The Student's Geography ... With ... maps, etc

Preface

. THIS manual of Geography has been prepared for all classes of students, including the Senior forms of Public Schools where the students are learning special sections for particular examinations. The recent action taken by the leading members of this great commercial community, in harmony with the several examining bodies, renders it absolutely imperative that English students in all countries must not only acquire a knowledge of the general geography of the world and its divisions, as they have hitherto done, but that they must be more carefully prepared in what is aptly termed " Commercial Geography." Though this manual amply deals with every branch of Geography, its characteristic feature as a text-book for " Modern Students " is the particular way in which the various industries of the nations, and their economic products as connected with international trade, and more especially with British commerce, have been treated.

The Physical Conditions of the different countries, as bearing on the growth and distribution of special products, have received particular consideration. The most recent researches in every part of the world, and more particularly in Africa ; the almost unknown caravan routes in Asia and North Africa ; the leading routes by sea, and the great trunk lines of international commerce by land, as well as other facts connected with the expansion of trade, have received special attention, and are illustrated by appropriate maps. These maps, however, though expressly prepared to explain the text, are • by no means exhaustive ; they are simply inserted to emphasize special features which the student should not pass by without duly considering.

PREFACE.

. 4 The Commercial Statistics have been arranged and based upon the' most recent Annual Returns of the Board of Trade, the Annual Statement of Navigation and Shipping, the Year Books^ of the various Australian Colonies, the Canadian Government Returns, and the Annual Returns for India. AVe gratefully acknow ledge the valuable assistance we have received from the Secretary of the United States Legation, the Agents General of the British Colonies, the Consuls of various ' foreign countries, the officials of the Board of Trade, and the works of the most recent explorers, as well as from the publications of the Royal Geographical Society and the London and Liverpool Chambers of Commerce. Whilst quotations are copiously made from the works of many standard authorities, we have been most anxious not to insert such when they appear to be exaggerated or inspired by flights of imagination rather than in accord with apparent facts.

With regard to the heights of mountains, lengths of rivers and sums of money, we have, as a rule, expressed them in the nearest round numbers. Comparison has been established, when useful, between the features of one country and another, whilst in giving the lists of the productions, imports and exports of the countries, we have arranged them strictly in order of value. The Commercial Appendices give these various values in the nearest approximate sums. Much attention has been given to the arrangement and variety of type, not only to aid the memory but to provide for every kind of examination and grade of student. London, October 1890. GENERAL CONTENTS INTRODUCTION, (i.) Mathematical Geography; (ii.) Physical Geography; (iii.) Distribution of Plant and Animal Life, People, Race and Religion, Commerce and Commercial Products, Instruments of Exchange, etc. ... .... ... ... ... ... 9 page.

I page. Mathematical and Astronomicai ... ... ... 9 Globes and Maps ... ... 23 Crust of the Earth ... 24 Land ... ... ... ... 26 Water ... ... ... ... 34 The Atmosphere ... ... 44 Climate... ... ... ... 48 Weather Forecasting ... 5° Rain, Snow and Ice... ... 5Z Icebergs ... ... ... 53 Earth's Electricity and Magnetism ... ... ... 54 Distribution of Life ... 56 „ Plants ... 56 ,, Animals ... 57 People and Races ... ... 60 Social Notes ... 62 Governments ... ... ... 63 Religions ... ... ... 64 Commerce ... ... ... 65 Commercial Products ... 69 Instruments of Exchange ... 85 EUROPE. Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, Internal Communication, People, Race, Religions, Divisions, etc 89 The British Isles ... ... 121 England and Wales : Physical Features ... 123 Natural and Industrial Productions ... ... 1 5° People and Population ... 171 Political Divisions ... 173 Scotland : Physical Features ... 201 Natural and Industrial Productions 21 1 People and Population ... 215 Political Divisions ... 216 Ireland : Physical Features ... 221 Natural and Industrial Productions 230 Population 232 Political Divisions ... 233 The United Kingdom : Commerce... ... ... 236 British Imports 238 „ Exports ... ... 248 Seaports 254 The United Kingdom — continued.

Railways ... ... ... 269 Canals ... ... ... 278 Religion and Education ... 281 France ... ... ... ... 287 Belgium ... ... ... 312 Holland ... ... ... 324 Scandinavia ... ... ... 337 Denmark ... ... ... 353 Russia .... 363 German Empire ... ... 383 Prussia (special)... ... 406 Bavaria ,, ... ... 407 Wiirtemberg (special) ... 409 Alsace-Lorraine (special) 409 Baden (special) ... ... 411 Hesse „ 412 Saxony „ ... ... 413 Thuringian States ... 414 Austria-Hungary 415 Switzerland ... 432 Iberian Peninsula ... ... 446 Spain (special) 451 Portugal , CONTENTS. EUROPE — continued. page, page. Servia 498 Italy ... 463 Maltese Islands ... ... 481 Italy Montenegro ... 5°3 Turkey... ... ... ... 482 Bulgaria 5°4 Greece S°8 Rumania ... ... ... 493 ASIA. Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, People, Race, Religions, Divisions, etc S'7 Asiatic Turkey ... ... 53 l Indo-China — continued.

Palestine 536 Siam 598 Shan States 598 Asiatic Russia ... ... 537 Annam 600 Caucasia ... ... ... 537 Siberia ... ... ... 541 iongking ... ... ... 600 French Cochin-China ... 600 Central Asia ... ... 547 Cambodia ... ... ... 600 Eastern Turkestan... ... 551 Arabia 552 Malay States 601 Aden 553 Straits Settlements ... 601 Chinese Empire ... ... 603 Persia 554 Afghanistan ... ... ... 558 Hong-kong ... ... 613 Baluchistan ... ... ... 5s31 Japan ... ... ... ... 614 Hindustan, or India ... ... 563 East Indian Archipelago ... 622 Dutch East Indies ... 625 Ceylon ... ... ... ... 592 Indo-China ... ... ... 594 British „ ... 629 Spanish ,, ... 630 Burmah ... 597 AFRICA. Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, People, Race, Religion, Commerce, Inland Trade, Slavery, Divisions, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 633 Egypt ... ... ... ... 664 Barbary States ... ... 671 Marocco ... ... ... 673 Algeria ... ... ... 673 Tunis ... 675 Tripoli ... ... ... 676 Sahara... ... ... ... 677 Sudan ... ... ... ... 679 Western Sudan ... ... 679 Eastern Sudan ... ... 681 West African States ... 684 Senegambia ... ... ... 685 Sierra Leone 686 Liberia ... ... ... ... 686 Upper Guinea : Ivory Coast ... ... 687 Gold „ 687 Upper Guinea — continued.

Slave Coast 688 British Niger Protectorate 689 Lower Guinea : German Cameroon Protectorate ... ... 690 French Congo Protectorate 69 1 Portuguese West Africa... 692 Congo Free State ... 692 Native Congo Kingdoms... 696 German South-west Africa 696 South Africa... ... ... 697 British South Africa ... 698 Cape Colony 698 Transkeian Dependencies 699 Natal ... ... ... . yn BASUTOLAND ... ... . yj-> CONTENTS. 7 AFRICA— continued. PAGE. Bechuanaland ... ... 713 Orange Free State ... ... 714 South African Republic ... 715 East African States ... 717 Italian Sphere of Influence 719 Abyssinia ... ... ... 720 page. British East Africa... ... 722 German Sphere of Influence 723 Portuguese Sphere of Influence ... ... ... 724 Oceanic Islands outlying Africa ... ... ... 725 NORTH AMERICA. Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, People, Race and Language, Religion, Divisions, etc. ... 731 Dominion of Canada... ... 749 Ontario (special) ... ... 7°6 Quebec „ 767 New Brunswick ... ... 7^9 Nova Scotia ... ... 77° Prince Edward Island ... 77 l Manitoba ... 772 British Columbia ... ... 772 North-west Territories ... 776 District of Assiniboia ... 777 ,, Saskatchewan 777 „ Alberta ... 777 ,, Athabasca ... 777 Newfoundland ... ... 778 United States ... ... 780 Six New England States 804 Six Middle States ... 807 Twelve Southern States... 808 Ten West Central States 812 Four Pacific States ... 815 Five Newly-formed States 817 Six Territories ... ... 818 Mexico 819 Central America ... ... 821 British Honduras ... ... 823 West Indies ... ... ... 824 British West Indies ... 829 Spanish „ ... 837 French „ ... 837 Dutch „ ... 837 Danish „ ... 838 Independent,, ... 838 SOUTH AMERICA.

Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, People, Race and Language, Religion, Divisions, etc. ... 838 Colombia ... ... ... 852 Venezuela ... ... ... 853 British Guiana ... ... 854 Dutch Guiana ... ... 856 French Guiana ... ... 856 Brazil ... ... ... ... 857. Ecuador ... ... ... 858 Peru 859 Bolivia 860 Chile ... ... ... ... 861 Argentine Republic... ... 863 Paraguay ... ... ... 865 Uruguay ... ... ... 865 AUSTRALASIA. Physical and Descriptive, Natural and Industrial Productions, People, Race and Language, Divisions, Commerce, etc. ... 869 Australia ... ... ... 869 I New South Wales ... 882 Victoria 891 Queensland ... ... 896 South Australia ... ... 903 Western Australia ... 910 Tasmania ... ... ... 911 New Zealand... ... ... 916 Polynesia ... ... ... 927 Melanesia 930 Micronesia ... ... 934 Polynesia Proper... ... 935 Appendices and Index EAST AFRICA British Sphere Portuguese Sphere . German. Sphere FRONTISPIECE. GILL'S STUDENT'S GEOGRAPHY,