Letters of Colonel Sir A. S. Frazer, K.C.B, commanding the Royal Horse Artillery in the army under the Duke of Wellington. Written during the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns. Edited by ... E. Sabine

Preface

. The writer of the following Letters was the son of Colonel Andrew Frazer, of the Royal Engineers, and of Charlotte, daughter of Stillingfleet Durn ford, Esq., of the Ordnance Office. He was born on the 5th of September, 1776, at Dunkirk, where his father was at the time Assistant Commissary for the demolition of the works of that fortress. He received his early education at the High School of Edinburgh, where he was a contemporary of Lord Brougham, Francis Horner, and Professor Pillans, although their junior. Through the kind ness of an introduction from Leonard Horner, Esq., I am indebted to John Russell, Esq. (grandson of the historian Robertson), both for his own recollections, and for those of George Ross, Esq., and Dr. Alexander Gillespie, of Augustus Frazer at this period of his life. These three gentlemen were his contemporaries at the High School, and the two last were his class-fellows. They are all A VI

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. still living, and concur in describing him as a lively boy, fond of boyish sports, clever, and, for his years, accounted a good scholar. He must, however, have left the High School soon after he was thirteen years of age, as in August, 1790, he was admitted as a Gentleman Cadet into the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich ; from whence he obtained the commission of Second Lieutenant in the Royal Regiment of Artillery, on the 18th of September, 1793, and in December of that year joined the army in Flanders, commanded by His Royal Llighness the Duke of York. In January, 1794, he was promoted to First Lieutenant, and was attached with two field-guns to the 3rd Regi ment of Foot Guards, with whom he served until the return of the army to England in May, 1795; having during that period been present at the affair of Mouvaux, April 14th, 1794, the battle of Cateau Cambresis, April 26th, the affairs of the 10th, 17th, 18th, and 22nd of May, near Tournay, the affair of Boxtel, in September, and the recapture of Fort St. Andre, in the November of the same year.

In May, 1795, Lieut. Frazer was appointed to the Royal Horse Artillery, and in September, 1799, received the commission of Captain-Lieutenant, being still continued in the Horse Artillery, with a troop of which he embarked

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. VII the same month for North Holland ; and was present at the affairs of September 19th, near Bergen, and of the 2nd and 6th of October, near Egmont and Alkmaer. In November, 1799, he returned to England with the troops employed in the service in North Holland. In September, 1803, Captain Frazer received the commission of Captain of Artillery, and was appointed to the command of a troop of Horse Artillery, with which in March, 1807, he embarked for South America, where he commanded the Artil lery of the expedition against Buenos Ayres, and was present at the assault of that city in July, 1807. In June, 1811, Captain Frazer received the brevet rank of Major ; and in November, 1812, joined, in the Peninsula, the army under His Grace the Duke of Wellington, having made a temporary exchange of troops with Major Bull, who was under the necessity of returning to England from severe illness.

The Letters in this volume commence from this date. In April, 1813, Major Frazer was appointed to command the Horse Artillery of the Duke of Wellington's army, and was present at the affairs of Salamanca and Osma in May and June ; at the battle of Vitoria (on which occasion he received the brevet rank of Lieut-Colonel) ; at both opera- A

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. tions of the siege of St. Sebastian, where he com manded the batteries of the right attack; at the passage of the Bidassoa, on the 7th of October; of the Nivelle, on the 10th of November; at the affairs on the Nive, on the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th of December, 1813; at the crossing of the Adour, on the 28rd of February, 1814; at the investment of Bayonne, on the 27th of February (where he received a severe wound) ; and at the battle of Toulouse on the 10th of April, 1814. Hostilities then ceasing, Lieut.-Colonel Frazer returned to England, receiving for his services with the Peninsular army a medal and two clasps, and the distinction of a Knight Commander of the Bath. Soon after his arrival in England, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Augustus Frazer, K.C.B., was appointed to command the Artillery in the eastern district of England; and on the 20th of December, 1814, was promoted to a Regimental Lieut.-Colonelcy in the Royal Artillery.

Hostilities having broken out afresh on the return of the Emperor Napoleon from Elba, Sir Augustus Frazer joined the Allied Army in Flanders, under the Duke of Wellington, in March, 1815, and resumed the command (which he had previously held in the Peninsula) of the Horse

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. IX Artillery of the army. On assuming this com mand, the high reputation which Sir Augustus Frazer enjoyed as an Artillery officer, combined with his firmness of character, prevailed on the Duke of Wellington, who was at first not favour able to the exchange, to permit him to substitute 9-pounders for 6 -pounders in the troops of Horse Artillery serving with the army. To this ex change, which preceded the battle of Waterloo, may justly be ascribed much of the success of that memorable day, in the far heavier loss which the case-shot of the 9-pounders, stationed in front of the British line, inflicted upon the enemy advancing to the attack, and in the consequent saving of life to the allied troops by whom the attack was repulsed. The advantage of such a substitution will not be doubted in the present day, when the importance of the employment of heavier field ordnance than was then customary, has become a matter of universal recognition.

A lively nar rative of the subsequent events of the Waterloo campaign, together with the march to Paris, and the surrender and occupation of that Capital, will be found in the Letters from p. 562 to the close of the volume. Whilst serving with the army of occupation, Sir X

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. Augustus Frazer was appointed British Artillery Commissioner, for receiving over from the French the fortresses to be occupied by the Allied Army pursuant to the treaty of peace. On the return of the army to England, he was appointed to the command of the Horse Artillery at head quarters (Woolwich), which he retained until promoted to a regimental colonelcy in January, 1825. In October, 1827, he received the appointment of assistant inspector of the Ordnance Carriage De partment, and in July of the following year, that of director of the Royal Laboratory, which last appointment he retained until his death, which took place on the 11th of June, 1835. Sir Augustus Frazer was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on the 21st of June, 1816. Sir Augustus Frazer married, in 1809, Emma, youngest daughter of James Lynn, Esq. of Wood bridge, in Suffolk, and had issue two sons.

The eldest, Augustus Henry, born in August, 1810, obtained a commission in the Royal Artillery, and retired from the service after attaining the rank of second captain ; he died unmarried while travelling in Syria, in July, 1848. The younger son, Andrew James, born in October, 1812, obtained a lieutenant's commission in the Rifle Corps, from

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. XI which he retired after a short service, and died unmarried at Ramsgate, in July, 1845. Sir Augustus Frazer had an only sister, Maria Ernestine, who was married to M. Huber, since deceased ; she is still living in Vienna. The letters contained in this volume were ad dressed partly to Lady Frazer, and partly to her brother-in-law and sister, Major and Mrs. Moor, of Great Bealings, in Suffolk. ' Lady Frazer survived both her sons, and died at Woolwich in November, 1856 : Major and Mrs. Moor are also deceased. The letters have lately come into the possession of their two children, the Rev. Edward Moor, of Great Bealings, and Charlotte, married to the Vice- Chancellor Sir William Page Wood. The late Captain Augustus Henry Frazer had contemplated the publication of his father's life, but his own premature death arrested this design.

It appeared, however, to the present possessors of the correspondence, that the letters possessed an interest of their own apart from the important military events to which they relate, and the distinguished position occupied by the writer. The letters are remarkable for their lively, and at the same time simple, exhibition of the first impressions made on a mind of more than ordinary vigour, by the stir-

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. XII ring events of the period. They placed the letters, therefore, in my hands to arrange for publication, and to edit. I believe that any artillery officer might have been glad and proud to have paid this tribute to the memory of one who had been so great an ornament to the corps ; but to myself the office has been peculiarly agreeable. I had the advantage of being a subaltern officer of Sir Augustus Frazer's troop from 1807 to 1812, and was honoured by his friendship, for which, and for the benefits of his counsels and example, I have ever cherished a deep sense of gratitude. More than any other officer whom I have known, he possessed the faculty of impressing on those who served with him a sense of their responsibility to the country which maintains them in an honourable position, and of inspiring them with a desire on all occasions to prefer the interests of the public service (whether in or beyond the strict line of duty) to their own personal comfort, con venience, or advantage.

The volume is indebted to General Sir John Burgoyne, Bart., G.C.B., for the plan of the attack on St. Sebastian, wBich has been copied, by his permission, from an original in the War Office. The two maps by which the progress of the army

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. XIII from Portugal through Spain into France may be traced, and in which are inserted the names of most of the places referred to in the letters, have been drawn expressly for the work by Mr. Arrow smith. EDWARD SABINE. 13 Ashley Place, London. March, 1859. CONTENTS. Letter' Written from Date. Page 1. Ordnance Office . . . Nov. 12, 1812 ... 1 2. Portsmouth Nov. 25, 1812 ... 2 3. Portsmouth Nov. 26, 1812 ... 3 4. Spithead Nov. 27, 1812 ... 4 5. Lisbon Dec. 14, 1812 ... 6 6. Lisbon Dec. 16, 1812 ... 9 7. Lisbon Dec. 18, 1812 ... 13 8. Lisbon Dec. 19, 1812 ... 14 9. Lisbon Dec. 21, 1812 ... 17 10. Lisbon Dec. 23, 1812 ... 19 11. Villa Franca .... Dec. 25, 1812 ... 22 12. Santarem Dec. 28, 1812 ... 26 13. Thomar Jan. 1, 1813 ... 29 14. Espinhal Jan. 4, 1813 ... 33 J5. Villa Coja Jan. 7, 1813 ... 38 16.

Neuilly July 8, 1815 . . . .598 39. Paris July 10, 1815 .... 599 40. Paris July 15, 1815 .... 605 41. Paris July 25, 1815 .... 607 DIRECTIONS TO BINDER. Plate 1. Map of parts of Portugal and Spain to face page 100 Plate 2. St. Sebastian _ 174 .) ;> Plate 3. Map of parts of Spain and France . „ „ LET T E It S DUR1N0 THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS.

Letter I

Ordnance Office : 1 r. M. 12th. Nov. 1812. I have been out of luck this rainy morning, having found no one in the way ; General Macleod is at Woolwich, and till I shall have seen him I know nothing;. I now write while waiting to see Col. Chapman, the Master-General's secretary ; and I am to see Torrens about 2 p.m. at the Horse Guards. Bloomfield has left town with the Prince two days ago, I shall therefore lose the opportunity of seeing him. All these things delay progress, and no place is more uncomfortable at all times to me, and parti cularly so at present, than London. 3 p.m. 13th Nov. P.S. — I have at last seen General Macleod, and received his orders to proceed forthwith to Ports mouth . VOL. I. B [Nov. 2 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS.

Letter II

Portsmouth : 25th Nov. 1812. You desire me to do what I cannot do just yet — viz. to determine the term of our separation : this must be dependent, not on ourselves, but, even humanly speaking, on a thousand little contin gencies beyond our foresight and control. Of this rest assured, that I have no wild ambition to gratify, nor any great thirst for applause ; that I have neither the desire nor intention to do more than my duty; and that I no longer consider myself at liberty to run the risks I may formerly have done. Let this acknowledgment, with all the reflections to which it may, and doubtless will, give rise, con tent you ; and let us both trust that a merciful Providence will soon re-unite us. I have secured a passage on board the " Loire " frigate, going as a single ship with General Rebow.

Captain Brown commands her ; quite a stranger to me, but a very gentlemanly man. My getting into the " Loire " has been chiefly from the friendly offices of General Rebow, who has been more than usually attentive. A horse transport takes in artillery horses on Thursday. Mine will go com fortably in this vessel. ] PASSAGE TO LISBON. 3

Letter III

Portsmouth: 26th Nov. 1812. I set off for Spithead in the boat of Mr. Spencer, ordnance stoi'ekeeper, taking Close1 with me. We went to the " Loire," a noble frigate, mounting forty-eight guns, and well-manned ; from thence we paid our respects to the " Sea Horse." I have a further treat in expectation, that of going to the " Victory," and seeing where Nelson fell. I am glad to hear that your friend has been pre vailed upon to lay his hand once more to the labouring oar, and that he will again settle steadily to his profession. Few of us, I believe, possess sufficient versatility of talent to justify a change of profession ; and when he compares his mode of life with the rest of us, he must surely be convinced that, although all have their share of inconveniences, he is in no way worse off than others.

Watch-box in the Dockyard: 11 a.m. The horses are embarking in the " Hawkesbury," No. 378, a fine transport. After seeing this, I shall proceed to the "Loire" or "Sea Horse." Forty horses, all artillery, are going in the " Hawkesbury," and two lieutenants of drivers, so that Smith will be in clover. The bustle is in creasing : three ships taking in horses at the same time ; a couple of hundred fellows roaring, and twice that number working on the " Dreadnought" in a dock just by. I feel as quiet amidst all this 1 Capt. Charles Close, Royal Artillery, A. D. C. to General Rebow. b PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS. [Nov. bustle as if I were quite unconcerned ; and this I find often the case, my mind being frequently never more tranquil than when surrounded by all from which the reverse might be expected.

Many thanks to Moor1 for his letters to the Marquess and Marshal: I trust in time to know them both. I feel here, though strange, yet satis fied that I am where I ought to be, and in the path of duty; I shall want no urging to return when ever it may be right. I have no wish but to be restored to my family. I had to-day letters from Stace2 and Gold3, and a very warm one from Jasper Nicolls4 going to India: he is well known to the Moors, and is an excellent soldier and man.

Letter IV

H.M.S. " Sea Horse," Spithead : 8 a.m. 27th Nov. 181*2. I mentioned yesterday that this ship has received orders to proceed to the West Indies. Nothing can be more beautifully fitted up than Gordon's cabins, nor anything more comfortable and even elegant, except a little corner on shore with a wife i Major Edward Moor, F.R. S., of Bealings, near Woodbridge; married to Lady Frazer's sister. Major Moor had served with the "Marquess" (of Wellington), then Sir Arthur Wellesley, in India: the " Marshal " is Marshal Beresford. 2 Mr. Commissary Stace. 3 Col. Gold, R. A. 4 Lieut.-General Sir Jasper Nicolls. 1812.] PASSAGE TO LISBON. 5 whom one loves. The ship is now unmooring, — that is, in plainer English, a couple of hundred fellows are stamping over one's head, and rudely dancing to a shrill pipe, whilst the anchor is getting up.

Charles Gordon x goes to Gibraltar in the " Iphigenia " frigate, Captain Pellew, the captain with whom, a few days ago, I expected to have sailed to Lisbon. We are in the midst of inte resting scenes: the "Victory" on one quarter, the " Loire " on the other, the buoy of the unfortunate " Royal George " just astern, and the " Antelope,'' arrived from Newfoundland with Sir J. Duckworth, within two cables' length. How many associations, how many recollections, come at once in the con templation of these objects. We are at breakfast, and making comparisons, not much to the advantage of Gordon's breakfast, with those at Bealings, which are enough to spoil any soldier in the kingdom. When you can spare it, you will oblige me by giving some little donation from yourself to our little school, to which I wish well from the bottom of my heart.

How amiable are Sabine's attentions to it, and how comfortable is the thing for our men and their children. 1 Then Captain in the Royal Artillery. b [Dec 6 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS.

Letter V

H.M.S. " Loire," Lisbon : 9 a.m. 14th Dec. 1812. We have just anchored safe and well, but I have not yet been on shore. The packet sails to-day, as well as the " Lavinia " frigate. Nothing can be more striking than the entrance into the Tagus ; Fort Saint Julian on the one side, and Fort Saint Bugio on the other, with a tumbling sea over the bar. The forts are a mile asunder. The country is wild and arid, dark mountains forming the back ground ; no trees visible, except here and there a scattered pine. Houses without roofs attest the seat of war, and give a foretaste of its miseries. Captain English, of H. M.S. " Impetueux " (the flag-ship of Admiral Martin), has just been onboard ; from him we hear that Sir Edward Paget has been taken prisoner and sent to Paris, and that the army has fallen back from Salamanca.

I will write to you again when I know more. 8 r.M. 14th Dec. 1812. I have rambled all day up and down this won derful city ; this scene of past grandeur, and present mixture of hurry and indolence. We landed about ten, left our cards at General Peacock's, the com mandant, from thence waited on Sir Charles Stuart, the minister, who invited us to dine at three ; thence to the town-major's to procure billets : mine is at No. 159, Calcada de los Bardhinos Italianos ; where, after walking for at least two hours, preceded by a 1812.] LISBON. 7 guide, I at last arrived and introduced myself, billet in hand, to the family, consisting of five ladies, two little children, and one man announcing himself as uncle to one of the ladies. We all talked at once, none understanding the other, with the exception of the uncle, who had a smattering of French, and through whom I made the common assurances of giving no trouble, &c. &c. &c, and took possession of two very elegant rooms richly ornamented, over looking a vineyard, and the Tagus opening to a great breadth ; above which rose abruptly the hill on which the house stood.

Thus — and finding out, and sitting by the bedside of Colonel Robe *, arrived last night from thearmy (on men's shoulders) — the time for dining at the minister's slipped away. I therefore walked over the city, up hill and down hill, visited the artillery hospital (clean and admirable in the highest degree), stables, &c, got a fresh guide, and reached with difficulty the artillery mess at five, just before dinner, and sat down in a superb room to an excellent dinner, served with every delicacy, in the confiscated palace of a Count de Louie, who has joined the French army. In the interim I had despatched a cart in search of William (my servant) and the baggage, and fully purposed sleeping at my billet, the name of which, in mercy to your eyes and my own fingers, I avoid repeating : but alas, no William, no baggage to be heard of.

Accordingly I started again to the inn where James2 and some of my fellow-passengers were to dine, and, by great good luck, discovered 1 Sir William Robe, of the Royal Artillery. 2 Dr. James Lynn, Lady Frazer's brother. b [Dec 8 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS. not only James, but William and all my bag gage ; — joyful sight ! having worn the soles of my boots quite through : footworn and tired, I am now going to sleep in James' room. General Rebow and Close are also here, and the General furnishes the paper on which I write. I say nothing of the filth of the streets, nor of two dead jackasses partly eaten by dogs in the public streets, nor of palaces and convents really beautiful with out, nor of 100 women washing skins in a pool of water in a retired square, whom with tucked up garments my unlucky stars stumbled me upon ; nor of fifty other unaccountable mixtures of filth, splendour, and misery, which salute the senses at every corner : thanks to Providence for the steep declivities of most of the streets here ; nothing but their sharp descents could guard against the plague in a city where cleanliness seems unknown.

Sir Stapleton Cotton, who sails by the " Lavinia " frigate to-morrow, affords the opportunity of sending this letter. Head-quarters of the army are at Freneda. Lord Wellington had a most narrow escape when Sir Edward Paget was taken, and owes his not being a prisoner to the fleetness of his horse. I shall not remain here, I imagine, above four or five days. 1812.] LISBON. 9

Letter VI

Lisbon: 16th Dec. 1812. I write from a large room in the arsenal, where I am receiving a camp-kettle, water-bucket, nosebags for my horses, and a multitude of useful articles ; a little tent, a wooden canteen, and luxuries of all kinds. In another room artificers are making a stretcher for my bed, and a great canvas cover for my bed ding ; and all this with an alacrity which would flatter even the Shah Abbas himself. I meet at every step some old acquaintance or friend among the men and artificers, who strive to repay former attentions to their comforts. These returns gratify me very peculiarly : their value at present is really great. So true is it, that all have it in their power, at some time or other, to return good. Apropos of the Shah, Sharpe 1 has indeed conferred on me the favour of all others most pleasing, in his present of a sword ; he knows, I see, how to take the weak side of a soldier in touching the foible, which we, who are said to live by the sword, possess.

I shall write to Sharpe by this mail, that I may not be ungrateful for his very great attention. I am now vexed that I had not (as I really in tended) written to him on my leaving England. I never in my life delayed anything without seeing cause afterwards to be sorry for it; and seldom without remarking that opportunities once lost 1 Attached to the Persian Embassy under Sir Gore Ouseley; married to Lady Frazer's sister. [Dec. 10 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS. can seldom be regained. The "Hawkesbury" transport, with my horses, arrived yesterday, after a very boisterous passage. I learned that my horses are well, though nine died out of forty. To-day has been squally, with torrents of rain ; but with transitions of sunshine and storm, which at first surprise a stranger : not a cloud to be seen one moment, and before another you are drenched with rain.

This season is said to last from ten days to three weeks, after which spring begins, and the flowers appear. Meat is scarce — sixteen pence a pound for beef, a dollar for a fowl, and six dollars for a turkey. This sounds alarming ; but the army is allowed a ration of one pound of meat and one and a half pound of bread, which the messman takes. Our mess is half a dollar daily for dinner, and wine is paid for as drank. Madeira four shillings and six pence per bottle, red wine of the country about one shilling and tenpence, and white wine one shilling and sixpence per bottle ; but excellent of their kind. The messman must be a conjurer ; nobody has a dollar, consequently he is never paid ; but all live well. This, except the want of coin, may be called the golden age, everything good being within reach, without the trouble of carrying money.

But by the general orders of yesterday, strengthened by government proclamation to-day, guineas of England are to be received in all public con tracts and private money transactions throughout the Portuguese dominions. I have forgotten the number of thousands of reis (a little Portuguese coin) for which the guinea is to pass; but it is on 1812.] LISBON. 11 the scale of one pound one shilling English. You would smile to see my writing-table with two nice little girls of six or seven years old laughing by my side : we are already the best friends imaginable. I find my host is captain in the Portuguese navy, and that every Monday there is a rout at the house. This accounts for an invitation I had last Monday from "la belle compagnie" as he styled it. Nothing can be more civil than the people are.

I went this morning over several of the inhabited rooms in the palace of Count Louie, in part of which our mess is : nothing can be more splendid than the decorations, nor more chaste than the proportions, of several of these apartments. I purpose to-morrow calling on General Rebow, General Nugent, and Sir Charles Stuart ; while in the interim I trust the horses will be landed, and my new mules arrived ; a few days will suffice to stretch their legs, and then we shall set off. I shall take in charge a young officer, Lieutenant Baynes, and some five or six horse artillerymen and two horses. The routes are prescribed, and the journey, I understand, will be* of ten or twelve days. Lieutenant-Colonel Fisher is now the command ing officer of the Artillery, having left Lisbon a fortnight since to join the army.

Among other officers named in to-day's orders as having obtained leave, is Robert Macdonald1, for four weeks to Ciudad Rodrigo ; he received a severe wound on the 17th, but is in no danger. I should like to 1 Lieut.-Colonel Robert Macdonald, of the Royal Artillery. [Dec. PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS. 12 have dear Augustus1 in the room in which I now write : the lofty walls are covered with painted cloth, in which the story of Joseph and his brethren is told in a coarse but bold manner, as large as life : seven half-length paintings, also as large as life, obscure all the figures of Joseph except the legs, and present for your admiration Cleopatra with her asp, Herodias with John the Baptist's head just cut off, Herodias again with the head in a charger, the far-famed Grecian daughter giving milk to her aged father, Dalilah cutting off Samson's hair, and a lady with a gold cup in her hand and the pyramids of Egypt in the background, the exact sub ject of which I have not yet made out : between these paintings, and to the further exclusion of Joseph, are twenty-two engravings, in the old tawdry French style, of the marriage and actions — that is, journeys and feasts — of Henry IV. of France ; the queen making a very prominent figure in most.

Three pairs of folding doors, a great mirror, a harpsichord, a kind of dulcimer, a couple of windows opening to a balcony, and a painted ceiling, make up the decorations and outlets of the room. I sleep in another, and behind a great screen which obscures the subject of the tapestry with which the walls are hung. Adieu. 1 His son, subsequently an officer of the Royal Artillery. He died when travelling in Syria. 1812.] LISBON. 13

Letter VII

Lisbon: 18th Dec. 1812. I NOW write at Sir Charles Stuart's, whilst waiting for dinner (such is the ease, the very enviable ease, of foreign manners), so that the portion of the day which Addison somewhere describes as the most irksome of the twenty-four hours becomes to me one of the most delightful, since I shall hold con verse with an absent sister and friend. I went yesterday to look at the house of the Marquis Louie, in part of which we mess. Nothing can be more elegant than the suite of apartments. I believe I have already mentioned that the Marquis, having joined the French, has been outlawed, and his estates confiscated ; nevertheless the Marchio ness lives in some splendour in part of the hotel. The lower story of all houses of any distinction here is appropriated to the courtyard and stabling ; above this story, in a little low kind of intermediate story called the entresol, are accommodated the humble connections and dependents, not absolutely servants ; above this is the suite of rooms inhabited by the family, and above those are the lodging rooms of the servants, who seem to live more on terms of familiarity and almost equality with their masters, than we are used to.