13-30 III. Growth of the Slavery Question, . . . 31-46 IV. Popular Sovereignty, 47-82 V. Presidential Contest of 1860, .... 83-98 VI. The Great Conspiracy Maturing, . . . 99-113 VII. " Secession " Arming, 114-144 VIII. The Rejected Olive Branch, 145-169 IX. Slavery's Setting Sun, 170-188 X. The War Drum— "Onto Washington," 189-214 XL Causes of Secession, etc., 215-254 XII. Copperheadism vs. Union-Democracy, . 255-275 XIII. The Storm of Battle, 276-341 XIV. The Colored Contraband, 342-356 XV. Freedom's Early Dawn, 357-374 XVI. Compensated, Gradual, Emancipation, . 375-392 XVII. Border-State Opposition, 393-422 XVIII. Freedom Proclaimed to All, .... 423-461 XIX. Historical Review, 462-473 XX. Lincoln's Troubles and Temptations, . 474-500 XXI. The Armed Negro, 501-512 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER. PAGES. XXII. Freedom's Sun still Rising, 513-526 XXIII. Thirteenth Amendment Passes the Senate 527-552 XXIV. Treason in the Northern Camp, . . . 553-561 XXV. The "Fire in the Rear," 562-574 XXVI. Thirteenth Amendment Defeated in House, 575-591 XXVII. Slavery Doomed at the Polls, .... 592-600 XXVIII. Freedom at last Assured, 601-614 XXIX. Lincoln's Second Inauguration, . . . 615-629 XXX. Collapse of Armed Conspiracy, . . . 630-638 XXXI. Assassination! 639-650 XXXII. Turning Back the Hands, 651-665 XXXIII. What Next? 666-675

Appendix

. A. The Battle of the Giants — The Douglas and Lincoln Debate, 675-755 B. Masked Treason Exposed — Holt's Report on Knights of the Golden Circle, etc., . . . 757-779 Index, 787-810

Chapter I

A PRELIMINARY RETROSPECT. AFRICAN SLAVERY IN AMERICA IN 1620 — CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE COLONIES AND ENGLAND IN 1699 — GEORGIAN ABHOR- RENCE OF SLAVERY IN 1775 — JEFFERSON AND THE DECLARA- TION OF INDEPENDENCE — SLAVERY A SOURCE OF WEAKNESS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR — THE SESSION BY VIRGINIA OF THE GREAT NORTH-WEST — THE ORDINANCE OF 1784 AND ITS FAILURE — THE ORDINANCE OF 1787 AND ITS ADOPTION — THE GERM OF SLAVERY AGITATION PLANTED — THE QUESTION IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION — SUBTERFUGES OF THE OLD CONSTITUTION — THE BULLDOZING OF THE FATHERS — THE FIRST FEDERAL CONGRESS, 1789 — CONDITIONS OF TERRITORIAL CESSIONS FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA, 1789-1802 — THE "COLONY OF LOUISIANA" (MISSISSIPPI VALLEY) PURCHASE OF 1803 — THE TREATY-CONDITIONS TOUCHING SLAVERY — THE COTTON INDUSTRY REVOLUTIONIZED — RAPID POPULATING OF THE GREAT VALLEY, BY SLAVEHOLDERS AND SLAVES — JEFFERSON'S APPARENT INCONSISTENCY EXPLAINED — THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE — MULTIPLICATION OF SLAVES — LOUISIANA ADMITTED, 1812, AS A STATE — THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI — THE MISSOURI STRUGGLE (1818-1820) IN A NUTSHELL — THE "MISSOURI COM- PROMISE " Pages 1 to 12.

Chapter II. Protection And Free Trade

chief cause of the american revolution — our independence, industrial as well as political — failure of the confederation due to lack of industrial protection — madison's tariff act of 1789 — hamilton's tariff of 1790 — southern statesmen and southern votes for early tariffs — washington and jefferson on "protection" — embargo of 1807-8 — war of 1812-15 — consequent increase of American MANUFACTURES — BROUGHAM'S PLAN — RUIN THREATENED BY GLUT OF BRITISH GOODS — TARIFF ACT OF 1816 — CALHOUN'S DEFENSE OF "PROTECTION" — NEW ENGLAND AGAINST THAT ACT — THE SOUTH SECURES ITS PASSAGE — THE PROTECTIVE TARIFF ACTS OF 1824 AND 1828 — SUBSEQUENT PROSPERITY IN FREE STATES — THE BLIGHT OF SLAVERY — BIRTH OF THE FREE CONTENTS. X et TRADE HERESY IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1797 — SIMULTANEOUS BIRTH OF THE HERESY OF STATE RIGHTS — KENTUCKY RESOLU TIONS OF 1798 — VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS OF 1799— JEFFERSON'S REAL PURPOSE IN FORMULATING THEM — ACTIVITY OF THE FEW SOUTHERN FREE TRADERS — PLAUSIBLE ARGUMENTS AGAINST " PROTECTION " — INGENIOUS METHODS OF " FIRING THE SOUTH ERN HEART "—SOUTHERN DISCONTENT WITH TARIFF OF 1824 — INFLAMMATORY UTTERANCES — ARMED RESISTANCE URGED TO TARIFF OF 1828 — WALTERBOROUGH ANTI-PROTECTIVE TARIFF ADDRESS — FREE TRADE AND NULLIFICATION ADVOCACY AP PEARS IN CONGRESS — THE HAYNE-WEBSTER DEBATE — MODI FIED PROTECTIVE TARIFF OF 1832 — SOUTH CAROLINA'S NULLI FICATION ORDINANCE — HAYNE ELECTED GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA — HERESY OF " PARAMOUNT ALLEGIANCE TO THE STATE " — SOUTH CAROLINA ARMS HERSELF — PRESIDENT JACKSON STAMPS OUT SOUTHERN TREASON — CLAY'S COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 — CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL'S SOLEMN WARNING — JACK- SON'S forecast Pages 13 to 30.

Chapter III. Growth Of The Slavery Question

EMANCIPATION" IN NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES — VIRGINIA'S UNSUCCESSFUL EFFORT — CESSION OF THE FLORIDAS, 1819 — BALANCE OF POWER — ADMISSION OF ARKANSAS,1836 — SOUTHERN SLAVE HOLDERS' COLONIZATION OF TEXAS — TEXAN INDEPEND- ENCE, 1837 — calhoun's second and great conspiracy — DETERMINATION BEFORE 1839 TO SECEDE — PROTECTIVE TARIFF FEATURES AGAIN THE PRETEXT — CALHOUN, IN 1841, ASKING THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT FOR AID — NORTHERN OPPOSITION TO ACQUISITION OF TEXAS — RATIONALE OF THE LOUISIANA AND FLORIDA ACQUISITIONS — PROPOSED EXTENSION OF SLAVERY LIMITS — WEBSTER WARNS THE SOUTH — DISASTERS FOLLOWING COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1S33 — INDUSTRIAL RUIN OF 1840 — ELECTION AND DEATH OF HARRISON — PROTECTIVE TARIFF OF 1842 — POLK'S CAMPAIGN OF 1844 — CLAY'S BLUNDER AND FOLK'S CRIME — SOUTHERN TREACHERY — THE NORTH HOODWINKED — POLK ELECTED BY ABOLITION VOTE — SLAVE-HOLDING TEXAS UNDER A SHAM "COMPROMISE" — WAR WITH MEXICO — FREE- TRADE TARIFF OF 1846 — WILMOT PROVISO — TREATY OF GUADA- LUPE-HIDALGO — SLAVERY CONTEST IN CONGRESS STILL GROWING — COMPROMISE OF 1850 — A LULL — FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW — NEBRASKA BILL OF 1852-3 — KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL, 1853-4, REPORTED — PARLIAMENTARY " JUGGLERY " — THE TRIUMPH OF SLAVERY, IN CONGRESS — BLEEDING KANSAS — TOPEKA CONSTITU- TION, 1855 — KANSAS LEGISLATURE DISPERSED, 1856, BY UNITED STATES TROOPS — LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION OF 1857 — FRAUDU- CONTENTS.

XI LENT TRIUMPH OF SLAVERY CONSTITUTION — ITS SUBSEQUENT DEFEAT — ELECTION OF BUCHANAN, 1856 — KANSAS ADMITTED MISERY AND RUIN CAUSED BY FREE-TRADE TARIFF OF 1846 FILLMORE AND BUCHANAN TESTIFY Pages 31 to 46.

Chapter IV

" POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY." Douglas's theory of popular sovereignty — Illinois legislative ENDORSEMENT OF IT, 1851 — DOUGLAS'S POSITION ON KANsas-nebraska bill, 1854 — dred scott decision — springfield, illinois, republican convention of 1858 — lincoln's remarkable speech to the convention — pierce and buchanan, taney and douglas, charged with pro-slavery conspiracy — douglas's great speech (july 9th, 1858) at chicago, in reply — lincoln's powerful rejoinder, at chicago, (july loth)— the admixture of races — the voting "up or down" of slavery — the "arguments of kings" — truths of the declaration of independence — Douglas's bloomington speech (july 16th), of vindication and attack — history of the kansas-nebraska struggle — the unholy alliance — the two points at issue — the " white man's " country — douglas's pledges to webster and clay — douglas's springfield speech, july 17th — the irreconcilable principles at issue between lincoln and himself — Lincoln's great speech, at springfield, the same evening — douglas's triumphant marches and entries — the "offices seen in his round, jolly, fruitful face" — lincoln's lean-faced fight, for principle alone — douglas's various speeches reviewed — the real question between republicans and douglas men and the buchanan men — jackson's veto of the national bank charter — democratic revolt against the supreme court decision — vindication of clay — " negro equality " — mr. lincoln's charge, of "conspiracy and deception " to " nationalize slavery," renewed — great joint debate of 1858, between lincoln and douglas, arranged — (for joint debate, see appendix "a" Pages 47 to 82.

Chapter V. The Presidential Contest Of

1860— THE CRISIS APPROACHING. HOW THE GREAT JOINT DEBATE OF 1858 RESULTED — THE "LITTLE GIANT" CAPTURES THE SENATORSHIP — THE "BIG GIANT" CAP- TURES THE PEOPLE — THE RISING DEMOCRATIC STAR OF 1860 — CONTENTS. XII DOUGLAS'S GRAND TRIUMPHAL " PROGRESS " THROUGH THE LAND — A POPULAR DEMOCRATIC IDOL — FRESH AGGRESSIONS OF THE SLAVE POWER — NEW MEXICO'S SLAVE CODE OF 1859 — HELPER'S "IMPENDING CRISIS" — JOHN BROWN AND HARPER'S FERRY — THE MEETING OF CONGRESS, DECEMBER, 1859 — FORTY-FOUR BALLOTS FOR SPEAKER — DANGEROUSLY HEATED CONGRESSIONAL DEBATES ON SLAVERY — THE DEMOCRATIC SPLIT — JEFFERSON DAVIS'S ARROGANT DOUBLE-EDGED PRO-SLAVERY RESOLUTIONS — DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, CHARLESTON, S. C, 1860 ■ — DECLARATIONS OF THE MAJORITY AND MINORITY REPORTS AND BUTLER'S RECOMMENDATION, WITH VOTES THEREON — ADOPTION OF THE MINORITY (DOUGLAS) PLATFORM — SOUTHERN DELE GATES PROTEST AND "BOLT" — THE BOLTING CONVENTION AD JOURNS TILL JUNE AT RICHMOND — THE REGULAR CONVENTION BALLOTS AND ADJOURNS TO BALTIMORE — THE BALTIMORE CON VENTION — "THE AFRICAN SLAVE-TRADER A TRUE MISSION ARY " — MORE BOLTING — DOUGLAS'S NOMINATION FOR THE PRES IDENCY — THE BOLTING CONVENTION NOMINATES BRECKIN RIDGE — THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION AND PLATFORM — NOM INATIONS OF LINCOLN, AND BELL — COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOUR RIVAL PARTY PLATFORMS — THE OCTOBER ELECTIONS — THE SOUTH PREPARING GLEEFULLY FOR SECESSION. — GOV ERNOR GIST'S TREASONABLE MESSAGE TO S. C. LEGISLATURE, Nov. 5 — other similar utterances Pages 83 to 98.

Chapter VI. The Great Conspiracy Maturing

Lincoln's election assured — southern exultation — northern gloom — "firing the southern heart" — resignations of federal officers and senators of south carolina — governor brown, of georgia, defies "federal coercion" — alexander h. stephens's argument against secession — south carolina calls an " unconditional secession convention " — the call sets the south ablaze — proclamations of the governors of the_southern states, favoring revolt — loyal address of governor magoffin of kentucky — the clamor of revolt silences appeals for union — president buchanan's pitiful weakness — conspirators in his cabinet— imbecility of his last annual message to congress, dec., 1860— attorney-general jeremiah black's opinion against coercion — contrast afforded by general jackson's loyal logic — ensuing debates in congress settled purpose of the conspirators to resist placation — futile labors of union men in congress fora peaceful solution — absurd demands of the implacables — the commercial north on its knees to the south — conciliation abjectly begged for — brutal sneers at the north, and CONTENTS.

XIII THREATS OF CLINGMAN, IVERSON, AND OTHER SOUTHERN FIRE EATERS, IN THE U. S. SENATE— THEIR BLUSTER MET BY STURDY REPUBLICANS — BEN WADE GALLANTLY STANDS BY THE " VER DICT OF THE PEOPLE " — PEACEFUL-SETTLEMENT PROPOSITIONS IN THE HOUSE — ADRIAN'S RESOLUTION, AND VOTE — LOVEJOY'S COUNTER-RESOLUTION, AND VOTE — ADOPTION OF MORRIS'S union resolution IN house Pages 99 to 113.

Chapter VII. Secession Arming

the south carolina secession convention meets— speeches, at "secession hall," of parker, keitt, inglis, barnwell, rhett, and gregg the first ordinance of secession — its jubilant adoption and ratification — secession stampede —a southern congress proposed — pickens's proclamation of sovereign independence — south carolina congressmen withdraw — dissentions in buchanan's cabinet — cobb, floyd, and thompson, demand withdrawal of federal troops — Buchanan's reply — seizure of forts, etc. — the " star of the west " fired on — the mad rush of rebellious events — south carolina demands the surrender of fort sumter the demand refused — secretary holt's letter to conspiring senators and rebel agent — troops at the national capital — holt's reasons therefor — the revolutionary programme — " armed occupation of washington city " — lincoln's inauguration to be prevented — the crumbling and dissolving union — the north stands aghast— great debate in congress, 1860-1861 — clingman on the southern tariff-grievance — defiance of brown of mississippi — iverson's bloody threat — wigfall's unscrupulous advice — his insulting demands — baker's gloriously eloquent response — andy johnson threatened with bullets — the north bullied — insolent, impossible terms of peace — lincoln's speeches en route for washington — safe arrival — " ill try to steer her through ! " — the south taunts him — wigfall's challenge to the bloody issue of arms ! Pages 114 to 144.

Chapter VIII. The Rejected Olive Branch

THE VARIOUS COMPROMISES OFFERED BY THE NORTH — " THE CRIT- TENDEN COMPROMISE" — 'THE PEACE CONFERENCE — COM- PROMISE PROPOSITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN CONSPIRATORS — CONTENTS. THE IRRECONCILABLE ATTITUDE OF THE PLOTTERS — HISTORY OF THE COMPROMISE MEASURES IN CONGRESS — CLARK'S SUBSTITUTE TO CRITTENDEN RESOLUTIONS IN THE SENATE — ANTHONY'S MORE THAN EQUITABLE PROPOSITIONS — HIS AFFECTING APPEAL TO STONY HEARTS — THE CONSPIRACY DEVELOPING — SIX SOUTHERN SENATORS REFUSE TO VOTE AGAINST THE CLARK SUBSTITUTE — ITS CONSEQUENT ADOPTION, AND DEFEAT OF THE CRITTEN DEN RESOLUTIONS— LYING TELEGRAMS FROM CONSPIRING SEN ATORS TO FURTHER INFLAME REBELLION — SAULSBURY'S AFTER STATEMENT (1862) AS TO CAUSES OF FAILURE OF CRITTENDEN's compromise — latiiam's graphic proof of the conspirators' "DELIBERATE, WILFUL DESIGN" TO KILL COMPROMISE — ANDREW JOHNSON'S EVIDENCE AS TO THEIR ULTIMATE OBJECT — " PLACE AND EMOLUMENT FOR THEMSELVES " — "THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT IN THE HANDS OF THE FEW " — THE CORWIN COMPROMISE RESOLUTION IN THE HOUSE — THE BURCH AMEND MENT — KELLOGG'S PROPOSITION — THE CLEMENS SUBSTITUTE — ■ PASSAGE BY THE HOUSE OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PRO HIBITING CONGRESSIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS — ITS ADOPTION BY THE SENATE — THE CLARK SUBSTI- TUTE RECONSIDERED AND DEFEATED — PROPOSITIONS OF THE PEACE CONGRESS LOST — REJECTION OF THE CRITTENDEN COM- PROMISE . . Pages 145 to 169.

Chapter IX. Slavery's Setting And Freedom's Daavn

LAST NIGHT OF THE 36TH CONGRESS — MR. CRITTENDEN'S PATRIOTIC APPEAL—" THE SADDEST SPECTACLE EVER SEEN" — IMPOTENCY OF THE BETRAYED AND FALLING STATE — DOUGLAS'S POWERFUL PLEA — PATRIOTISM OF HIMSELF AND SUPPORTERS — LOGAN SUMMARIZES THE COMPROMISES, AND APPEALS TO PATRIOTISM ABOVE PARTY — STATESMANLIKE BREADTH OF DOUG LAS, BAKER AND SEWARD — HENRY WINTER DAVIS ELOQUENTLY CONDENSES " THE SITUATION " IN A NUTSHELL — " THE FIRST FRUITS OF RECONCILIATION " OFFERED BY THE NORTH, SCORNED BY THE CONSPIRATORS— WIGFALL AGAIN SPEAKS AS THE MOUTH PIECE OF THE SOUTH — HE RAVES VIOLENTLY AT THE NORTH — THE SOUTH REJECTS PEACE " EITHER IN THE UNION, OR OUT OF IT" — THE DAWN OF FREEDOM APPEARS (MARCH 4TH, 1861) — INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN — LINCOLN'S FIRST IN- AUGURAL — GRANDEUR AND PATHOS OF HIS PATRIOTIC UTTER ANCES — HIS FIRST SLEEPLESS AND PRAYERFUL NIGHT AT THE WHITE HOUSE — THE MORROW, AND ITS BITTER DISAPPOINT- MENT— THE MESSAGE OF "PEACE AND GOOD WILL" REGARDED AS A " CHALLENGE TO WAR " — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S CABINET —Jefferson da vis's cabinet Pages 170 to 188. CONTENTS. XV

Chapter X. The

WAR-DRUM— "ON TO WASHINGTON!" REBEL COMMISSIONERS AT WASHINGTON ON A "MISSION" — SEWARD " SITS DOWN " ON THEM — HE REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE " CONFED- ERATE STATES" — THE REBEL COMMISSIONERS "ACCEPT THE GAGE OF BATTLE THUS THROWN DOWN TO THEM " — ATTEMPT TO PROVISION FORT SUMTER — THE REBELS NOTIFIED — THE FORT AND ITS SURROUNDINGS — THE FIRST GUN OF SLAVERY FIRED — TERRIFIC BOMBARDMENT OF THE FORT — THE GARRISON, STARVED AND BURNED OUT, EVACUATES, WITH ALL THE HONORS OF WAR — THE SOUTH CRAZY WITH EXULTATION — TE DEUMS SUNG, SALUTES FIRED, AND THE REBEL GOVERNMENT SERENADED — " ON TO WASHINGTON !" THE REBEL CRY — "GRAY JACKETS OVER THE BORDER" — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST PROCLAMATION AND CALL FOR TROOPS — INSULTING RESPONSES OF GOVERNORS BURTON, HICKS, LETCHER, ELLIS, MAGOFFIN, HARRIS, JACKSON AND RECTOR — LOYAL RESPONSES FROM GOVERNORS OF THE FREE STATES — MAGICAL EFFECT OF THE CALL UPON THE LOYAL NORTH — FEELING IN THE BORDER-STATES — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S CLEAR SUMMARY OF THE SITUATION AND ITS PHILOSOPHY — HIS PLAIN DUTY — THE WAR POWER — THE NATIONAL CAPITAL CUT OFF — EVACUATION OF HARPER'S FERRY — LOYAL TROOPS TO THE RESCUE — FIGHTING THEIR WAY THROUGH BALTIMORE — REBEL THREATS — " SCOTT THE ARCH-TRAITOR, AND LINCOLN THE BEAST" — BUTLER RELIEVES WASHINGTON — THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA — SHAMEFUL EVACUATION OF NORFOLK NAVY YARD — SEIZURE OF MINTS AND ARSENALS — UNION AND REBEL FORCES CONCENTRATING— THE NATIONAL CAPITAL FORTIFIED — BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS — DEATH OF ELLSWORTH — BUTLER CONFISCATES NEGRO PROPERTY AS " CONTRABAND OF WAR " — A REBEL YARN . . . Pages 189 to 214.

CHAPTER XL THE CAUSES OF SECESSION.

ABOUNDING EVIDENCES OF CONSPIRACY — MACLAY'S UNPUBLISHED DIARY 1787-1791 — PIERCE BUTLER'S FIERCE DENUNCIATION OF THE TARIFF — SOUTH CAROLINA WILL "LIVE FREE OR DIE GLO- RIOUS " — jackson's letter to crawford, on tariff and slavery — BENTON'S TESTIMONY — HENRY CLAY'S EVIDENCE — NA- THAN APPLETON'S — A TREASONABLE CAUCUS OF SOUTHERN CON- GRESSMEN — ALEXANDER H. STEPHEN'S EVIDENCE ON THE CAUSES OF SECESSION — WIGFALL'S ADMISSIONS — THE ONE " RE- GRETTED" CLAUSE IN THE CONSTITUTION PRECLUDING MONARCH- IAL STATES — ADMISSIONS OF REBEL COMMISSIONERS TO WASH- CONTENTS. INGTON — ADMISSIONS IN ADDRESS OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO THE SLAVE-HOLDERS — JEFFERSON DAVIS'S STATEMENT IN SFECIAL MESSAGE OF APRIL 29, 1861 — DECLARATIONS OF REBEL COM MISSIONERS, TO LORD JOHN RUSSELL — HIGH TARIFF AND " NOT SLAVERY " THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE — PERSONAL LIBERTY BILLS — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S DECLARATION OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSE OF REBELLION — A WAR UPON LABOR AND THE RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE — ANDREW JOHNSON ON THE " DELIBERATE DE SIGN " FORA "CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT" — "TIRED OF FREE GOVERNMENT" — DOUGLAS ON THE "ENORMOUS CONSPIRACY" — THE REBEL PLOT TO SEIZE THE CAPITOL, AND HOLD IT — MCDOUGALL'S GRAPHIC EXPOSURE OF THE TREASONABLE CON SPIRACY—YANCEY'S FAMOUS " SLAUGHTER " LETTER — JEFFER SON DAVIS'S STANDARD OF REVOLT, RAISED IN 1858 — LAMAR'S LETTER TO JEFF.

DAVIS (1 860) — CAUCUS OF TREASON, AT WASH INGTON — EVANS'S DISCLOSURES OF THE CAUCUS PROGRAMME OF SECESSION — CORROBORATING TESTIMONY — YULEE'S CAPTURED letter — caucus resolutions in full Pages 215 to 254.

Chapter XII. Copperheadism Vs

UNION DEMOCRACY. NORTHERN COMPLICITY WITH TREASON — MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD RECOMMENDS SECESSION OF NEW YORK CITY — THE REBEL JUNTA AT WASHINGTON INSPIRES HIM — HE OBEYS ORDERS, BUT SHAKES AT THE KNEES — KEITT BRAGS OF THE "MILLIONS OF DEMOCRATS IN THE NORTH," FURNISHING A " WALL OF FIRE " AGAINST COERCION — ATTEMPTED REBEL-SEDUCTION OF NEW JERSEY' — THE PRICE-BURNETT CORRESPONDENCE — SECESSION RESOLUTIONS OF THE PHILADELPHIA DEMOCRACY AT NATIONAL HALL — LANE OF OREGON "SERVES NOTICE" OF "WAR ENOUGH AT HOME " FOR REPUBLICANS — " NORTHERN DEMOCRATS NEED NOT CROSS THE BORDER TO FIND AN ENEMY " — EX-PRESIDENT PIERCE'S CAPTURED TREASONABLE LETTER TO JEFF. DAVIS — THE "FIGHTING" TO BE "WITHIN OUR OWN BORDERS, IN OUR OWN STREETS" — ATTITUDE OF DOUGLAS, AND THE DOUGLAS DE- MOCRACY, AFTER SUMTER — DOUGLAS CALLS ON MR. LINCOLN AT THE WHITE HOUSE — HE PATRIOTICALLY SUSTAINS THB UNION — HE RALLIES THE WHOLE NORTH TO STAND BY THE FLAG THERE CAN BE "NO NEUTRALS IN THIS WAR; ONLY PATRIOTS AND TRAITORS " — LAMENTED DEATH OF "THE LITTLE GIANT " — TRIB- UTES OF TRUMBULL AND MCDOUGALL TO HIS MEMORY — LOGAN'S ATTITUDE AT THIS TIME, AND HIS RELATIONS TO DOUGLAS — THEIR LAST PRIVATE INTERVIEW — DOUGLAS'S INTENTION TO " JOIN THE ARMY AND FIGHT" — HIS LAST EFFORTS IN CONGRESS — " CONCILIATION," BEFORE SUMTER — " NO HALF-WAY GROUND " after it Pages 255 to 275. CONTENTS. XVII

Chapter XIII. The Storm Of Battle

THE MILITARY SITUATION — THE GREAT UPRISING — POSITIONS AND NUMBERS OF THE UNION AND REBEL ARMIES — JOHNSTON EVAC- UATES HARPER'S FERRY, AND RETREATS UPON WINCHESTER — PATTERSON'S EXTRAORDINARY CONDUCT — HE DISOBEYS GEN- ERAL SCOTT'S ORDERS TO " ATTACK AND WHIP THE ENEMY " JOHNSTON CONSEQUENTLY FREE TO REINFORCE BEAUREGARD AT MANASSAS — FITZ JOHN PORTER'S ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE DIS- ASTROUS CONSEQUENCES — MCDOWELL'S ADVANCE UPON BEAU- REGARD — PRELIMINARY BATTLE AT BLACKBURN'S FORD — JUNC- TION OF JOHNSTON WITH BEAUREGARD — REBEL PLANS OF ADVANCE AND ATTACK — CHANGE IN MCDOWELL'S PLANS — GREAT PITCHED-BATTLE OF BULL RUN, OR MANASSAS, (INCLUD- ING THE SECOND BATTLE AT BLACKBURN'S FORD) — VICTORY, AT FIRST, WITH MCDOWELL — THE CHECK — THE LEISURELY RE- TREAT — THE PANIC AT, AND NEAR, THE NATIONAL CAPITAL — THE WAR FULLY INAUGURATED Pages 276 to 341.

Chapter XIV. The Colored Contraband

THE KNELL OF SLAVERY — THE " IMPLIED POWERS" OF CONGRESS IN THE CONSTITUTION — PATRICK HENRY'S PREDICTION — JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S PROPHECY — JOHN SHERMAN'S NON-INTERFER- ENCE-WITH-SLAVERY RESOLUTIONS — JOHN Q. ADAMS ON EMAN- CIPATION-POWERS OF CONGRESS AND MILITARY COMMANDERS — GENERAL MC CLELLAN'S WEST VIRGINIA PROCLAMATION OF NON- INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVES — GENERAL BUTLER'S CORRESPOND- ENCE WITH GENERAL SCOTT AND SECRETARY CAMERON — CAM- ERON'S REPLY — MILITARY TENDERNESS FOR THE DOOMED INSTI- TUTION — CONGRESS, AFTER BULL RUN — CONFISCATION, AND EMANCIPATION, OF SLAVES USED TO AID REBELLION — RINGING WORDS OF TRUMBULL, WILSON, MC DOUGALL, AND TEN EYCK, IN THE SENATE — ROMAN COURAGE OF THE HOUSE — CRITTENDEN'S STATEMENTS — WAR RESOLUTIONS — BRECKINRIDGE'S TREASON- ABLE SPEECH UPON "THE SANCTITY" OF THE CONSTITUTION — BAKER'S GLORIOUS REPLY — HIS MATCHLESS APOSTROPHE TO FREEDOM — HIS SELF-SACRIFICING DEVOTION AND HEROIC DEATH at ball's bluff Pages 342 to 356.

Chapter XV. Freedom's Early Dawn

THADDEUS STEVENS'S STARTLING UTTERANCES — CAPTURED SLAVES MUST BE FREE FOREVER — " NO TRUCES WITH THE REBELS " — HIS PROPHECY AS TO ARMING SLAVES TO FIGHT REBELLION — CONTENTS. SECRETARY CAMERON'S LETTER TOUCHING FUGITIVES FROM SER VICE — GENERAL FREMONT'S PROCLAMATION OF CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION — ITS EFFECT NORTH AND SOUTH'— JEFF. THOMPSON'S SAVAGE PROCLAMATION OF RETALIATION — PRESI DENT LINCOLN'S EMBARRASSMENT — HE PRIVATELY SUGGESTS TO FREMONT CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS — FREEMONT DEFENDS HIS COURSE— " STRONG AND VIGOROUS MEASURES NECESSARY TO SUCCESS" — THE PRESIDENT PUBLICLY ORDERS THE MODIFICA TION of fremont's. proclamation — the military mind GREATLY CONFUSED— GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS ISSUED BY THE WAR DEPARTMENT — GENERAL T. W. SHERMAN'S PORT ROYAL PROCLAMATION — GENERAL WOOL'S SPECIAL AND GENERAL OR- DERS AS TO EMPLOYMENT OF " CONTRABANDS " — GENERAL DIX'S PROCLAMATION FOR REPULSION OF FUGITIVE SLAVES FROM HIS LINES— HALLECK ORDERS EXPULSION AS WELL AS REPULSION — HIS LETTER OF EXPLANATION TO FRANK P. BLAIR — SEWARD'S LETTER TO MC CLELLAN ON "CONTRABANDS" IN THE DISTRICT OF Columbia Pages 357 to 374. Pages 357 to 374.

Chapter XVI

"COMPENSATED GRADUAL EMANCIPATION." president Lincoln's attitude — sacrifices of patriotism — assertion BY CONGRESS OF ITS EMANCIPATING WAR-POWERS — THE CAUSE OF FREEDOM SLOWLY " MARCHING ON " — ABANDONED SLAVES OF BEAUFORT, S. C. — SECRETARY CAMERON FAVORS ARMING THEM — THE PRESIDENT'S CAUTIOUS ADVANCES — HE MODIFIES CAMERON'S REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE SUBJECT — THE MILITARY MIND, ALL " AT SEA " — COMMANDERS GUIDED BY POLITICAL BIAS — HALLECK'S ST. LOUIS PROCLAMATION, 1862 — BUELL'S LETTER — CONTRARY ACTION OF DIX AND HALLECK, BUELL AND HOOKER, FREMONT AND DOUBLEDAY — LINCOLN'S MIDDLE COURSE — HE PROPOSES TO CONGRESS, COMPENSATED GRADUAL EMANCIPATION — INTERVIEW BETWEEN MR. LINCOLN AND THE BORDER-STATE REPRESENTATIVES — INTERESTING RE MARKS OF THE PRESIDENT — MR. LINCOLN BETWEEN TWO FIRES — VIEWS, ON COMPENSATED EMANCIPATION, OF MESSRS. NOELL, CRISFIELD,MENZIES,WICKLIFFE,AND HALL — ROSCOE CONKLING'S JOINT RESOLUTION, ADOPTED BY BOTH HOUSES — HOOKER'S "CAMP BAKER" ORDER — MARYLAND FUGITIVE-SLAVE HUNTERS PERMITTED TO SEARCH THE CAMP — UNION SOLDIERS ENRAGED — SICKLES ORDERS THE SLAVE HUNTERS OFF — DOUBLEDAY'S DIS PATCH AS TO "ALL NEGROES" ENTERING HIS LINES — TO BE " TREATED AS PERSONS, NOT AS CHATTELS " . . Pages 375 to 392.

Chapter XVII. Border-state Opposition

APPOINTMENT OF A SELECT COMMITTEE, IN HOUSE, ON GRADUAL EMANCIPATION — DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EMANCIPATION ACT — CONTENTS, XIX THE PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL MESSAGE OF APPROVAL — GEN. HUN TER'S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION — PRESIDENT LINCOLN PROMPTLY RESCINDS IT BY PROCLAMATION— HIS SOLEMN AND IMPASSIONED APPEAL TO PEOPLE OF THE BORDER-STATES — HE BEGS THEIR CONSIDERATION OF GRADUAL COMPENSATED EMAN CIPATION — GEN. WILLIAMS'S ORDER EXPELLING RUNAWAY NEGROES FROM CAMP, AT BATON ROUGE — LIEUT. -COL. ANTHONY'S ORDER EXCLUDING FUGITIVE-SLAVE HUNTERS FROM " CAMP ETHERIDGE " — GEN. MC CLELLAN'S FAMOUS " HARRISON'S LAND ING LETTER" TO THE PRESIDENT — "FORCIBLE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY" AND "A CIVIL AND MILITARY POLICY" — SLAVE HOLDING BORDER-STATE SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES AT THE WHITE HOUSE — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S ADDRESS TO THEM, JULY, 1862 — GRADUAL EMANCIPATION THE THEME — COMPENSA TION AND COLONIZATION TO ACCOMPANY IT — THE ABOLITION PRESSURE UPON THE PRESIDENT INCREASING — HE BEGS THE BORDER STATESMEN TO RELIEVE HIM AND THE COUNTRY IN ITS peril — their various responses. Pages 393 to 422.

Chapter XVIII. Freedom Proclaimed To All

PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S PERSONAL APPEAL TO COLORED FREEMEN — HE BEGS THEM TO HELP IN THE COLONIZATION OF THEIR RACE — PROPOSED AFRICAN COLONY IN CENTRAL AMERICA — EXECU- TIVE ORDER OF JULY 2, 1862 — EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES FOR MILITARY PURPOSES OF THE UNION — JEFF. DAVIS RETALIATES — MC CLELLAN PROMULGATES THE EXECUTIVE ORDER WITH ADDENDA OF HIS OWN — HORACE GREELEY'S LETTER TO PRESI- DENT LINCOLN — THE LATTER ACCUSED OF "SUBSERVIENCY" TO THE SLAVE HOLDERS — AN "UNGRUDGING EXECUTION OF THE CONFISCATION ACT " DEMANDED — MR. LINCOLN'S FAMOUS REPLY — HIS "PARAMOUNT OBJECT, TO SAVE THE UNION, AND NOT EITHER TO SAVE OR DESTROY SLAVERY " — VISIT TO THE WHITE HOUSE OF A RELIGIOUS DEPUTATION FROM CHICAGO — MEMORIAL ASKING FOR IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION, BY PROCLAMATION — THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY TO THE DEPUTATION — "THE POPE'S BULL AGAINST THE COMET" — VARIOUS OBJECTIONS STATED TEN- TATIVELY — "A PROCLAMATION OF LIBERTY TO THE SLAVES" IS " UNDER ADVISEMENT " — THE PROCLAMATION OF EMANCIPATION ISSUED — ITS POPULAR RECEPTION — MEETING OF LOYAL GOVERN- ORS AT ALTOONA — THEIR STIRRING ADDRESS — HOMAGE TO OUR SOLDIERS — PLEDGED SUPPORT FOR VIGOROUS PROSECUTION OF THE WAR TO TRIUMPHANT END — PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S HISTOR- ICAL RESUME AND DEFENSE OF EMANCIPATION — HE SUGGESTS TO CONGRESS, PAYMENT FOR SLAVES AT ONCE EMANCIPATED BY BORDER STATES — ACTION OF THE HOUSE, ON RESOLUTIONS SEV- ERALLY REPREHENDING AND ENDORSING THE PROCLAMATION — SUPPLEMENTAL EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION OF JAN. 1, 1863 Pages 423 to 461. XX CONTENTS.

Chapter XIX. Historical Review

COURSE OF SOUTHERN OLIGARCHS THROUGHOUT — THEIR EVERLAST- ING GREED AND RAPACITY — BROKEN COVENANTS AND AGGRES- SIVE METHODS — THEIR UNIFORM GAINS UNTIL 1861 — UPS AND DOWNS OF THE TARIFF — FREE TRADE, SLAVERY, STATES-RIGHTS, SECESSION, ALL PARTS OF ONE CONSPIRACY — " INDEPENDENCE " THE FIRST OBJECT OF THE WAR — DREAMS, AMBITIONS, AND PLANS OF THE CONSPIRATORS — LINCOLN'S FAITH IN NORTHERN NUM- BERS AND ENDURANCE — "RIGHT MAKES MIGHT" — THE SOUTH SOLIDLY-CEMENTED BY BLOOD — THE 37TH CONGRESS — ITS WAR MEASURES — PAVING THE WAY TO DOWNFALL OF SLAVERY AND rebellion Pages 462 to 473.

Chapter XX. Lincoln's Troubles And Temptations

INTERFERENCE WITH SLAVERY FORCED BY THE WAR — EDWARD EVERETT'S OPINION — BORDER-STATES DISTRUST OF LINCOLN — IMPOSSIBILITY OF SATISFYING THEIR REPRESENTATIVES — THEIR JEALOUS SUSPICIONS AND CONGRESSIONAL ACTION — PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE OF KINDLY WARNING — STORMY CONTENTION IN CON- GRESS — crittenden's ARGUMENT ON "PROPERTY "IN MAN — BORDER-STATES " BID " FOR MR. LINCOLN — THE " NICHE IN THE TEMPLE OF FAME " OFFERED HIM — LOVEJOY'S ELOQUENT COUN- TERBLAST — SUMNER (JUNE, 1862,) ON LINCOLN AND EMANCIPA- TION — THE PRESIDENT HARRIED AND WORRIED — SNUBBED BY BORDER STATESMEN — MC CLELLAN'S THREAT — ARMY-MISMAN- AGEMENT — ARMING THE BLACKS — HOW THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION WAS WRITTEN — CABINET SUGGESTIONS — MILI- TARY SITUATION — REBEL ADVANCE NORTHWARD — LINCOLN, AND THE BREAST- WORKS — WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE MENACED — ANTIETAM, AND THE FIAT OF FREEDOM — BORDER- STATE DENUNCIATION — KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE, etc Pages 474 to 500.