The History of Rome

Preface

Encouraged by the success of my History of Greece, I now present to the public, and particularly to those who are engaged in the task of education, that of Rome similarly executed. The inadequacy of Goldsmith's and other compilations to convey correct historical knowledge is now generally felt and acknowledged, and works of a higher order are required for education. Most readers are aware that in consequence ofthe labors of Niebuhr (a man of whom I "never can either think or speak but with admiration and respect) the history of the early centuries of Rome has assumed an entirely new char acter. These new views should be known, and I have therefore introduced them ; but as every one may not be disposed to acquiesce in them, Ihave, though convinced of their general soundness, kept them distinct from the common narrative, which I have given in all the fulness that my limits would allow ; and teachers will use their discretion with respect to the chapters which contain them.

In the Second Part of this work I have followed this writer's narrative, as it would have been presumption in me to do otherwise. The study of Niebuhr's own work I however most strongly recommend to every one ; and I can answer with confidence for the correctness and fidelity ofthe trans lation of it by MM. Hare and Thirlwall. It may startle some readers to find so much of the early Roman history treated as fabulous, and Rome's first two kings presented as the mere creations of imagination. Their surprise I can assure them arises entirely from ignorance of mythology as a science ; for were they well acquainted with its principles, it would probably be of another kind, and they would wonder how such palpable fictions ever came to pass for realities. I have labored, and I hope with success, to raise mythology from the contempt in which it has long lain

PREFACE.

. in this country, and I look forward to its enjoying the full share of consideration which it deserves. As I find that my other works have already made their way into some highly respectable ladies' schools, and know .ng to what ridicule, though unjustly, the wrong accentua tion of classic names exposes people, I have followed the Greeks in circumflexing the penultimate syllables when long otherwise than by position or the union of consonants. The apex which I have employed is constantly used in marking the long vowels in Oriental words, and it is more agreeable to the eye than an accent, or the mark of long quantity. Thus Cethegus and Perperna have both the accent on the penultimate syllable, while in Catidus, Han nibal, and others, it is on the antepenultimate. I take this opportunity of informing the heads of schools, that if life and health are spared me I propose writing a volume of Roman Antiquiti'es as a companion to the present work.

I shall feel most grateful to those who will point out to me any defects or omissions they may discover in my works, and I now return my thanks to those who have done so in my Greece, and assure them that their suggestions will be attended to in the next edition. I would finally request that my History of Greece should be always read before that of Rome ; for as I regard these works as one whole, it is frequently referred to in the following pages. T. K. London, Dec. 15th, 1835. In this Second edition a few corrections and improve ments have been made. I am happy to be able to add that the First volume of my History of England, containing the history from the earnest times to trie end of the House of Tudor, is in the press, and will be published before mid summer. The Second and concluding volume will follow it with all convenient speed. London, April, 1837. CONTENTS

Chapter I

page Description of Italy. — Ancient Inhabitants of Italy. — The Pelasgians. — The Oscans. — The Lalins. — The Umbrians. — The SabeUians. — The Etruscans. — The Ligurians. — The Italian Greeks. — Italian Religion. — Political Constitution 1 CH.iPTER II. Æneas and the Trojans. — Alba. — Numitor and Amulius. — Romulus and Remus. — Building of Rome. — Reign of Romulus. — Roman Constitution. — Ntima Pompilius. — Tullus Hoslilius. — Ancus Marcius. ... 8

Chapter I

Beginning ofthe Republic. — The Dictatorship. — Roman Law of Debt. Distress caused by the Law of Debt. — Secession to the Sacred Mount A* VI CONTENTS. PAGE. — The Tribunate. — Latin Constitution. — Treaty with the Latins. — War with the Volscians. — Treaty with the Hernicans 57

Chapter II

The public Land. — Agrarian Law of Spurius Cassius. — The Consulate. — Volscian Wars. — Veientine War. — The Fabii at the Cremera. — Siege of Rome. — Murder ofthe Tribune Genucius. — Rogation of Volero Publilius. — Defeat of the Roman Army. — Death of Appius Claudius 63

Chapter III

Volscian War. — Leg-end of Coriolanus. — The Terentilian Law. — Seizure of the Capitol by the Exiles. — Dictatorship of Cincinnatus. — The first Decemvirate. — The second Decemvirate. — Sicinius Dentatus. — Fate of Virginia. — Abolition of the Decemvirate 81

Chapter IV

Victories of Valerius and Horatius. — Canuleian Law. — Censorship and military Tribunate. — Feud at Ardea. — Sp. Mælius. — Æquian and Volscian War. — Capture of Fidenæ. — Volscian War. — Murder of Postumius by his own Soldiers. — Veientine War. — Capture of Veii. — Siege of Falerii. — Exile of Camilius 99

Chapter V

The Gauls. — Their Invasion of Italy. — Siege of Clusium. — Battle ofthe Alia. — Taking of Rome. — Rebuilding of the City. — Distress of the People. — M. Manlius. — The Licinian Rogations. — Pestilence at Rome — ]\I. Curtius. — Hernican War. — Combat of Manlius and a Gaul. — Gallic and Tuscan Wars. — Combat of Valerius and a Gaul. — Reduction of the Rate of Interest 113

Chapter VI

First Samnite War. — Mutiny in the Roman Army. — Peace with the Samnites. — Latin War. — Manlius put to Death by his Father. — Battle of Vesuvius, and Self-devotion of Decius. — Reduction of Latium. — Publilian Laws. — Second Samnite War, — Severity of the Dictator Papirius. — Surrender at the Caudine Forks. — Capture of Sora. — Tuscan War. — Passage of the Ciminian Wood. — Samnite and Tuscan Wars. — Peace with the Samnites +. 131

Chapter VII

Third Samnite and Etruscan Wars. — Battle of Sentinum, and Self-devotion of Decius. — Battle of Aquilonia. — Reduction of the Samnites. — Hortensian Law. — Worship of Æsculapius introduced. — Lucanian War. — Roman Embassy insulted at Tarentum. — Gallic and Etruscan War 15]

Chapter VIII

Arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. — Battle on the Siris. — Cineas at Rome. — Approach of Pyrrhus to Rome. — Battle of Asculum. — Pyrrhus 'n Sici- CONTENTS. VII PAGE. ly. — Battle of Beneventum. — Departure os Pyrrhus. — Italian Allies. — Censorship of Ap. Claudius. — Change in the Constitution. — The Roman Legion. — Roman Literature 161

Chapter I

Carthage. — First Punic War. — Siege of Agrigentum. — Roman Fleet. — Naval Victory of Duilius. — Invasion of Africa. — Defeat and Capture of Regulus. — Losses ofthe Romans at Sea. — Battle at Panormus. — Death of Regulus. — Defeat of Claudius. — Victory at the Ægatian Isles. — Peace with Carthage. — Effects ofthe War 17-1 CHpAPTER II. Civil War at Carthage. — Illyrian War.— Gallic Wars 190

Chapter III

Conquests of the Carthaginians in Spain. — Taking of Sagimlum. — March of Hannibal for Italy. — Hannibal's Passage of the Alps. — Bat tie of the Ticinus. — Battle of the Trebia. — Battle of the Trasimene Lake. — Hannibal and Fabius Cunctator. — Battle of Cannæ. — Prog ress of Hannibal 194

Chapter IV

Hannibal in Campania. — Defeat of Postumius. — Affairs of Spain. — Treaty between Hannibal and King Philip. — Hannibal repulsed at Nola. — Success of Hanno ill Bruttium. — Affairs of Sardinia, — of Spain, — of Sicily. — Elections at Rome.- — Defeat of Hann". — Siege ofSyraeuse. — Affairs of Spain and Africa. — Taking of Tarentum. — Successes of Hannibal 212

Chapter V

Taking of Syracuse. — Defeat and Death of the Scipios. — Hannibal's Marrh to Rome. — Surrender of Capua. — Scipio in Spain. — Taking of New Carthage. — Affairs in Italy. — Retaking of Tarentum. — Defeat of Hasdrubal in Spain. — Death* of Marcellus. — March of Hasdrubal. — His Defeat on the Melaurus CONTENTS.

Chapter VI Page

Successes of Scipio in Spain. — Mutiny in his Army. — Carthaginians expelled from Spain. — Scipio's Return to Rome. — His Preparations for invading Africa. — Invasion of Africa. — Horrible Destruction of a Punic Army. — Defeat of the Carthaginians. — Attack on the Roman Fleet. — Death of Sophonisba. — Return of Hannibal. — Interview of Hannibal and Scipio. — Battle of Zama. — End of the War ." 231

Chapter VII

Macedonian War. — Flight of Hannibal from Carthage. — Antiochus in Greece. — Invasion of Asia and Defeat of Antiochus. — Death of Hannibal. — Last Days of Scipio. — Characters of Hannibal and Scipio. — War with Perseus of Macedonia — Conquest of Macedonia. — Triumph of Æmilius Paulus 253

Chapter VIII

Affairs of Carthage. — Third Punic War. — Description of Carthage. — III Success ofthe Romans. — Scipio made Consul. — He saves IVfancinus. — Restores Discipline m the Army. — Attack on Carthage. — Attempt to close the Harbor. — Capture and Destruction of Carthage. — Reduction of Macedonia and Greeee to Provinces 264

Chapter IX

Affairs of Spain. — War with the Lusitanians. — Treacherv of LucuFms. — Viriathian War. — Murder of Viriathus. — Numantine War. — Capture of Numantia. — Servile War in Sicily. — Foreign Relations of Rome. — Government of the Provinces. — The Publicans. — Roman Superstition. Roman Literature 275

Chapter I

State of Things at Rome. — Tiberius Gracchus : — his Tribunate and Laws : — his Death. — Death of Scipio Africanus. — Caius Gracchus: — his Tribunates and Laws: — his Death. — The Gracchi and their Measures. — Insolence and Cruelty of the Oligarchs. — Conquests in Asia and Gaul CONTENTS, IX

Chapter II. Page

The Jugurthine War. — Defeat and Death of Adherbal. — Bestia in Africa. — Jugurtha at Rome. — Defeat of Aulus. — Metellus in Africa. — Attack on Zama. — Negotiations with Jugurtha. — Taking of Thala. — Caius Marius. — Taking of Causa. — Taking of the Castle on the Mulucha. — Sulla and Bocchus. — Delivery up of Jugurtha. — His End. — Cimbric War. — Victory at Aquae Sextiæ. — Victory at Vercellæ. — Insurrection of the Slaves in Sicily 309

Chapter III

State of Rom/B. — Tribunate of Saturninus. — His Sedition and Death. — Return of Metellus. — Tribunate and Death of Drusus. — Social or Marsic War. — Murder of the Prætor by the Usurers. — Sedition of Marius and Sulpicius. — Sulla at Rome. — Flight of Marius 324

Chapter IV

State of Asia. — First Mithridatic War. — Sulla in Greece. — Victories of Chæronea and Orchomenus. — Peace with Mithridates. — Flaccus and Fimbria. — Sedition of Cinna. — Return of Marius. — Cruelties of Marius and Cinna. — Death and Character of Marius. — Return of Sulla. — His Victories. — Proscriptions of Sulla. — His Dictatorship and Laws. — He lays down his Office, and retires. — His Death and Funeral.— His Character 337

Chapter V

Sedition of Lepidus. — Sertorian War in Spain. — Death of Sertorius and end of the War. — Spartacian or Gladiatorial War. — Defeat and Death of Spartacus. — Consulate of Pompeius and Crassus. — Piratic War. — Reduction of Crete 353

Chapter VI

Second Mithridatic War. — Third Mithridatic War. — Victories of Lucullus. — His Justice to the Provincials. — War with Tigranes. — Defeat of Tigranes. — Taking of Tigranocerta. — Invasion of Armenia. — Defeat of a Roman Army. — Intrigues of Lucullus' Enemies at Rome. — Manilian Law. — Pompeius in Asia. — Defeat of Mithridates. — Pompeius in Armenia : — in Albania and Iberia : — in Syria and the Holy Land. — Death of Mithridates. — Return and Triumph of Pompeius 3G2

Chapter VII

Catilina's Conspiracy. — Arrest and Execution ofthe Conspirators. — Defeat and Death of Catilina. — Honors given lo Cicero. — Factious Attempts at Rome. — Clodius violates the Mysteries of the Bona Dea. — His Trial.. 375

Chapter VIII

Pompeius and Lucullus. — C. Julius Cæsar. — M. Licinius Crassus. — M. Porcius Cato. — M. Tullius Cicero. — Pompeius at Rome. — Consulate b CONTENTS. X P.1GE. of Cæsar. — Exile of Cicero. - Robbery of the King of Cyprus. — Recall of Cicero. — His Conduct after his Return °** CH.APTER IX. Second Consulate of Pompeius and Crassus. — Parthian War of Crassus. — His Defeat and Death. — Anarchy at Rome. — Death of CJodtus. — Pompeius sole Consul.— Trial and Exile of Milo. — Gallic Wars ot Cæsar JyJ

Chapter X

Commencement ofthe Civil War. — Cæsar at Rome. — Cæsar's War in Spain. — Surrender of Massiha. — Cæsar's civil Regulations. — Military Events in Epirus 41t>

Chapter XI

Battle ofPharsalia. — Flight and Death of Pompeius. — His Character. — Cæsar's Alexandrian War. — The Pontic War. —Affairs of Rome. — Mutiny of Cæsar's Legions. — African War. — Death of Cato. — His Character. — Cæsar's Triumphs. — Reformation of the Calendar. — Second Spanish War. — Battle of Munda. — Honors bestowed on Cæsar. — "Conspiracy against him. — His Death. — His Character 428

Chapter XII

Affairs at Rome aster Cæsar's Death. — His Funeral. — Conduct of Antonius. — Octavius al Rome. — Quarrel between him and Antonius. — Mutmensian War. — Cæsar made Consul. — The Triumvirate and Proscription. — Death of Cicero. — His Character. — Acts of the Triumvirs. — War wilh Brutus and Cassius. — Battle of Philippi. — Death of Brutus and Cassius. — Antonius and Cleopatra. — Cæsar's Distribution of Lands. — Perusian War. — Return of Antonius to Italy. — War with Sex. Pompeius. — Parthian War. — Rupture between Cæsar and Antonius. — Battle of .Actium. — Last Efforts of Antonius. — Death of Antonius and Cleopatra. — Sole Dominion of Cæsar. — Conclusion 446 Chronological Table of Contxmporary History PRELIMINARY NOTICES. Roman Chronology. The taking of the City by the Gauls is the event which was used to connect the Grecian and Roman chronology, from which 3G0 years were reckoned back to the foundation of Rome.

By some that event was placed in 01. 98, 1, B.C. 388 ; by others in Ol. 98, 2, B.C. 387. Fabius, taking the former without a necessary correction of four years, placed the building of Rome in Ol. 8, 1, B.C. 747; Cato, from the same date with the correction, in Ol. 7,1, B.C. 751; Polybius and Nepos, taking the latter date with the correction, in Ol. 7, 2, B.C. 750; while Varro placed it in Ol. C, 3, B.C. 753. The eras in use are the Catonian, Varronian, and that of the Capitoline Marbles, (as they are called,) which is a mean between those two; the date of the commencement of our era being 752 Cat., 753 Cap. Mar., 754 Varr. The Catonian is that used in the following pages, and the year B. C. may always be obtained by subducting any given date from 752. Roman Money. The lowest Roman coin, the As, was originally a pound weight of brass, (<£s,) but it was gradually reduced to half an ounce.

The Ses terce (sestertius, i. e. semis-tertius) contained 2^ asses, and was usually expressed by HS. (an abbreviation of L. L. S. Libra, libra, semis, or of 1.1. J.) The Denar (denarius) contained 10 (deni) asses. As the Greek talent was equal to 24,000 sesterces, four sesterces (that is, ten asses or one denar) were equal to one drachma. The As is usually said to be equal to 3j^q., and the sesterce to Id. 3\q. of our money ; but if the Greek drachma be worth 9§d., (see Hist, of Greece,) the sesterce is equal to 2Tb^d. ; the As is therefore nearly equivalent to an English penny, and the denar to a French franc. Roman Measures of Length and Breadth. The Roman Foot was equal to 11.604 English inches. Five feet made the Pace (passus) = 4 feet 10.02 inches; 1000 paces (mille passus) are called the Roman Mile, a word derived from mille.

PRELIMINARY NOTICES. XII The Roman Jlctus was a square of 120 feet, containing therefore 14,400 square feet; two Actus made the Juger, (from jugum,) which consequently measured 240 feet by 120. Roman Names. The Romans had two, three, four, or more names: 1, The nomen, or Gentile name, (that of their gens,) as Julius, Furius ; no Roman was without this name ; it always ended in ius. 2, The prœnomen, or Christian name, as we may term it, as Aulus, Caius, ending (the antiquated Kæso, Lar, Opiter, Agrippa, and Volero excepted) in us. 3, The cognomen, or family name, as Scipio, Sulla, Marcellus. 4, The agnomen, or name of honor, as Africanus. Ex, gr. Publius Cor nelius Scipio Africanus. The abbreviations ofthe prænomina are as follow : A. Aulus; Ap. or App. Appius; C. Caius; Cn. Cnæus ; D. De cimus; K. Kæso or Cæso; L. Lucius; Mam.

Mamercus; M. Mar cus; M'. Manius; N. Numerius; P. Publius; Q. Quintus ; S. or Sex. Sextus; Ser. Servius; Sp. Spurius; T. Titus; Ti. or Tib. Tiberius. These prænomina (Appius and Cæso excepted) were common to most families ; the more unusual ones were peculiar to some families : thus none but the Menenii and Furii bore that of Agrippa, none but the Fabii, Quinctii, Atinii and Duilii that of Cæso ; the Cominii and Æbutii alone bore that of Postumius ; Volero was peculiar to the Publilii, Opiter to the Virginii, Lar to the Herminii, Vopiscus to the Julii, and Appius to the patrician Claudii. Women had not a prænomen; the daughters of a Fabius, for example, were called Fabia prima, secunda, etc. The Romans when adopted placed their own gentile or family name last : thus, Æmilius, when adopted by Scipio, was named P. Cornelius Scipio Æmiliunus ; and M. Junius Brutus, when adopted by Cæpio, became Q. Servilius Cæpio Brutus. THE HISTORY OF ROME.

Chapter I. Description Of Italy

ANCIENT INHABITANTS OP ITALY. THE PELASGIANS. THE OSCANS. THE LATINS. THE UMBRIANS. THE S.4BELLIANS. THE ETRUSCANS. THE LIGURIANS. THE ITALIAN GREEKS. ITALIAN RELIGION. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION. The peninsula named Italy, the seat of the mighty re public whose origin and history we have undertaken to relate, is separated from the great European continent by the mountain range of the Alps, and extends about five hundred miles in a south-eastern direction into the Medi terranean Sea. The part of this sea between Italy and the Hellenic peninsula was named the Adriatic or Upper Sea, (Marc Superum ;) that on the west toward the Iberian peninsula, the Tyrrhenian or Lower Sea, (Blare Infcrum.) A mountain range, the Apennines, commences at the Alps on the north-western extremity of Italy, and runs along it nearly to its termination, sending out branches on either side to the sea, between which lie valleys and plains generally of extreme fertility.

The great plain in the north, extending in an unbroken level from the Alps to the Apen nines and the sea,* and watered by the Po (Padus) and * Now called the Plain of the Po, (La Pianura del Po.) I A other streams, is the richest in Europe; and that of Campa nia, on the west coast, yields to it in extent rather than in fertility. The rivers which descen^to water these plains and valleys are numerous ; and many of them, such as the Po, the Adige, (Atcsis,) the Amo, and the Tiber, are navigable. The mountains of Italy are composed internally of gran ite, which is covered with formations of primary and sec ondary limestone, abounding in minerals, and in ancient times remarkably prolific of copper. The white marble of Carrara, on the west coast, is not to be rivalled. Forests of timber-trees clothe the sides of the Apennines and their kindred ranges, among whose lower parts lie scattered lakes of various sizes, many of them evidently the craters of ex tinct volcanoes.

The western side of Italy has been at all times a volcanic region, and Mount Vesuvius, on the Bay of Naples, is in action at the present day. The fruitful Isle of Sicily, with its volcanic mountain Ætna, lies at the southern extremity of Italy, separated from it by a channel five miles in its greatest, two in its least, breadth. It is by no means unlikely that, as tradition told, Italy and Sicily were once continuous, but that, at a point of time long anterior to history, a convulsion of nature sank the solid land, and let the sea run in its place. Besides Sicily, there are various smaller islands attached to Italy, chiefly along its west coast, of which the most remarkable are the volcanic group of the Liparean isles and the Isle of Elba, (Hva,) which has at all times been produc tive of iron.

The magnificent region which we have just described, so rich in all the gifts of nature, has never, so far as tradition and analogies enable us to trace, been abandoned by Prov idence to the dominion of rude barbarians living by the chace and the casual spontaneous productions of the soil, without manners, laws, or social institutions. To ascertain, however, its exact condition in the times anterior to history is beyond our power; but by means of the traditions of the Greeks, and the existing monuments of the languages and works of its ancient inhabitants, we are enabled to obtain a view of its ante-Roman state, superior perhaps in definite ness to what we can form of the ante-Hellenic condition of Greece. Under the guidance of the sharp-sighted and sagacious investigator whose researches have given such an aspect of ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF ITALY. clearness and certainty to the early annals of Rome,* we will now venture to pass in review the ancient peoples of Italy.

In the most remote ages to which we can reach by con jecture, Italy was the abode of two distinct portions of the human family, different in language and in manners; the one dwelling on the coasts and plains, the other possessing the mountains of the interior. The former were probably a portion of that extensive race which we denominate the Pelasgian, and which dwelt also in Greece and Asia ; t the latter were of unknown origin, and no inquiry will enable us to ascertain any thing more respecting them, than that they belonged to the Caucasian race of mankind. We cannot, by means of language or any other tokens, trace their affinity to any known branch of the human kind, or even make a conjecture as to the time and mode of their entrance into Italy. They may therefore, under proper re strictions, be termed its indigenous inhabitants.

The Pelasgians, it is probable, entered Italy on the north east. Under the names of Liburnians and Venetians, they possessed probably the whole plain of the Po and the easl coast down to Mount Garganus; thence, as Daunians, Peu cetians, and Messapians, they dwelt to the Bay of Tarentun* and inlands ; as Chones, Morgetes, and Œnotrians, they then held the country from sea to sea to the extreme end of the peninsula; and finally, as Tyrrhenians and Sicilians, dwelt along the west coast to the Tiber and up its valley, perhaps even to the Umbro (Ombrone) in Tuscany. Italians was the name of the people, Italia that of the country, south of the Tiber and of Mount Garganus. £ The Pelasgians of Italy seem to have been similar in character to those of Greece. We find various traces of their devotion to the pursuits of agriculture ; their religion appears to have been of a rural character ; and Cyclopian walls are to be seen in some of the districts where they dwelt.

If they entered the country as conquerors, it was probably their superior civilization which gave them the advantage over the ruder tribes which occupied it. At length, in consequence of pressure from without, or from internal causes, such as excess of population, the * G. B. Niebuhr, with whom K. O. Milller, in his Etruscans, (Die Etruskcr,) in general agrees. t See History of Greece, Part I. chap. ii. X Those skilled in etymology will easily see that Italus and Siculus are but different forms of the same word. HISTORY OF ROME. tribes ofthe interior came down on and conquered the peo ple ofthe coasts and plafcis A people named Opicans, or Oscans, overcame the Daunians and other peoples of the east coast, and the region thus won was named from them Apulia; they also made themselves masters of the country thence across to the west coast, and along it up toward the Tiber.

Here they were divided into the Saticulans, Si dicinians, Volscians, and Æquians, while Auruncans, or Ausonians, was the more general appellation of the whole people.* Another tribe, named Cascans and Priscans.t who are supposed to have dwelt in the mountains from the Fucine Lake to Reate and Carseoli, being pressed from behind by the Sabines, came down along the Anio and subdued the Siculans, named Latins, who occupied the country there abouts. A part of this people retired southwards ; and this movement gave, it is said, occasion to the occupation of the Island of Sicily by the Siculans ; the remainder coalesced with the conquerors, and the united people was named Priscans and Latins, (Prisci Latini,\ ) or simply Latins, and their country Latium. Further north, a people named the Umbrians descended from the mountains and conquered the country to the Po ; they also extended themselves to the sea on the west of the Apennines, and down along the valley ofthe Tiber.

The Latin language, which we have still remaining, is evidently composed of two distinct elements, one akin to the Greek, and which we may therefore assume to be Pe lasgian, the other of a totally different character. § The * According to etymology, the root being op or i.r,0pici,0sci, Apuli, Volsci, Æqui, are all kindred terms. We might perhaps venture to add Vmbri and Sabini. Ausoncs is the Greek form of Auruni, whence Au runici, Aurunci. The Latin language luxuriates in adjectival termi nations. See Niebuhr, i. 69, note; and Buttmann's LeTcilogus, in v. anii] yatu, note. t See Niebuhr, i. 78 and 371. This writer (i. 79, 80) says that it is to the Latins that the term Aborigines, answering to the Autochthones of the Greeks, belongs. The general usage of ancient and modern writers names the people of the interior the Aborigines.

X It was the old Roman custom to omit the copulative between words which usually appeared in union, as empti venditi, locati con duct!, socii Latini, accensi vclati. Like Gothic among ourselves, Cascus and Prisons came to signify old or old-fashioned. § In the Latin, the terms relating to agriculture and the gentler modes of life are akin to the Greek ; those belonging to war and the chase are of a different character. Of the former we may instance THE S.A.BELLIANS. existing monuments in the Oscan and Umbrian languages present exactly the same appearance, and the foreign element seems to be the same in all. Hence it may without pre sumption be inferred, that kindred tribes speaking the same, or dialects of the same language, conquered and coalesced with the Pelasgians, and new languages were formed by inter mixture, just as the English arose from the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman-French.

The people who are supposed to have given totheCascans and Oscans the impulse which drove them down on the Pelasgians, are the Sabines, who dwelt about Amiternum in the higher .4pennines. The Sabellian race (under which name we include the Sabines and all the colonies which issued from them) was evidently akin to those above men tiohed, for there can be little doubt of their language being the non-Pelasgic part of the Latin and Oscan. This race spread rapidly on all sides. The Sabines, properly so called, having occupied the country of the Cascans, gradually pushed on along the valley of the Tiber into Latium ; the Picenians settled on the coast of the Adriatic ; the four allied cantons of the Marsians. Marrucinians, Vestinians, and Pelignians dwelt to the south of them and the Sabines ; and below them were the Samnites, divided into the cantons of the Frentanians, Hirpinians, Pentrians, and Caudines, who conquered the mountain-country of the Oscans, henceforth named Samnium.

At a later period, (about the year of Rome 314,) the Samnites made themselves masters of Campania and the country to the Silarus. Under the name of Lucanians they also conquered, much about the same time, the country south of Samnium, the more southern part of which was afterwards wrested from them by the Bruttians, a people which arose out of the mercenary troops employed by the Lucanians and Italian Greeks in their wars, and the Œnotrian serfs of the latter.* Another Sa bellian people were the Hernicans, who possessed a hilly region south of Latium in the midst of the Æquian and Volscian states. Different in origin, language, and manners from all the bos, taunts, sus, ovis, agnus, canis, ager, silva, xinum, lac, met, sal, oleum, malum ; of the latter, arma, tela, hasta, ensis, gladius, arcus, sagitta, clupeus, cassis, balteus.

(Niebuhr, i. 82. Mtlller, i. 17.) * In Oscan, and perhaps in old Latin, brutus signified a runaway slave, a maroon. Names of reproach have often been acquiesced in by peoples and parties ; witness our Whig and Tory. 1 * HISTORY OF ROME. tribes already enumerated were the people named by themselves Rasena, by the Romans, Etruscans and Tuscans, who occupied the country between the Tiber and the Amo, aud also dwelt in the plain ofthe Po. The common opinion was that they were a colony from Mæonia or Lydia in Asia, who landed on the coast of Etruria, where they reduced the inhabitants to serfship, and, afterwards crossing the Apennines, conquered the country thence to the Alps. Against this it was urged * that there was not the slightest similarity in manners, language, or religion between them and the Lydians, and that the latter retained no tradition whatever of the migration.