Man, embracing his origin, ... civilization, ... mental and moral faculties. ... Illustrated

Preface

. #% The author deems any lengthy preface to this work superfluous, but will insert instead merely the list of authorities whence the materials for "Man" have been drawn. It is believed that no other book covers the ground occupied by this within the same space. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. T. S. Denison for invaluable aid in the preparation of the plan of the work also in the revision of the MSS. and proof sheets. The book will speak for itself with regard to the liberality displayed in the way of illustration, paper, printing and binding. COPYRIGHT, 1SS4, By T. S. DENISON. All rights reserved. IND PM The Blakely-Marsh Printing Co., Electrotyping by A. Zeese & Co. Binding by W. B. Conkey. CHICAGO. G. DALLAS LIND, M. D. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Ancient Monarchies. — Rawlinson.

The Human Species — Quatrefages. The Natural History of Man. — Quatrefages. Origin of Civilization and Primitive Condition of Man.— Sir John Lubbock. Pre-historic Times. — Sir John Lubbock. The Childhood of Religion.— Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Ten Great Religions. — Rev. James Freeman Clarke. Elements of Geology. — Le Conic. Intellectual Development of Europe. — Draper. Life of the Greeks and Romans. — Guhl and Koner. Gesta Christa. — Chas. Loring Brace. Races of the Old World.— Chas. Loring Brace. Anthropology. — Topinard. Anthropology. — E. B. Tylor. Ancient Law. — Maine. Uncivilized Races in all Countries. — Rev. J. G. Wood. The Ancient Egyptians. — Wilkinson. Vocabulary of the Philosophical Sciences. — Krauth. Annual Report ofthe Bureau of Ethnology, 1S79-S0.— J. W. Powell. The Iroquois Book of Rites. — Horatio Hale.

Suicide. — Morsel! i. Suicide.— James J. O'Dea, M. D. China, A History of Laws, Manners and Customs.— J. II. Gray. A Book About Doclors. — -J. C. Jeaffreson. Opium Smoking. — II. H. Kane, M. D. The Alhambra and the Kremlin. — S. I. Prime. Around the World. — Prime. Thc Chemistrv of Common Life. — F. W.Johnston. Till the Doctor Comes, and How to Help Him.— George H. Hope, M. D. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. — S. Baring-Gould, M. A. Curiosities of Olden Times. — S. Baring-Gould, M. A. Ancient America.— J. D. Baldwin, A M. Pre-historic Nations.— J. D. Baldwin, A. M. Myths and Myth-Makers.— John Fiske, M. A., LL. B. Empirical and Rational Psychology. — A. Schuyler, LL. D. Principles of Mental Physiology.— William B. Carpenter, M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., etc. Mesmerism, Spiritualism, etc. — William B. Carpenter.

History of Civilization in England. — Thomas Buckle. Development of the Human Race. — Lazarus Geiger. The Origin of Nations. — Prof. Geo. Rawlinson. Fashion in Deformity.— Dr. Wm. H. Flower. Facts and Fictions of Zoology. — Dr Andrew Wilson. The Study of Words. — Richard C. Trench. „ -— —^^ Oriental Religion.— Dr. John Caird. Calculating Boys. — Richard A. Procter. "*<\ Man's Place in Nature. — T. H. Huxley. Longevity.— John Gardner, M. D. \ 7, £)E cP i 1 The Human Race. — Louis Figuier. Buck's Theological Dictionary. Evolution of Life. — Henry C. Chapman, M. D. ( "SEi^ Primitive Manners and Customs. — James A. Farrar: — ' Reconciliation of Science and Religion. — Alexander Winchell, LL. D. The Brain as an Organ of Mind.— H. C. Bastian, M. A., M. D., F. R. S. Mysteries and Crimes of Mormonism. — John H. Beadle.

Wonders of the Human Body. — A. Le Pileur, M. D. The Life and Growth of Language. — William D. Whitney. Narcotics. — Dr. Geo. H. Beard. Man before Metals.— N.Joly. Germany seen without Spectacles. — Henry Buggies. History of Germany, — Bayard Taylor. Origin of Species. — Darwin. The Descent of Man. — Darwin. Gray's Anatomy and the Physiologies of Carpenter, Draper, Foster, Dalton, and others. I am indebted also to many articles in the Popular Science Monthly and other Scientific Jour nals and Reports, to the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and other miscellaneous sources of information. CONTENTS.

Book I. Primeval Man

PAGE. Chapter I. Man's Origin: The Greek Myth — The Persian Account — The Hindoo Stories — According to the Northmen — The Chinese Myth — American and other Myths 13—27 Chapter II. Scientific Views of Man's Origin : Spontaneous Generation — The Origin of Species — Views of Lamarck — Darwin's Work — - Other Men of Science and other Views 2S-3S Chapter III. Scripture Doctrines of the Origin of Man 39-44 Chapter IV. The Antiquity of Man : The Nebular Hypothesis — The Beginnings of Life — Changes in the Earth's Crust — Advent of Man — Development , 45— 5 1 Chapter V. Life of Pre-historic Man : Pompei and Herculaneum — Troy — Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages — The Stone Age — The Bronze Age — The Lake Dwellers — The Iron Age— The Mound Builders — Antiquities of Mexico, Central America and Peru 62-98 Chapter VI. The Dawnings of History: Use of Fire — Origin of Pottery and Decoration — Man's First Occupations — Man's Birthplace 99-118

Book II. Man In History

PAGE. Chapter I. The Races of Men : The Erect Posture of Man — Comparative Size of Brain — Comparison of Hands and Feet — Man's Scientific Location — Races of Men — The Unity of The Human Race — The Five Races of Blumenbach — Facial Angles — Stature and Physique — Capacity of Skulls — The Hair — Color of the Skin — The Races Illustrated — The Caucasian — The Mongolian Race — The African Race — Influence of Climate on Man 119-14S Chapter II. The Languages of Men: Origin of Language — Necessity of Language — Tneories of the Origin of Language — Aid of Gesticulation — Origin of Consonants and Roots — Language an Evidence of Civilization — Signs an Aid to Language — Growth of Language — Order of Words and Intonation — The Number of Words in a Language — Picture and Written Langu.ige — Origin of Letters — Origin of Alphabets — Number of Languages and Dialects 149-168 Chapter III.

Structure of Languages: Inflected Languages — The Semitic Language — The Aryan Tongues — Idioms — Value of Etymology 169-19.1 (v-) VI CONTENTS. PAGE. Chapter IV, Customs and National Traits: Treatment of Children — Marriage Customs — Decoration and Dress— Dress, of Various Ages — Origin of Some Common Customs — Modes of Punishment 195-225 Chapter V. Customs and National Traits (continued) : Hunting — Arms and Armor — Fire-Arms — Trophies of Savages — Burial Customs... 226-249 Chapter VI. Customs and National Traits (continued): Eating and the Use of Narcotics — Kinds of Food — Use of Liquors — Narcotics — Strange Remedies — Amusements — Athletic Sports — Modes of Salutation — Modes of Conveyance — Trial of Animals — National Peculiarities 250—280 Chapter VII. The Religions and Superstitions of Men: The Roman Catholics — Doctrines of the Catholic Church— Saints' Days and Fasting— The Jesuits — Numbers of the Roman Catholic Church — The Vatican — Sale of Indulgences — The Reformation — Doctrines of the Protestants — Protestant Sects — The Greek Church — The Jewish Religion — Forms of Worship — Persecutions of Jews — Mohammedanism — The Sword of Islam — The Moslem Creed — Forms of Worship — The Saracens — Influences of Mohammedanism — Brahminism — The Vedas — Castes — Transmigration of Souls — Number of Idols — A Reformation — Buddhism — Doctrines of Buddhism — Monasteries and Relics — Buddhism Compared with Christianity — Influence of Buddhism — Confucianism — Ta-o-ism and Sintuism 281-340 Chapter VIII.

Religions and Superstitions of Uncivilized Men: The Eskimos — The Patagonians — The Australians — The Fijians — Pacific Islanders — The Natives of Guiana —African Tribes — Curious Beliefs, Superstitions and Practices — Fakirs and Dervishes — Curious Sects —The Mormons — Persecutions — Belief in Witches, Spectres, etc — Witchcraft — Superstitions of India and China — Origin of Fairies, Elves, etc 341-36S Chapter IX. Polytheistic Religions: Religion of the Greeks — The Religion of the Romans — The Religion of Zoroaster — The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians— Religion ofthe Norsemen — Valhalla — Druidism — Religion of the Ancient Peruvians and Mexicans — The Religion of the Assyrians and Babylonians 369-394 Chapter X. Myths and Folk Lore: The William Tell Myth — The Dog Gellert — The Wandering Jew — Prester John — Antichrist The Seven Sleepers— Tales of Tails— The Man in the Moon— Pigmies — El Dorado and the Fountain of Youth — Fabulous Animals, Plants and Minerals — Sea Monsters — Plants, Minerals, etc. — Myths as Explanations of Natural Phenomena '. . . _ 39C-427 CHjVpter XI.

Human Dwellings and Home Life in all Ages and Countries: Of the Ancient Egyptians — Of the Greeks — Ofthe Romans — Of the Chinese and Japanese — Of the Hindoos — Of the Turks and Persians — Russian Home Life — German Home Life — The Homes of the French — Home Life in Italy and Spain — Home Life in England, Scotland and Ireland — American Homes, The Twelve Good Rules — Some Strange Dwellings — The Tree Dwellers 42S-467 Chapter XII. Progress of Civilization: The Origin of Civilization The Causes of Civilization — Origin and Progress of Inventions and Discoveries — Chimneys — Tabie Forks — Glass — Gun Powder and Fire- Arms — Time-Keepers — Motor Powers — Mechanical Appliances — Architecture — Aqueducts — Means of Transportation Railro/ids — -Navigation and Commerce — The Mariner's Compass and Steam— Means of Communication — Agriculture in all Ages Farm Machinery — Printing — Modern Inventions and Improvements — 1'iogress in Art — Progress in Political, Religious and Social Ideas , 46S-522 CONTENTS. VII

Part I. The Wonders Of The Human Body

PAGE. Chapter I. The Bony Framework: Bones of the Head — The Bones of the Trunk — Bones of the Extremities — Constituents of Bones — Diseases of the Bones 523-540 Chapter II. The Moving Powers ofthe Body: Form and Arrangement of Muscles — The Tendons — Contractility of Muscles — Mechanism of the Muscles 541-54S Chapter III. The Digestive Machine: The Organs of Digestion —The Digestive Process — The Teeth — Food — The Production of Heat. . . 549-563 Chapter IV. The Circulatory System: The Arteries — The Veins — Course of the Blood — Causes of Circulation — Motions of the Heart —The Blood— Tests of Blood— The Blood as a Nutrient . , 564-579 Chapter V. The Lymphatic or Absorptive System 580-582 Chapter VI. The "Respiratory System: Respiration — The Trachea and the Vocal Organs 583-590 Chapter VII.

The Skin and its Appendages — Secretions of the Skin — The Hair 591-596 Chapter VIII. The Nervous System: Parts of the Nervous System — White and Gray Matter of the Brain — Nervous Tissue — Reflex Action— Functions of the Different Parts of the Brain — Crossing of Nerves in the Medulla 597-609 Chapter IX. Organs of Special Sense: The Eye — Humors of the Eye Diseases of the Eye — Secretions of the Eye — The Ear — Taste, Smell and Touch . . 610-623

Part II. Right Living

Chapter I. Hygiene: Clothing and Shelter — Air and Sunshine — Necessity of Ventilation — Disinfectants — Moisture in Air Necessary — Air in Factories — Importance of Sunshine — Bathing and Cleanliness — Change of Clothing — Timely Evacuations — Exercise and Rest — Kind of Exercise Needed — Mental Work 624-656 Chapter II. Hygiene (continued) : Food and Drink — Quantity of Food —Quality of Food — Frequency of Meals — Cookery — Water — Mental States — Stimulants and Narcotics — Tea and Coffee — Tobacco — 657-671 Chapter III. Accidents and Emergencies: Pain — Presence of Mind — Wounds and Bleeding — Burns and Scalds— Fractures, Dislocations, Sprains — Drowning, Freezing — Poisons — Asphyxiation — Bites 672-6S8 Chapter IV. The Sick Room and Nursing: Diseases — When to Send for the Doctor — Care of Children — Preventives of Disease 689-701 Chapter V. Curious Facts Concerning Life and Death 702-732

Part III. The Mind

Chapter I. The Mental Powers : Mental States, etc 733-741 Chapter II. Mental Peculiarities 742-747 PAGE Portrait of Author . . Nubian Warrior 3$ Formation of Mountains 54 Geological Periods 54 Mammoth, or Hairy Elephant - 57 Stone Arrow Heads found in North America 63 Mosaic, Pompeii 65 Vessels, Pompeii 65 Stone Arrow Heads found in Ireland 67 Eskimo Stone Knives 69 Swiss Stone Axe 71 Reindeer-drawing of Cave Men 72 Stone Celt in Handle 73 Polished Stone Axes, Ireland 73 Bronze Swords 74 East Indian Dolmen - 75 Bronze Knives - 76 Bracelets, Swiss - 7$ Bronze Hair Pins, Swiss 79 Three Different Types of Celts, Showing Insertion of Handles 79 Celts 80 Celts ••• - 81 Celts 81 Urn Apparently Representing a Lake Village 82 Swiss Lake Village 83 Warriors of the Iron Age 87 The Serpent Mound , Adams Co., Ohio 89 Mound Builders' Relics 90 Front View of a Portion of a Building at Uxmal (Yucatan) 92 Solid Stone Altar found at Copan (Honduras) 94 Huascar, 13th Emperor of the Incas 96 Egyptian Head 98 Ancient Egyptian Chariot 99 Egyptian Cavalry 100 Assyrian Palace (Restored) 101 Queen Aiding King (Temple Service of Ancient Egypt) 102 Mummy in Case 103 Hypostylic Hall in Temple at Karnak 105 Fire Drills no Skeletons of Apes and Man 121 Human Skull 122 Skull of an Ape 122 Gorilla • 124 Facial Angles 130 Cafusa Woman, Brazil, Indian and Negro Cross 133 Caucasian 135 Lady of Cairo ■ . . ■ 136 (viii).

PAGE. Babylonian Woman and Men 137 Peoples Known to Ancient Egyptians 13S Roman Soldier 139 Mongolian 140 Young Eskimo 140 Yakut Villagers 141 Negro 142 Indian 143 Malay 143 Australian Women 144 Mexican Indian , 145 Malay Race, New Zealand Cannibal 146 Antis Indian of Peru 147 Egyptian Light Troops 148 Indian Bark Letter 163 Indian Grave Posts (Schoolcraft) 164 Egyptian Hieroglyphics 165 Hieroglyphics of the Name of Egypt 166 Chaldean Brick with Cuneiform Characters 167 Chaldean Bricks with Cuneiform Characters 168 Chinese Characters 170 Coin of Cyzicus 194 Ancient Greek Cradle 197 Lapp Cradle 19S New Zealand Woman. 201 Chinese Beauty 203 Belle of Ancient Greece 204 Sioux Chief 206 South Sea Islander 207 Chinese Small Foot 207 Flat-Head Indian and Child 208 Fiji Modes of Dressing the Hair 209 Botocudo Woman (Brazil) 210 Greek Head Dress 212 Greek Foot Dress 212 Greek Dress 212 Roman Dress 213 Anglo-Saxon Costumes, Time of Conquest, 1 1 th Century 214 Norman Gentleman, Soo Years Ago 214 Upper Class, 15th Century 215 Shoes in Time of Edward II 216 Queen Anne Swell 216 Lady, Queen Elizabeth's Time 216 Courtier of Queen Elizabeth's Time 217 Costume of Middle Class, 15th Century 217 Head Dress, 18th Century ; 218 Alaskans 219 Chinese Punishment 220 Chinese Punishment 221 Drunkard's Cloak 222 The Rack. 223 The Stocks 223 Negro Head 225 Bows 227 South Sea Bone Fish Hook '228 Hunting in Snow Shoes. 229 Mexican Picador , 230 Ramases III.

Hunting the Lion 231 Eskimos X PAGE. Soldier, Time of Homer 234 Roman Soldier 234 Arms and Shields of Franks, 5th and 6th Centuries 235 French Knight 236 Soldier, 14th Century 236 Charles the Bold in Full Armor 237 Hand GVin 238 Musketeer, Time of James I., England 238 Cannon, 15th Century 239 Attacking a Wall, 239 Battering Ram 239 Greek Tomb, Form of Temple 241 Outer Coffin of Egyptian Mummy 243 Interior of Roman Tomb 245 Ancient Greek Dead Box 246 Tomb of Henry IV. and his Queen 248 Greek Corpse Lying in View 249 Triclinia, Couches Used by Greeks and Romans at Table 254 Scene from Greek Comedy 263 Greek Dancing Girl 264 Dance of Fools, 13th Century 265 Egyptian Band, 4000 Years Ago 266 Gladiators * 267 Gladiator Attacking a Tiger, which is Leashed to a Bull 268 Japanese Saluting 269 Sedan Chair 271 I ndian Family Moving 2 72 Bullock Cart of India 274 Coin of Caligula ... 280 Paul the Apostle, Medal of Herculaneum , 2S5 Otho the Great 2S6 Pope Gregory VII 287 Papal Insignia 2S8 Cathedral of Rheims 294 Crusading Knight 297 Martin Luther 298 A Jewish Book 304 Mohammedan Emblems 307 Brahma and Sawarasti 314 Vishnu on his Serpent Couch, 316 Bronze Statue of Buddha ' 329 Chinese Temple 332 Chinese Pagoda *. 334 The Great Tower of the Buddhist Temple 336 Casting Lots before a God 338 Popular Japanese God 339 Supposed Evil Spirits 340 The Village of Skulls, Central Africa 345 Three Forms of Thoth, the Scribe, Egyptian Deity 347 Hand of a Chinese Ascetic 3^5 Egyptian Sarcophagus 368 Front of Greek Temple 370 Hermes (Mercury) -. 371 Roman Temple at Nismes, France 375 The Roman Temple of Fortune at Præneste 377 Janus 37S Chickens for Augury 379 Monsters Supposed to be Evil Spirits 3S1 The Egyptian God Ammon PAGE.

Egyptian Prophet 383 The Sacred Bull Apis 384 Three Forms of Osiris 385 Odin, the "All Father." , 3S8 A Scandinavian God 3S9 The Hawk-headed Genius , 393 Assyrian Worshiper Bringing an Offering 393 Nin, the Fish God 394 Amazon 414 Amazon (Archer) 414 Inner Coffin of Egyptian Mummy 427 Ancient Egyptian Women , 430 Gold Vases, Egypt, 4,000 Years Ago 431 Greek Baskets 433 Greek Torches 434 Greek Lamp 434 Greek Stools and Chairs, 2,000 Years Ago 435 Greek Lounges or Sofas 435 The Atrium, House of Pansa, Pompeii 436 Wall Painting, Pompeii, " The Villa by the Sea." 437 Rome in Time of Augustus , 438 Roman Lamps and Stands 439 Roman Kitchen Utensils 440 Roman Keys 440 Roman Table 440 Head Dress of Roman Ladies 441 Roman Neck Chain 441 Solid Silver Vases, Roman 442 Japanese Resting 445 A Russian Beauty 449 Huts of Ancient Germans 452 German Farm House of the Middle Ages 453 Eskimo Village 463 Summer and Winter Dwellings, Kamschatka 464 Cavalier, 1350 467 William the Conqueror 479 Egyptians Blowing Glass 4,000 Years Ago 480 Cylinder of Sennacherib 481 Roman Glass Goblet 481 Moving a Human-headed Winged Bull 490 Pyramid 492 Burial Chamber in Pyramid 493 English Carriage of 15th Century 495 First Train of Cars 498 Roman Turret Ship 499 Norman Ship 500 Anglo-Saxon Vessel 501 Ship, 15th Century 501 A Chinese Junk 502 Modern Steamship 503 Sailing Vessel 5°3 Hoe and Plow of Ancient Egypt 505 Hand Swipe or Shadoof 505 Winnowing Grain 4,000 Years Ago 506 Roman Plow 5°6 Grinding Wheat in Kablya, North Africa 50S The Inventors of Printing 510 Column of Antoninus and Surroundings 514 Organ, 14th Century LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE. Shekel of Bar Cochat (Jewish) 5"6 Shilling of Cromwell 5'6 Stone Saw 517 Egyptian Saw 5X7 Ancient Writing Materials, Book and Case 5X8 Egyptian Prisoners - 519 Priest-Vizier Presenting Captives to King 52° The Human Skeleton 527 Skull, Front and Side View 5-*8 Osseous and Cartilaginous Tissues Seen through the Microscope 530 Bony Tissue as Seen with the Naked Eye 536 Cross Section of Bone under the Microscope 537 Proportion of Bone to Bulk of Body 539 Gentlemen of 1460. ■ • 54° Muscle Fiber Torn Across 541 Sections of Muscles 542 Front View of the Muscular System. .544 The Hand, Palmar and Dorsal" Aspect 547 Egyptian Gold Basket 548 The Digestive System 55° The Mucous Membrane of the Small Intestine 555 Roman Auxiliary 563 Transverse Section of the Heart 565 Arteries of the Body 566 Purification of the Blood 570 Blood Seen under the Microscope 575 Phœnician Galley 579 Villi of Intestine 581 Tailpiece 582 Section Showing the Ramifications of the Bronchi in the Lungs 584 The Larynx, Showing Vocal Cords 588 Transverse Section of the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities 589 Roman Pitchers 590 Cutaneous Papillæ S')1 The Skin 592 Greek VV oman 596 Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System 5<*)S Section of the Encephalon in the Median Line 599 Diagram of a Cross Section of the Spinal Cord p&oi The Sympathetic System 602 Nervous Tissue Seen under the Microscope^ 603 The Tongue and Nerves of Taste 604 Vertical Section of the Eye on the Median Line 613 Muscles of the Eye 617 Section Showingthe Different Parts of the Ear 619 Foot Deformed by Tight Shoes . . 631 Foot in Its Normal Condition 631 Head of Virgil 656 Resuscitating the Drowned 682 " the Drowned 683 " the Drowned 6S3 Battle on Stilts 729 Assyrian King Punishing Prisoners. .'.

Chapter I. Ideas Of Various Nations Concerning Man's Origin

In the intellectual infancy of a savage state, man transfers to nature his conceptions of himself, and considering that everything he does is determined by his own pleasure, regards all passing events depending on the arbitrary volition of superior but invisible power. — yohn William Draper The ideas of uncivilized peoples on such subjects take the general name of myths. A myth is to the uncivilized man what a hypothesis is to the man of science. Both are explanations of natural phenomena. Prof. John Fiske says, " A thing is said to be explained when it is classified with other things with which we are already acquainted. That is the only kind of explanation of which the highest science is capable." The savage man sees the flash of lightning, he hears the rolling thunder, he sees the effect produced by winds and floods, or perhaps he feels the earthquake shock or witnesses the grandeur of a volcanic eruption, and his mind naturally asks for an explanation of these phenomena.

His first and most natural conclusion is that these effects are produced by some being. This being must take some form in his imagination. Now it is a fact in mental science that the picture in the imagination is always made ['3] MAN up of parts of objects or existences which the individual has perceived. For an example, one cannot imagine an animal totally different from what he has actually seen. He may imagine an animal with the head of a horse and the body of a lion, and having wings like an eagle, and he may give it a name ; yet it is not a new animal, but sim ply a combination of what he has already perceived. One may imagine a mouse the size of an elephant ; but he cannot construct in his imagination an animal that is not in form like some other animal, or that is not made up of other forms which his mind has perceived through the senses.

This imaginary being then, which produces these effects must take the form or be made up of the forms which the savage is familiar with. This simple manner of explaining natural phenomena is characteristic of children. Indeed, the savage is but a child intellectually. His fondness for ornament is child like. He is pleased with a rattle and tickled with a straw, as the child is. I remember when a child I constructed a theory of the universe which for the time satisfied my childish mind. The vast blue expanse we call the sky was to me a shell something like blue glass. This in closed the world like the half of an egg-shell ; of what was under the earth I had no idea unless it was earth all the way down. Heaven, which I had been told was a happy place, and had heard called the "other world," I imagined was a place surrounded by a similar blue shell, and to £ro from one to the other, I should have to break through each of these shells and creep out of the one and into the other.

I remember also, when quite small, the thought came to me, what makes the clouds move? I had no theory to give, but asked an older sister. She told me that God made them move. I was satisfied with this so far as the explaining the movement was concerned ; MAN'S ORIGIN. 15 but I tried now to imagine what kind of a being God was; for I could think of nothing else than of a being, a person age, and this being would take no other form in my mind than that of a gigantic man, and I really imagined I could see a huge giant pushing the cloud masses before him. This leads me to say that in general the savage, like the child, is averse to exercising his mind in finding out the real cause of phenomena. It is the exception and not the rule for men in a low state of civilization to think or worry their minds very much about the causes of things.

It is also true, as Sir John Lubbock observes, that "the mind of the savage, like that of the child, is easily fa tigued, and he will then give random answers to spare himself the trouble of thought." Mungo Park, the cele brated African traveler, relates that when he asked the negroes what became of the sun at night and whether they should see the same sun next day or a different one, they considered his question as very childish. They had never had any conjectures in regard to it, considering such questions as beyond the reach of human investigation. Henry Walter Bates, a traveler in Brazil, asked a native what was the cause of thunder and lightning, and who made the sun, and stars, and the trees. He replied that he did not know and that he had never heard the subject men tioned among his people.

Pope's lines are expressive as applied to the savage. " To be contents his natural desire He asks no angel's wings or seraph's fire." Again, the savage is acquainted witn no force except his own will, and he naturally imagines all objects which move or serve special purposes as endowed with volition, or will power. The Esquimaux, the Choctaws, and some other tribes make no distinction between animate and in- MAN, animate objects in their language. The Fijians think that "vegetables and stones, nay, even tools and weapons, pots, and canoes have souls, that are immortal." The child in play, it may be noted here, addresses its play things as though they were conscious beings. These facts in regard to the nature of uncivilized man. explain in part at least, the origin of myths. THE GREEK MYTH.

There was a time according to the ancient Greek mythology when all was chaos, that is, there was no distinction of solid land, nor sea, ner atmosphere, but all was a confused mass, yet containing the "discordant seed of all things." From this confusion the power of a superior being formed the universe. The origin of man, according to this myth, was some what as follows : After the land had been separated from the waters one of the gods arranged the mountains and valleys, the lakes and rivers, the woods, plains and fertile fields. The air became clear, the stars appeared, the sea produced fish, and the land beasts and birds. A race of giants called Titans first inhabited the earth. Prometheus, it is said, made the first man by taking clay and kneading it with water. Epimetheus, the brother of Prometheus> then undertook to provide man and all the animals with faculties necessary for their preservation while Prometheus was to oversee the work.

Epimetheus having distributed quite lavishly his gifts of courage, s .iftness, sagacity, etc., to the animals, had none left for man. P-ometheus, as a compensation, ascended to heaven for fire md brought it down to earth and gave it to man, who iy reason of it could surpass all other animals for he coulu ender himself independent of climate, cook his food and^nake tools to cultivate the ground. THE GREEK MYTH. 17 But man was alone, and instead of making woman as a helpm'pet for him, Zeus, or Jupiter, the leader of the gods created a woman and sent her to earth as a punishment to the brothers for having stolen the fire from heaven. This woman's name was Pandora. The gods, it was said, all contributed something to perfect her, one bestowing upon her music, another beauty, etc. But how did she become a punishment to the inhab itants of earth ?

According to one account she found a jar in the house of Epimetheus, and her curiosity caused her to open it, when out there flew all manner of evils. The jar, however, contained Hope, which remained in the bottom, and was left to comfort mankind. Another account makes Pandora bring a vase from heaven with her, and the curiosity of the husband prevailed and it was opened. The earliest condition of mankind according to the Greek myth was that of innocence and happiness, and the poets called the first division of time the Golden Age. Then truth and justice prevailed. There were no laws nor magistrates, because none were needed. There were no weapons of war and no quarreling, nor fighting. Men did not need to labor, for the earth brought forth abun dantly all that men needed or desired. The rivers flowed with wine and milk, and the trees emitted honey.

But after this there came the Silver Age. Then the year was divided into seasons, and men must endure the extremes of heat and cold. They must till the ground and labor for a living, This was followed by a Brazen Age, when men became savage in disposition, and wars and tumults broke out. Next came the Iron Age, which was worse than all. Crime became prevalent, Fraud, double dealing and all manner of wickedness was abroad. Men no longer owned things in common, but divided up the MAN, land and accumulated wealth. The gods one by one abandoned the earth until all were gone. Zeus, enraged with this state of affairs, summoned a council of the gods and resolved to destroy the inhabitants of earth, and seizing a thunderbolt he was about to throw it down to earth, but reflecting that the fire might destroy heaven also, he changed his mind and concluded to drown it.

So the rivers and seas were let loose, and the rain. poured down "until all the earth was covered except Mt Parnassus, upon whose summit Deucalion and Pyrrha, a man and woman, found refuge. When the flood subsided the pair sought a temple and prayed to the gods to tell them what to do. The reply was : " Depart from the temple with head veiled and garments unbound, and cast behind you the bones of your mother." These words filled them with astonishment. Pyrrha said : " We cannot obey ; we dare not profane the remains of our parents." Finally, after thinking awhile over the matter, Deucalion said : " Either my sagacity deceives me, or the command is one we may obey without impiety. The earth is the great parent of us all ; the stones are her bones ; these we may cast behind us, and I think this is what the oracle means.