The London Burial Grounds. Notes on their history from the earliest times to the present day ... Illustrated

Front matter

THE LONDON BURIAL GROUNDS sr. petlr's, cornhill, in i 8 1 7 . The London Burial Grounds NOTES ON THEIR HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY BY Mrs. BASIL HOLMES " Thou that intendest to the Church to Day, Come take a turn or two, before thou go'st. In the Churchyard ; the Walk is in the way. Who takes best heed in going, hasteth most : But he that unprepared rashly ventures. Hastens perhaps to seal his Death's Indentures George Ht kbkij ILLUSTRATED LONDON T. FISHER UN WIN MDCCCXCVJ [All rights reserved.'] "First learn to love one living man ; Then may'st thou think upon the dead." Wordsworth. To Those who Love the Living E ScOiratr these Details of the Dwellings of the Dead. "October sheds the leaf and April brings it ; So one flower fadeth and another springs ; Earth renovates itself."

H. Bonar CONTENTS CH VI4 PACK INTRODUCTION' ... ... ... ... 1 3 I. BRITISH AND ROMAN BURYING-PLACES ... ... 23 II. THE GRAVEYARDS OK PRIORIES AND CONVENTS ... 30 III. THE CATHEDRAL, THE ABBEY, THE TEMPLE, AND THE TOWER ... ... ... ... 53 IV. THE CITY CHURCHYARDS ... ... ... 74 V. LONDON CHURCHYARDS, OUTSIDE THE CITY ... yO VI. PEST- FIELDS AND PLAGUE-PITS ... ... 117 VII. THE DISSENTERS' BURIAL-GROUNDS ... ... 1 33 VIII. BURIAL-PLACES OF FOREIGNERS IN LONDON ... 1 53 IX. HOSPITAL, ALMSHOUSE, AND WORKHOUSE GROUNDS 1 ~ 1 X. PRIVATE AND PROMISCUOUS CEMETERIES ... I 87 XI. THE CLOSING OF THE BURIAL-GROUNDS AND VAULTS >o6 XII. GRAVEYARDS AS PUBLIC GARDENS ... ... 226 XIII. THE CEMETERIES STILL IN USE ... ... 250 XIV. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE ... ... ... 263

Appendix

. A. LIST OF BURIAL-GROUNDS IN EXISTENCE 279 B. LIST OF BURIAL-GROUNDS WHICH HAVE DISAPPEARED C. CHURCHES AND CHAPELS WITHOUT BURIAL-GROUNDS, BUT 3-1 WITH VAULTS UNDER THEM 329 D. HOW TO LAY OUT A BURIAL-GROUND AS A GARDEN 331 K, THE DISUSED BURIAL-GROUNDS ACT, ETC. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE I. ST. peter's, cornhill Frontispiece 2. tumulus at hampstead 25 3- ROMAN MONUMENT FROM LUDGATE 27 4- BURIAL OF A MONK 34 PLAN OF PRIORY OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW THE GREAT CRYPT OF ST. MARTIN LE GRAND IN I 8 I 8 ... 3- 37 6. 39 CRYPT OF ST. JOHNS, CLERKENWELL 45 8. remains of bermondsey abbey about l800 Paul's cross ... 4s 9- 57 ELM ON SITE OF PAUL'S CROSS 6o IO. st. Margaret's, Westminster, and the abbey church- 1 1. 6.3 yard about 1750 67 12. GREAT CLOISTER, WESTMINSTER st. peter's chapel in the tower about 1750 three coffin-lids from the tower 69 '3- •4- 7' ALLHALLOWS', STAINING ■5- 79 i6. cripplegate churchyard about 183o st. Mildred's, bread street 8o 1 1 ■ 83 i8.

PLAN OF ST. BENET FINK IN I 8 34 H 86 I9. THE CHURCHYARD OF ST. BENET, Paul's WHARF, I 838 ALL SAINTS', WANDSWORTH, ABOUT I 80O 20. 93 96 21. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY TOMBSTONE . NINETEENTH-CENTURY TOMBSTONE . 97 2 I A 22. SHOREDITCH VILLAGE 100 23- ST. PANCRAS VILLAGE ST. GILES IN THE FIELDS 101 io7 2+. site of ST. Katharine's docks 25. I I 2 26. st. Matthew's, bethnal green, 1818 i r 3 27- tothill fields pest houses LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 12 F'Ar.i 28. 126 STEPNEY CHURCHVARD SITE OF THE BREVVEr's GARDEN ABOUT 183O DEADMAN'S PLACE BURIAL-GROUND... 128 29. 30. I29 31- UNION CHAPEL, WOOLWICH FRIENDS' BURIAL-GROUND, WHITECHAPEL '37 '43 32- WHITFIELD'S TABERNACLE 33- '45 wesley's monument 34- '49 •54 3 5- A CORNER OF THE JEWISH CEMETERY, MILE END JEWISH CEMETERY, FULHAM 36. i58 i6o 37- JEWISH BURIAL-GROUND BEHIND BETH HOL1M HOSPITAL...

JEWISH CEMETERY, MILE END 38. i6i i6< 39- flemish ground, carter lane, about i 8 i 7 east hill burial-ground, wandsworth Christ's hospital cloisters 169 +o. 4-1- I 72 42. THE LONDON HOSPITAL GRAVEYARD CHELSEA HOSPITAL GRAVEYARD J75 43- 1 77 44- VIEW FROM THE WHITE HORSE STREET ALMSHOUSES, STEPNEY '79 45- THE BURIAL-GROUND IN NEWGATE GAOL 190 +6. 198 PEEL GROVE BURIAL-GROUND VICTORIA PARK CEMETERY 47- i99 +8. victoria park cemetery ( meath gardens) st. ann's churchyard, soho, in 1810 battersea churchyard about 183o 203 49- 2 I I 22 I 5°- st. James's churchyard, pentonville 5 * • 223 CHURCHYARD OF ST. GEORGE'S IN THE EAST 52- 229 234 53- ST. BOTOLPH, ALDGATE ... ST. John's garden, benjamin street 54 2 39 ALLHALLOWS1, LONDON WALL 55- 243 56 A CORNER OF ST. JOHn's BURr AL-GROUND, HORSEFERRY ROAD 247 57 PROPOSED CEMETERY, WORMWOOD SCRUBBS NORWOOD CEMETERY ABOUT 1 85 1... 253 58 254 258 59 TOMB OF PRINCESS SOPHIA oo 26l GROUP OF TOMBSTONES IN KENSAL GREEN CEMETERY SHEEP IN THE SAVOY CHURCHYARD ABOUT I 82 j 6i 268 62 27I THE COLUMBARIUM AT KENSAL GREEN 63 SPA FIELDS PLAYGROUND

Introduction

In looking one day at Rocque's plan of London (1742—5) I noticed how many burial-grounds and churchyards were marked upon it which no longer existed. I made a table of them, and traced their destiny, and the result of this research was printed in the First Annual Report of the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, which was issued in 1884. I then went further, and commenced to draw up a list of all the burying-places, of which I could find any record, still existing, or that had ever existed in London. It was no easy task. A return drawn up by the late Sir Edwin Chadwick in 1843, for the use of the Par liamentary Committee which sat to consider questions relating to the sanitary condition of the labouring classes, contains a most valuable, though not perfectly complete, table of the graveyards in actual use at that date.

Then there are the returns of the grounds closed by order in Council in 1853 and 1854, and still open for interments in 1855, which are also very useful. There is a return, dated June, 1833, purporting to show all the " Places of Burial belonging to each Parish or

INTRODUCTION.

. 14 Precinct under the Authority of the Bishop of London," and all the " Places of Burial belonging to Dissenting Congregations within the Bills of Mortality," &c, with their size, and the annual number of burials in them. This, when I found it, I thought would be a great treasure, but I soon discovered such entries as the following : " Three letters have been addressed to the Officiating Ministers of the parishes of St. Benet, Gracechurch, St. Martin, Ludgate, and St. Margaret, Westminster, respectively ; but no return has been received from either." " The united parishes of All hallows, Bread Street, and St. John the Evangelist, not being under the authority of the Bishop of London, I have not any return to make." " I beg to add that there are several other places used as burial-grounds in this parish (Stepney) belonging to Jews, Dissenters, and others, of which I have no official cognizance, and to which, in fact, I have no access," &c. And with regard, generally, to the second part of the return, the following simple remark is made : " The Secretary of State is not able to ascertain the Places of Burial belonging to Dissenting congregations within the Bills of Mortality."

In 1839 Walker described the condition of 47 ol the most crowded metropolitan places of interment, and the Parliamentary Committee which sat in 1 842 heard evidence about these and some others. In Maitland's " History of London " there is a list of 64 burial-places used in the year 1729, and not included in the Bills of Mortality. Some of these are

INTRODUCTION.

. 15 outside London, and some are only vaults under buildings. I have also kept a list of about fifty books which I found of use, although in many of them only a few burial-grounds are mentioned or described. And this, with the addition of various ancient and modern maps and plans of London and its environs, is the material upon which I have had to work. But as it is never safe to take anything on trust, nothing but actual perambulations and inquiries on the spot could show the present size and condition of the burial grounds, and even several that are marked on the ordnance maps have been built upon since they were published, as, for instance, the German ground in the Savoy, the additional ground to St. Martin's in the Fields, and Thomas' ground in Golden Lane, all of which have disappeared.

I have had some curious experiences while graveyard hunting. At first I was less bold than I am now, and was hardly prepared to walk straight into private yards and look round them until asked my business and driven to retire. " My business " it is best not to reveal ordinarily. If one mentions that one is looking at a place because it was once a burial-ground the fact will generally be stoutly denied, and sometimes in good faith. But it is not unusual for an employe innocently to acknowledge that there are bones under the ground upon which he is standing, whereat his master, il he knew of it, would be very angry. For it must be remembered that it is to the interest of the owner of a

INTRODUCTION.

. 16 yard to keep the circumstance of its having been used for interments in the background, and he is not pleased if, when he wants to put up a wall or enlarge a shed, he is stopped from doing so by the enforcement of the Disused Burial Grounds Act of 1884, as amended by the Open Spaces Act of 1887. I inquired of an old man once, in a court in Shore ditch, whether he remembered a graveyard existing by the workhouse. " No," he said. I noticed a newer part ol the building, evidently a recently erected wing, and asked him how long it had been built. "Oh, I moind," said he, "when they was buildin' that, they carted away a ton of bones." Here was the evidence I was seeking for. One day a sleepy old Smithfield butcher, whose work-time was the night, and whose sleeping-time was the morning, was specially kept awake until 10 o'clock in order to see me, as he could remember the extent ol a certain burial-ground before it was done away with.

The information he was able to supply was very useful, but it was hard to keep him to the point, as the poor old man, once roused to remember the past, would per sistently revert to the cottages which used to stand on the adjoining plot of land, and which ought, he said, to have come into his own possession if he had not been in some way defrauded out of his lawful in heritance.

INTRODUCTION.

. 17 It is often necessary, in order to see a graveyard, to go into one of the surrounding houses and ask for per mission to look out from a back window. Such per mission is sometimes refused at once, sometimes it is most kindly given. I remember arousing a divided opinion upon this matter by knocking at the door of one of the upper rooms in the almshouses in Bath Street. I wanted to see the ground used as a garden by the inmates of the St. Luke's Lunatic Asylum in Old Street, and which was at one time a pauper burial ground for the parish. The old man did not at all like my invading his room, but the old lady was most affable, and had much to say upon the subject. At any rate I saw what I wanted, and made my mental report, but I left the old man grumbling at my unneces sary intrusion, and the old lady in smiles.

I hope she did not suffer for her kindness. If one asks to go into a burial-ground, it is generally imagined that one wants to see a particular grave. I have been supposed to have " some one lyin' there " in all quarters of the metropolis, and in all sorts of funny little places. I have been hailed as a sister by the quietest of Quakeresses and the darkest of bewigged Jewesses, by the leanest and most clean-shaven of ritualistic Priests, and by the bearded and buxom Dis senter. I remember, however, knocking at the gate of one Jewish ground which the caretaker was unwilling to let me enter. She asked me the direct question, " Are you a Jewess?" I had to say no, but happily I was

INTRODUCTION.

. 18 armed with the name of a gentleman who had kindly told me to mention it in any such difficulty. It answered, and I was allowed in. One day I climbed a high, rickety fence in a builder's yard in Wandsworth in order to see over the wall into the Friends' burial ground. No doubt the men in the place thought me mad, — anyhow they left me in peace. I have often been assured that there is no possibility of a particular enclosure ever becoming a public garden by those who live, at a low rent, in the neighbouring cottage, on condition that they keep watch over the ground. Alas, before many months are over, they find that the wires have been pulled somehow or other, and that their precious yard is no longer available for their fowls to run in or for their clothes to dry in, but is invaded by their neighbours and their neighbour's unwelcome children.

" They come four times a year to clear away the weeds." That is the sort of care taking that some burial-grounds are subjected to ; and on the other 361 days in the year all sorts of rubbish is deposited in them. Twice I have had mud thrown at me, once by a woman in Cable Street, E., and once by a man in Silchester Road, W., but these were wholly unprovoked attacks, in fact mere accidental occurrences. For my general experience has been of the greatest consideration and politeness. I have never been out of my way for the sake of idle curiosity, but have not hesitated to go down any street or court or to knock at any door

INTRODUCTION.

. 19 which was in my way, and I have never had cause to regret it. An appearance of utter insignificance and an air of knowing where you are going and what you want, is the passport for all parts of London ; and I have seen young men and maidens, one moment indulging in the roughest play, the next moment step off the pavement to let me pass. The clergy and others always seem to think their own people the very worst. " You don't know what this neighbourhood is like," I have heard over and over again, and I am thankful I don't. But as far as a superficial knowledge ofthe streets goes they seem to be all much the same — north, south, east, and west — and their frequenters too. To the children, at any rate, one need never mind speaking. Poor little souls ; they say " Miss," or " Mum," or " Missus," or " Teacher," or " Sister," or " Lady," but they never answer rudely.

Gravediggers and gardeners in cemeteries are gene rally communicative people, who do not at all mind stopping their work for a bit, and enlarging on the number of funerals, &c, which they daily witness. They speak of the actual headstones and monuments by the surnames engraved thereon, as, for instance, " Brown," " Smith," &c, and will point out a par ticular grave as " four behind Smith over there, Smith is the tall stone by the path ; or if you look next to Wallace which has the shrub on it," and so on. It is interesting to trace on maps of different dates the rise and fall of a graveyard. First there is the

INTRODUCTION.

. 20 actual field, which on some particular day was acquired for the purpose. Then there is the burial-ground formed and in use. Then the plot appears to be vacant — put to no purpose, or used as a yard. Lastly buildings are on it, and the graveyard has quite dis appeared. One difficulty to be encountered needs much study to overcome ; it is the different names by which the same ground is called in different books or plans. For instance, Chadwick mentions in his list one called St. John's, Borough, whereas the proper name for this same ground is Butler's burial-ground, Horselydown. As another instance, and there are scores, it may be mentioned that the Peel Grove burial ground was called in some returns the North-east London Cemetery, in others Cambridge Heath burial ground, and in others Keldy's ground.

Occasionally a graveyard is described as being " near the free school," or in some such vague terms, and it needs a knowledge of the districts and the buildings in them, past and present, to be able to locate some of these grounds which I have ventured to call "obscure." Since 1883, as complete a list as I could make of the London burial-grounds has appeared in the Reports of the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, and I have, from time to time, been asked for information about the more obscure ones. In the summer of 1894 the London County Council instructed its Parks Committee to make a return of all the burial-grounds existing in the County of London, with their size,

INTRODUCTION.

. 21 ownership, and condition. Having been applied to for information and assistance, I offered to undertake the work. It involved some additional research at the British Museum, and a fresh perambulation. The offer being accepted I commenced the task in February, 1895, and sent in the return in June, accompanied by 60 sheets of the ordnance survey (25 inch to the mile), upon which the grounds were marked in colours, viz., those still in use blue, those disused green, those con verted into public recreation grounds green with a red border. I gave the number existing in the County and City of London as 362, of which 41 were still in use, and 90 were public gardens and playgrounds. This did not include churches and chapels with vaults under them, but without graveyards. It must also be remem bered that the area was strictly limited (as it is in this work) to that of the metropolitan boroughs, or the administrative County of London with the City.

The cemeteries in the county do not represent all the parochial ones. There are, for instance, those of St. George's, Hanover Square, and Kensington at Hanwell, the Paddington Cemetery in Kilburn, the Jewish at Willesden, and very many more just outside the boun dary, not to speak of a large number in what is called " London over the Border," which to all intents and purposes is still London, although separated by the River Lea, and governed by the West Ham Corporation. The kindly notice taken of the return, which was

INTRODUCTION.

. 22 published by the Council in October, 1895, has encouraged me to prepare the present volume, in which there is scope for a general view of the subject, for further historical details, and for particulars of those grounds which no longer exist. The more public interest is brought to bear upon the burial-grounds, the more likely is it that they will be preserved from encroachments. The London County Council has special powers to put in force the provisions of the Disused Burial Grounds Act, and it has the record of their actual sites on the plans prepared by me. It is for the public to see that these provisions are carried out, not only for historical, sentimental, and sanitary reasons, but also because each burial-ground that is curtailed or annihilated means the loss of another space which may one day be available for public recreation ; and considering that land, even in the poorest part of Whitechapel, fetches about /J 30,000 per acre, it is easily understood of what inestimable value is a plot of ground which cannot be built upon.

Chapter I. British And Roman Burial-places

"Where now the haughty Empire that was spread With such fond hope ? Her very speech is dead." Wordsworth. Every chronicler of London history who can lay claim to be called an antiquarian, from Fitzstephen, Stow, and Pennant, to the Rev. W. J. Loftie and Sir Walter Besant, has tried to gather up the fragmentary evidence which from time to time has come to light, and to form some picture of the condition of London in the earliest times. Many have gone in largely for invention, and have weaved what they supposed to be circumstantial stories from discoveries of the most trivial kind, but these fictions are not worthy of repetition. As it is only with the evidences of the places of interment in London that this chapter has to deal, it is not possible to go into the question of the Roman roads, walls, villas, gardens and camps, of which traces have been found, although these relics really form the most interesting of the ancient remains, or " remarkables " as Maitland calls them, belonging to the several parishes.

A few tumuli scattered over London are supposed to mark the sites of British burial-places. Stukeley imagined he had discovered one by Long Acre, but the evidence is not trustworthy. Certainly there are some artificial mounds in Greenwich Park, which were opened in 1804 by the Rev. James Douglas, and found to contain spear-heads, beads, pieces of cloth, hair, &c, and there is the well-known one in Parliament Hill Fields, Hampstead, which the London County Council excavated in 1894. From the few broken pieces of human workmanship which were brought to light in this excavation, it was conjectured that the mound was an ancient British burial-place of the early bronze period, but no particular name can be associated with it. It is now railed round for its better protection, and planted with shrubs.

The Romans buried their dead outside their cities, often on each side of the highways immediately beyond the walls and gates, and they .adopted this plan, to a certain extent, in Britain. But it must be remembered that Roman London, as first designed and built, was far smaller than that which is enclosed within the line of the city wall of which fragments still remain, and therefore some sepulchral monuments have been discovered inside this wall and its gates, as, for instance, near St. Martin's, Ludgate, in St. Paul's Churchyard, in BRITISH AND ROMAN BURIAL-PLACES Camomile Street and Lombard Street, and by the churches of St. Mary at Hill and St. Dunstan's in the East. Near Dowgate some excavations made by Wren brought to light what were then thought to be British graves, but as there were Roman urns at a still lower level the matter was rather difficult of solution.

THE TUMULUS AT HAMPSTEAD. The largest number of sepulchral remains have been found on the east side of the City, commencing at Bishopsgate and Moorfields, and extending to Wapping on the south, and Sun Tavern Fields, Shad well, on the east ; and it is not improbable that a cemetery of con siderable size occupied all this district in Roman times. In 1756 many earthen urns, containing ashes, burnt human bones, and coins, were dug up in a field " called Lottesworth, now Spitalfield," close to the present site of Christ Church, Spitalfields, together with some stone coffins and remnants of wooden ones which probably dated from British or Saxon times ; and on many occasions during the last century, urns, lachrymatories, monumental stones, &c, were discovered in different spots in the district above mentioned.

In many cases the monumental stones were erected to the memory of soldiers from various legions of the army, and on a few of them the inscriptions are still legible. Some of the Roman remains discovered in London are in the Guildhall Museum ; the one represented in the accompanying picture, which was found near Ludgate, is with the Arundel marbles at Oxford. A few single graves have been identified among the traces of the gardens and villas which immediately surrounded the Roman Fort. The following description of what Sir Christopher Wren found in St. Paul's Churchyard, on the north side of the Cathedral, is interesting. " Upon digging the foundation of the present fabrick of St. Paul's, he found under the graves of the latter ages, in a row below them, the Burial-places of the Saxon times — the Saxons, as it appeared, were accustomed to line their graves with chalk-stones, though some more eminent were entombed in coffins of whole stones.

Below these were British graves, where were found ivory and BRITISH AND ROMAN BURIAL-PLACES. 27 wooden pins, of a hard wood, seemingly box, in abundance, of about six inches long ; it seems the bodies were only wrapped up, and pinned in woollen shrouds, which being consumed, the pins remained ROMAN MONUMENT. entire. In the same row, and deeper, were Roman urns intermixed. This was eighteen feet deep or more, and belonged to the colony when Romans and Britons lived and died together." (From Wren's " Parentalia.") The remains found in the north-east corner of the churchyard were the best preserved. Some evidences of a Roman cemetery have also been discovered on the south side of the Thames, in Snow's Fields, Bermondsey, Union Street, Newington, and the burial-ground in Deverell Street. This district was probably the place of interment for those who lived in the small suburb which was growing up on the south side of the Bridge or Ferry.

On Blackheath there have also been found traces of Roman burial, and in 1803 several urns were dug up in the Earl of Dartmouth's garden, but they were supposed by some authorities to be the remains of the Danes who were encamped in that neighbourhood. Such are the very scanty traces that have hitherto been brought to light relating to the burial-places of those who were amongst the worthiest pioneers in the making of London, and who occupied it before the time of the Christians who founded the earlier priories and churches. For as soon as these Christian institutions were established, it became the practice to bury the dead inside them or around them, and the cloisters and burial-grounds of the priories, and the churchyards and vaults of the churches, took the place of the more distant cemeteries and the more scattered graves.

Roman London is buried with British, Saxon, and Danish London, far below the surface of nineteenth century London, and Longfellow might have been BRITISH AND ROMAN BURIAL-PLACES. 29 writing its epitaph when he described the ruins under the sea — " Hidden from all mortal eyes Deep thc sunken city lies ; Even cities have their graves ! " The dedications of the London churches mark his torical periods, and there are a few names, such as St. Olave and St. Magnus, which are of Danish derivation, but of the Danish interments in London very few traces remain. Beyond the remnants found at Black heath, and the belief held by some chroniclers that the church of St. Clement Danes was so named because it stood in a plot of ground where the Danes were buried, only one discovery of any importance has been made.

On the south side of St. Paul's Churchyard, in digging the foundation for a new warehouse a few years ago, a relic was found with the following Runic inscription on it, which Mr. Loftie thinks must have belonged to an early stage of the Danish conquest, " Kina caused this stone to be laid over Tuki." A tradition used to prevail in Fulham that human remains, which have been discovered at different times in the neighbourhood of the river, were survivals of the Danish invasion, although the actual skeletons found there in 1809 (on the property of the Earl of Cholmondeley) seemed, from coins, daggers, &c, which were with them, to belong to the time of Charles I.

Chapter II. The Graveyards Of Priories And Convents

"Gone are all the barons bold, Gone arc all the knights and squires, Gone the Abbot stern and cold, And the brotherhood of friars ; Not a name Remains to fame, From those mouldering days ot old Longfellow. Fitzstephen's statement that "there are in London and the suburbs 1 3 churches belonging to convents, besides 126 lesser parish churches," is not a very satis factory one, as he does not proceed to name these several churches, or to tell his readers with what establishments they were connected. However, he was probably under the mark in putting the first figure at thirteen, for even in his time, and certainly very little later, there were many more than thirteen monastic and conventual buildings in London, and each had its church or chapel. The chief amongst these establishments which existed in London in the twelfth century, and which were made between that time and the dissolution of the priories in the days of Henry VIII., were : — Inside the City Walls. i. The Greyfriars or Franciscans, succeeded by Christ's Hospital. 2.

The Blackfriars or Dominicans in the west. 3. The Crossed or Crutched Friars, by Fenchurch Street. 4. The Augustine Friars, by Broad Street. 5. St. Helen's Priory of Nuns, Bishopsgate Street. 6. The Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. 7. The Priory and Sanctuary of St. Martin's le Grand. 8. Elsing Spital, London Wall. 9. The Priory of St. Augustine Papey. 10. St. James's Priory, the Hermitage in the Wall, Monkswell Street. 11. The Priory of St. Thomas Aeon, Ironmonger Lane. 12. The Fraternities who had the care of St. Paul's Cathedral, including the brotherhood of All Souls, specially connected with the Charnel Chapel. Outside the City Walls 13. The Whitefriars or Carmelites, south of Fleet Street. 14. The Abbey and the Convent of Westminster. 15. A Brotherhood of St. Ursula at St. Mary le Strand. 16.