The Black Sea pilot

Front matter

t THE BLACK SEA PILOT. Br THE CHEVALIER TAITBOUT DE MARIGNY, CONSUL GENERAL OF THE NETHERLANDS AT ODESSA, TRANSLATED FROM THE TRENCH, BT ORDER OF THE L08D9 COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTT. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, ADMIRALTY ; AND SOLD BT J. D. POTTER, Agent for the Admiralty Charts, 31 POULTRY, and 11 KING STREET, TOWER HILL, 1855. Price Two Shillings and Sixpence. THE BLACK SEA PILOT Br THE CHEVALIER TAITBOUT DE MARIGNY, CONSUL GENERAL OP THE NETHERLANDS AT ODESSA. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, ADMIRALTY j AND SOLD BY J. D. POTTER, Agent for tke Admiralty Charts, 31 POULTRY, and 11 KING STREET, TOWER HILL, 1855. Price Two Shillings and Sixpence. BLACK SEA PILOT. Art. 67. A more detailed examination of the shoals off Kazatch Point, Khersonese, has shown that the foul ground extends out to 2 cables' length off from the land ; its northern edge is now marked by three black buoys.

The leading mark shown on the Admiralty chart of the Khersonese Bays, namely, Fort Konstantine, open of all the points of land on the south shore, leads about half a cable's length north of the buoys, and clears all the shoals. Art. 104. Several buoys have been laid down to mark the channel leading from Ak -Burnii to Yeni-Kal'eh. Eight red buoys are placed in mid-channel, and may be passed on either side. The white buoys are to point out the shoals on the port side going up, and black buoys on the starboard side. A course N. \ E. by compass, from about one mile off Cape Takli, will lead to the first red buoy lying in 23 feet water. A black buoy is about to be placed in 15 feet, off the end of the Yiijnaya, or South Spit.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Chapter I. Black Sea

; GENERAL REMARKS, CURRENTS AND WINDS. Page General Description - - - - - - - - -1 Currents - - - - - - - - - - 2 Winds .......... 3 Winters - - - - - - - - --5

Chapter II. Western Shore, From The Bosphorus To Odessa

Description of N.E. Entrance of Bosphorus 0 Yniada Point and Road - - - - - - - - 7 Agathopoli j Basiliko - - - - - - - -8 Kara-agach -- - - - - - - --9 Burghaz Bay ----.-.... 10-14 Messembria - - - - - - - - -15 Cape Emineh j Kam Chai - - - - - - --16 Keosako and Bana Valleys ; Cape Galata ; Varna Bay - - - - 1 7 Kavarnah ; Batovah and Baljik Bays - - - - - --19 Depths in Black Sea between Cape Kaliakra and the Krimea - - - 20 Cape Tuzlab ; Kustenjeh - - - - - - --21 Kara Irman ; Mouths of Danube ; Sulina Mouth - - - - - 22 Fido-Nisi Island ; Appearance of Coast - - - - - --24 Dniestr Bay ; Ochakov and Tsarigrad Mouths - - - - - 25 Variety of Depths in Gulf of Odessa ; Current - - - - - - 26 Odessa; Description of City, Ports, and Bay - -27-30

Chapter III. Northern Shore, From Odessa To Kertch Strait

Coast from Dembrovskoi to Adjak Point - - - - - - 31 Berezan Island ; Odessa Sand Bank - - - - - --31 Directions for entering Kherson Bay - 7 - - - - 32 Rivers Dniepr and Bug - - - - - - --33 City of Nikolaev ; Kinburn Bay - - - - - - -34 Tendra Peninsula j Light and Beacons - - - - - --34 Tendra Bay j Anchorage under Peninsula, with northerly winds - - - 35 Peculiarity of bottom to southward of Peninsula - - - - - 35 Jarilgatskaia Spit ; Anchorage in S.W. Gales - - - - .35 Gulf of Perekop ; Karkinit Bay - - - - - --36 Krimca ---------- 36-56 Harbour of Ak-mechet - -- - - - - -36 VI CONTENTS. Page Cape Tarkan • Current off Cape Tarkan - - - - - - 37 Kalamita Bay ; Eupatoria - - - - - - - "38 Anchorage in Roads ; Anchorage off Rivers Kacha and Belbek - - ' - - 89 Coast from Cape Khersonese to Sevastopol - - - - - 39, 40, 41 Sevastopol j Description of Harbour - - - - - --42 Cape Khersonese ; Appearance of Coast - - - - - " 45 Approaching Sevastopol from S.W. - - • - - - - 46 Description of Port of Balaklavah - - - •■ - - ■ 46 Cape Ay a, and Sarich Point - - - - - --47 Appearance of Southern Coast of Krimea - - - - - " 48 Miskhor and Yalta - - - - - - - --49 Yalta and Urzuf Roads - - - - - - - 50, 51 Cape Ayu Dagh ; Current - - - - - - --51 Mount Chatir Dagh ; Roadsteads along the Coast - - - - 52 Cape Meganom -- - - - - --53 Koktebel Bay ; Tekyeh Bay j Kaffa Bay - - - - - 54 Theodosia - - - - - - - - -55 Cape Chaiida ; Mount Opuk ; Uchan Rocks ; Spitfire and Yenicheh-Takli Rocks 56, 57

Chapter IV. Kertch Strait And Sea Of Azov

Kertch Strait, Western Shore, from Cape Takli to Cape Fanar - 58-61 Yeni-kaleh - - -- -- ..-61 Krugloi Bank ; Cape Fanar - - - - - - -62 Kertch Strait, Eastern Shore, from Cape Kishla to Cape Kamenoi - - 62-67 Highfler, Viper, and Fulton Rocks - - - - - - 62, 63 Anchorage under Yujnaia Spit in N.E. Winds - - - -63 Taman Lake - - - - - - - --64 Running through Kertch Strait from Southward - - - - - 64 Channel East and West of Krugloi Bank - - - - - - 65 Sea of Azov - - - - - - - - -65 Depth, Sand Banks, Rivers, Currents, and Ice in Sea of Azov - - - 65, 66 Coast from Cape Kamenoi to Dolga Point - - - - - - 67, 68 Temriuk Bay and Lakes - - - - - - .-67 Jelezin Bank and Elenia Spit - - - - - . -68 Gulfof Azov --------- 69-79 Dolga, Sazadnits, Chimbur, and Ochakov Spits - - - - 68, 70 Mouths of River Don - - - - - --70 Taganrog 71 Coast from Taganrog to Ghenichi Strait 72-76 Present Depths at the Head of Gulf -----..-.72 Petrushin Bank ------- 72 Beglits, Krivaia, Bielo-sarai, Berdiausk, Obitotchna, and Beruch Spits - - 73-76 Marioupol - - - -.- - CONTENTS VII Page Berdiansk -...-...75 Depth in Ghenichi Strait *, the Tonka - - - - - - - - -77 Arabat Fort and Bay -.----------77 Directions from Kertch Strait to Taganrog - - - - - - - -78 Return Voyage to the Southward - - - - - - - - --79

Chapter V. The Caucasian Or Eastern Shore, From Kertch Strait To Gunieh

Kuban Lake j Boghaz ; Viper and Megæra Rocks - - - - - - 80 Anapah ; Utrish Point ; Appearance of Coast ------ 80-83 Dirzi ; Mishak Point ; Sujak Bay - - - - - - - - 83, 84 Ghelenjik Bay -.--86 Mezip Valley ; Depth off Caucasian Coast - - - - - - - -87 Beshi and Shapsuko Bays : Appearance of Coast - - - - - - 87, 88 Tuabs Bay ; Appearance of Coast - - - - - - - - 88, 89 Fort St. Duka 90 Pitsunda Point and Bay ; Bombori - - - - - - - -90,91 Sukhum Bay 92 RedutKaleh - - 93 Batum Bay - - .94

Chapter VI. The Anatolian Or Southern Shore, From Gunieh To The Bosphorus

General Observations ; Anchorages ..... ....96 Trebizond ----- 97 Tereboli ; Zeyphr Bay - . - 99 Kerasunda ; Palamida Reef - - - - - - - - - -100 Vona Bay ; Cape Yasun 101 Fatsa Bay - 102 Samsun Bay ------------- 103 Halys Point -, Cape Sinub *, Boztepeh Peninsula 104 Town of Sinub; Current off Cape ... - .... 105 Cape Injeh 106 Winds and Weather on Anatolian Coast - - - - - -106 Kuildi Reefs ; Stephano Point - - - - - - - 106 Anchorages between Capes Injeh and Kerempeh - - - - - 107 Kidros ; Amastrah --------- 108 Koslu Bay and Coal Mines ; Cape Baba - - - - -109,110 Bender Erekli; Coal - - - - - - - -110,111 Appearance of the Coast about Kirpen Point - - - - -112 Kara Burnu, or False Entrance to Bosphorus - - - - - - 113 General Remarks on making the Bosphorus - - - - - 113 Appearance of the Land in the Vicinity of the Bosphorus - - - - IN THIS -WORK THE BEARINGS ARE ALL -MAGNETIC, EXCEPT WHERE MARKED AS TRITE.

TBE DISTANCES ARE EXPRESSED IN SEA MILES OF 60 TO A DEGREE OF LATITUDE. A CABLE'S LENGTH IS ASSUMED TO BE EQUAL TO lOO FATHOMS. Aspect. THE BLACK SEA.

Chapter I. General Remarks, Currents And Winds

1. THEBlack Sea or Kara Deniz of the Turks, Chernoe More of the Russians, Schwarzes Meer of the Austrians, and Mai- Nero of the Levantines, is said to have received its name from the Turks, who, being accustomed only to the navigation of the Archipelago, where the numerous islands and their con venient ports offered many places of refuge in case of danger, found the traversing of such an open expanse of waters, subject to storms, very perilous, and accordingly they expressed their fears by the epithet 'black.' The Greeks, on 1 lie contrary, gave it the name of Euxine, or Hospitable. This sea divides the southern provinces of Russia from Anatolia, or Asia Minor, and lies between 40° 55' and 46°37' N. latitude, and 27° 30' and 41° 43' W. longitude. Its length, from Bourghaz on the west to St. Nikolai on the east, is 627 miles, and its greatest breadth, from the Melen Su to Ovarna, is 333 miles ; but it is much narrowed in the middle by the projecting peninsula of the Krimea, where its breadth does not exceed 144 miles.

It is connected with the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kertch, and with the Archipelago and Ihe Mediterranean by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmora, and the Strait of the Dardanelles. By the first it receives the drainage of a part of southern Russia, and by the second it sends off the surplus waters which are not lost by evaporation. With the exception of the Yellow Sea there is probably no portion of the ocean which receives the drainage of a greater e.-aent of country than the Black Sea. As its basin is said to comprehend 960,000 square miles, and its surface to contain only 180,000 square miles, it follows that each square mile of its surface receives the drainage of five and one third of a square mile, which will account for the small degree of saltness of its waters. Their specific gravity, compared with that of fresh water, is as 1142 to 1000 ; that of the Baltic is 1040, while that of the water of the Atlantic is 1288.

The shores of the Black Sea present a very varied aspect ; those of the Krimea, of Anatolia, and Circassin, bordered by E. Si A [chap. I. BLACK SEA. Navigation Currents. lofty mountains, are easily recognized, as well as Bulgaria and Rumelia, where Capes Kaliakra, Emineh, and the Balkan mountains are good landmarks, but at the mouths of the Danube and all the coast between them and the northern part of the Krimea the shore is low, and can only be seen at a short dis tance. The most important coast to be noticed from the number of vessels which frequent it, and as requiring the greatest caution, is that in the vicinity of the Bosphorus. The navigation of the Black Sea is neither difficult nor dangerous, as it is almost entirely free from islands and rocks. Good anchorages are scarce, but there are enough to afford shelter in a sea of such small extent, so that a thorough ac quaintance with them is of importance.

Storms are not uncommon, but they are never of long duration. The sea then, however, is short and troublesome, more especially about the entrance of the Bosphorus. 2. By far the greatest quantity of water is received into this sea at its north-western corner, where the Rivers Dniepr, Boug, Dniestr, and Danube fall into it. Most of the countries through which these rivers run are covered for three or four months of the year with snow ; and in spring time all the mois ture which has descended on them during the winter, and has been preserved in a solid state, suddenly dissolves and descends through the channels of the rivers with great velocity, producing a rapid current running to the southward. The strong current which sets out of the Strait of Kertch owes its origin to the River Don, and to the many rivers which flow into the Sea of Azov.

As it enters the Black Sea it takes a south-westerly direction, along the coast of the Krimea. Beyond Cape Khersonese it spreads out in different direc tions ; that to the northward, towards Eupatoria and Cape Tarkan, bends to the westward, and meets the waters of the Dniepr, the Boug, and the Dniestr, which turn it away to the southward, and these uniting with the water which flows out of the Danube form a current of about one mile an hour towards the Bosphorus.* The accumulation of the waters * In December 1852, 13 vessels bound from Odessa to Varna were wrecked near Cape Shablah, and in March 1855 six more, between that Cape and Mangali, when bound to Varna from the Krimea. As this loss may have been caused by an unusually strong current to the west or even north-west, the mariner should be on his guard against such an occurrence.

CHAP. I.] GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Eddy Currents, Winds. towards the Strait is so great that it is not able to carry off all of it, and a portion is pressed against the coast of Anadoli, where it gives rise to another current running to the eastward, and which makes its way along the coast of Asia, and mingles with the waters of the . Sakariyeh, the Kizil Irmak, the Yeshil Irmak, and the Choruk, which carry it on to the eastward between Anadoli and the Caucasus, where it meets with the Rion, the Kodor, and other rivers which add considerably to its rapidity. It then follows in a north-westerly direction the Caucasian shore, receiving all the waters from the mountains and the river Kuban, as far as the Strait of Kertch, where it completes, but only to commence anew, that circular movement which has been described.

The different directions which have been thus ascribed to the Black Sea currents must not be taken as absolute on all occasions, as they are sometimes influenced by the winds or by local circumstances. There are counter currents or eddies in the bays on the coasts of Rumelia and Bulgaria, and also at a little distance from the shores of Anadoli. If a vessel is becalmed on the southern coast of the Krimea, between Lampad and Cape Khersonese, or on the coast of Cir cassia, towards Pitsunda and Konstantine points, she will be sensibl}* affected by the current. When endeavouring to turn to windward she should make long boards out into the open sea, and never come in close to the coast, as the mountainous ridges of the Krimea will not favour her with any land breezes at night, and those that are found on the Caucasian coast, although pretty fresh in some places, do not reach more than 4 or 5 miles from the shore.

Vessels bound from the Bosphorus to Kaffa or Kertch, and meeting with easterly winds, should, in order to avoid the current on the southern coast of the Krimea, turn to windward nearer the coast of Anadoli than that of the Krimea, as far as Cape Injeh. This plan succeeded in 1839, for M. de Marigny relates that out of 40 vessels that left the Bosphorus for Kertch, the only two that took the above route succeeded in reaching their destination 15 to 20 days sooner than those that beat along the coast of the Krimea. 3. By comparing different meteorologic observations some a BLACK SEA. [chap. i. In Western part. curious results might be furnished, and useful to the seaman, relatin***- to the influence that different parts of the Black Sea exercise over the winds that blow there. Those of several navigators, made without any definite object, establish a line of demarcation from Cape Aya in the Krimea, to Kerempeh in Anadoli, thus dividing this Sea into two parts, the western and the eastern.

It is rare to pass this line without observing the change, and vessels that come up to it with a fair wind are often obliged suddenly to brace their yards sharp up. There is a second division, established by the direction of the winds, which divides the northern from the southern part of the Black Sea. This line, more vaguely marked, varies in the western basin from Cape Kaliakra to the mouths of the Danube, and in the eastern basin on the Caucasian coast, from Subeshik to Cape Idokopas, near Pshad. It will be obvious that these two lines of demarcation are much less observable in the open sea than they are near the shores. The coast of Asia Minor is rarely exposed to the violence of northerly winds, which seldom blow home, being deflected towards east or west by the lofty range of mountains which extend in that direction throughout the country.

The same thinff has been observed on the coast of the Caucasus with W. or S.W. winds, and on the southern coast of the Krimea with S. or S.E. winds ; but there are exceptions to these general rules, and they are the more remarkable, as they are invariably violent, which was proved in 1836 by the awful tempest, which occasioned the loss of several Russian ships of war and trans ports, on the coast of Circassia, and the more recent gale of the 14th November 1854, when several English transports were wrecked in Balaklavah and Eupatoria Bays. A north-easterly wind brings with it clear weather and cold in winter. North-westerly and westerly winds, on the contrary, are often accompanied by fog and moist weather. Towards the middle of summer the northerly wind is generally pretty steady, and although at a later period it gives place to a southerly wind, yet it often reappears in January, and some times in Februnry and March, and during all the spring.

These remarks relate principally to the western portion of the Black Sea, which is subject to the influence of the Carpathian mountains, and the chain of the Balkan. In the eastern cii.vr. I.] GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 5 In Eastern part. Northerly Winds. Winters portion the influence of the lofty range of the Caucasus, and of Asia Minor is felt, and it is a remarkable fact that the prevalent wi nds in winter on this coast from Anapah to Subeshik, are those from the N.W., and from Subeshik to Mingrelia, from the S.E., although Subeshik forms no very prominent point on the coast. The N.E. wind, by the violence with which it blows from the tops of the mountains, is said to come from "The Bed of Boreas," a term given by the ancient Greeks, and which applies at the present day. The winds from the Anatolian shore are also, in many parts, the strongest that blow there.

Northerly winds often oblige sailing vessels coming from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea to pass whole months in the Dardanelles, and in the Bosphorus, a distance which, under favourable circumstances, is passed in two days. The juxta position of the shores of Europe and Asia, and the rapidity of the current rendering it impossible to turn to windward, an inconvenience which often causes considerable injury to com mercial interests in the Black Sea, but which, since the use of steam tugs, should do so no longer. If, after leaving the Bos phorus aud bound to Odessa, northerly winds are met with in the open sea, it would be prudent, instead of beating along the coast of Runielia or Bulgaria, to close the Krimean shore and take advantage of the N.E. or E.N.E. winds which prevail there, independently of the land breezes which Sevastopol, and more particularly Eupatoria, afford almost every night. 4.

The winters are severe in the Black Sea, but more par ticularly on its northern shores. The month of December and the second half of January are often called the least dangerous of the season. The mouths of the Dniepr, the Dniestr, and sometimes those of the Danube, the port of Odessa, and the Strait of Kertch, where the water is all but fresh, are frozen every winter, more or less. The ice seldom extends far to sea, and often a southerly wind springs up and clears it all away with wonderful rapidity. It is very seldom, indeed, that the cold has been severe enough to leave traces of ice after the end of February. The time of its formation at Odessa is towards the end of December, and in the space of twenty years there were only three or four consecutive years in which this port was completely free of ice. N.E. Entrance of Bosphorus. Rumili Light. Rumili Kal'ehst. Anadoli Light. Cape Rumili. Kyani Island.

CHAPTER 11 WESTERN SHORE

; FROM THE BOSPHORUS TO ODESSA. 5. The coast at the N.E. entrance of the Bosphorus is of moderate height, and has no remarkable feature, and the small number of landmarks on it, which serve to guide the navigator, are often enveloped in thick fogs, which are the more dangerous in these parts, so wanting in places of refuge, that one mistake may cause inevitable shipwreck. The entrance is nearly 2 miles in breadth, and is marked by a lighthouse on the coast of Europe, and another on that of Asia. Rumili Lighthouse, on the European shore, stands on a rocky promontory, a third of a mile to the southward of a strong battery named Rumili Kal'ehsi. The tower, which is formed of different diameters, carries a Fixed Light, the range of which should be 18 miles; but being badly managed, is seldom seen at that distance.

To the northward of the tower a group of high trees serves as a day-mark for vessels making for the strait. Anadoli Lighthouse stands on the ancient promontory Hereum, at the north ex tremity of the Bosphorus on the Asiatic shore, about 2 miles S.E. -^ E. of Rumili Lighthouse. It also shows a Fixed Light, with a supposed range of 18 miles ; and being built on elevated ground, may be recognized during the day by the tower being lower than that on the opposite shore, and only of a single diameter, and likewise by a large white building on a high hill to the S.E. of it. The Fort of Anadoli lies at the foot of the tower.* 6. Cape Rumili is surrounded by a belt of high rocks with steep faces, on one of which, named Kyani Island, is still seen the remains of an altar dedicated to Cæsar Augustus.

A vessel may anchor during S.W. winds in fine weather or in a calm, at 4 or 5 cables' lengths to the S.E. of the island, in 15 fathoms, over mud bottom. Between the Cape and Kilios, which is 4 miles to the westward, the coast is sloping, and much intersected. The anchorage, abreast of the village of Kilios, is in 3 or 4 fathoms, over a bottom of hard sand, at 2 or 3 cables' * See view on Black Sea Chart and Bosphorus Sailing Directions. RUMILI. — KARA BURNl!*. — YNIADA. CHAP. II.] Kara Burnii Cape Serveh. Midiah. Cape Kurt. Mount Faphiai, Yniada Point and Road. lengths from the shore, and sheltered from westerly winds. Northerly winds are said not to blow home ; but this is not certai**. Near Kilios a long beach commences, which is quite straight, and trends to the N.W. by W. for 37 miles ; it is faced by a sandbank, upon which vessels are stranded and lost, if not carried over by the waves.

The coast about Kara Burnii, which is 21 miles to the north-westward of Cape Rumili, bears a resemblance to the land in the vicinity of the Bosphorus, which circumstance has given it the name of the False Channel ; and the mistaking this for the true Bosphorus has been the cause of many shipwrecks.* 1. Cape Serveh lies 32 miles to the N.W. of Kara Burnu, and 52 from the Bosphorus. It projects a good deal to the eastward, and would make a shelter against northerly winds, if the bottom were not bad and rocky. A reef extends H cables' lengths to the S.E. from the cape. At 2 miles to the southward of Cape Serveh is the smal town of Midiah. A little creek is formed on its southern side, about 100 yards in breadth, which will only serve as a shelter against the northerly winds to small vessels that can anchor in from 1A to 2 fathoms over a sandy bottom.

At nearly 13 miles to the northward of Cape Serveh is Cape Kuri, which is of moderate height, and projects to the southward. Its shores are sloping, and of a yellowish appearance, and a little wood on its summit serves to distinguish it. One of the most remarkable mountains on the coast of Rumili, named Mount Paphia, rises to the N.N.W. The western angle of this promontory, of which Cape Kuri forms a part, is called Yniada Point, which is bordered with rocks, and between it and the village of that name, which lies 2^ miles to the west ward, is Yniada Road. A reef of rocks extends off in a south westerly direction, 2 cables' lengths from a ruined tower, on the northern shore of the road, which stands nearly three quarters of a mile to the N.W. of Yniada Point. [See Plan..] A vessel, in approaching the road with a northerly wind, should round the Cape and Yniada Point pretty close, as the wind will fail inside, taking care to avoid the rocks off the * See Admiralty Chart of the Black Sea, Sheet 1., Bosphorus to Cape Kaliakra, from the Russian Survey.

Scale 0-2 of an inch to a mile. BOSPHORUS TO ODESSA. [CllAP. 11. Cape Stepha nos. Ajaih6poli, Anchorage. Basiliko. Cape and the ruined tower. The best anchorage is to the south-westward of the tower, at about three-quarters of a mile from the shore, in from 6 to 7 fathoms, over a bottom of sand and fair holding ground, Yniada Point bearing E. J S. H miles. There are 3 to 4 fathoms' water at about 3 cables' lengths from the shore. Vessels very often visit this roadstead, particularly in autumn and winter, to allow the bad weather to pass ; and although it has afforded security to many, yet the sudden changes of wind to which it is subject have been, though very seldom, the cause of shipwrecks. Here, as all along the coast, the wiuds veer towards the shore every night. A heavy swell sets in at times, which causes vessels to roll very heavily, and then an eddy sets pretty strongly towards the Cape.

At the bottom of the road there is a beach. Cape Stephanos lies 4 miles to the northward of Cape Kuri, and projects very little to the westward. 8. At 1 1 miles to the northward of Cape Stephanos is the little town of Agathopoli, called by the Turks Ak-teboli, from which Mount Paphia bears W. by N. 4 miles. A small cove lies to the southward of the town, and is formed by two points, on the northernmost of which stands the town, and rises to about 52 feet above the water. The point to the southward is about half that height. The entrance to the cove, -which is a little more than half a cable wide, is between a reef of rocks, which borders the northern point, aud the southern point, which is bold to approach. Most of the rocks are visible, and appear as large as buoys above the water. The greatest depth in the channel is about 4J fathoms.

On entering the creek, a solitary building, which is a church dedicated to Saint Constantine, is seen a little to the southward of the southern point. The anchorage is, in about 4 fathoms, over a sandy bottom, sheltered from all but easterly winds, which can be avoided by approaching nearer the town, and securing the vessel's stern to the shore, which is composed of shingle. 9. The little harbour of Basiliko lies about 5 miles to the N.W. by N. of Agathopoli, and about 2 miles to the east ward of a mountain to the northward of Mount Paphia. It is formed by two points, bearing about N. by W. and S. by E. from each other, a third of a mile apart. On the southern point stands the village and mills, and to the eastward of it, at about 3 good cables' lengths from the shore, are several rocks, rising AK-TEBOLI. — BASILIKO. — Z UN A1UTS A. CHAP. II.] 9 Anchorage.

Kara-agack. Reef. Anchorage. Athiinatos Point. Zunaritsa Point. Anchorage. to the height of a boat above water. The entrance to the harbour is about 3 cables wide, and is formed between a reef which runs off the northern point, and the point to the southward, on which stands the village. A vessel will find 6 fathoms at the entrance, and should keep the point of the village aboard, and anchor to the westward of it at about half a cable's length from the shore, in from 3 to 4 fathoms, over a good holding ground of sand, and sheltered nearly from all winds. In the other parts of the harbour the holding ground is not good, being composed of sand and flat stones, over which the anchors are liable to drag. 10. The anchorage at Kara-agach is in a small cove, 5 miles to the. N.W. of Basiliko, and the entrance to it is to the southward of a long and wide reef, which extends off for two-thirds of a mile in a south-easterly direction from the northern point of the cove, and another point to the S.S.E., having a depth of from 12 to 4 fathoms between them.