Notes of the visits to India of their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales and Duke of Edinburgh 1870-1875-6

Preface

. These Notes of my travels in India with the Princes are very brief and fragmentary — a mere diary — but they will, I hope, interest those for whom they were written, as they give some account of where I went and what I did. Both expeditions, happily, proved most successful. The Prince of Wales returned to England, after a long and rapid journey through a variety of climates and exposure to many causes of disease and accident, the object accomplished without loss of life, and with comparatively little sickness. It was a duty of considerable anxiety and responsibility that I had to perform, but I never entertained any doubt as to the course that ought to be pursued in regard to sanitary precautions, and( when difficulties occasionally arose my recommendations were generally accepted by those best able to form a correct opinion on their merits.

I have reason to be thankful that all terminated so well, and shall always look back with pleasure and satisfaction to the expedition. The gracious recognition that I have received from the Queen and Royal Family, assured me that my services, however imperfect, were appreciated. The courtesy and kindness of my companions on both occasions, and the firm support of many during periods of anxiety, made my duty agreeable, and have impressed me with strong feelings of regard and friendship for them all. [*io mo (Lilifc nub (Ehilfcrcn.] VISIT OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO INDIA. BjntaN the 17th of March, 1875, I received the following note from KlGwJ Major-General Sir Thomas Pears, Military Secretary at the t"-""l India Office : — March 17TH, 1875, India Office. My Dear Dr. Fayrer, — The Prince of Wales contemplates a visit to India next cold season, and will probably leave England in November for an absence of four or five months.

H.R.H. has ex pressed a wish that you should accompany him as his medical adviser, and the Marquis of Salisbury will be glad to hear from you as soon as possible whether you will be willing to accept the office. Yours sincerely (Signed), Dr. Fayrer, C.S.I. T. PEARS. I sent the following reply : — March 17TH, 1875. My Dear Sir Thomas Pears, — I will accompany the Prince of Wales to India with the greatest pleasure, and feel much honoured by His Royal Highness's commands..— Yours sincerely, Major-General Sir T. T. Pears, K.C.B. J. FAYRER. On the 17th April, 1875, I went with the Prince and Princess of Wales, Sir B. Frere, and General Probyn to Sandringham, to pay a visit, and returned to London on the 19th April. I made expeditions to Portsmouth at different times : one on the 27th May, 1875, with Admitai Sir W. Mends, K.C.B., the Admiral charged with the fitting out of the Serapis.

We went all over the ship, and I made some suggestions as to fittings. On another occasion I accompanied the Prince and Suite, and made suggestions about the cabins. Returned with them to London the same day. I had an interview with the Prince of Wales on 25th May, at Marlborough House; was presented to Princess Alice and Prince of Hesse. I attended some meetings of the Suite with Probyn, Ellis, W. H. Russell, Sir B. Frere, and H.R.H., to discuss details connected with the expedition. Wrote a memo, on the subject, giving my views as to when the Prince should arrive in, and leave India, and on other matters connected with the expedition. MEMO. It would be better not to arrive in India before the 15th or 20th of November; nor to remain later than the ist of March. If Cashmere be visited, it will involve a longer stay in the country.

This, as far as Cashmere is concerned, would be unobjection- B able, as the elevation is about 5,000 feet, and the climate cool and healthy up to a much later period ; but as it would be necessary to re-embark at Bombay, a return to the heat of the plains of India would be inevitable, though only for a few days. There would probably be some risk to health, and the inconvenience would be considerable, though brief. A visit to Cashmere would, therefore, require careful consideration before being undertaken. If Ceylon be included in the programme, it will be well to com mence with that island, and about the 25th of November would be a good time for doing so. The latitude of Ceylon implies an equable temperature, and such, as a matter of fact, is the case. The climate is humid and warm, but not unhealthy.

The following are the "means" of maximum and minimum temperatures of the five months — November, December, January, February and March : — Ceylon, I presume, would be visited either at the beginning or termination of the Indian Expedition, and this would probably be in the latter part of November, or in March. December and January are the coolest months, but these should be spent in Bengal and N.W. P. In March it begins to be oppressive in Ceylon. The island might be visited in March or April, but it would be hot. In May the S.W. monsoon sets in, and it would not be desirable to remain till then. Moreover, the return voyage would be dis agreeable. From after the 15th November up to the beginning, or even middie of February, the plains of India, generally, offer an excellent climate; even in Madras it is not very warm.

Much of the country of Mysore and the Deccan lies high, and the climate is agreeable and healthy. These parts of India might be visited immediately after Ceylon In Bengal, December, January, and the first half of February are cooi and pleasant; often cold. Arriving in Calcutta about, or after the 10th of December, the climate would be excellent, travelling and camp-hfe most enjoyable and free from risk. At any season the middle of the day may be somewhat hot, but there is no danger, and the simplest precautions obviate any inconvenience. The air is bright genial, and invigorating ; the highest state of health may be antici pated, and the wholesome effect of the out-of-door life is manifest There is no special tendency to disease, and none need be feared be yond such ailments as might occur anywhere.

It is no exaggeration to say that the climate of the plains of India during December January and February is superior to that of Europe, and is congenial to the European constitution. b This is the season for shooting, sight-seeing and camp-life. MONTHS. Mean Maximum Mean Minimum Rain Fall. REMARKS. November ... December ... January February . . . March 86°.3 85° 85°-6 89° 87°.7 7i°-5 70° 6g°.2 71° 73° 1 IO.7 4-3 3-i 2.1 N.E. Monsoon commences Weather gets oppressive 2.1 The best tiger-shooting in some parts of India, however, is later : in March, April, and May. Supposing Calcutta were to be left about the -middle of December, Bengal, including Purneah, Maldah, perhaps some of the Berham pootra Churs (good shooting grounds), might be visited. So on to Benares, Allahabad, Central India, the Central Provinces, and perhaps next to Oude, Lucknow, the Terai, Nepal frontier and Rohilkund.

Thence to N . W.Provinces, Delhi, Agra,Rajpootana,and thePunjab. Throughout all these provinces and districts the climate is excellent, and remains cool and pleasant even up to the middle of March. From the Punjab the Hill Stations might be visited. They would be very cold, but the weather would, probably, be bright and clear. The climate of the N.W. Provinces and Punjab, indeed all North India, from December to March, is one of the finest in the world, being more bracing than that of the south. It is frequently very cold, and especially at nights, the thermometer falling to freezing point or lower. The cold weather is more prolonged than in Lower Bengal In Calcutta it often becomes unpleasantly warm in the day after the 15th February, whilst in the North-West the cold, fresh air con tinues fully a month later.

It is healthy enough even throughout the great heat of the latter part of April, May, and June, but very oppressive, and, after the West winds begin, intolerably so. Care as to proper clothing, food, drink, and immediate attention to ailments, however trivial, is necessary under all circumstances with due attention to these, and the most ordinary precaution for pre serving health, a visit to India in the cold season is as free from danger to life or health, as it would be in any part of Europe. The following are the "means " of daily temperature of different parts of India for the year STATIONS. r-. 6 « <-. <D fe 4 d u E 9 a 3 i-s i i CO « DQ % © a O 3 a o ia O a s o a 8i°7 '82°I 8o°4 79°i S8°6 79°4 86°i 79°5 85°i Galle 78°3 7S°8 8i°o 8o°2 79°3 78°8 Madras... 77° 78°2 82°I 84°7 86°7 -87° 89°6 88°2 83°S 79°4 77°8 77°i Calcutta 68°3 74°5 So°3 84°4 83°5 85°3 85°6 84°5 86° 1 82°I Ix. 72°I 70°2 Patna ... 62°2 78°3 89°3 89°3 89^5 9I°2 9i°6 92°9[ i9i°4 J97°6 86°7 80°2 64° Benares 62°3 68°6 92°I 9i°8 >86°6 S5°i 87° 85°i 86° 85°4 84°3 77°8 76°8 6o°3 69°! 62° 6o°8 Allahabad 62°3 6S°S 78% ,97°4 97°8 85° Si°7 78°3 76°4 °7°5 Lucknow 62X 6S°3 77° 6i° Agra 63°9 7o°7l 8o°7 go°2 88°6 |97°7 |q7°i 86°7 87°6 84°7 86°8 68°9 °7°3 62°2 Meerut ... 6o°6 6706' 76°3 !83°i 87°3 9o°8 8o°9 82°I 83°8 8o°4 76°6 58ci 670 Nagpore 71° 77°i 93°7l !89°S 78°2 74°4 If Bombay were reached towards the end of February, India might be quitted by 1st of March, unless circumstances and an un usually prolonged cold weather suggested a more protracted stay, and then the question of visiting Cashmere would arise.

By limiting the stay in India within these dates, and following something like the above plan of route, the best part of India might be visited in a season which, as to climate, can scarcely be surpassed, and when there is no reason to anticipate either inconvenience or danger to health. Certain precautions and care are necessary, of course, and should be scrupulously observed. It is essential that there should not be un due hurry in travelling, or any attempt to do too much. With all economy and pre-arrangement of plans, much would have to be done, and it is essential to health that there should be intervals of rest and quiet, to avoid over-fatigue. Therefore, beyond what is unavoidable, the amount of fatiguing ceremonial, and visiting of public institutions should be as limited as possible, and the time spent in camp should exceed that in cities.

I believe that, with such precautions, the expedition would be free from all danger, and will be conducive to health. On the 26th July, 1875, I saw Lord Carnarvon at the Colonial Office, with Dr. Charsley, late P.M.O. in Ceylon, to discuss the prospects from a health point of view, of the Ceylon trip ; and also the expediency of avoiding certain districts in the island. Dr. C. gave me much useful information, and we satisfied Lord Carnarvon that no undue risk need be incurred. The exact route to be followed in Ceylon was left undetermined until we arrived there, I also consulted with Mr. Birch, secretary to the Government of Ceylon, and saw Lord Salisbury on the subject; communications from Mr. Gregory, the Governor of Ceylon, were also referred to me. I received valuable information from Captain Stuart, of the P. and O. service, on the climate of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, during the season of the year when the Prince was likely to be there ; whilst the secretary of the P. and O. was most courteous and obliging in furnishing any information required.

Admiral Sir W. Mends obtained for me valu able information concerning the temperature of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. I received many communications on the subject of climate of different parts of India from other gentlemen, and an interesting letter on Mysore and its vicinity from Mr. J. D. Gordon, C.S.I., of that commission, which was of much value in reference to one of the most important questions that arose subsequently in regard to the modification of the Prince's movements on account ofthe cholera that prevailed in those parts. Dr. Lord, of the Bombay service, gave me interesting information relating to sport and game localities in Central India. These would have been of great service had time permitted the Prince to visit the places indicated. I made some suggestions as to the clothing and head-dress to be worn, and, on the whole, those adopted did well.

As to guns, I took with me my two 12 central fire smooth bores, with plenty of No 6 shot and round bullet cartridges, and also a 12 rifle by Moore and Grey, with round and conical bullet cart ridges, and a revolver. I also had several pairs of Indian clubs, of different weights, put on board the Serapis for exercise during the passage out. ° I suggested to the Admiral that two cabins might be constructed, one on each side, in the fore part of the ship in case of very hot weather, as such are always cooler than those abaft, but it was decided not to have them, from want of space and other reasons, and because the arrangements for cooling the after cabins were to be so perfect that they would be superfluous. Mr. Sclater, of the Zoological Society, procured me the services of Mr. Clarence Bartlett as Taxi dermist, and Dr. Hooker, C.B., of Kew, did the like in respect of Mr. Mudd, from Cambridge, as plant collector during the expedition.

Dr. Paul, of the Madras Medical Service (the Indian member of the Medical Board), will conduct my duties as President of the Medical Board during my absence. I saw Sir W. Armstrong, Director- General of the Medical Department of the Navy, on the subject of the medical and hygienic arrangements for the Serapis, and all was most satisfactory. The medical officers are to act in concert with me when required. Mr. Squire, of Oxford-street, provided the medicine chests. I wrote to the private Secretary of the Viceroy of India to request that a medical officer may be appointed to take charge of the camp and followers in India under me, and that an apothecary and compounder might be in readiness when we arrive in Bombay. On 27th July, 1875, I went to Osborne by the Queen's commands, and there had a long private interview with Her Majesty, who gave me instructions, and told me her wishes regarding the journey, and especially about avoiding exposure to cholera.

The Queen directed me to write direct to Her Majesty frequently, and give her full particulars of the Prince's health. I returned to town the next day. On the 8th October I had an interview with the Princess of Wales, and received her instructions and wishes on the subject of the approaching expedition ; took leave of the Duchess of Sutherland. I also saw the Prince of Wales with Sir William Gull and repeated the advice I have already given in reference to preservation of health during the expedition. On 3rd October, 1875, I went to see the Duke of Cambridge, who was most gracious and kind ; he talked much about the approaching expedition and its importance and responsibility as regarded the Prince of Wales. I append copies of letters and memo, relating lo sanitary questions that arose in connexion with the expedition, some of which will explain my reasons for dissuading the Prince of Wales from visiting certain parts of India — and also some memoranda connected with other matters.

Unfortunately, cholera was actively epidemic in Southern India, and, in my judgment, so dangerous that it would have been unjustifiable to allow the Prince to incur such undue risk, not only to himself, but to the large number of Europeans who accompanied him to say nothing of the large gathering of camp followers, attendants, and other people, who would flock together on the occasion. As it was, considerable risk was incurred. In the N.W. this diminished, as far as cholera was concerned, but in Ceylon and in the Terai I knew that, although the season was the best, yet malarial influence is never altogether in abeyance, and it was almost too much to expect that so large a party, so much exposed, should altogether escape. Again in Bombay we met with a severe epidemic of small-pox, and it became a subject of great anxiety lest the disease should appear on board the Serapis.

Fortunately, thanks to the sanitary precautions taken by the captain and officers, she escaped, and H.R.H. was enabled to embark without risk, and the journey was completed without con tinued or serious illness. Canon Duckworth contracted typhoid fever when at Peshawur, but he perfectly recovered. Beyond slight fever, colds, rheumatic attacks, incipient dysentry, diarrhœa, sore throats, or congested liver, we had no severe illness, and the only evidences of malarious poisoning were those that occurred in Lords S and A , after exposure to wetting in the Ceylon jungles. Two fractured collar bones, a concussion of the brain, a bruise or two, fractured incisor teeth from a blow of the butt-end of a spear, and a few slight injuries by falls, or upsetting of carriages, were the only accidents that befel the party.

One only had to be invalided for liver congestion, and he perfectly recovered. The state of cholera in India, and especially on the S.W. coast, during 1875, is shewn in the following extract from the sanitary reports for the year. Reports and telegrams from the Civil and Medical authorities exist in abundance in confirmation of the prevalence of the disease Deaths in India from Cholera during 1875 as comp> 1875 as compared with 1874- Left Charing Cross Station at 8.48 p.m. of the 9th October, 1875, for Dover. My wife and Harry, our fourth son, accompanied me to the station, and saw us off. A crowd of people assembled to see their friends depart on the Indian expedition. The day had been wet, but cleared up at night, a strong W.N.W. wind blowing. I found myself in a saloon carriage with Lord Alfred Paget and his son.

We arrived at Dover at 10.45 p.m., the night fine, cold fresh breeze, and starlight. We embarked in the Samphire, which immediately left the pier. I had been suffering all day from a very painful abscess at the root of a double tooth, which caused me much annoyance We had a rough and stormy but quick passage. I remained on the bridge nearly all the time, and was not ill; many of my companions were sick. We found the Paris train on the pier at Calais, with refreshments prepared for us at the station, and after partaking of some, the train left for Paris. My painful face kept me awake nearly all night, but it became rather easier towards daylight We arrived 111 Pans at 8 a.m., and went to the Hotel Bristol, where PROVINCE. POPULATION Deaths in 1875. Deaths in 1874. Bengal Proper ~) Assam j N.W. Provinces Oude Punjab Central Provinces Berar British Burmah Madras 1 Mysore ) Bombay Rajpootana ... 1 Hydrabad ... > Central India ) 63.787,577 30,769,056 11,174,785 17,487,125 7,427,6i8 2,184,945 2,738,358 116,606 41,106 23,321 6,246 H,643 22,465 761 73.354 6,396 68 78 14 2 960 30,360,211 97,051 343 16,228,774 47,573 37 Not known 14,649 roOms had been secured for the party, consisting of Sir B. Frere, Lord A. Paget, General Probyn, Mr. Paget.

Mr. Albert Grey, the Rev. Canon Duckworth, and Dr. Fayrer, Lord Carrington, Dr. W. H. Russell, Mr. Fitz George, and Colonel Owen Williams, followed next day and joined us in Paris. On Monday, nth October, the rest of the party left London with the Prince of Wales, the Princess and suite accompanying them as far as Calais. The second party consisted of the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Sutherland, Lord Suffield, the Earl of Aylesford, Colonel A. Ellis, Mr. Francis Knollys, Lord C. Beresford, Major A. Clark, who is going out to join his reg-iment in India, joined the Serapis at Brindisi by the Prince's invitation. There is also a number of ser vants. Sunday, loth October, Paris. — -Fine clear morning. We arrived at the hotel at about 8 a.m., and had breakfast ; my face easier, the abscess having burst.

Lord Alfred, his son, General Probyn. Mr. Grey, and I went to the top of the Column Vendome, which has been re-erected since I was in Paris in 1872. It has 176 steps to the summit, whence there is a fine view of the city and its environs. We went to church in the Rue d'Aguesseau. The clergyman preached a sermon on " Can these dry bones live?" On our way to the hotel we called and left cards at the British Embassy; we all have cards, with our names and designations. Mine, for example, is "Surgeon-General J. Fayrer, M.D., Physician to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales." After lunch and writing home, I drove with Lord A. Paget through the Champs Elysees, and went to see the panorama of the Siege of Paris — a most wonderfully executed design. It is difficult to tell where painting ends, and reality begins.

The effect is excellent. We then drove in the Bois de Boulogne, and afterwards returned to dinner. I sent a telegram and a letter home to-day, having previously sent a pencil note from Dover. Monday, nth October, Paris. — Have a bad cold, but my face is better; slept fairly till 3.30 a.m., when I lit a candle and read "Old Mortality." Had a long talk with Lord A. P. last night about the coming visit to India. It is a wet, cloudy morning; Lord C. has just joined us. I called on Dr. Evans, the celebrated American dentist — who is equally celebrated as a politician — a friend of the late Emperor and his family. He examined my mouth, and thought I might save the tooth. He was most kind, and seemed very skilful ; he told me that he had made a fortune. Called on the R 's, in the Avenue des Champs Elysees.

Afterwards went with Lord A. P. and Mr. D. to Notre Dame, and Jardin des Plantes; drove home through the Boulevards to dinner at 6.30 p.m. We leave Paris this evening at 8.45 for Turin. At the railway station I met Dr. C. who is on his way to Calcutta. He had brought me a letter from home, the first I have received ; all well except B. who had a bad cold. Young P. here took leave to return to London. Restless night, with bad, feverish cold ; face better. Reached Culoz early on the morning of 12th. James was nearly left behind; he came home very late; having lost his way with some of the other servants. I was very angry at this escapade ! Tuesday, 12th. — Breakfast at Culoz, lunch at Modane; day fine, and clear cold air. My cold so bad that I could not enjoy anything. Travelled for two or three hours with Dr. C. and talked about Calcutta.

He is going, -via Turin, to Brindisi ; sent messages by him to friends in Calcutta, whose children I had seen in England before leaving. The scenery after Culoz beautiful, passing through Aix les Bains, Chambery, and Modane, near which the tunnel begins, it took just 21 minutes to pass through the tunnel. The scenery on the Italian side is perfectly lovely; the day was clear, and the snow already thickly covers the higher peaks. We did not reach Turin till near 7 p.m. Went to the Hotel Feder, which seems excellent. We have a capital courier with us, who makes all needful arrangements; we dined at 8.30 p.m. At 10 I took a warm bath and went to bed ; took some diaphoretic medicine. Two of my companions, slightly ailing, required chlorodyne on the journey. I wrote my second letter home here. My face still worrying me from inflammation of the gum.

The weather is decidedly cold. Wednesday, 13th October, en route to Bologna. Beautiful bright morning ; glorious view of the Alps, with the range of snowy peaks and ridges. This morning we breakfasted at 8.30 ; drove with Lord A. P. and P. to see something of Turin. Saw the principal streets and buildings ; noticed Cavour's statue and many others. It is a clean rather formal-looking little city ; very picturesquely situated. The air feels crisp and cold on this clear day, coming from the snows, which seein so close. At 9.40 a.m. we left for Bologna in a train with saloon carriages. There is a magnificent panorama of the Alpine chain from Monte Viso to the Simplon, Monte Cervino Rosa, Mont Blanc very clearly seen. Passed through Alexandria, Tortona, Piacenza, Parma. Lunched in our carriages ; arrived at Bologna at 4.40 p.m. ; route picturesque all the way, though less so as one loses sight of the Alps; went to Hotel Brun and occupied the rooms that Bessie and I were in in 1872, when we were returning from India.

Found Sir M. Costa, the musician, staying there ; he dined with us. Wrote home by the midnight mail ; I have received no letters yet except the one Charles brought me. D — not very well ; change of food and air the cause. The air bright, fresh and cold in the morning, became milder as we approached Bologna. The Hotel Brun is very good and comfortable ; the weather changed in the evening, and it began to rain. Thursday, 14th October, Bologna. — After breakfast went with Sir B. Frere, Probyn, and Grey, to see the Academy, Pinacotheca, especially to see Raphael's St. Cecilia, which is a glorious painting. Thence to the old University, one of the earliest of universities, where Galvani Malpighi and other celebrities taught medicine. The lecture room, lined with carved cedar, and pulpit and chair of the same wood, is very interesting, where these great professors taught.

The walls of the quadrangle are covered with the coats of arms of students of all nations. Bought some photographs of the lady professors of former times ; among other subjects, anatomy was once taught here by a lady; in Greek and jurisprudence they were no less famous. There are some very interesting recently-discovered Etruscan remains preserved in the museum of this institution, which were explained to us by a very intelligent, indeed highly-educated custodian, who went round with us. We then drove to the Certosa or Campo Santo, which is beautifully kept, and abounds in splendid monuments to great Bolognese and other Italians of distinction. Thence we drove to see San Michele — the palace is empty and unfurnished, but has been very grand. There is a splendid view of the city and surrounding country from this eminence.

Drove to the hotel to dinner at 6, and early to bed, as we start at 3 a.m. for Brindisi ; wrote letters home. Bologna is a most interesting old city, and we feel quite sorry to leave it so soon. One would like to remain a week at least to study the Etruscan remains and the old university. The leaning towers of Bologna are curious ; they look as though they might fall at any moment. Friday, iyh October, Bologna to Brindisi. We were off at 3.30 in the morning. Lord A. P., Fitz George, and I were in a coupe, the rest in a saloon carriage. Weather wet and stormy. We hear that the Serapis has arrived at Brindisi. The route to Brindisi is interest ing, especially on the Adriatic coast, and near Ancona the view of the Apennines and of one snowy peak especially is fine. We reached Foggia at 4.30 p.m. ; had a hurried dinner in a quar ter of an hour and then off again ; arrived at Brindisi at 11 p.m. The Serapis is lying in the inner harbour; boats were waiting qlose to where the train stopped, and we went off at once.

Found our cabins ready and were glad to go to bed. The weather has been very wet and stormy, but it is now improving. Saturday, 16th October, on board H.M.S. Serapis at Brindisi. — The Prince and his party arrived at Brindisi by special train this morning at 9 a.m. The British Minister in Italy was with H.R.H.; a guard of honour was drawn up to receive the Prince. The Minister of Marine, Count Maffei, and the local, military, and municipal authorities were present. Salutes were fired by Italian and British ships-of-war in the harbour. The Prince proceeded on board the Serapis to breakfast. The Minister of Marine sat on the Prince's right, Count Maffei on his left at table. The weather is now fine; there has been some rain, and still a good breeze. We left the harbour of Brindisi at about 10 a.m. Weather improving; temperature pleasant; thermometer 67° at noon in my cabin.

The ships-of-war — two British — Pallas and Invincible, and two Italian ironclads saluted the Prince as he went out of harbour. As we got to sea we found rather a heavy swell and nearly head-wind, which made the ship pitch a good deal ; before evening several of the party were sea-sick. H.R.H. felt it a good deal towards the evening: I went into his cabin to see if I could do anything; he soon got over it. The dinner party small to-day. Breakfast is to be at 8, luncheon at 2, dinner at 7.30. I was not sick, and managed dinner, though with difficulty. There is a very uneasy swell, the result of recent heavy gales. The Serapis appears to have had a very stormy and long passage from Portsmouth. Some defect in the boilers, which primed, had delayed her. These defects have now all been overcome.