The Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol, written in the camp ... with illustrations

Preface

. The circumstances under which the ensuing narra tive was written were at once very advantageous for watching, appreciating, and foreseeing the events of the Campaign, and unfavourable to the free expres sion of the conclusions thence arrived at. My position on the Staff of the Artillery, first as Adjutant to the First Division of the Field Batteries under Lieut.-Colonel Dacres, up to the battle of Inkermann, and subsequently as Aide-de-camp to that officer (now risen through successive grades to be Major-General Sir Richard Dacres, K.C.B.) in command of the whole Artillery force throughout the Siege, afforded peculiar facilities for observation. Regimental officers must, from their isolated position and want of reliable information, frequently form erroneous ideas of the objects of movements, and of A'-

PREFACE.

. VI the state and position of the Army. In all the actions, small and great, of the Campaign, I was enabled to be spectator as well as actor ; and during the Siege, besides being necessarily well acquainted with our own trenches, there were scarcely any siege-works of the French which I left unvisited, especially after an action. Besides these opportu nities, a residence at headquarters has necessarily placed me in the focus of information of all kinds not confidential. But when it is considered that men in authority do not always look with a very friendly eye on the mere possession of opinions on their conduct of public affairs, it may be supposed that to express them critically might, especially Avhen they implied censure, be anything but an assistance to the critic in his military career.

Moreover, there are many cases in Avhich it is the bounden duty of an officer to refrain from publishing facts or opinions which might be prejudicial to the prestige or success of our arms ; to a great extent, therefore, the reader is left to make his own comments on facts which I have been careful to verify and combine in a sequence which should exhibit only the significant features of the Campaign ;

PREFACE.

. VII and of these I hope the narrative will be found to convey a clear idea. Deeply impressed by the scenes and events I have taken part in, and believing the public to be so warmly interested in their progress as to need no rhetorical arts to excite its attention or increase the effect, I have been studious to deliver only a round unvarnished tale. My object has been to hang his torical events and memorable scenes on a thread of personal narrative, which should at once connect and relieve them, endeavouring at the same time to ren der operations purely military intelligible to the general reader. And I may remark, as evidence that I have not written at random, that in no case has the course of events rendered it necessary for me to recant an opinion or alter a statement. Espe cially I would point to the vieAv taken of the state of the Army and its causes in Chapter XVII. ; a view entirely adverse to the state of public feeling at the time, and to the tone of the press, but borne out entirely by evidence subsequently given before the Sebastopol Committee by officers of high authority, and adopted by statesmen in the Parliamentary discussions on the conduct of the war.

PREFACE.

. VIII The whole of the narrative has been, as it pro fesses to be, written in camp in the intervals of military duty, — at first in a tent, and after Christ mas in a hut. An American publishing firm has done me the honour to anticipate this edition of my narrative by a piratical reprint from the pages of Blackwood. But I am bound to state that, like Claude Duval, Jack Sheppard, and other courteous and considerate robbers, Messrs Gould and Lincoln, of Boston, have pillaged me with great urbanity, prefixing an intro ductory notice, so flattering to the Avork and its author, that I fear the hope of an extensive sale must haA'e had some share in the panegyric. E. B. H. Sebastopol, Oct. 5, 1855. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. The Rendezvous

PAGE Arrival at Constantinople — Halt at Scutari — The repulse of the Russians at Silistria — Causes of delay — Varna — Ravages of cholera — The encampment at Gevreckler — Gloomy scenes in camp, .... 1-7

Chapter II. The Movement To The Crimea

Preparations for embarking — Voyage to Balchik Bay — Continued losses from cholera — The voyage — Off the Crimea — The landing at Eupatoria — Difficulties of the landing — Composition of the English force — Total strength of the Allies — The English commissariat — The ammunition and ambulance corps, ....... S-16

Chapter III. First Operations In The Crimea

Peculiarities of the Campaign — Advantages of the fleet— Commencement and order of march — Foraging for supplies — The natives — First skirmish with the Cossacks — Skirmish on the Bulgauak — Expectations of a general action, ....... 17-24

Chapter IV. Battle

Of THE ALMA. Arrival at the Alma— Description of the field— Progress of the French— The Russian defences— Attack of the British— Movements of the artillery The Russian battery carried — Retreat of the Russians— Advance of the Highlanders — Capture of a Russian general— Menschikoff's carriage and papers taken— Strength of the Russian position, . . . ! 25-34 X CONTENTS.

Chapter X. Commencement Of The Siege

The Malakhoff, the Redan, and the Barrack battery — Character of the ground — Peculiarities of the siege — Opening of the bombardment — The Lancaster guns — Fire of the fleet — Effects of the first day's fire — Continued fire— Sortie from the town, ..... 64-71 CONTENTS. XI

Chapter XI. Attack On Balaklava

PAGE Position of the Turks at Balaklava— Commencement of the attack — First success of the Russians— Flight of the Turks — Charge of the Heavy Brigade — Repulse of the Russian cavalry by the 93d — Charge of the Light Brigade — Its losses — New position held by the Russians — The conduct of the Turks— Object of the Russian attack, .... 72-80

Chapter XII. First Action Of Inkermann

Features of the ground — Attack of the Russians — Their repulse — Hewett and the Lancaster gun — Losses of the Russians — Their object in this attack — Forces engaged — The wounded, and surgical operations — Capture of Russian horses — Progress of the siege-works — Visit to the French hospitals — The position strengthened — Errors of the Newspapers — Field-works and redoubts — The Ruins of Inkermann — Reinforcements to the Russians, ........ 81-92

Chapter XIII. Battle Of Inkermann

The morning summons — State of the weather — The battle-field — Advance of the Russians — Their guns of position — Defensive measures of the British — Progress of the enemy — Arrival of the French — Heroism of the Guards — Terrible artillery fire — Renewed attack — Narrow escape of the Author — Severity of the struggle — Death of Sir G. Cathcart — Arrival of General Bosquet — The heavy guns brought up — Sir de Lacy Evans — Retreat of the Russians and close of the battle — Forces engaged — Character of the battle — Severity of the struggle — Losses on both sides — Burial of the dead — Fire of the enemy on the burial-parties, 93-110

Chapter XIV. Winter On The Plains

Setting in of winter — Storm of the 14th November — Scenes in camp — Fall of the hospital tents — Losses among the shipping — Effects of the loss of the Prince — State of the camp and sufferings of the troops — Sufferings of the cavalry— The horses — The dogs — State of the roads — Want of fuel — The Author's hut — A night in it — Plans for warming tents, &c. — Sufferings of the soldiers — Night contests — Capture of rifle-pits — Works at Inkermann — Retreat of Liprandi — A reconnaissance — Close of the year — Supplies from England, and sympathy there, . . 111-128 CONTENTS. XII

Chapter XV. Circumspective

PAGE View of the position of the Allies — Sufferings of the troops — Difficulty of bringing up provisions and stores — Causes which led to this state of things — The impatience of the public — Ignorance of the country — failure to provide for a protracted siege — Deficiency in means of transport — Insufficiency of the force, and difficiUty of augmenting it — Deficiencies of the cavalry and artillery — Probabilities of the future — Review of the course pursued — Probabilities had the enterprise been hastened or postponed — Real cause of our losses, ..... 129-141

Chapter XVI. Hospitals On The Bosphorus

Disposal of the sick — The officers and their tents — The ambulance waggons — Difficulties in removing the sick — Their sufferings on shipboard — The Author sent to Constantinople — Winter aspect of the city — Scenes ashore — The hotels and their inmates — The Golden Horn and shipping — Landing of sick and wounded — The great hospital, and scenes in it — Appearance of patients — The Nurses and Sisters of Charity — Miss Nightingale— The Hospital Kitchen — The other hospitals — The English cemetery and burial scenes — Visit to the French hospital — Difficulties of the hospital staff — The commissariat, . . . 142-158

Chapter XVII. Exculpatory

The feeling of the public at home — Ministerial changes— The comments of the press— Difficulties of road-making — Necessity of maintaining the trenches — Difficulty of providing for winter — The alleged superiority in the condition of the French— Causes of this— Inadequacy of the British force— Conduct of the commissariat— Who was really to blame for the disasters ? — The alleged superiority of the French, . 159-169

Chapter XVIII. Progress Of The Siege

Second visit to the hospitals— Return to the Crimea— Adventures of a pie —Improvements at Balaklava— A reconnaissance in force— Defeat of the Russians at Eupatoria— Seizure of advanced post by the Russians- Attack on it by the French— Their repulse— Return of spring— Improvement in the state of the troops— Fire on a Russian steamer— Death of the Czar— Seizure of the Mamelon by the Russians— Death of Captain Craigie— New works— Incidents in the trenches— Sorties and night combats—Reported death of Menschikoff— Return of Sir John Burgoyne to England 170-182 CONTENTS. XIII

Chapter XIX. The Burial Truce

PACK Sortie — Repulse of the Russians — Losses of the French — Burial truce, and scenes during it — The Russian rifle-pits — Aspect of the Russian soldiers — The Mamelon and Malakhoff — Close of the truce — Progress of the railway — Improvements at Balaklava — Retrospect of the siege — Position of the Russians — Influence of the death of the Czar, . . 183-193

Chapter XX. View Of The Works

Character of the besiegers' works — Survey of the whole scene — The town and its defences — The Redan and the Malakhoff — The Mamelon — The artillery practice — The North forts — The British works — The trenches — The mortar batteries — Chapman's battery — The Barrack and Flagstaff batteries — The Valley of the Shadow of Death — The French works — Descent into a French mine, ..... 194-208

Chapter XXI. The Second Cannonade

Reopening of the fire — State of the weather — Feeble fire of the enemy — Night fire of the mortars — Continuation of the fire — Causes of the failure of the Russian artillery — Expected assault — Attack on rifle-pits — Death of Colonel Egerton — Difficulties of the siege — Various operations which presented themselves, ..... 209-218

Chapter XXII. Subsequent Operations

Reconnaissance under Omer Pasha — Personal appearance of that leader — Retreat of the Russians — Sorties and night-combats — Visit to the field of Inkermann — Pelissier assumes the command of the French — French attack on rifle-pits — Capture of the cemetery — Renewed attack, and its success — Burial truce and losses of the parties — Expedition to Kertsch, and its capture — Occupation of Yenikale — Operations in the Sea of Azoff, 219-229

Chapter XXIII. The Position Extended

Reinforcements to the Allies — Arrival of the Sardinians — New aspect of affairs — Various plans which might have been followed — A ride round the position — The view from the outposts — The valley of Baidar— The view of the Euxine, ....... 230-236 CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIV. Assault Of The Mamelon And Quarries

PAGE Reopening of fire— that of the Russians subdued — The Quarries — Assault and capture of the Mamelon — Attempt on the Malakhoff — The Mamelon secured — Struggle at the Quarries — Thencapture — Gallantry displayed on both sides, ....... 237-245

Chapter XXV. The Conferences And Debates

Character of the conferences — Arrogance of the Russians — Error of Russia in refusing the terms offered — The Four Points — Proposals on the third of these — Campaign proposed by Disraeli — Accessibility of the Crimea to a hostile power — Position of the parties — Mr Bright, the Peace party, and their arguments, ....... 246-255

Chapter XXVI. Attack Of The Malakhoff And Redan

Progress of the works — Renewed bombardment — Plan for the assault — Subsequent modification of it — Advance of the French — Attack of the Redan — The struggle at the Malakhoff, and repulse of the French — Causes of the failure*— Progress of Eyre's brigade — His repulse — Defects of the whole plan— Death of Admiral Boxer, &c. — Death and funeral of Lord Raglan — General Simpson appointed to command — Further successes in the Sea of Azoff— Yenikale fortified, ..... 256-273

Chapter XXVII. Progress Of The Siege

New aspect of the siege — Description of the Malakhoff— The Mamelon— Losses of the French — Deaths of Captain Oldficld, Commander Hammett, &c. — Fire in the town — A sunset scene — The sailors as horse-appropriators — Visit to the Mamelon — Its interior — Great explosion there, 274-2S2

Chapter XXVIII. Battle Of The Traktir Bridge

Expected attack by the Russians — Scene of action — Commencement of the battle — Passage of the river, and losses at it — Artillery fire— Retreat of the Russians — Losses on both sides — Object of the Russian attack Firing on burial-parties, ••.... 283-290 CONTENTS. XV

Chapter XXIX

A CRISIS IN THE CAMPAIGN. PAGE Apparent preparations for retreat — Construction of bridge across the harbour — Expected attack — The last cannonade opened — Its severity — Russian reconnaissance — Exhaustive nature of the struggle — Supposed importance of the defence to the prestige of Russia — Prospects for England, 291-297

Chapter XXX. The General Assault

Plan of the assault — Preparations for it — Description of the works to be assaulted — Commencement of the attack, and first success of the French — Singular escape from a mine — Capture of the Malakhoff — Repulse at the Curtain and at the Little Redan — Heroic feat of the French field-artillery — Losses at the Little Redan — Attack of the Redan — Struggle there and repulse of the British — Repulse of the French at the Central Bastion — The evening and its prospects — Errors in the construction of the Malakhoff, 298-311

Chapter XXXI. The Last Hours Of Sebastopol

The Redan found deserted — Fires in the town on the 7th and 8th — The town sired by the Russians — Blowing up of Fort Paid — Plunder — Inexpediency of burning the town — Retreat of the garrison — Burial of the slain — Interior of the Redan — and of the Malakhoff — The wounded and dead — Explosions of mines and magazines — Visit to the town — its interior — Frightful hospital scene — Destruction of tho Russian steamers — Interest of the entire scene — The plateau and its associations, . . 312-326

Chapter XXXII

A RETROSPECT. Review of the policy pursued — Tactics at the Alma — The attack of the north side of the fortress — Effects of the sinking of the Russian fleet — General character of the campaign — Character of the Russian defences — The Flagstaff Bastion — Changes in public opinion — The position of the Allies on the plateau — Policy and views of the French Emperor — The losses of Russia — Prospects of the future, . . . . 327-339 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Interior of Hut in the Camp, — Frontispiece. " You ask about the two drawings of the hut : it is the one alluded to in the narrative [page 120] in which we have lived since Christmas. The three occu pants of the interior are Sir R. Dacres reading the paper— Gordon, my brother aide-de-camp, at the table— and myself in the fur-lined coat, a present which Government made us last winter.

The cat is not the one I had at the Katcba, which ran away, but one which I have had since last November, when it was a small kitten : it was given me by a brother officer, who saw it on board a transport, and knowing my penchant for the tribe, brought it up to my tent in his pocket-handkerchief. She is called Topsy ; and having formed an intimacy with a vagrant lover with one eye, a native of the country, who comes from nobody knows where, has been the mother of one family, and there is every prospect of another. The outer hut or burrow, where we are sitting in the drawing, is the one we took our meals and sat in ; the inner was the sleeping apartment of the General and myself; but it exhibited an unpleasant tendency to fall in, so we got into wooden huts as soon as we could get them. I have been in one of the latter about two months, and find it an agreeable change, though it smells of tar.

The principal difference is, that the former residence was like a grave, and this is like a coffin." —Extract from Author's Letter, 5th Oct. PAGE The Field of Alma, ....... 25 The Monastery of St George, ..... 61 Cliffs at the Monastery of St George, .... 62 Balaklava in Winter, ...... 118 Exterior of Hut in the Camp, ..... 120 "The exterior view shows the same hut, and one or two others, forming a kitchen, stable, &c. ; in a line with it, the marquee we used as a harness-room, and our live stock also resided there. The three horses are portraits of my stud ; the old hunter led by the artilleryman is an Irish horse, a very good one, brought to the Crimea by Sir de Lacy Evans ; the middle one is an old Spanish horse which I brought up from Gibraltar, generally known as Jones, from the name of his former proprietor, the commanding engineer there ; and the dark bay is an Irish horse, formerly belonging to au officer of horse artillery , from whom 1 bought him ; a capital fencer ; he is called the Czar." —Extract from Author's Letter, 5Vi Oct.

Sketch of Sebastopol and the Works, taken from the Look-out Place, •.-..... 194 Zouaves at a Washing Place, ■".... 236 Valley of Tchergoum, ..... 283 Sketch Map of Sebastopol and the Siege Works, . . THE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF SEBASTOPOL.

Chapter I. The Rendezvous

During the months of April and May the Allied Army continued to arrive by instalments in the Bosphorus. On their way they had most of them halted at Malta. Those who came in steam vessels made a swift and pleasant voyage, surrounded by every luxury a traveller can hope for. The visits to the palaces of the Knights and the churches of the city — the novel and striking aspect of the harbours and fortificatio.ns — the subsequent voyage through the Egean — the view of the plains of Troy, dotted with the sepulchral mounds of classic heroes — the passage of the Dardanelles — and the gay scenery of Constan tinople, contributed to give the expedition rather the A - air of a pleasure excursion, than of the advance of an army. The halt at Scutari, so far from the scene of action, was rendered endurable to all but the most impatient spirits, by the curious scenes of the Turkish capital, and the magnificent landscapes disclosed at every bend of the Bosphorus.

A vast quadrangular barrack, capable of accommodating a small army in its numerous chambers, and of affording ample space to assemble the occupants on parade within the oblong enclosed by the four walls of the building, was made over to the English. The regiments not lodged here were encamped on the grassy plains behind. A steamer plied across the strait every hour for the convenience of the troops ; and those who happened to miss it found means of passage in the numerous caiques which, gaily carved and painted, and of pecu liarly graceful shape, danced everywhere on the clear water, propelled, some by one, some by two, hand some Greeks in red skull-cap and white tunic. The background to these graceful figures was especially pleasant to the eye, whether formed by the white buildings of the city, gleaming amidst the dark clumps of trees, or by the banks of the sea-river, covered with soft feathery foliage, amidst which black cypresses stood stiffly up, varied by the pink blossoms of the peach and apple, and the purple clusters of the Judas tree ; while close to the water's edge extended a line of red-roofed, painted, wooden houses, many of them decaying, but picturesque in their decay. -Auo.

THE SIEGE OF SILISTRIA. In the mean time the Russians had crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistria, which was expected to fall, for the fortress was neither regular nor strong, and the besieging force was disproportionately great. Consequently, the original plan of the campaign remained as yet unchanged. This was, to fortify Galli poli, in order to prevent the Russians (who might, after turning the left of the Turks, have advanced to the Chersonese) from closing the passage of the Dar danelles ; and to intrench the neck of the isthmus on which Constantinople stands, so that, shoidd the Rus sians defeat the Turks south of the Balkan, the capital misht still be saved from the invader. As the end for which these works were designed has never been fulfilled, and they have ceased to be objects of inter est, a detailed account of them is unnecessary.

Contrary to expectation, Silistria continued to hold out, and, at the request of Omer Pasha, an English division was landed at Varna early in June. The Russians being checked in their rapid advance, the line of the Balkan might now be held, and the for tresses of Shumla and Varna covered, when the enemy shoidd turn upon them after taking Sdistria, which, though marvellously defended, was still considered as doomed to fall. The rest of the English army, including the greater part of the brigade left in Gallipoli, followed the Light Division to Varna, and was distributed on the heights south of Varna bay, and at various points on and near the Shumla road, Devna, Aladyn, and Monastir ; places which, though sur- - 4 rounded by landscapes picturesquely grand, will long live drearily in the remembrance of the British army in Turkey.

Foiled in their repeated attacks on Silistria, and suffering terribly from disease and want, the enemy made one final grand assault, and, when repulsed, withdrew across the Danube. It was now expected that the Allies would push on ; but for this they were not prepared. Overrating the resources of the enemy from the beginning, an advance into the Principalities does not seem to have entered into their calculations. Various reasons for our inac tivity were circulated : the commissariat could not supply us on the march ; there was no transport for the reserve ammunition ; we were waiting to see what Austria would do. Leaving diplomatists to attach a value to the last reason, I may say, that the commissariat would probably, if they had been called on,' have found means to supply the army, but that the want of animals to carry the ammunition formed a more serious obstacle.

The French, indeed, sent a division into the Dobrudscha, but it rejoined the army without other result than a fearful loss of men from the malaria of those pestilent swamps. A new and terribly prominent feature of the cam paign now disclosed itself. Towards the end of July the cholera broke out at Varna, and in a few days the hospitals were filled with cases. Some of the transports lost many men in a few hours, and were ordered to cruise outside the bay, in hopes of evading -Aug. VARNA — THE CHOLERA. 5 the pestilence. Changes of site seemed of no avail to the troops, and not a day passed, in any quarter, without the ghastly spectacle of many men, victims either to cholera or fever, being borne through the camp, sewed in their blankets, to be laid in the earth. At this time the troops were busily employed in manufacturing; gabions and fascines from the brush wood which everywhere covers the face of the country.

Huge piles of these were collected on the south side of Varna Bay ; the sappers were busy running out temporary piers ; the transports remaining in the Bosphorus were ordered up ; and everything pointed to the speedy fulfilment of what had become, since the repulse of the Russians at Silistria proved the Turks capable of holding the line of the Danube single-handed, the true strategical object of the campaign, viz., the invasion of the Crimea. Stores were accumulated — rumours of speedy departure were everywhere repeated, and the 14th August was even confidently named as the clay of embarkation. How ever, the 1 4th passed without movement ; and though the preparations still continued, yet all, except the most sanguine, began to despair of an active campaign at so advanced a season. The First Division, consisting of the Guards and Highlanders, and two field - batteries, was now en camped at Gevreckler, a dreary common on the heights to the right of the Shumla road going from Varna.

The soil was stony, and covered with short wiry grass, such as geese feed on in England ; trees - were thinly sprinkled round the borders of the desolate plain. Going out of the camp in any direction, however, the prospect speedily became more smiling. Woods of low coppice appeared, having in the inter vals vast corn-fields, spreading sometimes for miles in every direction. These were laid out in patches of wheat, oats, and barley, golden with ripeness, and of tall guinea-grass of deepest green. Amid the crops occasionally sprang up groups of trees of maturer growth than those in the surrounding woods. Bul garian peasants, in parties generally consisting each of a man and two women, or young girls, were reap ing in the patches of corn ; their left hands, which grasped the stalks, being defended from the sickle by part of a bullock's horn pushed over the fingers.

Quail were tolerably plentiful in these fields ; and parties of sportsmen might be seen in all directions, who, taking soldiers for beaters in the absence of dogs, advanced in line across the fields. A party of three generally averaged about ten brace of quail and two or three hares in an afternoon. Crossing the common from Gevreckler, over patches of thistles and ploughed land, the position of the Second Division was reached, commanding a spreading and magnificent prospect. Distant passes near Shumla could be discerned ; great woody hills of graceful form undulated in tumbled confusion through the valleys ; and on the south was seen the blue outline of the Balkan range. Such Avas the brighter side of the picture, affording GLOOMY SCENES IN CAMP. 7 -Auo. a temporary respite from the gloomy scenes which awaited us in camp.

Accounts of friends, last seen in health, suddenly struck down with disease, and then reported dead ; cries from the hospital tents of men in the agonies of cramps ; silent groups of five or six digging, on the outskirts of the camp, receptacles for those who, the rigid outline of their features and feet showing through the blanket-shroud, were presently borne past, followed by the officer who was to read the funeral service ; sales of the clothes, camp-equipage, and horses of those who died yester day, — such were the dismal sights and sounds that spread a gloom over the army, and doubled its im patience for action. On that melancholy plain the Guards alone left seventy-two graves, many of which contained a double tenant. Besides the fatal cases, sickness of milder though similar type was almost universal ; and it is scarcely an exaggeration to state, that not more than a tenth of the army remained in average health. Ana. 23-

Chapter II. The Movement To The Crimea

At length came the wished-for order for embarka tion, and the First Division moved, on the 23d August, towards the sea, the men so enfeebled that their knapsacks were carried on pack-horses during even a short march of five or six miles, and lament ably different in appearance from the splendid regi ments who had marched past the Sultan on the plains of Scutari at the end of May. At the close of the first day's march, the artillery of this division halted at the base of the hills, near a Turkish village, so picturesque as to be worth describing. Its streets were green lanes, bordered by hedgerows of fine trees ; on each side of the lanes were gardens, and each garden contained a mud-walled house, with thatched roof, having a farmyard attached to it, one of the invariable features of which was a great, whitewashed, dome-shaped, clay oven.

These lanes had a common centre in a sort of village green, but I did not ob serve any sports going on there ; all the inhabitants seemed sedate and apathetic, except the girls at the Sept. lo. THE EMBARKATION. 9 fountains, who tittered and whispered as the martial strangers passed by, much as young female villagers of any other nation might have done. In a stack yard an old peasant, seated in a kind of sledge, with a little girl standing up beside him, was being dragged round and round by oxen, over loosened sheaves of corn. This was a luxurious mode of threshing. The oxen, according to the Scriptural precept, were un muzzled, and occasionally stooped for a mouthful. Milk, fowls, and fruit, were brought from here to the tents for sale, though at other villages the inhabitants had kept carefully aloof.