The industrial resources of Nova Scotia, comprehending the physical geography, topography, geology, agriculture, fisheries ... of the Province

Front matter

WEST BAIT MAE JPAIRTMBGE ISILA^© , 2V With CAPE SI' LIT in the distfcnc< THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF NOVA SCOTIA. COMPREHENDING THE PHYSICAL. GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, Mines, forests, wild lands, lumbering, manufactories, NAVIGATION, COMMERCE, EMIGRATION, IMPROVEMENTS INDUSTRY, CONTEMPLATED RAILWAYS, NATURAL HISTORY AND RESOURCES, OF THE PROVINCE. Br ABRAHAM GESNER, Esq. SURGEON, FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Corresponding Member of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Member of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, author of " Remarks on the Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia"—" New Brunswick, with notes for Emigrants," &c. HALIFAX, N. S. : 1849, Published by'^SPwT'MacKinlay, Pbinted by English & Blackabak.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY LIEUTENANT-GENERAL Sir JJofin p?at*t)e;8,'!Lffi.JS. arrtf m.©.©., Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over Her Majesty's Province of Nova-Scotia, &c &c. &c, This volume Is respectfully dedicated, Bv THE AUTHOR

Preface

. The nature of this work is proclaimed on its title page. At a period, when the Old World is convulsed by fearful Revolutions, many of her inhabitants will look for relief to the wide-spread regions of British America, and to countries within the scope, protection, and free dom, so long enjoyed and maintained by the noble constitution of our Parent State. Great Britain herself is burdened by an overgrown population, among Whom, the want of full employment excites disaffection, and gives rise to pauperism, crime, and starvation. To her unemployed capital and labor, the British Colonies offer the best and most effectual reward and relief; and while the remedy would lighten the bur dens of millions of our fellow subjects, it would also augment the value and importance of an extensive portion of the Empire.

To open new channels of industry — to apply labor to the relief of distress — to arouse dormant enterprize — to occupy, improve, and cultivate her colonies — ex tending the blessings of civilization, and increasing human happiness, are objects worthy of the Nation's regard, and the strenuous efforts of every British sub ject. Every aim towards this mark deserves encou-

PREFACE.

. II ragement, — every advancing step towards this point should be cheered, until the primitive forests of this country shall ring with the sound of the axe — the ocean shall yield up abundant supplies of food — the earth its minerals, and the soil the varied productions of agriculture. The first exports of every new country are simple objects in their natural state. Time is required to unfold hidden wealth, and to adopt the appliances of manufacture. Up to the present day, the resources, and conse quently the value of British America, are but imperfectly known, either at home or abroad. From an imperfect knowledge of these Provinces, treaties have been made with foreign States injurious to their inter ests, and there is a prevailing ignorance of their capabilities. Even their own inhabitants are unacquainted with the physical resources around them, and the means required to bring them into successful operation.

Nor is it presumed that the following treatise compre hends all the elements to which industry may be suc cessfully applied in Nova Scotia. In a new, extensive, and almost unexplored country, patient and con tinued research are necessary to reveal all its natural wealth. The colossean public improvements contemplated by the Home and Colonial Governments, and by per sons of all ranks, for these Provinces, in the construction of Railways and Electric Telegraphs, impart to them new features. In future, their social condition, safety, and welfare, will depend upon the success of such enterprizes, and the adaptation of the means placed at their disposal to the purposes of industry and commerce.

PREFACE.

. III Nova Scotia contains abundantly the elements that invite labor and promise wealth. To their description the author has devoted his best ability. He is a native of the Province, and having applied himself upwards of twenty years to the examination of its natural pro ductions, he has no hesitation in communicating the result of his labor, to which himself, or others, may hereafter add each succeeding discovery. A climate in which the grape, the peach, the quince, and other exotics come to perfection, has been unsparingly condemned. The country has been represented as having neither spring nor autumn, but ever doomed to endure the extremes of heat and cold. These, and similar errors, deserve the correction experience has afforded. Besides a good agricultural surface, the Province contains inexhaustable supplies of coal, iron, and other minerals, and her bays and estuaries are the most pro ductive fisheries in the world.

As no general description of these and many other resources has ever before appeared, the present work is offered as a pioneer to more elaborate discoveries. I avail myself of this medium to express a deep sense of obligation to the gallant Earl of Duudonald, to whom I am indebted for an actual inspection of the principal parts of Cape Breton, and its valuable min eral deposits. Some of the commercial tables could not be obtained until the publication of the work was much advanced. These tables, with a notice of the claims of the Baro nets of Nova Scotia, and extracts from the reports on the Halifax and Quebec Railway, are inserted in the Appendix. My acknowledgments are due to the Sur veyor General, and Mr. Henry of the Crown Lands

PREFACE.

. Department, for aid in compiling the map; also to the officers of Her Majesty's Customs at Halifax, for tables of exports ; and to a number of gentlemen throughout the Province, who have volunteered their services as agents in the sale of this volume. The drawing at the close of the chapter on the Geo logy of the Province, is from the pencil of Mrs. Elliot, and was presented to me by the late the Honorable T. N. Jeffery. A few unimportant typographical errors that may be discovered, with any other imperfections, are left to the consideration of the candid and indulgent reader. A. GESNER. Halifax, 1849. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Introduction — Historical and General Notice — Former and present state of Industry — Projected Improvements, &c. of Nova Scotia — Early Inhabitants — French, New Englanders, and Loyalists, Page 1

Chapter II

British America — Nova Scotia, her geographical position, Harbours, Bays, Rivers, Lakes — Bay of Fundy — Minas Basin — Cumberland Bay and Basin — Southern Harbours — Northern Harbours — Waterford,Wallace, Tatamagouche, Pictou, Merigomishe,Canseau,Whitehaven, Torbay, Country Harbour, St. Mary's, Halifax, Sambro, Margaret's Bay, Lunenburg, Lallave, Liverpool, Port Medway, Shelburne, Barrington, Pubnico, Tuskets, Jebogue, Yarmouth, Jegogin, Annapolis Basin — Rivers, Annapolis, the Avon, Shubenacadie, &c, 22

Chapter III

Marshes — Alluviums — Wild Lands — Forests — Surveys — Quality of Lands — Timber — Forest Scenery — Exports, &c 58

Chapter IV

Native Trees, and such as grow without cultivation in Nova Scotia — -Forest Fires — Second and succeeding growth of Plants — Dissemination of Seeds, &c, . . 77

Chapter V

The Fisheries of Nova Scotia, value of, and negotiations, aggressions of the French and Americans — Violation of Treaties, anecdotes of— Shipping employed by France and the United States — Quantity of Fish taken — Advantages enjoyed by the Ameri- VI CONTENTS. cans — Bounties — Protection of the Fisheries — Sug gestions for improving — Marine and fresh water fishes of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick — Fisheries in jured — Modes of fishing — Fishing seasons — Habits of fishermen — Fish taken — Domestic consumption — Exports — Shore Fishery — Deep Sea Fishery — Num ber of vessels and boats employed — Tables and Returns, Page 103

Chapter VI

Agriculture of Nova Scotia, climate — Comparative time of the flowering of Plants— Origin of the Soils — Kinds and qualities of the Soils — Manures, animal, vegetable, and mineral — Lime — Gypsum — Wild Lands — Table of granted and ungranted Lands — Clearing — Crops — Grain — Vegetables — The Potato — Leguminous Plants — Horticulture — Agriculture- Expenses and Profits of Crops — Labor — Markets — Farm Stock — Dairy Husbandry — General Remarks, 152

Chapter VII

Manufactories, Commerce and Industry — Timber Trade — Lumbering— Shipbuilding — Population and Commerce of British America— General Remarks — Table of Exports from Nova Scotia for tue year ending 5th January, 1849 — Trapping, Hunting, &c, 210 CHAPTER Vin. Geology of Nova Scotia — Classification of Rocks— Stratified non-fossiliferous, or Cambrian Group — Silurian Group — Old Red Sandstone — Carboniferous Rocks, or Coal Formation— Extent and division of the Group — Gypsiferous Strata and Limestones —Fossils of the Coal Group — New Red Sandstone — Intrusive, or Igneous Rocks — Drift — Rocking Stones — Mammalia, Birds, Sporting, &c, 23'J

Chapter IX

Mines and Minerals — Granite, Slate — Minerals of the Silurian Rocks— Iron Ore — Iron Ore of Annapolis — Iron Ore of Pictou— Minerals of the Coal Formation — Gypsum — Limestone — Ores of Iron — Ores of Iron and Manganese— Salt Springs — Freestones — Grindstones—Flagstones—Coal — Coal Field — Coal Measures—Albion Mine3— Exports of Coal — Cumberland Coal Measures — Cape Breton Coal Field — Coal Mines, Sydney, Luigan, Cow Bay, Bras d'Or, Carabou — Inhabitants' River — Exports — Royal Grant — Mining Association, Expenditures of in Nova Scotia, CONTENTS. VII operations of— Ores of the Coal Fields— Iron—Cop per — Iron of the Cobequid Mountains — Minerals of the Trap Rocks of the Bay of Fundy, &c. &c— Build ing Stones, list of— Clays— Alum Clays and Slates — Ochres, &c, Page 252

Chapter X. Cape-breton

General description of— Climate — Early exports — Louisburg, history of — Fortifications — Ruins— The Bras d'Or, situation — Settlements — Resources — Boulardrie — SydneyHarbour — Coal — Coalmines — Town — Soil Agriculture — Lingan— Mira Bay and River — Gabarus — Isle Madame — Arichat — Carabou — Gut of Canseau — Port Hood, Cheticamp — Inganisho — Cape North — Mountains of — Unexplored Lands — Fisheries — Exports of Shipping, &c, 300

Chapter XI. Railways And Emigration

Proposed Halifax and Quebec Railway, origin of, narrative of proceedings, proposed terminus at Whitehaven, Survey, direction of, resources along the line, branches, effects upon industry, cost, advantages, &c. — Halifax and Windsor Railway — Proposed Railways in New Brunswick — Electric Telegraph— Emigration, present state of, promoted by Railways, classes of Emigrants — Vacant Lands — General and concluding Remarks, THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF NOVA-SCOTIA.

Chapter I

Introduction — Historical and general notice — Former and present state of industry — Projected improvements, &c. of Nova-Scotia — Early inhabitants — French, New Englanders, and Loyalists. The early history of Acadia, or Nova-Scotia, details a series of conflicts between Great Britain and France, who each claimed the colony by right of discovery and occupation. The aborigines of the country were converted to Christianity by the exertions of the Jesuit priests, and thereby they were, and still continue to be, attached to the Roman Catholic religion. They were also the allies of France until they were con quered, and brought into submission by the overthrow of French power in North America. At an early period the number of Indian warriors was not less than 3,000. This warlike people, and the first French settlers, formed a powerful barrier to the introduction of British colonists.

And even after the Acadians had taken the oath of allegiance to Great Britain, and were therefore called French neutrals, NOVA-SCOTIA. they had always believed that ultimately their coun trymen would be the conquerors of the wide-spread regions of the continent : and with that mistaken view they were led into errors that proved fatal to their interests. DeMonts, LaTour, Denys, and others of the French nobility, had obtained extensive grants of territory in Acadia* ; but, from feuds and jealousies among them selves, they were unable to maintain a safe foothold upon the soil. On the part of Great Britain there were also individuals who were fond of transatlantic enterprise ; and in 1625 Charles I gave a novodamus, or renewal of a former patent to the Earl of Stirling, of a vast territory extending from the St. Croix to the St. Lawrence. — It is upon this patent the baronets of Nova-Scotia still claim title to lands in Nova-Scotia and New Brunswick. f The latter, in 1784, was con stituted a separate province.

Although ancient Acadia had been several times transferred by treaty from one power to another, and had been the theatre of desperate struggles for terri tory, it had not been conquered; for the native Mic mac Indians had never submitted to any foreign au- * In the commission of DaMonts, Nova-Scotia is called Cadie. JS'ous cstans dis long temps informer de la situation et condition des pais et territoires dc la Cadie, fy-c. It was afterwards called by the French voyageurs L'Acadie. In the Micmac Indian dialect akade signifies a place. Thus Anglishoufdtade means a place where Englishmen reside, Wenjouiikfide a place where French people live, or a French settlement. The Shubenacadie is called by the natives Saagaabenaciide, a place where their favourite root, the Sagaaban, grows : thus the origin of the term Shubenacadie now applied to the river, where those roots were formerly very abundant.

The terms Cadie and L'Acadie have evidently been derived from the Micmac akade— a place. ' Sec Appendix A. NOVA-SCOTIA, thority. It was not until after the destruction of Louisburg — the conquest of Quebec, under the brave Wolfe — and the expulsion of the chief part of the French Acadians, that the Indians surrendered. In 1761 they signed a treaty of peace at Halifax. The terms of that treaty they have respected ever since ; but it will be seen hereafter that the promises made to their chiefs have not been fulfilled by the descend ants of their conquerors. In 1763 France resigned all her claims in North America to Britain, who now holds undisturbed possession of the northern part of the great continent. The early voyageurs to America soon became acquainted with the value of Nova-Scotia. Its geographical position, soil, fisheries, minerals, furs, and other resources, aroused their enterprize ; and the climate and scenery called forth their warmest admiration. — Along the whole Atlantic coast there was not found a country, in their estimation, so valuable in the bounties of nature, nor so rich in the elements of industry, as their favorite Acadia.

In 1598 the number of fishing vessels upon the coast was no less than 330. The French and English also carried on a valuable trade in furs, and in the teeth of the walrus, or sea cow. At this period the existence of mineral wealth, the value of the timber, and nature of the soil and climate, were almost un known. In 1604 DeMonts visited the Bay of Fundy, and discovered the native copper of Cape D'Or, and the ores and gems of Parrsboro' and Cape Blowmedon. The French immigrants also begun to cultivate the soil near Port Royal, since called Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. And the great abundance of fish in the waters, game in the forests, and wild fowl upon NOVA-SCOTIA. the lakes and rivers, afforded them a comfortable sub sistence, with little labor. Notwithstanding the changes in their political re lations to the crowns of England and France, the French had established large settlements upon the borders of the principal streams, and especially at the sites of the great marshes.

Besides their settlement at Annapolis, they had flourishing villages at (Minas) Cornwallis and Horton, (Pemaquid) Windsor, (Chig necto) Cumberland, and on the banks of the Shuben acadie. They had diked tracts of the fertile marsh alluviums, planted orchards of fruit trees — remnants of which still survive, and erected chapels. Their houses were clustered together in small villages, and each was the abode of frugality and contentment. — Their communications with the native Indians had lowered the standard of civilization among them, and the labors of their priests had raised the savage natives in some degree above the extremes of barbarity. The number of Acadians in 1755 was 18,000 : they owned upwards of 60,000 head of horned cattle, and had large tracts under cultivation. But, while they were in the enjoyment of perfect freedom under the British flag, they unfortunately aided and succoured the unconquered Indians in their attacks upon the English settlements.

For this offence the chief part of their number was expelled from the country — their dikes cut away, lands confiscated, their villages burnt, and overwhelming misery and distress poured into every family. After a final peace had been concluded with France, the British Government made laudable efforts to restore these people to their former happy condition : but many of them had perished, — only a part of the exiles ever returned ; and, therefore, the NOVA-SCOTIA, 5 early French colonists never regained their former flourishing position. During these unhappy periods no advancement was made in the general improvement of the country, — indeed, to the contrary : its infant villages had been destroyed, and their inhabitants dispersed. The In dians were still the terror of the British settler, who, in removing the forests, was compelled to carry an axe in one hand and^a musket in the other.

The state of the New England provinces, and the western colonies, was much more favorable ; for, after they had sub dued the natives, they enjoyed peace, and the first immigrant settlements were not broken up and de stroyed. It is proper for those who constantly refer to the greater success of the British colonists in the United States, to recollect that none of those had to contend with the peculiar obstacles that retarded the early prosperity of Nova-Scotia. It is true they had to withstand the savage warfare of the aborigines ; but, in general, they were free from that disaffection among themselves that proved so fatal to the success of Acadia. The first settlers in Nova-Scotia were not a people of enterprize : their pursuits were at the commence ment altogether rural ; and many of them adopted the habits of the Indians, and followed hunting and trapping.

The slow progress the Acadian French have made in the art of agriculture, at once shows their in feriority to the English, who have lined the western Atlantic shores with towns and villages, and spread cultivation over the surface far into the interior of the country. Previous to the war that secured Nova-Scotia to the English, nearly 1,500 Germans emigrated to the coun- NOVA-SCOTIA. ty of Lunenburg, under the encouragement offered them by George II. The cultivated fields and diked marshes of the expelled Acadians, were offered by the government to any who would occupy them, and pay an annual quit-rent of one shilling per acre. Boston, Rhode Island, Plymouth, and New London, supplied 580 emigrants, to whom 200 were added from Ire land. In 1772 the total number of inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, as reported to the Board of Trade, was 18,300.

The immigrants from the above places were a peculiar people, by no means remarkable for their industry or enterprize. They had been allured by the liberal offers of the Government, upon whose bounty they de pended, rather than upon their own exertions. Al though, as a body, they were moral, they soon acquired habits unfavourable to the rapid and general improvement of the country. From the abundance of fish and game of all kinds, many of them gave themselves to hunting ; and the achievements of the " old proprie tors," and especially their long spun bear stories, have been carefully handed down to their descendants. All their guns were named ; and in some parts of the country you still find old French muskets called " Long Sal, Spitfire, Betsy, Indian Pill Box, Martin Luther, Cromwell, &c." Tracts of land were sometimes given in barter for a gnn.

In King's County eight acres of diked marsh, now worth £25 per acre, were exchanged for a dog. Mocassins, guns, hatchets, snowshoes, and powder horns, were the most desirable objects of these people — whole families of whom became hun ters and trappers ; and to many of their descendants the sight of a fox or a bear's track is still a sufficient NOVA-SCOTIA. inducement for them to quit the plough and follow the chace.* * Some of the peculiarities of these people are displayed in the following true story, as related by J. M , a descendant of the old New England Stock. He says : One day, 1 suppose the snow was about three foot deep, in March, Tommy and I went out to cut broomsticks. Nothing would do but old Streakit (a hound) knawed off I113 tether and come along too. Well, while I was cutting a little ash — you know the kind of ash — I heerd a noise.

Says I, Tommy, that's the old dog. There is something in the wind, I'll bet you a big apple. Pooh, says Tommy. Well, by and by we heerd the old sarpent rip out like a lion. What say now Tommy, says I. Says he, the old rap is barking at a squirrel, or one of them dumb bristley porcupines. I know the music better than that, says I. Well, by and by we thought wee'd just go where the old rap was, and there he was pawing and howling, and snorting, like a whirlwind. Well, we looked a bit, and what should I see but a little hole under the root of an old yaller birch. Says Tommy, do you smell the bear steam ? I guess 1 do, says I, and I guess wee'l have a small kickamaroo. Run home Tommy, and bring old brimstone (a very long gun). Away went Tommy, and as soon as he got home he had to send away for old Aunt Peggy.

And then 1 waited at the bear's hole till my legs were as stiff as bean poles : how somever he come back at last. Well, we cut away a hole big enough to peep in. There lay Bruin shewing his ivory, you may depend. — Well, I jist sent a ball and ten buckshot through his mazzard, and with a hooked limb we soon forked my joker out of the hole. Well, while 1 was hauling him out I dropped my jacknife into the place — I stooped down to pick it up, but whew, what does I see but two balls of fire. — You may depend I jumped. Says I, Tommy, there is another. Haw, haw, says Tommy, that's the nest egg. Well we 60on made a dead prisoner of the other chap, and pulled him out. Well it beat every thing. The old dog got into the hole then, but was soon turned out doors by another real old whopper. Well, we could not shoot this jo ker, he was so far back in the den ; so we cleared away the opening, and I crawled softly into the place, and if you had only seen how the feller flaired up, when I paid my respects to him with Tommy's old butcher knife ; but before I fixed him, the tormented crittur tore off both the tails of a bran new coat made by a tailor.

Well, we got a sled and carried them home, and when we got there Tommy's wife had two twins, and we had three bears atween us. Why, they talk about acrricultur in this country ! Why, Tommy and I raised more out of that little hole in the airth in an hour, than Uncle Silas can raise from an acre in a whole summer. NOVA-SCOTIA. Without any reference to the moral and orderly ha bits of these people, it is certain they were far from possessing that energy and industry that characterized the early inhabitants of the New England States. — During a considerable period after 1772, the colony de clined ; and as late as 1781, the population was estima ted not to exceed 12,000. At the close of the Ameri can Revolution, in 1783, a great number of refugees settled in Nova-Scotia : to these were added many offi cers and soldiers of disbanded regiments.

In 1784 the population of Nova-Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward's Island, was only 32,000. In this new population there were persons of property, learning, and high respectability, by whom the foundations of edu cation and industry were laid. By this body the Co lonial Government was established ; and, by its loyalty, it still continues to bind the province to the mo ther country. Notwithstanding all the virtues of the first colonists of Nova-Scotia, they were a people whose previous modes of life had disqualified them for the settlement of a new country. The pursuits and habits of officers and soldiers of the British Army had unfitted them for the labor required by agriculture ; and citizens from the west were unprepared for the hardships incident to a life in the forest. It was not until the descendants of these people sprang up that the country began to put on a cheering aspect.

This hardy race of men are now beginning to display the agricultural capabilities of the lands adopted by their forefathers. Many of the early settlers had bled in the service of the Crown — many had sustained the loss of their pro perty, from their attachment to the parent country ; and others, from the promises held out to them by the Go- NOVA-SCOTIA. vernment, placed their chief dependance upon her bounties. These circumstances tended to relax the efforts of the inhabitants in the improvement of the resources of the country. It was equally unfortunate that the generous system then acted upon by the Sovereign laid the foundation of numerous claims. There was a time when almost every family in Nova-Scotia sought some reward or bounty from the government. Almost every man thought himself entitled to some gratuity, or of fice.

A general desire for public situations has con tinued, and since given rise to much discord and party spirit. Not so with the inhabitants of the revolted co lonies of the United States : they were weaned and cut off from all the bounties and patronage of the mother country, and compelled, by necessity, to apply to their own labour and enterprize — by which they have ex ceeded the people of the provinces in wealth and general improvement. It has been frequently imputed to the inhabitants of Nova-Scotia that they have less perseverance, enterprize, and industry, than the Americans of the republic. Admitting the correctness of this opinion, it should be remembered that very many of her early settlers were several years engaged in the defence of their country : and many of them, on account of their loyalty, abandonded the cultivated fields of their forefathers in the now United States, to cut down the forest a second time in order to win a living.

They were an exiled people, who had to encounter all the difficulties of colonization in a climate unmodified by the spreading out of cleared fields and the redemption of extensive marshes. The soldier had to lay down his musket and seize the axe. The citizen was driven from his town luxuries to the hard fare of the B NOVA-SCOTIA. backwoodsman ; and the brave officer who had fought his score of battles, hung his sword against the wall and laid his hand to the plough. That the services of such men have not been duly respected by the Bri tish government, is a painful and humiliating fact. — The bounties of the Crown of late have been given to appease the disaffected, rather than to reward the faithful ; and if ever the British colonies are cut off from the parent kingdom, in this heart-burning evil will be found the cause of the separation.

At the close of the American Revolution the inha bitants of the revolted colonies had an almost boundless field for the expansion of their energies ; and eve ry soldier and sufferer in their cause was amply re warded. Far different was the situation of the Bri tish loyalist — he had to begin the world anew ; if, therefore, the people of the provinces have not kept way with those of the United States, an ample excuse is afforded them. There is yet another and most obvious reason why Nova-Scotia has not advanced in a degree proportion ate to her resources. Up to the present time, the ex tent and value of the natural productions of the pro vince are almost unknown in every part of Europe. — The current of emigration has been directed to Cana da and the United States : and volume after volume has been published in praise of those countries.

Ex cepting the History of Nova-Scotia, written many years ago, and a work by the author on the Geology and Mineralogy of the province, little has been said of this fine colony. If we look to Canada, we find that, besides a large revenue, a vast amount of British capital has there been applied to canals, railways, and other public works. Not only have these sums of NOVA-SCOTIA. money produced the ordinary advantages arising from such improvements, but they have supplied the best stimulus to industry to almost every inhabitant, and general advantage has been the result. These remarks are still more applicable to the United States, where millions of British capital have been devoted to the benefit of the commonwealth. To such countries the tide of emigration has been directed, and still continues to flow, while from Nova-Scotia, where there is a lack of labor, many of the young native born farmers and mechanics annually depart, to seek a living farther west.

It is, indeed, to be regretted, that large sums taken from British funds should have been expended in a foreign country, where, in some in stances, their repayment has been repudiated : while the same capital might have been profitably disposed of in the British Provinces, where it would have in creased the strength of a valuable part of the empire. But it is in vain to hope for an influx of money into the country, until her resources are fairly disclosed. The objects to which money can be profitably applied, must first be made known, before any hope can be en tertained of their being rendered useful in themselves, and doubly useful by the capital they draw in from abroad. With such views the Americans have made examinations and surveys of every part of the Union from the St. Croix to Oregon.