History of Ashland County, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches

Front matter

/ IS £ 1809. HISTORY OF Ashland County OHIO, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND .BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, BY GEORGE WILLIAM HILL, M, D, X. PUBLISHED BY WILLIAMS BROS. Entered According to Act of Congress, in the vear 1876, by GEO. W. HILL, M. D., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. TO THE PEOPLE OF ASHLAND COUNTY, OHIO WHOSE DEEDS ILLUSTRATE DEVOTION TO INDUSTRY, LITERATURE AND RELIGION, THE PERPETUATION OF AMERICAN FREEDOM, PURE GOVERNMENT, EQUALITY OF TAXATION, FREEDOM OF OPINION AND AN ENLIGHTENED PRESS, THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THEIR FELLOW CITIZEN, GEO, W. HILL. Ashland, O., April 10, 1876. CONTENTS. HISTORICAL, GENERAL HISTORY. rEK. PAGE. I. — Prc-historic History .... 9 II. — The Stone Era .... 10 III. — Ashland City — Earthworks, the extent and probable origin . . . . . 12 IV. — The Eries, or the Cat Nation ... 17 V. — The Wyandots .... 19 VI. — The Ottawas ..... 20 VII. — The Mohegans .... 22 VIII. — The Mingo villages of the Mohican . . 24 IX. — Major Rogers on the soil of Ashland County 27 X. — The Moravians ..... 28 XL — Crawford's Expedition ... 31 XII. — The legend of Helltown .... 34 XIII. — Indian Trails ..... 35 XIV. — Indian Customs . . . . .36 XV. — Indian Characteristics ... 38 XVI. — Indian Navigation and Theology . . 41 XVII. — Treaties and Surveys ... 43 XVIII. — The Survey — An adventure ... 45 XIX. — The erection of Fairfield County . . 49 XX. — Pioneer History ..... 50 PAGE.

XXI.— The War of 1812 .... 53 XXII. — Occurrences during the War ... 55 XXIII. — The Settlers take Refuge in Block-houses . 58 XXIV. — Military Expeditions ... .61 XXV.— Victory brings joy .... 63 XXVI.— Organization of Wayne and Richland Counties 65 XXVII.— After the War of 1812 ... 68 XXVIII— Township Organization .... 71 XXIX. — Early Grist-mills .... 73 XXX.— The Villages and Towns of Ashland County . 76 XXXI. — Education and Institutions of Learning . 79 XXXII. — Religious Societies and Churches . . 83 XXXIII — The Pioneers of the year 1825 . . 94 XXXIV. — The erection of Ashland County . . 98 XXXV.— The Militia and Soldiers of 1812 . . 100 XXXVI.— Ashland County in the War of 1861-5 . . 102 XXXVII. — Newspapers, Benevolent Societies and Banks 114 XXXVIII.— Statistics ...... 116 XXXIX. — Medicine and Law .... 118 XL.— The County Officers from 1846 to 1880 . . 122 XLL— A list of the Justices of the Peace . . 124 CHAPTER.

PAGE. BIOGRAPHICAL, PAGE. Armstrong, Captain ...*.. 130 Armstrong, Dr. Harrison ..... 170 Armstrong, Dr. David ..... 171 Andrews, James ...... 203 Andrews, Alanson ...... 205 Andrews, Lorin, LL. D. ..... 208 Armentrout, Abraham ..... 237 Alberson, James ....... 254 Andrews, Mrs. Sarah H. . . . . 263 Alberson, W. T. . . . . . . .265 Beall, General Reason ..... 142 Bird, Sparks ....... 152 Bailey, Abel ,. . . . . . . . 154 Bryte, David . . , . . . .154 Bryte, John . ...... 155 Bums, Hugh ....... 156 Beach, Daniel . . . . . 178 Bowerice, George W. ...... 180 Bushnell, Sterling G., sr, . . . . 191 Bull, Hon. George W. ...... 207 Beer, Rev. Thomas ...... 221 Brothers, Henry ...... 224 Bishop, John ...... 229 Berry, Col. John ...... 249 Berry, Jacob ...... 249 Burgan, Laban ....... 251 Beer, William ...... 21:4 Beer, Richard ■-..... 254 Beer, Captain Robert ..... 255 Brubaker, Peter . . . . . • 258 Burns, Peter ...... 260 Bechtel, Joseph ...... 262 Beer, Hon. Thomas ...... 380 PAGE.

Preface

. There seems to be a general desire among the people of this county to investigate and become conversant with its local history. To this end I have attempted to rescue from oblivion memorials of unpublished facts, reminiscences, personal adventures and traditions, and particularly the memory of the primitive days of our fathers, their frontier life, privations and struggles in the forests of the valleys of Mohican. As most of the streams of this county have derived their names from the tribes once dwelling upon their banks, I take especial pride in giving very full sketches of the leading chiefs and hunters of the Mohegans, Dela wares and Mingoes, as well as some account of the Fries, Wyandots and Ottawas, who preceded them in the occupancy of these beautiful valleys from one to two hundred years.

Their names will be familiar to the early settlers. In the preparation of this volume I have encountered many embarrassments. The thoughtless destruction of township pioneer records, the conflicting statements of Let us preserve these memories while we may. Ere long the last of the pioneers will be garnered by the relentless reaper. Even now they are departing almost weekly, and soon the village bell will have tolled the knell of the last tottering frontiersman. The red man that met and welcomed him to these fertile valleys, has long since gone to the great hunting-ground, or now roams, old and feeble, towards the setting sun. While meditating upon these changes, I sometimes feel like ex claiming with Omar, the Tent Maker: the living, and the tendency to embellish, on the part of many, made it exceedingly difficult to reconcile dates and narrations.

Determined to arrive at the truth, and at the same time let the follies of the dead sleep, I have discarded, as far as possible, all doubtful statements. The temptation to exaggerate, round up and adorn personal adventure and family history, is such that the larger part of the world, if we are to judge from an heroic standpoint, descended directly from the gods. The love of parents and ancestry is a laudable trait; and if all the children of the pioneers demonstrate their ven eration for the past by transmitting unstained histories to their descendants, a great and noble work will have been achieved — worthy of all admiration and imitation. The worldly hope men set their hearts upon Turns ashes — or it prospers; and anon Like snow upon the desert's dusty face Lighting a little hour or two, vvas gone.

Think, in this batter 'd caravansera Whose portals are alternate night and day, How sultan after sultan with his pomp Abode his destined hour, and went his way. The major part of this volume is derived from pioneer and border history, public documents, private records and living witnesses, who still linger among us. The task of compiling their narrations has been difficult and protracted. I have aimed to obtain the truth in all things, without prevarication or bias; and am happy to have met and interviewed so many aged gentlemen and their wives, before they have taken their final departure, to dwell no more amongst us. They say the Lion and the Lizard keep The courts where Jamshid gloried and drank deep; And Bahram , that great hunter — the Wild Ass Stamps o'er his head, but cannot break his sleep !

I sometimes think that never blows so red The Rose, as where some buried Cæsar bled; That every Hyacinth the Garden wears Dropt in its lap from some once lovely head ! And this reviving herb, whose tender green Hedges the river-lip on which we lean: Ah! lean upon it lightly, for vvho knows From what once lovely lip it springs unseen ! In the biographical department I have been assisted by the friends of the parties — by family records, and the traditions of their associates. This department is rich in personal adventure, border experiences and captivi ties. Many thrilling incidents are preserved, that in a few years "would have slept the sleep that knows no waking." These adventures have never been published, and I believe it a work of merit to present them to the public that they may be treasured in our libraries.

Ah ! my beloved ! fill the cup that clears To-day of past regret and future fears ! To-morrow ? Why, to-morrow I may be Myself with yesterday's seven thousand years ! Grateful acknowledgments are due to the many friends who have furnished information concerning the early settlement of this county. Of these are Alexander and Miss Rosella Rice, of Green; John Greenlee, of Lake; Major Ben. Tyler, of Mohican; Joseph Chandler, PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. P. Henderson, of Newville; General Leslie Combs, of Kentucky; Hon. William Walker, of Kansas; Mr. Har baugh, former, and H. H. Robinson, present, State li brarian, for valuable aid and encouragement. of Perry; Jacob Fast, of Jackson; William Fast, of Orange; Colonel George W. Urie, Daniel Carter, jr., Andrew Mason, Isaac Stull, and Rev. John Robinson, D. D., of Montgomery; Thomas Bushnell, W. W. Scott and W. O. Porter, of Vermillion; Lewis Oliver and Rev. William Hughes, of Green ; Colonel John W. Bull and Dr. A. J. Scott, of Loudonville ; Daniel Hoover, Wesley Copus, and Mrs. Sarah Vail, of Mifflin; John Nelson, Hugh Burns, and Mrs. Thomas Smith, of Milton; John Bryte, Hugh Elliott, and Miss Huffman, of Clearcreek; Daniel Beach and James Grinald, of Ruggles; Charles Vanoonam and Henry Summers, of Troy; James Dunlap, Hamilton Porter, and Mrs. Parmely Mann, of Sullivan.

In preparing the historical narration, I consulted Bancroft's History of the United States; Western Annals, by James H. Perkins; Henry Howe's Virginia; Sher man Day's Pennsylvania; Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes; Conspiracy of Pontiac; Stone's Life of Brandt; Hecke welder's Indian Missions; Colden's Five Nations; Loshiel's Missions; Finley's Missions; Taylor's History of Ohio; Brown's History of the War of 1812; Mc- Afee's History of the War of 1812; Bosnian's Maryland; Price's Fort Wayne, and numerous other volumes, deemed authentic. I am also indebted to General L. V. Bierce, of Akron ; Colonel Charles Whittlesey, of Cleveland; Hon. Andrew H. Byers, of Wooster; Isaac Smucker, of Newark; Col onel George C. Johnson, of Piqua; General R. Brinker hoff and Dr. William Bushnell, of Mansfield ; Dr. James With these statements and acknowledgments, this volume is respectfully submitted to the public.

May, 1876. G. W. H. Publishers' Notice, We are enabled to place this volume in the hands of its readers much sooner than vvas anticipated at the time when we concluded to undertake its publication. The people of Ashland county have seemed averse to pictorial representations of themselves or their homes in this history of their county, and as we have con sequently had very little engraving to do for the book, we have been able to do it quickly. county in his treatment of this department of the work. We believe a book so valuable, so replete with his toric lore, prepared with so much skill, labor and pains taking, and withal so complete and authentic a record, will be most acceptable to the people of Ashland county. The author has executed his task faithfully and well, and if his important work be not fully appreciated now by his fellow-citizens of Ashland county, he can rest assured that the memory thereof will be gratefully treasured in the hearts of a generation yet unborn.

Although we have published, we think, every line of manuscript which the author has furnished us, the volume does not embrace as many printed pages as the author and publisher at the outset estimated the nar rative would make. However, the history as given, is complete, and embraces a detailed and thorough rec ord of the events comprising the history of Ashland county. The publishers have never issued a volume so rich in biographical history. The author has seem ingly omitted no citizen or pioneer settler of the As publishers, we have endeavored to consummate our part of the undertaking conscientiously, and trust this verdict will be accorded us by those who are to be our judges. WILLIAMS BROTHERS, Publishers. Cleveland, Ohio, September 21, 1880. HISTOR OF Ashland County, Ohio,

Chapter I

quite dense; and the ancient sites of their cities are still to be seen. Their monuments, military defences, and temples erected to the "Sun;" and their culture of the soil, and researches in the finer metals, evince the fact, that they were as a people, immense in numbers, as well far advanced in the arts of civilized life. PRE-HISTORIC HISTORY. A Definition of History.— Speculative and Proper. — Some Conjectures Upon the Pre-Historic Races of Northern Ohio. — Their Strongholds. — Their Numbers. — Their Contact with other Warlike People. History is defined to be a narration of past and present events in relation to peoples, nations and empires. It is of two classes — speculative and proper. By speculative history is meant such theories' as are derived from de duction or inference. For instance, there was what is denominated the "Stone age or period," in the history of the human race.

We infer this from the fragments of their rude arts found in almost every country on the globe. We have no means of learnirig from whence that people came, how long they existed, and under what circumstances they disappeared, and by whom they were succeeded. A distinguished and reliable Spanish historian, who ac companied the expedition of Cortez, named Bernard de Sahagua, says at that time a tradition existed among the natives of Florida, that a foreign colony had arrived on their shores more than two thousand years before, and proceeded across the Gulf of Mexico and landed in Yucatan, where thev founded cities, now in ruins, the greatest of which had been destroyed over a thousand years before the arrival of the Spanish expedition. When the Spanish subdued Mexico, Montezuma re-asserted thai tradition by assuring Cortez, the Spanish general, that the ancestors of the Mexican race came from the rising sun.

Again, by deduction, we may trace the occupation and temper of extinct races by their monuments, their mili tary defences, and their systems of internal improve ments. That the ancestors of the Mound Builders were of Asiatic origin, scarcely admits of a doubt. In Yucatan, the remains of civilization are Egyptian and Assyrian in character, and seem to have been erected prior to the arrival of the Incas and the Aztecs of the line of the Montezumas. The principal deity of Peru was said to have been called Chorv, the same in name as the deity of the ancient Phœnicians, who was called Baal-Chon, or Saturn. Query : Were the Mound Builders the act ual descendants of the ancient Phœnicians, or was the similarity in the names of their deities accidental? The historian is largely dependent upon this species of conjecture for an outline of the pre-historic periods of this country.

The monuments found in South America, in Mexico, and along the valleys of the Mississippi, the Ohio, and other rivers of the United States, throw much light upon the character and occupations of the early races that inhabited those regions. In North America, the Mound Builders,-so called, seem to have had possession of a number of very strong positions, from which their settlements radiated in all directions. The most prominent establishment of that race was undoubtedly in the valleys of Mexico, from which they gradually diffused themselves over Texas, New Mexico, and the valleys of the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Red river, the Ohio, the Muskingum, and their tribu taries, as well as the Susquehanna, the Potomac, the Chesapeake bay and the Hudson, forming, at all strong points, vast settlements and cities defended by earthworks.

Traveling further north into the Valley of Mexico, the temples and pyramids are more strikingly Egyptian and Assyrian. The great pyramid at Cholula was evidently a copy of those along the Nile, and dedicated to the same deity worshipped in the East. Can it be said, also, that the pyramidal system of both hemispheres is acci dental, like the name of the deities worshipped in both? Or, have we here evidence that at some period in the history of the world, intercourse between the eastern and western continents must have been frequent ? In Mexico, Central and South America, the Mound Builders must have shown a wonderful degree of pro ficiency in the arts of civilization. Great cities, containing, perhaps, hundreds of thousands of people, existed; and when the Spanish conquered that region over three hundred years ago, the population of those countries was The next stronghold of the Mound Builders in their march northward, was opposite St. Louis, Missouri, where a group of pyramids was erected and which seems to have been the capital of a great empire, like the city of Mexico.

From this point they slowly advanced up the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Muskingum, the Scioto and the Wabash, continuing their settlements and con structing mounds and immense earthworks for defence. In the valleys of the Scioto, the Muskingum and the Licking the most of these ancient intrenchments are found, within the limits of Ohio. West of Newark, in Licking county, are found two circular entrenchments of considerable extent. Half a mile west of that city is found the most curious, enclosing thirty acres of ground, and surrounded by another entrenchment, which has been almost obliterated by plowing. Some three miles west of that point is another system of earthworks en closing three times as much ground, in circular form, and having a number of gateways. These works must have been the seat of a large population; for their con struction would require the united efforts of a great number of people for many years.

Chapter II. The Stone Era

The Period of Stone Axes, Fleshers and Arrow Points, Etc. — By whom made. — Skill and Patience shown in their Manufacture. — Their use for Domestic as well as for Warlike Purposes. — Others for Ornament only. — Implements Found in Ashland County. — By whom Constructed and for what Purposes Used. The archæologist is furnished a wide field in Ohio. Almost every county in the State abounds in evidence of the former presence of an extinct race. The question as to when the Mound Builders took possession of North America, how long they flourished, and under what circumstances they disappeared, is unsettled. It is equally uncertain whether the presence of that race con stituted the "Stone Era," or, whether the race by whom the battle-axes, spear heads and flint darts were manufactured, preceded or succeeded the Mound Builders.

The presumption, however, is, that the rude implements of warfare, such as battle-axes and flint arrow-heads, were made by the Mound Builders, or a race that was cotemporary with them. This inference gains strength from the fact that the aforesaid implements are found in and about the mounds and earthworks throughout Ohio, and other States, and must have been abundant during that period. So numerous were these implements, that in almost every section of the State they continue to be plowed up by the farmers while preparing for their crops. From that point their settlements seem to have radia ted northward through Knox, into the river portions of Holmes, to Richland, up the Black fork to the south parts of Wayne and Ashland counties, and thence to the lake shore. The migration of that strange people was undoubtedly resisted by another powerful race, composed of nomadic tribes having some sort of government; for the erection of the earthwork defences, found all along their course from Mexico northward, conclusively show that they were met at every point by a warlike people, who had prior claims to the soil.

This would furnish occasion for the erection of the earthworks as a place of retreat and safety from the incursions of an enemy, as well as a place to pay their devotions to their deities. The small mounds found in the neighborhood of these ex tended entrenchments may have been used as so many signal sites to announce the approach of an enemy. The writer of this article has many rare and curious specimens of the war-like implements of the Stone age, which evince high architectural skill in their preparation. We know not, at this time, how such weapons were man ufactured. The extreme hardness of the flint and granite out of which they are made, and the evident absence of all knowledge of iron and steel, will suggest to the archæologist the amount of skill and patience exercised by the race by whom they were prepared.

It seems to be generally conceded that large numbers of arrow-heads, spear-heads, stone axes, and the like, were manufactured in the vicinity of the flint ridge, in Licking county, Ohio, and from thence scattered all over the State in the chase and in warlike incursions. This inference gains strength from the quantity of spalls and broken arrow-heads found in that region, as well as from the admitted identity of the material. We have certain proofs that the Indian tribes found on this continent by the early settlers and missionaries, had a knowledge of the manufacture of such implements, and may have prepared them for the chase and for war. They seem to have readily adopted them for hunting purposes, using them as arrows, with elastic bows and raw-hide thongs, in their incursions against each other.

These grand central points must have held for a long series of years, and been cultivated by the inhabitants with great success ; for the lands are composed of the richest soils, and by culture, yield large crops. Many of the rude implements of warfare used by that people have been found scattered all over northern Ohio; and are exhibited in the cabinets of the antiquarians and are really curious and ingenious in workmanship. Evidence of the existence of a race somewhat advanced in the arts of military defence, anterior to the appearance of the Cau casian, is found in almost every part of this county. Mounds and intrenchments at all the great valleys and commanding points are very numerous. The principal streams along which the earthworks are found are the Muddy, the Jerome, the Black and Clear forks of the Mohican.

The Ohio Indians undoubtedly manufactured stone axes, stone knives and arrow-heads of flint, before the French and English introduced fire-arms, and perhaps long since. The remarkable resemblance between the stone axes, spear heads, arrow points, stone wedges, stone images and the like, found on this continent, and those found in Europe and Asia, would suggest a like origin and age. Mr. Evans, an able English archæologist, enters into a full discussion of the implement manufactured during the Stone age in England, Ireland, and Scotland, from the hard and unmanageable rock known as flint. In his work the important suggestion is thrown out that they were not used for the purposes of warfare alone, but for purposes of husbandry, the chase, domestic use, and personal ornament; and that they worked up the materials found in these plains and valleys, consisting of flint and granite.

He cites the fact that the Celts man ufactured, from flint, implements for felling trees, hewing canoes, hoes, harrows, scrapers for preparing skins, arrow points for shooting birds and other small game, knives, gouges, saws, pounding-stones, chisels, hammer-axes, picks, and instruments for grinding stones and dressing their flint arrows. He also says that rings, amulets, spindle-whorls, pestles, needles of bone, drilled by flint, were found in caves. two hundred and one pear-shaped arrow-heads, neatly finished and of an unsual style, having no notch for fastening them to the shaft, and had the appearance of being intended for cutting. It is claimed that the polished stone implements were used by an earlier race than the Fries. It will be difficult to substantiate that assertion. It is not certain that the Fries ever saw European arms, and they undoubtedly never used them.

It is equally certain they occupied an advanced position in the art of self defence, and like the civilized races, began to gather into fortified towns. It is reasonable, then, to suppose they were equally skill ed in preparing arms for the defence of their country. The stone axe would be easy of construction. The flesher would follow in the preparation of their clothing, which consisted of dressed skins. The polished stones were doubtless used for ornamental purposes, as were the beads and other stone badges. A large number of the implements mentioned seem to be of little use further than ornament, because of their fragile structure. They are, he says, exquisitely polished and ground, and evince a wonderful degree of useless toil, if they were designed for warfare. Neither could they have been available for hard work, such as cutting down trees or working timber, for they do not exhibit any sign of fracture or even of scratching, which would not be the case if they had been used for cutting, as tools or weapons.

He further declares that many of these implements are made of Asiatic stones of beautiful colors and capable of taking high polish. To students in archæology, this suggestion will furnish a strong argu ment in favor of' the eastern origin of the Stone age, for it is improbable that the human race appeared simulta neously on the eastern and western continents. That the course of the nations of that era was from India into Asia, Europe and North and%South America, is as well settled as any hypothetical problem can be. This is again suggestive of the origin of the primitive races of this continent. That there must have been some con nection between Asia and North America admits of scarcely a doubt. In a treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, held June 26, 1644, Canassatego, a distinguished Iroquois chief, said; "Indeed, we have some small differences with the English, and dur ing these, some of their young men would, by way of reproach, be telling us, that we should have perished, if they had not come into the country, and furnished us with strowds (shawls) and hatchets and guns, and other things necessary for the support of life ; but we always gave them to understand, that they were mistaken, that we lived before they came amongst us, and as well, or better, if we may believe what our forefathers have told us.

We then had room enough, and plenty of deer, which were easily caught; and though we had not knives, hatchets, or guns, such as we have now, yet we had knives of stone, and hatchets of stone, and bows and arrows, and these served our uses as well then, as the English ones do now." * There can be no doubt as to the fact that the Iro quois, Fries, Delawares, and other tribes, continued to manufacture stone axes, fleshers, hammers, war-clubs, headed with stone, and arrow-heads, until, and even after, English arms were introduced. The Creeks and Black feet, of Red river, Canada, still continue to manufacture very beautiful stone axes and fleshers. If these works were constructed by a more ancient race, the growth of forests proves nothing, unless it may be, that all the timber of these valleys was destroyed by the Mound Builders; for the trees found in and upon these fortifications, were of the same size and character as those of the surrounding forest.

Two hundred and seventy-five or three hundred years would be a sufficient length of time for the growth of the trees found in and upon these works. These fortified places, and pol ished implements, may have been constructed by the Fries, then, to protect their people from sudden invasion by the Iroquois, while cultivating the soil; for that nation must have been too numerous to depend alone upon the chase. STONE IMPLEMENTS. Several classes of implements are found, in great numbers, within this county. They seem to have been scattered broadcast over the hills and valleys. One class consists of highly polished stone pestles, stone axes, weighing from six or eight ounces to five or six pounds — stone fleshers, stone implements pick-shaped, with a neatly drilled hole in the middle, stone beads, and flat, variagated stones, from one to two inches wide, six or seven long, and half an inch thick, with rounded ends, highly polished, and generally with a neatly drilled hole in the center, have been found in and about these ancient works.

If done by an earlier race, the swarms of red men, of Tartar descent, who passed Behring's Straits, and poured down the shores of our northern chain of lakes, may have compelled their erection, as a means of de fence, until their occupants were driven south, or exter minated, by the wild, nomadic tribes, who overran and, subsequently, occupied, all northern Ohio. Another class of more recent date, consists of thousands of flint arrow-heads from a half to seven inches in length. These were unquestionably made by the mod ern tribes that overspread northern Ohio, and most of the material was procured from the ridges in Licking county. One such nest was plowed up in Sullivan township, three years since, by Mr. S. W. Riggs, containing It has been urged that the red races did not possess * SeeColden's "Five Nations," second part, page 105. hold gods by the Mound Builders or their successors?

It seems useless to speculate upon the subject. No ray of history has, as yet, penetrated the gloom of that era, and we will have to content ourselves with believing that such a people once roamed over the hills and through the valleys and along the streams of this county. tools or implements to erect such stockades. It is true we are unable to designate the manner of their construc tion. That proves nothing. An examination of the most extended railroad track and embankment in Ohio, might not lead to the discovery of a single plow, shovel, mattock, cart, horse, or wheelbarrow. Still the fact would exist, that all these were employed in the con struction of our railways. If the aborigines used wood en, flint, or stone shovels, bark bucket's, or copper tools, in erecting their stockade, they probably carried them away.