History of Kansas, from the first exploration of the Mississippi Valley to its admission into the Union, etc

Front matter

BoTlDER RUFFIAXS "CiniKd OVEB TO WIPE DOT IiAWEEXCl..' HISTORY OF KANSAS: FROM THE FIRST EXPLORATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, TO ITS ADMISSION INTO THE UNION : EMBRACING A CONCISE SKETCH OF LOUISIANA: AMERICAN SLAVERY. AND ITS ONWARD MARCH : THE CONFLICT OF FREE AND SLAVE LABOR IN THE SETTLEMENT OF KANSAS, AND THE OVERTHROAV OF THE LATTER. WITH ALL OTHER ITEMS OF GEN- ERAL INTEREST : COMPLETE, CONSECUTIVE AND RELIABLE. By J. N. HOLLOWAY, A. M. LAFAYETTE, IND : JAMES, EMMONS & CO., JOURNAL BUILDINGS. 18S8. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by JOHN N. HOLLOWAY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Kansas. TO §tv. $>. §k §*0jrttf, A SINCERE FRIEND OF MANKIND, IRRESPECTIVE OP PARTY, CONDITION OR COLOR, 3lno a Cabom for #000, UNDER A GRATEFUL SENSE OF MANY FAVORS, AS A TOKEN OF HIGH .ESTEEM, THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY ©hj gUtfcar.

Preface

. Kansas has a history which is common with no other State in the Union. The history of Slavery in our country is the history of successive triumphs and continued advances over the will of a majority of our people, until it entered into a hand to hand grap ple with Free Labor in Kansas. Here was the battle-field of the combined forces of the "Irrepressible Conflict," aud here the question of supremacy be tween its opposing elements was finally settled. Slavery triumphed in every Territory where she sought to establish her dominion until she provoked, by tearing down the bulwarks of Plighted Faith, a single-handed contest with Free Labor in the settlement of Kansas, upon the principles of Popular Sov ereignty. To the people of this Territory, aided by friends in the Free States, therefore, belongs the honor of first repelling the advances of Slavery, and of for ever destroying its power..

Slave propagandists felt this, and hence, when the question Avas decided in Kansas, they turned in their wrath upon the General Government, which had been to Slavery an indul gent and fostering guardian, to take its life, whereby to rid themselves of its control. Few have fully comprehended the awful character and extent of the desperate conflict iu Kansas. Both

PREFACE.

. parties upheld by the pecuniary means and moral support of their respective States, engaged in it with the most intense and inflamed spirit of parti sans. Plans, deep, dark and far-reaching, were laid by the great minds of the nation, and found their execution in Kansas. "Worse than civil war reigned, worse than its concomitant evils preA-ailed. To fully understand the character of the Kansas conflict requires a proper acquaintance with the ag gressions of Slavery in the United States upon Free dom, of which the Kansas trouble was but the out growth or culmination. I have, therefore, inserted a short sketch of that Institution. The history of Kansas is a difficult one to write. Though there is an incalculable amount of material Which can be gathered together, still facts were so per verted and differently represented by contemporary writers, that the searcher for truth is often lost and puzzled in his investigations.

Much, too, of the history of Kansas has never been written. The de signs and motives of each party, and many of their plans, can not be found on paper, all of which so essential to a complete history of Territorial struggle, must be gathered from men who are still living, and to whom they are familiar. There is no complete and consecutive history of Kansas Territory. The books which have been written upon Kansas matters cover but a short space of time, and contain but a partial -rmd disjointed sketches of those times. They were written in great haste for campaign documents, and hence were in many instances highly colored and inaccurate. Most of the important documents bearing upon Kansas history are scarce and difficult to find. There is no public library or historical society in the State which has made the collection. The writer has been at the trouble and pains to make this collection him self, which he has found more difficult than the labor

PREFACE.

. of writing the book. In a few years this work could not have been done. Documents would have been lost, families moved away, and thus some of the most essential items in the history of Kansas become oblivious. The tjn-written history of Kansas could never be written so well as at the present time, while most of the actors in the early troubles of the Terri tory are still living. The author has visited those, made their acquaintance, whom he has ever found open and communicative on all subjects, and from whom he has gathered much valuable assistance. To supply what seemed to be a great public de mand has been my design in undertaking the pre paration of this volume. I have had but one idea to guide me in its compilation, and that is Truth. By this I have sought to test every word and sen tence.

I have sought not only to aA-oid misrepresen tation, but also another very common fault into which writers are prone to fall — exaggeration of facts ; but I have labored to describe events exactly as they transpired, without underrating or over coloring them. How far I have succeeded in accomplishing this purpose is left to the impartial judgment of the public to decide. In the prosecution of this work, I have enjoyed many advantages. Totally unconnected Avith the Territorial difficulties, Avithout any political or per sonal preferments, my judgment has been wholly free from prejudice and partiality. I hav-e freely consulted Avith men of all parties and opinions, from all of Avhom I have gathered much information. Books, files of papers, letters and documents of various kinds have come to me from every quarter.

In this way my labors have been greatly facilitated, and I take this opportunity to make a public acknowl edgement of these favors, which are the more appre-

PREFACE.

. ciated as I am a stranger in the State. It Avould be tedious to mention all Avho have rendered me much invaluable assistance, but I cannot forbear to name the State Auditor. Mr. SAvallow, and State Librarian, Dr. Hounton, Avho has permitted me the use of the library, as though it Avere my own; Mr. Barker, Sec retary of State and Mr. Clarkson, Clerk in that office, who have alloAved me free access to official records; Hon John W. Forman of Atchison, Avho has fur nished me, among other valuable documents, a com plete file of the " Squatter Sovereign;" Dr. A. Hunt ting of Manhattan, who sent me several valuable scrap-books; Hon. G. W. Smith of LaAvrence, Avho furnished me a complete file of the "Herald of Freedom"; Hon. Joel Grover, of LaAA7rcnce, who supplied me Avith some rare documents; Col. C. K. Holliday of Topeka, aa71io has given me many impor tant items; Hon. J. A. Halderman of LeavenAvorth, through whose influence I obtained access to the Mercantile Library of that city, and the use of its ex cellent files of old papers; Hon. S. A. Kingman of Atchison, Avho has assisted me in various Avays; Gov.

Robinson, to Avhom I am much indebted, as also to Col. Montgomery, whose assistance and hospitality I have enjoyed; Hon. J. A. Wakefield Avho wrote out some early reminescences for me; Hon. George Hill yer Avho furnished me a file of the "Kansas Free man"; Hon. John Ritchie from Avhom I obtained val uable official documents; S. M. McDonald and Baker of the "State Record" Avho have greatly assisted me; Hon. James Christian Avho has the most valuable library in the Territory. J. N. H. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

History op Louisiana— How Connected with History of Kansas; Ferdinand de Soto's Expedition to the Interior of the United States; The Century that Elapsed; Indian Reports of a Great River in the West; Marquette's Expedition Down the Mississippi; La Honton's Travels; La Salle's Explorations of the Mississippi, and his Unsuccessful Attempt to Found a Colony at its Mouth; De Iberville Repeats the Effort to Colonize Lower Louisiana with Better Success; Sufferings of the Colony; Crozat Acquires Control of it; He Fails; Louisiana in the Hands of the Western Company 21-27

Chapter II

History of Louisiana — The Company's Operations; Its Prosperity Not Real; Surrenders its Charter; What was Accomplished for the Colony under its Auspices ; On its Reversion to the King he Chastises the Indians; Boundaries of Louisiana; England and Spain Jealous of French Prosperity; Conflicting Claims of England and France; English Attempt to Settle the North-western Territory ; The French Oppose this Movement ; Rupture Between the two Nations Which Gives Rise to the French War; Treaty of Paris; Part Spain Played, and Her Loss; France Cedes the Remnant of Louisiana to Spain; Cession Kept Secret for Awhile ; Discontent when Made Known ; The American Revolution and its Results; Part Spain Played and Her Gain; Treaty of 1795; Attempts to Form a Separate Government in the South-western States; United States Alarmed on Hearing of the Treaty of St. Ildefonso ; Jefferson Negotiates to Purchase Louisiana; Bonaparte's Remarks upon the Subject; Treaty of 1803; United States Takes Possession of Louisiana; Its Division and Organization by Congress 28-37

Chapter III

Introduction and Establishment op African Slavery in the United States Against the Wishes of the People — What the History of Slavery in the United States Shows; Thrust. upon the Colonies by England against their Remonstrances, as o £1 CONTENTS. shown in the history of M»ssachosetts, Virgicia, Georgia, New York, New England States, and South Carolina; The Declara tion of Indepecdence embodies the sentimetts of the People in regard to Slavery; Suppressed Arti-le; Action of Conti nental Congress against it; Effort in 1784 to Prohibii Slavery from the Territories of the United States ; Prohibition of 1787 ; Slavery Triumph in the Constitutional Convention; South Carolina and Georgia Cede their Territory to the Union on Conditions; Slave Trade (ollowed by Slave Breeding 38-46

Chapter IV

Triumph op Slavery in 1820 — Missouri Petit ons Congress for Admission; Referred to a Committee; Report not acted upon that Session; Petition renewed at next Session; Slavery Restrictio-i Introduced; Bill Lost; Arkansas Territory Organized ; Magnitnde of the Missouri Question; Popular Excite meut daring the Summer; Position and Arguments of the two Parties; Toe Sixteenth Congress; The Missouri Question Engages its Attention : Mr. Taylor's Amendment; The Stormy Debate; Its Character; Selections from the Speech of Mr. Ot.it, of Mr. Barboor, andotbers, Mr. Thomas' Amendment; The Vo.e; ihe two Houses Disagree; The Committee of Conference; The Compromise; Missouri forms a Constitution; Objectionable to Congress; Admitted upon Conditions; She Complies with Them 46-56

Chapter V

Triumph of Slavery in thf. Annexation or Texas. — Question about the Boundaries of Louisiana; Treaty »iih Spain; A Southern Move ; .v'exico Gains her Independence; Texas Colonized — Rf volts and Asks to be Annexed to the United States ; The Annexation and Provisions; Opposition to the Annexation; President's Proposition to Congress to Satisfy Mexico with Money; Qaeation as to the Character of Labor in t^a Territory; Wilmot Proviso — Lost; Popular Sovereignty First Enunciated — Not Popular; Attempt to Organize the Terri tory ; Resumed in 1850; Slavery Holds the Missouri Compromise Sacred ; Compromise; What the South Gained 66—63

Chapter VI

Kansas-Nebraska Act — Slavery Triumph — Relation of Both Parties to the Missouri Compromise ; Its 6n.t Infraction iu 1836 ; Petitions for Organizing Territory West of Missouri ; Opposition of the South ; Bill tor Its Organization in the 33d Congress; Validity of the Missouri Compromise First Questioned; Plighted Faith ; S A. Douglas at First Startles but Resolves not to be Outbid; His Kansas-Nebrask Bill; Position of the Two Fariies; Motion of Mr. Douglas; Mr. Chase's Motion Mr. Bidder's Motion ; Mr. Clayton's Motion ; Mr. Chase's Pi oposition; Bill Passes the Senate; Bill in the House; Parliamentary Maneuver ot Hon. A H. Stephens; Bill Forced Through; Congressional Globe; Bill in the Senate; Atchison's Speech; Signed by the President; Design of Organizing Two Territories 64—72. CONTENTS. 11

Chapter VII

— 1854. An Act to Organize the Territory of Kansas 74-86

Chapter VIII

— 1705-1854. Antiquities of Kansas— Kansas Antiquities not remote; I he Name; Discovered in 1705; Explored in 1719; Spanish Expedition and Battle iu 1720; The French Establish a Fort on the Missouri: Expedition of Louis and Clar ; First Steamboat up the Missouri; The Fur Trade; Santa Fe Trade; Indians Trouble the Trains; Council Grove; Outiitting Posts; Mag nitude of this Trade; For', Leivenworth; Removal of the Indians from the East; Fort Scott; Fremont; Trains Across to the Pacific; The Border in the Mexican War and Gold Excitement in California; Description of Prairie Commerce . ... 87-95 CHAPTER 1X.-1854. A Survey of the Battls I'ield and the Contestants Before the Conflict— Kansas Regarded as a Barren Waste; Better known aft^r Califorcia Emigration ; People of Missouri ; Slavery and Kansas Territory ; Atchiaon's Speech; Character of the People on the Border; Effect of Atehison's Speech; His Biography; Feeling of the People as er the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise; Feeling of the Free Statt-s; Determined to Contest its Settlement; Advantages on tteSide of Slavery 96-105 CHAHTER X— 1854.

Pro-Slavery, Emigration, and Emigrant -id Societies — Emigration from Missouri ; Politicians hold Sqi'a'ter Meeti r gs ; Reao lutions of the First Convention in Kansas; abolitionists; Founding of Leavenworth; Of Atchison; Free State Men not Idle; Appeals of the Press; Organization of Aid Societies; New England Emigrtint Aid Society; Its Design, Character. and Mode of Operating; Emigrant Aid Company of New York and Cincinnai; Union Emigration Society; Their Primary Object; Not Illeg.il nor Dishonorable 106-115

CHAPTER XI

— 1854. Free State Emigratign, Hostilf. Preparations, and The Beginning of Difficulties- Free State Settleis ; Disturbed by Missourians ; Squatter Government ; C. H Branscomb; First Set dement of Lawrence; Of Topeka; Manhattan; Grasshopper Fall-i; What the Emigrant Aid Societies Did, and Especially the New England; The Border Alarmed; Platte Argus; The Passions of the Border Men Excited; Resolutions at Border Meetings ; Reward Offered for Eli Tbayer; Threats Towards A. Guthrie; Platte County Self-Defensive Association; Remarks of the Border Chiefs ; Livesand Characters of the Stringfellows; Missouri Secret Societies ; Real and Avowed Causes of their Formation; Self Defensives Seize T. A Minard and an Old Citizen; Arraign Rev. F. Starr; Seek to Control Trade; Citizens Pretest Against Them; They Remove their Headquarters from Weston ; First Invasion of Lawrence 116-130 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER5 XII— 1854. Inauguration of Government — No Government lor four months, but all was orderly; Territorial Officers Appointed ; Biography of Governor Reeder; His Arrival at Leavenworth; Tour through the Territory ; Proclamation for Election, not Palatable to Pro-slavery Men ; The Convention at Leavenworth ; Its Correspondence with Governor Reeder; The Candidates for Delegate to Congress; Slavery not an Issue; The Election; Frauds; Summary of the Returns; J. W. Whitfield Elected; Popular Sovereignty Exemplified; Courts Opened 131-137

CHAPTER XIII

— 1855. Electing Territorial Legislature —Mild Winter; Census Taken ; Returns; Anecdote; Disaffection of Pro-Slavery Men; Proclamation for an Election of Territorial Legislature; Slavery Made the Issue; Preparations in Missouri; Invasion of the Territory and Stuffing Ballot-boxes; At Lawrence; Bloomington ; Sixteenth District; Eighteenth; Abstract of Election Returns; Excuse for Illegal Voting; The Emigrant Aid Societies Took no Part in the Election; Free State did not all Vote ; A Fair and Full Vote Would Have Given a Free State Majority; Testimony of the City Attorney of St. Joseph; On Demand of Members Elect Governor Reeder Issues Certificates, Except in Six Districts; Protests; Pro-Slavery Men Incensed; Refuse to Participate in the New Election 138-153

CHAPTER XIV

— 1855. The Consequence— Feelings of Free State Men; Their Demeanor; Rejoicing on the Border; "Squatter Sovereign" Advises Extermination; A Convention to Intimidate Reeder; Destruction ot "Parkville Luminary"; Warning to Methodist Preachers; Meetings at Weston and Liberty; Murder of Clark; McCrea's Escape ; Pro-Slavery Men Enraged ; Notify Mr. Phillips to Leave; Another Meeting; Vigilance Committee Appointed; Phillips Carried to Weston, Tarred and Feathered, and otherwise Outraged; The Action Endorsed by a Publio Meeting; Difference in the Manners of Free State Men and Pro- Slavery Men 154-158 [

CHAPTER XV

— 1855. Territorial Legislature— Governor Reeder Goes to Washington ; President Urges Him to Resign— But They Cannot Agree Upon the Terms of Correspondence Grounding His Resignation ; Other Positions Offered Mr. Reeder ; He Returns to the Te-ntory Feeling Insulted ; Territorial Legislature Assembles at Pawnee ; Both Houses Purge Themselves of the Free State Element; Report of Committee on Credentials in the House — Minority Report; Protest of the Ousted Members; Motion of Jndge Wakefield in Council ; Colonel Cofley's Response to Wakefield's Interrogation; Report of Committee on Credentials; Protest of Free State Members; Move the Temporary Seat of Government to Shawnee Manual Labor School Over CONTENTS. 13 •199 the Governor's Veto; Design of Calling Legislature at Pawnee; Legislature at Shawnee Mission Frames a Code of Laws; Their Oppressive Features; Governor Refuses to Recognize Them as a Legal Body; They Consult the Supreme Court of the Territory Which Renders a Judgment in Their Favor; Legislature Memorialize the President for Mr. Reeder's Removal ; Mr. Reeder Removed 158—167

CHAPTER XVI

— 1855. Causes of Reeder's Removal Considered — Causes; Pawnee; Reeder Interested ; Jeff. Davis Orders the Removal of the Inhabitants; Orders not Observed Until the Fall of 1855 — When it is Carried Out; Half Breed Kaw Lands; Reeder's Speculation No Speculation At All ; Governor Reeder's Career Praise Worthy; Members of Legislature Attend to Their Own Interest; Complaints of Their Constituents; Hon. Wilson Shannon Appointed Governor; His Biography; A Copy of the Laws Punishing Offenses Against Slave Property 168 — 176

CHAPTER XVII

— 1855. Fkee State Movements— Oppression of Free State Men ; They Petition in Vain; Determine to Protect Themselves by Peaceable Means First ; Convention at Lawrence on the 8th of June ; National Democratic on the 27th; Free State Men on the 11th of July ; Mass Convention on the 14th of AugUBt; The Union MasB Convention on the 15th takes Preliminary Steps for a Constitutional Convention ; Organization of the Free State Party; Platform; Very Conservative; Reasons; Report of Committee on State Organization; On Legislative Matters of the Territory ; Provides for Election of Delegate lo Congress ; Reeder Defended from Charges and Nominated; Judge Smith's Speech; Reeder's Response; Topeka Delegate Convention 19th of September ; Its Resolutions 177-189

CHAPTER XVIII

— 1855. Free State Movements — Continued — People's Proclamation: Call for an election of Delegates to Constitutional Convention ; The Absorbing Topic Discussed ; Election of Delegates to Congress; An Amusing Incident; Topeka Constitutional Convention; Character of the Body; Vote on Striking Out "White;" On Approving Squatter Sovereignty: Excluding Free Negroes; The Constitution ; Signers, their Occupation, &c. 190-

CHAPTER XIX

— 1855, Various Etenes — Free State Emigration; Improvements; Poor Class of New Emigrants; Disease; Secretary Woodson ; Convention at Lexington, Missouri, of Border Chiefs ; Secret Organization; Kansas Legion; Pat. Laughlan's Expose; Efforts to Involve Free State Men in Legal Difficulties; Policy of Free State Men, especially at Lawrence; Another Secret Organization; Its Character and Object; Outrage at Atchison on J. W. B. Kelley; Resolutions ; Rev. Pardee Butler sent CONTENTS. afloat on the Missouri River; Collins Killed by Laughland; How Shannon's Appointment was Viewed by the People of ;be Border; His Arrival at Kansas City ; Commits Himself to Slavery; Pleases Pro-Slavery Men ; Address to the " Law-and- Order People;" Call for a Convention ; Object of the Move ment; The Convention; Remarks by Shannon, Calhoun, Par rott, Judge Lecompte and Woodson 200-212

CHAPTER XX

— 1855 Beginning of the Wakarusa War — Disputes About Claims; Hick ory Point; Origin of Difficulties; Coleman kills Dow ; Murderer Flees to Westport and Surrenders Himself to Sheriff Jones; Offense to the Dead ; Funeral; Convemion; Jones — His Character and History ; Starts to Lecompton With His Prisoner; Obtains a AVrit to Arrest Branson ; The Arrest ; The Rescue ; Excuse for the Rescue; Lawrence and Its Action ; Design in Making the Arrest ; Sheriff Jones Writ?s to Missouri for Help and to the Governor for Three Thousand Troops ; Governor's Letter to Major General Richardson: Excitement in Missouri — Inflammatory Appeal; Shannon's Proclamation; Woodson's Letter to Atchison 213—225

CHAPTER XXI

— 1855. Wakarusa War — Missouri's Response ; The Forces in Camp About Lawrence — Object in Surrounding the Town ; Editors of the Squatter Soveieign in the Field; Lawrence Dismisses the Rescuers and Prepares lor Defense; Sends Couriers Through the Territory and Calls for Assistance ; The Response; Leavenworth Delegation; Report of the Committee <-n Governor's Proclamation; Petition to the President ; Colonel Sumner Solicited to Interfere; Memorial to Congress; Preparations at Lawrence — Its Forces and Fortifications; Sheriff Jones in Town; Ruffians fear to attack ; General Eastin's Letter to Governor Shannon; The Latter Telegraphs to the President — Writes to Colonel Sumner ; Sumner's Reply; Shannon Acting upon Sumner's Suggestion, writes to Sheriff Jones and Richardson; The Replies of these Two Gentlemen ; Shannon again Writes to Sumner; Committee of Safety's Letter to Governor Shannon ; The Deputation from Lawrence, and Their Representation to tie Governor; The Interview; The Governor Sees that He has been Imposed Upou ; Goes to Wakarusa Camp; Labors to Quell the Commotion; Again Asks Aid of Colonel Sumner; Ruffians Attempt to Intercept His Dispatch; Sumner Refuses to Move; Anderson's Letter; The "Black Flag" to be Raised; Pomeroy Intercepted; Indian Chiefs Offer Aid to Lawrence; Clark's Pottowatomies 226-242

CHAPTER XXII

-1855. The Misunderstanding — Thomas Barber; His Wife; Parting Scene; He Goes to Lawrence; Particulars of His Murder; The Widow's Agony ; Effect Upon the Free State Boys ; Deputation Sent to Conduct the Governor into Town ; The Conference; The Governor is Satisfied of His Mistake; He Returns to the Pro-Slavery Camp ; His Orders to General Richardson ; CONTENTS. 15 He Arranges for a Conference; Returns to Lawrence ; Signs i he Treaty; Dissatisfaction: The Treaty; Conference on the Wakarusa; Attempt to Assassinate Lane and Robinson; Shannon's Orders to the Pro-Slavery Leaders to Disband their Forces; Disappointment of the Ruffians; He Authorizes Rob inson and Lane to Defend the Town ; Incidents ; The Social ; Disbanding the Forces ; A Tribute to the Ladies of Lawrence. 24P.-255

CHAPTER XXIII

— 18o5. Robinson and Lane — Life and Character ot Governor Robinson; Life and Character of Hon. J. H. Lane; Robinson's Address to the Soldiers on the Occasion of Their Disbandment; Arrest and Trial of Some of the Rescuers; "Border Ruffians;" Their Character 256-265

CHAPTER XXIV

— 1855-6. Various Events op the Winter — Vote on Topeka Constitution ; Destruction of the Polls at Leavenworth ; Mustering Out of Territorial Militia; Destruction of th» Press of the "Territorial Register;" M. W. Delabay ; Convention to Nominate Free State Officers; The Election of State Officers Under Topeka Constitution ; Election at Lenvenworth; Disturbances at Eastin; Pro-Slavery Man Killed; Free State Men Made Prisoners; All Escape except Brown, who is Murdered; Resolutions of the Legislature; Further Troub'es at Eastin; Severity of the Winter 266-273

CHAPTER XXV

— 1856. Extermination — President's Message; Border Ruffians Determine to Exterminate; Jones' Letter to Robinson and Lane; Their Reply ; The Treaty Exploded ; Preparations Along the Border ; Dr. Stringfellow's Proposition to Bay Arms; "Kickapoo Pioneer" on the War cry; Atchison's Harangue; The Border Chiefs send a Messengar to Washington to Preserve the Influence of the Administration; They Succeed ; The South Comes to the Rescue; Buford's Move; Extract from the "EufanU Spirit of the South;" Action of Alabama; Resolutions in Mississippi; Southern Emigrants; Border Chiefs Go Sooth to Lecture; Atchisoa's Letter to the South 274-282

CHAPTER XXVI

— 1856. Free State Preparations and Proclamation op the President — Apprehensions of the Free Stats Men ; Alarming Reports from the Border; Dark Prospect of the Free State Men ; Lawrence Prepares for the Worst; Action of the Executive Committee; Deputation to the Fre^ States; Letters to the President; His Proclamation; Aimed at Free State Men; Satisfactory to Border Ruffians, except in One Respect; Governor Authorized to Employ theUnited States Troops 283-288

CHAPTER XXVII

-1856. State Legislature — Winter passes by without any Invasion ; Rumors that the Legislature would be Arrested; Assembling CONTENTS. of the State Legislature; Its Organization; Governor's Mes sage; Acts of the Legislature; Territorial Executive Com mittee Makes its Report and Closes its Existence; Its History; Territorial Free State Scrip; Names of Members of the Leg islature 289-295

CHAPTER XXVIII

— 1856. Congress — Investigating Committee — Thirty-fourth Congress ; Reeder Contests Whitfield's Seat; Appointment of the Investigating Committee; The Resolutions ; The Committee; Their Action; Their Report; Its Summary; The Appointment of the Committee the Work of Anti-Slavery Men ; Bitterly Opposed by Pro-Slavery Men ; Border Chiefs Enraged ; Renew Their Threats of Extermination; The Quarantine; Pardee Butler Again Outraged ; Whitfield Ousted ; (Topeka Constitution in Congress — see Appendix.) 296-302

CHAPTER XXIX

— 1856. The Leading Free State Men Arrested or Driven from the Territop.y — Interest in Kansas; S. N. Wood; Southern Emierants ; Buford's Regiment; AttemptB at Arrests; Sheriff Jones aeain Enraged ; Calls on the Governor for Help: Governor Writes For and Obtains Troops ; Sumuer's Letter to the Mayor of Lawrence; Sheriff Again in Lawrence and Makes Arrests; Is Shot in the Evening; Action of the Citizens; Sam. Salters Continues the Arrests; Hiding of Free State Men; Lawrence Environed ; Colonel Sumner ; Writes a Latter to Dr. Robinson; The Reply; Attemnt to Arrest Reeder; Failure; Writs for Leading Free State Men ; Their Conference at Tecnmseh: Decide to Call State Legislature and Elude the Arrest until It Meets; Governor Robinson Starts East; Is Intercepted; Mrs. Robinson Goes On; Governor Brought Back; Escape of Reeder ; Arrest of G. W. Brow i and Gains Jenkins ; Copy of the Indictment for Treason 303-311

CHAPTER XXX

— 1856. The Siege of Lawrence — Lawrence Again Besieged ; " Squatter Sovereign; " Proclamation of the Secretary; Letter to Governor Shmnon ; His Reply ; Action in Regard to Secretary's Proclamation ; People Without a Leader ; Committee ot Safety; Its Policy; Resigns; A New Committee; Ita Policy and Reasons; Federal Troops; The Embarrassment; Discontent; Many Leave Lawrence; The Invading Forces; Detention of a United States Officer; Arms Seized; Persons Arrested ; Cox's Visit to the Pro-Slavery Camp ; Letter from Lawrence to Secretary Woodson ; His Reply , Efforts to Avert the Calamity; The Special Effort; A Failure; Murder of Jones and Stewart; A Final Peace Effort to Ward Off the Blow 312-328

CHAPTER XXXI

— 1856. The Sack of Lawrence — The Invading Forces ; They Appear Behind Lawrence ; Scene in Lawrence ; Marshal Enters Town ; CONTENTS. 17 Makes Arrests ; Hands Over His Posse to Sheriff Jones ; Letter from the Committee of Sa'ety to the Marshal ; Jones Enters Town and Demands the Arms, which are Given Up • Atchisons Speech; Invaders Enter the Town; Indictments Against Public Buildings; Destruction of the "Free State Press"; Of the "Herald of Freedom ; " Hotel Demolished; Description of the lluildings; Jones in His Glory; Plunder ing; The Loss 329-338

CHAPTER XXXII

— 1856. Difficulties at Leavenworth— Retiring Invaders : Another War Appeal; Free State Guerrillas; Lecompton Affrighted; Attack on Captain Walker; Affray at Mr. Star's; Governor Searches for Arms ; Efforts to Break Up the Congressional Investigation ; Notice; Arrests 339-344

CHAPTER XXXIII

-1856. "Old Brown's" Warfare— Life and Character of John Brown, Sen.; John Brown, Jr., Marches to the Rescue of Lawrence; Pottowatomie Murders; Causes to be Deplored; Pretext for new Outrages; Young Brown's Company Disbanded; Old i -rown on the War Path ; Captain Pate's Invasion ; Takes Two of Brown's Sons Prisoners; Encamps on Blackjack; Plunders Palmyra and Takes Prisoners; Tb« Battle; Escape of Dr. Graham; Tbe Surrender; Attack on Franklin; Gathering of Missourians on Bull Creek; Governor's Proclamation; Gathering of the Free State Forces ; Colonel Sumner's Arrival; Disperses Store's Men and Brown's; Sumner Visits Whitfield's Camp; Whitfield's Forces Divide; One Goes to Missouri with the Prisoners, Some of Whom They Kill ; The Other to Osawatomie and Sack It 345-362

CHAPTER XXXIV

— 1856. Relief for Kansas and the Dispersion of the Legislature — Reign of Terror ; Emigrants from Illinois Driver. Back ; Boats Seized and returned ; Aid from the East; Wisconsin First to Move; Rev. Henry Ward BeecheratNew Haven; Illinois; Grand Kansas Aid Committee; Boston and State Kansas Committees; Causes of Popular Interest; Excitement in the South; Protection for the State Legislature; Call for Extra Session; Prerarations for Arresting It; The Extra Session; Communication with Colonel Sumner; Secretary Woodson Visits the Convention; Entrance of Colonel Sumner ; The Dispersion... 363-376

CHAPTER XXXV

-1856. Bold Strokes and Extermination — Colonel Samner Superseded; General Smith; General Lane's Advent ; Guerrillas; Taking of the Pro-Slavery Fort; Muider of Major Hoyt; Franklin Taken; Fort Saunders; Titus' House Attacked; Stampede at Lecompton; Governor Shannon's Second Treaty; Outrages; Resignation and Removal of Governor Shannon ; Extermination Again; The Border Circular; Appeal of the ' Law-and Order Party;" Woodson's Proclamation; "Squatter Sovereign's" "Third and Last Time;" Militia Called Out; Skirmish on Middle Creek; March Upon Osawatomie ; The Battle; Town Sacked CONTENTS. and Burnt; The Result; Depredations About Lecompton; Orders to Destroy Topeka; Topeka Boys on a March; Colonel Harvey's Men at Slough Creek; Demonstrations Before Le compton; Release of Prisoners; Barbarites at Leavenworth; Reign of Terror Complete; Release of Free State Prisoners.. 377-394

CHAPTER XXXVI

— 1856. Governor Geary— Governor Geary's Appointment — His Biography; Pro-Slavery Men Dissatisfied; Their Address; Their Design ; Governor's Arrival and What he Saw ; His Inaugural ; Orders the Militia to Disband; Force about Lawrence ; Panic at Lecompton ; Affray at Hickory Point; Sketch of Captain Wbipple's Life ; Arrest of Harvey's Men ; Their Trial ; The Forces Around Lawrence; Visit of the Governor; the "Militia." 395-406