The Pictorial History of the United States of America, from the discovery by the Northmen in the tenth century to the present time. Embellished with engravings from drawings by W. Croome

Front matter

THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FROM THE DISCOVERY BY THE NORTHMEN IN THE TENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY JOHN FROST, A.M. PROFESSOR OF EELLES LETTRES IN THE CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL OF PHILADELPHIA. EMBELLISHED WITH THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS, BY W, CROOWE, IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER. 1843. Entered, according to the Ac! of Congress, in the year 1843, by E. H. BUTL ER, in the clerl''" office of the district court ot' the United States in and for the Eastern district of Pennsylvania. J. FAUAN, STEREOTYFER. C. SHE-MAN, TRlNTCK. O furnish, within a reasonable compass, a complete history of the United States, suited to the purposes of the general reader, has been my object in preparing the work which is now offered to the public.

In pursuing this design, the difficulties have been by no means inconsiderable. From the great mass of materials furnished by previous writers, to select what was essential in order to form a continuous and clear narrative of the leading events, was not an easy task. The large number of distinct communities of whi^h the republic is composed ; the different views which actuated their founders : and the extent of territory over which they were originally spread, render it difficult to combine their annals into a single work. Yet that there is a proper unity in the history of our country, no one can doubt, who has paid much attention to the subject. Although the nation derives its origin from so many isolated colonies, composed of diverse materials, still it is evident that there was a period when it arrived at what may be termed a national consciousness ; and that from that period it has been actuated by a national purpose

Preface

. VI which gives singleness and distinct effect to its history. This fact renders it possible to make the narrative compact and clear ; and to accomplish this object has been my purpose ; how far I have been successful, it remains with the reader to decide. It may be thought that, considering the limited space which is assigned to the whole work, too much attention has been devoted to the early history of the colonies ; but it should be remembered that the character of the republic was determined by its founders ; that the spirit of our institutions had its origin in their peculiar views ; and that what may seem trivial in the records of these early days nevertheless exerted an important influence on the subsequent course of events. The plan originally prescribed for the work has rendered it inex pedient to dwell upon disputed points, or to enter into extended disquisitions.

The known and established facts of our national history have afforded abundant materials for my purpose ; and the principal difficulty has been to select what was important and influential, and to present it in such a light as should render it striking and effective. If particular characters have been made conspicuous, and single events have been dwelt upon with emphasis, it was because they were considered more influential than others, that have been passed over or comparatively thrown into the shade. To carry forward the narrative in such a manner that the mind of the reader might not be distracted with too great a variety of details, it was necessary to bestow but slight attention on many transactions which could be dwelt upon with propriety in a more minute and extensive work; yet it is believed that no topic of real importance has been neglected.

In the process of selecting and condensing the accounts of various wnters, I have sometimes quoted their language, varying it where the style was too diffuse, and giving credit at the bottom of the page that the reader might be enabled to refer to the original authority'

PREFACE.

. In every part of the work, I have considered it a paramount duty to respect the claims of truth and justice ; and if in recording question able actions which find their apology in the spirit of the age when they were performed, I have sometimes omitted to explain their probable motives, it has been because I deemed it proper to trust to the intelligence of the reader for a suitable commentary. I am con scious of no undue bias towards any sect or party ; and I have adopted no theory respecting government or policy, which could influence my selection or representation of facts. What I have recorded of past transactions, has been drawn from authorities which are universally respected ; and my general design did not permit me to turn aside for lengthened explanations or even for the introduction of such philosophical reflections as the subjects presented frequently suggest.

To tell a plain and intelligible story, and to render my countrymen familiar with the leading facts of our history, has been my main object. If I have had any considerable success in the pursuit of this object, I am by no means insensible of the great assistance for which I am indebted to the accomplished artist who has furnished the pictorial embellishments of the work. The effect which pictures, well conceived and ably executed, have in impressing historical events upon the mind, must be apparent to every attentive reader. Such delineations furnish luminous points, around which are clustered a host of agreeable and lasting associations. The portrait of a distinguished man gives additional force and distinctness to our recollection of his character; the picture of a battle, although it is necessarily incomplete and imperfect, takes a stronger hold of the imagination than any effort of descriptive power ; and even the sketch of a remarkable place will give it a local habitation in the mind, which will remain longer and produce a livelier satisfaction than any mere record of language.

In selecting the subjects for his designs, Mr. Croome has taken those which it was deemed important to impress upon the mind of the reader, — those prominent incidents and characters which deserve PREFAC E. to be cherished in the memory of every American. In order to give his delineations as much of the authenticity of history as it is compe tent for the pictorial art to attain, he has had recourse to original portraits and approved engraved likenesses; and he has made the costumes of the different periods comprised in the history, the subject of careful and attentive study. If in these respects there is any error, he has erred with the countenance of learned and respected authorities. It would be ungrateful in me not to avail myself of the present opportunity of acknowledging the aid which I have derived from my literarv friends in preparing this work.

Every library to which I have desired access has been freely thrown open to me ; and from the invaluable collection of original historical portraits in the Phila delphia Museum, Mr. Croome has been permitted, by a vote of the directors, to take such copies as were thought appropriate to the design of the work. From the families of some of the illustrious men whose names adorn the annals of the revolutionary war, I have received original documents, which throw considerable light on the events of that momentous struggle ; and from some of the surviving officers who were distinguished by their services in the more recent contest with Great Britain, I have drawn information which could have been obtained in so authentic a form from no other source. To these friends I render my heartiest thanks : and I trust that the assistance which they have so kindly rendered me, will not be without its use to our common country. Philadelphia, August 1st, 1843. CONTENTS.

Chapter I. Discovery Of America By The Northmen

• MERICA, claims to the Discovery of, page 17; Voyage of Biarne, 18; Voyage of Leif, 19 ; Discovery of Grapes, 20 ; Voyage of Thor waid, 21 ; Voyage of Thorfinn, 22 ; Discovery of Massachusetts, 23 ; Birth of Snorre, 24 ; Voyage of Helge and Finnboge, 25 ; Vinland abandoned, 26 ; Historical Evidence, 27.

Chapter II Columbus's Discovery

Education of Columbus, 30 ; Columbus in Lisbon, 31 ; Leaves Lisbon, 32 ; Sails from Palos, 33 ; Incidents of the Voyage, 34 — 38 ; Landing, 39 ; Discovery of Cuba and Haiti, 40 ; Passage home, 42 ; Columbus'* treatment, 43.

Chapter III. Early Voyages To The Continent

Cabot's first Expedition, 46; Second, 47; Cortereal, 48; Cartier in Canada, 49 ; Quebec settled, 50 ; Nova Scotia, 51. CONTENTS. X

Chapter IV. Colonization Of Florida

Ponce de Leon, 53; Ayllon, 54; Narvaez, 55 ; Soto, 57; Cancello, 59 ; Ribault, 60; Laudonniere, 61 ; Expedition of Melendez, 62; Surprise of Fort Carolina, 63 ; Retaliation of de Gourgues, 64.

Chapter V. English Expeditions To North America

Expedition of Hore, 66 ; Expedition of Sir Hugh Willoughby, 67 ; Voyage of Frobisher, 68 ; Second Voyage of Frobisher, 70 ; Third Voyage of Frobisher, 71 ; Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Voyage, 72 ; Loss of the Delight, 73 ; Loss of the Squirrel, 74 ; Voyage of Amidas and Barlow, 75 ; Discovery of Virginia, 76 ; Grenville's Expedition, 77 ; Lane left at Roanoke, 78 ; Arrival of Drake, 79 ; Expedition of White, 80 ; Birth of Virginia Dare, 81 ; Voyage of White and Hakluyt, 82 : Voyage of Gilbert and Gosnold, 83 ; Voyage of Pring, 84 ; Effect of English Discoveries, 85.

Chapter VI. Colonization Of Virginia

Letters Patent issued, 87 ; Expedition of Newport, 88 ; Settlement at Jamestown, 89 ; Capture of Smith, 90 ; Smith returns to Jamestown, 91 ; Supposed Discovery of Gold, 92 ; Smith explores Chesapeake Bay, 93 ; Arrival of new Colonists, 94; Smith returns to England, 95.

Chapter VII. Virginia Under The London Company

Arrival of Lord Delaware, 9. ; Condition of the Colonists, 98 ; Gates sent to England, 99; Arrival of Dale, 100; Marriage of Pocahontas, 101 ; Argal's Expedition, 102; First Colonial Assembly, 103; Arrival of Wyatt, 105 ; Death of Nemattanow, 106 ; Disclosure of the Plot for the Massacre, 107 ; The Great Massacre, 108 ; James's Hostility to the Company, 109; Spirit of the Colonists, 110; Dissolution of the London Company, 111 ; Death of King James I., 112.

Chapter VIII. History Of Virginia, Continued To The Time Of The Old

FRENCH WAR. Accession of Charles I., 113; Tyrannical Conduct of the Governor, 114; Berkeley appointed Governor, 115 ; War with the Indians, 116 ; Capture and Death of Opechancanough, 117 ; Arrival of Captain Dennis. Capitution, 118 ; Acts of the Assembly, 119 ; Restoration of Charles II., 120 ; Restrictions of Commerce, 121; Indian War — Bacon's Rebellion' 122- Bacon's Death, 123; Effinghain's Administration, 124; William and Mary College founded, 125. CONTENTS. XI

Chapter IX. Colonization Of Maryland

Lord Baltimore's Grant, 127 ; Arrival of Leonard Calvert, 128 ; Settlement at St. Mary's, 129; Intercourse with the Indians, 130; Clayborne's Hostility, 131 ; First Assembly, 132 ; Clayborne raises a Revolt, 133 ; Religious Toleration, 134 ; Civil War, 135 ; Establishment of a Mint, 136 ; Nes-otiation with William Penn, 137 ; Accession of James II., 138 ; Andros, Governor, 139; Religious Proscription, 140; Proprietary restored, 141 ; Character of the Colony, 142.

Chapter X. The Plymouth Colony

Settlement at Sagadahoc, 144 ; Captain Smith in New England, 145; The Plymouth Council, 146; The Congregationalists, 147; The Puritans in Holland, 148; Emigration to New Plymouth, 149; Landing of the Pilgrims, 150; Death of Governor Carver, 153; Treaty with Massasoit, 154; Indian Conspiracy, 156; Standish, 157; Pierce's Treachery and Shipwreck, 158 ; Government of the Colony, 159.

Chapter XI. Colonization Of Maine And New Hampshire

Grants and Restrictions of the Plymouth Council, 161 ; Settlements by Gorges, 162; Settlement of Pemaquid, 163; Settlement of Exeter, 164; Death of Gorges, 165 ; Lygnia Patent, 165; Maine annexed to Massachusetts, 166 ; Duke of York's Patent, 167 ; Resources of Maine, 168.

Chapter XII. Colonization Of Massachusetts

Policy of Charles I., 169; the Non-Conformists, 170; Settlement of Salem, 171 ; Charter of Massachusetts, 172 ; Formation of a Church, 173; Form of Worship, 174; Banishment of the Brownes, 175; Settlement of Boston, 176 ; Death of Lady Arbella Johnson, 177 ; Arrival of Emigrants — Elliott, Mayhew, and Cotton, 178 ; General Court, 179.

Chapter XIII. Colonization Of Providence And Rhode Island

Principles of the Founders of Massachusetts. Roger Williams, his Doctrine, 181 ; Dispute with Government — Exile, 182 ; Settlement of Providence, 183 ; Arrival of Peters and Vane, 184 ; Vane appointed Governor, 185 ; Effects of Vane's Administration, 186 ; Vane visited by Indian Chiefs, 187 ; Mrs. Hutchinson's Meetings, 188 ; Religious Controversy, 189; Winthrop elected Governor, 191 ; Vane's Controversy with Win- CONTENTS. throp, 192; Vane sails for England — Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends banished, 193; Settlement of Rhode Island, 194; Death of Mrs. Hutchinson, 195.

Chapter XIV. Colonization Of Connecticut

Proposal of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brooke, 196 ; Settlement of Hartford and Windsor, 197 ; Emigration of Hooker, 198 ; Sufferings of the Early Settlers, 199 : Hostility of the Pequods — League broken by Roger Williams's Influence, 200; Destruction of the Pequods, 201 ; Arrival of Davenport, 202 ; Settlement of New Haven, 203 ; Difficulties with the Dutch, 204 ; Andros appointed Governor, 205 ; the Charter Secreted, 206 ; Affair of the Militia, 207 ; Yale College, 208.

Chapter XV. Union Of The New England States

Motives of the Union, 209; Gorges appointed Governor-General, 210; Hostility of the King, 211 ; New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts, 212 ; Union of the Colonies, 213 ; Death of Miantonomoh, 214.

Chapter XVI. New England During The Long Parliament And The Protectorate

Neutrality of New England, 215; New England Coin, 216; Policy of Cromwell, 217 ; Arrival of Quakers, 218; Persecution of the Quakers, 219; Punishment of Death, 220; Trial of Wenlock Christison, 221 ; Release of Christison, 222 ; Persecution closed — Growth of the Colonies 223 ; Arrival of Whaley and Goffe, 224.

Chapter XVII. The Restoration Of The Stuarts

News of the Restoration received at Boston, 225 ; Address to the Kino- The King's Answer— Thanksgiving, 226 ; Reports from England— Declaration of Rights— Agents sent to England— The Royal Letter 227 • New Charters granted to Rhode Island and Connecticut, 228 ■ Trial and Execution of Sir Henry Vane, 229-230 ; His Character, 231 • Mis sionary labours of Elliot and Mayhew, 232; Death of Mayhew' 233- The Navigation Acts, 234 ; Commissioners sent by Charles II to New England, 235 ; The Commissioners arrive at Boston— Subsidy voted— New Netherlands conquered— Petition to the Kino-, 236 • The Commit s.oners in Connecticut, Plymouth, Rhode Island, New Hamnshir,, 11 1 Maine 237; Return tc . Boston-Recalled-Censorlp o The Pr ss 238; Prosperity of the Colonies, 239; Population of New EnglandsS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ■ITLE PAGE.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by G. T. Devereux. Preface. Ship in a Storm. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 5 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 5 Library. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 9 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 9 Studio. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 13 , Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 13 Tail Piece. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 16 The First Ship. Designed and Engraved by Croome 17 Ornamental LetteT, Aboriginal Family. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 17 The Northmen discovering Grapes in Vinland. Drawn and Engraved by Croome. . 20 The Northmen Trading with the Indians. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 24 Biorne sending Presents to Thurida and her Son. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 28 Departure of Columbus. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 29 Ornamental Letter j Ceremonies of Taking Possession.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 29 Land Discovered. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 38 The Landing of Columbus. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 39 Columbus in Chains. Drawn by Croome ; the Portrait after Parmegiano. Engraved by Waitt LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Sebastian Cabot. From the original Portrait by Holbein, now in possession of the Hon. Richard Biddle, of Pittsburgh, the biographer of Cabot. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 4^ Ornamental Letter ; Esquimaux. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 45 Cartier taking possession of New France. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by G. T. Devereux 50 Cabot discovering the Continent, Coast of Labrador. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 51 Portrait of De Soto ; from a print in an early edition of the Spanish Historian, Herrera. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 52 Ornamental Letter.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 52 Ponce de Leon mortally wounded in Florida. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 54 Narvaez's March from Appalachee. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 56 Portrait of the Emperor Charles V. ; from a French print. Engraved by Croome. . 57 Soto discovering the Mississippi River. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt. ... 59 Portrait of Ponce de Leon ; from a print in an early edition of Herrera. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 64 Portrait of Sir Francis Drake ; from a print in the Life of Drake. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 65 Portrait of Sir Martin Frobisher ; from an English print. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 65 Portrait of Thomas Cavendish ; from a print in the Life of Cavendish. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 65 Portrait of Sir John Hawkins ; from an EngUsh print.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 65 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh ; from a print in Raleigh's Memoirs. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt g5 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 65 Loss of Sir Hugh Willoughby's Squadron. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 67 Portrait of Queen Elizabeth ; from a painting by Zucchero. Drawn by Croome Engraved by Waitt cq The Indian's Breastplate. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 76 Grenville burning an Indian Town. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 77 Settlement at Roanoke ; from an EngUsh print. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt _ gl Portrait of Captain John Smith ; from a Portrait in Smith's History of Virginia'. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt fifi Ornamental Letter. Smith rescued by Opechancanough, when he showed the compass. Drawn and Engraved by Croome Rfi Pocahontas rescuing Captain Smith.

Drawn and Engraved by Croome . . " 91 Captain Smith surveying Chesapeake Bay. Drawn and Engraved by Croome' ' 93 Leaf and Blossom of the Tobacco Plant. Drawn and Engraved by Croome. . 95 Capture of Pocahontas. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt. Ornamental Letter; Indian Weapons and Ornaments. Drawn 'and Engraved bv Croome p y Qg The Christian Indian disclosing the intended Massacre. Drawn by Croome', Engraved by Waitt ' The Great Massacre. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt. . •• 1U8 Portrait of King James I. ; from an English print. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 112 Portrait of Charles I. ; after Vandyke ; from an English print. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 113 Ornamental Letter. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 113 Arrest of Governor Harvey. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 114 Opechancanough reproving Sir William Berkeley.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 117 The Signing of Bacon's Commission. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 125 Portrait of George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore. The Head from a Print in Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 126 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 126 The Settlement of St. Mary's. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 129 Indians Instructing the English in Hunting. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt. 131 Interview between Lord Baltimore and William Penn. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 137 Cecil Calvert, the Second Lord Baltimore ; from the Original Portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, presented by the Calvert family to the State of Maryland ; now the property of the Heirs of the late Charles Willson Pcale, Esq. Drawn by Henry B. Brown, and Engraved by Croome 142 Plymouth Rock.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by G. T. Devereux 143 Ornamental Letter. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by G. T. Devereux 143 Landing of the Pilgrims. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by G. T. Devereux. ...... 151 Treaty with Massasoit Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 1 54 Canonicus's Challenge. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 160 Fisheries of Maine and New Hampshire. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt . . 161 Ornamental Letter. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 161 Gorges and Mason naming their Provinces. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt. 163 Lumber Mills. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 168 Portrait of John Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts ; from Vandyke. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 169 Ornamental Letter ; Arms of Massachusetts. Drawn and Engraved by Croome ... . 169 Death of Lady Arbella Johnson.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 177 Settlement of Boston. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 179 Roger Williams entertained by the Indian Chiefs. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 181 Ornamental Letter ; the Hand of Endicott tearing the Cross from the Standard- Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 181 Roger Williams Exiled. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Henry B. Brown 183 Portrait of Sir Henry Vane, the Younger ; from an English print. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 1 95 Emigration of Mr. Hooker and his Company. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt I96 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 196 Destruction of the Pequods. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 201 Governor Andros and the Commissioners missing the secreted Charter. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 208 Deputies Signing the Act of Union.

Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 209 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome Portrait of Oliver Cromwell ; from a print in Forster's Life of Cromwell. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 215 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 215 Trial of Wenlock Christison. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 221 The first Money coined in New England. Drawn and Engraved by Croome, from a coin in the United States Mint 224 Portrait of Charles II. ; from an English print. Drawn by Croome, Engraved by Waitt 225 Ornamental Letter. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 225 Execution of Sir Henry Vane. Drawn by Croome, after Corbould, Engraved by Waitt 231 Elliot Instructing the Indians. Drawn and Engraved by Croome 233 Tail Piece. Drawn and Engraved by Croome

Chapter I Discovery Of America By The Northmen

O historical question is more interesting to the American than that which relates to the original discovery of the West ern Continent. The honour of making it effectively known to the inhabitants of the Old World unquestionably belongs to Co lumbus. From his glory as the great discoverer, it would be unjust in the slightest degree to detract. But the claim to a prior discovery, urged in favour of the Northmen, and never relinquished by the Icelandic scholars, has recently been revived by the Royal Society of Antiquaries at Copenhagen, and sup- BIARNE. 18 ported by such weighty testimony that it is now treated with respect by most historical writers. The facts, as recorded by the Icelandic authorities, cited by the Danish antiquaries, in their recently published volume* are briefly these :t ''In the spring of the year 986, Eric Rauda,that is Eric the Red, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, and formed a settlement there called Brattalid, at a place named from himself Ericsfiord.

Among those who accompanied him was Heriulf Bardson, who established himself at a place which still bears the name of Heriulfsness. Heriulf had a son named Biarne, Biorne, or (in some modern writers) Biron. Biarne was absent on a trading voyage in Norway, when his father accompanied Eric to Greenland. Returning to Iceland in the course of the summer, and finding his father gone, he sailed in pursuit of him, though wholly ignorant of the navigation between Green land and Iceland. His vessel was soon enveloped in fogs ; and after many days' sailing, he knew not whither he had been car ried. When the fog cleared up, the voyagers found themselves sailing with a south-west wind, and saw land to the left. It was without mountains, overgrown with woods, and rose in several gentle elevations. As it did not correspond with the descrip tions of Greenland, the country of which they were in search, they left it to larboard, and continued sailing for two days, when they saw another land, which was flat and overgrown with wood.

From thence they stood out to sea, and sailed three days with a south-west wind, when they saw a third land, which was high and mountainous, and covered with glaciers. Coasting along its shore, they discovered that it was an island. They bore away from it without landing, and after four days' sailing with fresh gales, reached Heriulfsness in Greenland. Such is the tradition of Biarne's voyage in 986. He appears to have been carried by a north-east wind and currents far to the south till he struck the coast of America ; and thence, with an opposite wind, stretched along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, till he reached his destination in Greenland. Biarne is stated not to have landed on the continent of America. * Antiquitates Americans. | North American Review, Jan. 1838. LIEF. 19 Some time after this, probably in 994, Biarne made a visit to Eric, Earl of Norway ; and gave him an account of his voyage, and of the unknown land he had seen.

He was cen sured by the earl, for not having explored the region. On his return to Greenland, a voyage of exploration was determined upon. Leif, a son of Eric the Red, for this purpose bought Biarne's ship, and put on board a crew of twenty-five men, among whom was a German, named Tyrker, who had been long attached to the family of Eric. They sailed in the year 1000, and came first to the land which had been last discovered by Biarne. Here they landed. No grass was visible ; the shore was lined with icebergs, and the intermediate space between them and the water was one continuous stratum of slate. This substance is called Delia, in the Icelandic tongue, and hence the region was named Helluland. This must have been Newfoundland or Labrador.* The voyagers now put out to sea from Helluland, and descried another land, where they also went on shore.

It was level, covered with wood, and presented a front of white sand bluffs. This they called Markland or Woodland. It is sup posed to have been the coast of Nova Scotia. Again, standing out to sea, they sailed for two days, with a north-east wind, before they saw land again. They then came to an island, east of the main, and entered a channel between this island and a promontory projecting in an easterly (or northerly) direction from the main land. They sailed westward ; there was much land left dry at ebb tide. Afterwards, they went on shore at a place, where a river, issuing from a lake, fell into the sea. They brought their ship into the river, thence into the lake, and there anchored. Here they first constructed temporary huts ; but having determined to pass the winter, they erected more permanent buildings, which they called Leifsbuthir, Leif's booths or huts.

Thus established, Leif divided his company into two parties, whose business it was alternately to watch the settlements * Dunham's History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. North Ameri can Review. DISCOVERY OF GRAPES. and to explore the country.* It happened one day that Tyr ker, the German, was missing, and as Leif set a great value upon the youth, on account of his skill in various arts, he sent his followers in search of him in every direction. When they at last found him, he began to speak to them in the Teutonic language, with many extravagant signs of joy. They at last made out to understand him in the North tongue, that he had found in the vicinity vines bearing wild grapes. He led them to the spot, and they brought to their chief a quantity of the grapes which they had gathered. At first, Leif doubted whether they were really that fruit ; but the German assured him that he was well acquainted with it, being a native of the southern wine countries.

Leif, thereupon, named the country Vinland or Wineland. The Northmen discovering Grapes in Vinland. After passing the winter at this spot, Leif and his partv returned to Greenland, in the spring. The island above-menloned is supposed by the editor of the Antiquitates Americanœ to have been iNantucket; and the region called Vinland, the * Wheaton's History of the Northmen. THORWALD. 21 states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.* The length of the shortest day here, so far as it can be made out from the obscure passage of the narrative in which it is recorded, con firms this opinion. On his return to Greenland, Leif 's discovery was the object of much inquiry ; and Thorwald, his brother, borrowing Leif 's vessel, undertook another voyage in the same direction, in the year 1002, determined to explore the country further in a southern direction.

They reached Vinland before winter, which they passed at Leif's booths, employing themselves in fishing. In the spring of 1003, a party was sent by Thor wald, in the ship's long-boat, to explore the country to the south. They passed the summer in this employment, and found the country beautiful and well wooded, with a narrow belt of sand between the forest and the sea. They also encountered many shallows and islands. They found no traces of men, except a shed upon an island lying to the westward. In the spring of 1004, Thorwald sailed out to the eastward, in the large ship, and then northward, past a remarkable head land, enclosing a bay and which was opposite to another headland. They called this Cape Kiarlaness or the keel cape. Doubling this cape they skirted the shores and crossed the inlets till they came to a projecting promontory covered with wood.

This spot charmed Thorwald; he exclaimed, 'This is a beautiful spot, and here I should like to fix my dwelling.' As they were preparing to go on board they noticed three canoes on the beach, and under each canoe three Skrœllmgs or dwarfs, which is the name given by the Northmen to the Esquimaux. A contest ensued, and eight of the nine Skrœl lings were killed. The ninth fled into the interior of the bay, from whence he soon returned with a vast number of his countrymen. The party of Thorwald retreated to their ves sel and sheltered themselves behind its bulwarks ; but Thor wald himself was mortally wounded by an arrow under his arm. Perceiving the wound to be fatal, he said to his com * New York Review. North American Review. Antiquitates Americana.. THORFINN. 22 panions, " I now advise you to prepare for your departure as soon as possible ; but me ye shall bring to the promontory where I thought it good to dwell.