American Scenes, and Christian Slavery: a recent tour of four thousand miles in the United States

Preface

. During his recent sojourn in the United States, the Author did not conceive the intention of writing a book on the subject. All he contemplated was the publication of a few letters in a London Journal on which he had been accustomed to rely for intelligence from Europe when residing in Berbice. So much he was disposed to attempt for several reasons. Having entered the States by their most Southern port — that of New Orleans, and finding himself at once in the midst of Slavery, he had opportunities of observing that system not often enjoyed by a British " Abolitionist." As the Pastor, also, of a large congre gation, of whom a great number were but a few years ago held in cruel bondage, he would naturally look upon the treatment of the same race in America with keener eyes and feelings more acute than if he had not stood in that relation. Identified, too, with those persons who represent the

PREFACE.

. IV principles of the old Puritans and Nonconformists in England, he would survey the growth and spread of those principles in their new soil and climate with a more than common interest. New England, especially, on whose sods the foot-prints of the Pilgrims had been impressed, and on whose rocks their early altars had been reared, would be to him hallowed ground. Travelling, leisurely, as he did, at his own expense, northward from New Orleans to Boston, and westward as far as Utica, — making a tour of more than four thou sand miles, sometimes known and sometimes unknown, just as inclination prompted, — representing no public body, bound to no party, a " Deputation sent by himself," — he was completely free and independent in thought and action, and enjoyed advantages for observation which do not often meet.

It was natural that he should wish to tell his friends in Great Britain, and in the West Indies, what he had seen and heard. To denounce what is evil and to com mend what is good is at all times gratifying; in doing which, he sought to describe the men and the manners of America just as they appeared to him. Several letters, containing the narrative of a few days spent in New Orleans, appeared in the Patriot. Their favourable reception by the readers of that journal led to the preparation of the present volume, in which the letters referred to, having undergone a careful revision,

PREFACE.

. V re-appear, followed by nearly thirty others descriptive of the Author's tour. Our Transatlantic friends are morbidly sensitive as to the strictures of strangers. They hate the whole tribe of Travellers and Tourists, Eoamers and Ramblers, Peepers and Proclaimers, and affect to ridicule the idea of men who merely pass through the country, presuming to give opinions on things which it is alleged so cursory a view cannot qualify them fully to understand. Our cousins have, doubtless, had occasional provocations from the detested race in question; but their feeling on this point amounts to a national weakness. It is always worth knowing how we appear to the eyes of others, and what impression the first sight of us is apt to pro duce ; and this knowledge none canr communicate but the stranger, the tourist, the passer-by.

What faults and failings soever we may have in England, and their " name is legion," by all means let them be unsparingly exposed by every foreign tourist that treads upon our soil. Let us be satirized, ridiculed, laughed at, caricatured, anything, so that we may be shamed out of all that is absurd and vicious in our habits and cus toms. In the present instance our Western kinsmen are described by one, if they will believe his own testimony, of the most candid and truthful of travellers, — one who has viewed them and all their institutions, except one, with the most friendly eye, and who deeply VI

PREFACE.

. regrets that so much of what is lovely and of good report should be marred and blotted by so much of what is disgraceful to a great and enlightened people. As to the performance in a literary point of view, the Author will say nothing. The public will form their own judgment. If they like it, they will read; if not, the most seductive preface would not tempt them. E. DAVIES. London, January 1, 1849. CONTENTS.

Letter I

Occasion of Visit to the United States — First Impressions of the Mississippi — Magnitude of that River — Impediment at its Entrance — The New Harbour — The " Great" and " Fat" Valley— High-Pressure Steam- Tug Frolics — Slave-Auction Facetiæ Page 1

Letter II

American Oysters — Becalmed in the Mississippi — Anchor raised — Ship ashore — Taken off by a Steam-Tug — Slave-Sale Advertisements — Runaway Negroes — Return of Fever — Terrific Storm — Frightful Position — Ashore at New Orleans — A Ship-Chandler's Store — American Wheels — A Joltification — The St. Charles's Hotel 7

Letter VII

The Slave- Auction (continued) — " A Fine Young Woman " — A Man. and his Wife — Jim, the Blacksmith— A Family — A Ploughboy— Cornelia — Another Jim — Tom, the House-Boy — Edmund — Tom, and "his reserved rights" — A Carriage Driver — Margaret and her Child . CONTENTS.

Letter VIII

St. Louis Exchange — Inspection of Human Chattels— Artizan Slaves — Scenes and Proceedings of the Auction — Sale of the Men . Page 57

Letter IX

Sale of Women — Second Sabbath in New Orleans — Cricket in front of the Presbyterian "Church" — The Baptist "Church" — A Peep at an American Sabbath-School — Proceedings in " Church " — A Sermon on "The New Birth" — Nut-cracking during Sermon — "Close Communion" 64

Letter X

Interview with a Baptist Minister — Conversation with a Young Man in the Baptist Church — The Presbyterian Church, and Dr. Scott again — A Peep at the House of Representatives of Louisiana — Contrast between the French and the Americans in the Treatment of their Slaves — Dinner Table in New Orleans — American Manners 71

Letter XI

Farewell to New Orleans — Revolting Bargain — " The Anglo-Saxon " Steam-boat — .Moderate Fare — Steam Navigation of the Mississippi — Steam-boat and Railway Literature — Parting View of the " Crescent City" — Slave Advertisements — Baton Rouge — A Sugar Estate — Fellow- Passengers — The Ladies' Cabin — A Baptist Minister — A Reverend Slave-holder 80

Letter XII

Voyage up the Mississippi (continued) — " Patriarchal " Establishments The Red River — Elder Wright — Lynch Law administered by a Preacher — Natchez — Story of Mary Brown — The Flat Boats of the Mississippi 91

Letter XIII

Voyage up the Mississippi (continued) — Grand Gulph and Big Black River — Snags — " I belong to myself, Sir " — Vicksburg and Lynch Law — A Man Overboard — "Drove of Horses, Mules, and Niggers" — Character of Fellow-Passengers — The Sabbath — Disobedience to Conscience . 99

Letter XIV

Voyage up the Mississippi (continued) — The Arkansas — Treatment of the Indians— M. de Tocqueville — " Napoleon " and Lynch Law — Memphis, and its Advertisements — A Scene witnessed there — The Ohio — Nashville, and Amos Dresser CONTENTS. IX

Letter XV

Voyage up the Ohio (continued)— Illinois — Evansville — Owensborough — Indiana — New Albany — Louisville, and its Cruel Histories — The Grave of President Harrison — Arrival in Cincinnati — First Impressions — The Congregational Minister— A Welsh Service . . . Page 117

Letter XVI

Stay at Cincinnati (continued) — Close of the Welsh Service — The Governor of Ohio and his Relatives — The "Black Laws" — Governor Bebb's Hostility to them — Dr. Weed and American Versatility — Private Lodgings — Introduction to Dr. Beecher and others — A Peep at a Demo cratic Meeting 105

Letter XVII

Stay at Cincinnati (continued) — The Democratic Meeting — A Visit to Lane Seminary — " Public Declamation " — Poem on War — Essay on Education 133

Letter XVIII

Visit to Lane Seminary (continued) — Dr. Beecher and his Gun — The College Library — Dr. Stowe and his Hebrew Class — History of Lane Seminary — Qualifications for Admission — The Curriculum — Manual Labour — Expenses of Education — Results — Equality of Professors and Students 141

Letter XIX

A Sabbath at Cincinnati — The Second Presbyterian Church — Mutilation of a Popular Hymn — The Rushing Habit — A wrong " Guess " — A German Sunday-School — Visit to a Church of Coloured People — Engagement at the Welsh " Church " — Monthly Concert — The Medical College of Ohio— Tea at the House of a Coloured Minister . . .149

Letter XX

Stay at Cincinnati (continued) — The New Roman Catholic Cathedral — The Rev. C. B. Boynton and Congregationalism — " The Herald of a New Era" — American Nationality ...... 157

Letter XXI

Stay at Cincinnati (continued) — The Orphan Asylum — A Coloured Man and a White Fop treated as each deserved — A Trip across to Covington — Mr. Gilmore and the School for Coloured Children — " The Fugitive Slave to the Christian " — Sabbath — Mr. Boynton — Dr. Beecher -Lane Seminary — Departure from Cincinnati . . . . 1 X CONTENTS.

Letter XXII

Cincinnati — Its History and Progress — Its Trade and Commerce — Its Periodical Press — Its Church Accommodation — Its Future Prospects — Steaming up the Ohio — Contrast between Freedom and Slavery — An Indian Mound — Splendid Scenery — Coal Hills . . . Page 172

Letter XXIII

Ai-rival at Pittsburg— Its Trade and Prospects — Temperance — News papers — Trip up the Monongahela to Brownsville — Staging by Night across the Alleghany Mountains — Arrival at Cumberland — The Railway Carriages of America . . . . . . . . .180

Letter XXIV

Journey by Railroad from Cumberland to Baltimore — A Tedious Stop page — A Sabbath in Baltimore — Fruitless Inquiry — A Presbyterian Church and Dr. Plummer — Richmond and its Resolutions — Dr. Plummer's Pro-slavery Manifesto — The Methodist Episcopal Church . .188

Letter XXV

A Sabbath at Baltimore (continued) — A Coloured Congregation — The Thought of seeing Washington abandoned — Departure from Baltimore — Coloured Ladies in the Luggage- Van^American Railways — Chesapeak Bay — Susquehannah — State of Delaware, and Abolition of Slavery — Phi ladelphia — Albert Barnes — Stephen Girard's Extraordinary Will . 198

Letter XXVI

Departure from Philadelphia — A Communicative Yankee — Trenton — The Mansion of Joseph Bonaparte — Scenes of Brainerd's Lahours One Hundred Years ago — First Impressions of New York — 150, Nassau street — Private Lodgings — Literary Society — American Lodging-houses — A Lecture on Astronomy — The "Negro Pew" in Dr. Patton's Church 208

Letter XXVII

A Presbyterian Church in New York, and its Pastor — The Ahbotts and their Institution — Union Theological Seminary — Dr. Skinner's Church — New York University — A threatening "Necessity" — Preju dice against Colour — A Fact connected with Mr. 's Church — Another Fact in Pennsylvania — State of Public Opinion in New York — An Interview with Dr. Spring — A Missionary Meeting in Dr. Adams's Church CONTENTS. XI

Letter XXVIII

A Visit to Mount Vernon — Dr. Robinson — Welsh Deputation — Queen Anne and New York — The Sabbath — Preaching at Dr. L 's—After noon Service at Mr. C 's — Tea at Dr. L 's — Evening Service at Mr. 's Page 231

Letter XXIX

The Rev. Theodore Sedgwick Wright — His Testimony against Caste — His Funeral — Drs. Cox and Patton — The Service in the House — The Procession — The Church — The Funeral Oration — Mrs. Wright . 237

Letter XXX

Trip to New Haven — Captain Stone and his Tender Feeling — Arrival in New Haven — A Call from Dr. Bacon and the Rev. Mr. Dutton — Newspapers — The Centre Church and Standing Order — The North Church and Jonathan Edwards, junior 243

Letter XXXI

The Spot on which Whitfield preached — Judge Daggett — Governor Yale — Yale College— The Libraries — Elliot's Indian Bible — Geological Museum — Dr. Goodrich — Education and Expenses at Yale College — The Graves of the Regicide6 252

Letter XXXII

A Fast-Day — Political Sermons — A Church of Coloured People — The Sabbath — Morning Service — Afternoon ditto and Dr. Hawes — Prayers at College Chapel — United Service in North Chinch — The Cemetery — The " Fathers" — Professor Gibbs — Annual Election — Statistics — Arrival at Hartford — Mr. Hosmer — Chief Justice — Deaf and Dumb — Charter Oak 261

Letter XXXIII

The " Retreat " — Introductions to the Insane — Piety and Profanity — Service in the Fourth Church — Memorials of the Pilgrims — Dr. Bushnell and his Opinions — The Mother Church and its Burying-Ground — The New Cemetery — Prejudice against Colour — Mrs. Sigourney — Departure from Hartford — Worcester and Elihu Burritt — Boston — The Rev. Seth Bliss — The Cradle of Liberty— Mr. Garrison— Bunker's Hill . 271

Letter XXXIV

Boston (continued) — The Old South. — Unitarianism, and Connection between Church and State — A Welsh Service in an "Upper Room" — Laura Bridgman and the Wedding Ring — Oliver Caswell — Departure CONTENTS. from Boston — John Todd and his Family — His Congregationalism — Al bany and the Delevan House — Journey to Utica — Remsen and the Welsh People — Dogs made to churn, and Horses to saw Wood . Page 280

Letter XXXV

A Peep at the House of Representatives in Albany — " The Chair is but a Man," &c. — Sailing down the Hudson — Dr. Spring — His Morning Sermon — Afternoon Service — Gough the great Lecturer — The Tract House and Steam-presses — May-day in New York — Staten Island — Immigrants — A hurried Glance 293

Letter XXXVI

The May Meetings — Dr. Bushnell's Striking Sermon — Two Anti- Slavery Meetings — A Black Demosthenes — Foreign Evangelical Society — A New Thing in the New World — The Home-Missionary Society — Progress and Prospects of the West — Church of Rome — Departure from New York — What the Author thinks of the Americans . . 302

Letter XXXVII

What the Author thinks of the Americans (continued) — Slaver}7 — Responsibility of the North — District of Columbia — Preponderance of the Slave Power — Extermination of the Indians — President Taylor and his Blood-hounds

Letter I

Occasion of Visit to the United States — First Impressions of the Mississippi — Magnitude of that River — Impediment at its Entrance — The New Harbour — The " Great " and " Fat " Valley — High-Pressure Steam-Tug Frolics— Slave- Auction Facetiæ. The ill health of my wife, occasioned by long resi dence amid the sultry swamps of Guiana, compelled me a few months ago to accompany her on a visit to the United States of America. Having taken our pas sage in a ship to New Orleans, we found ourselves in fifteen days on the far-famed Mississippi, — the "father of waters." On gazing around, our first feeling was one of awe, to find ourselves actually ascending that majestic stream, that great artery of the greatest valley in the world, leading into the very heart of a continent. The weather was very cold ; the trees on the river's bank were leafless ; and the aspect of nature on every hand told it was winter.

What a change ! But a fortnight before we were panting under an almost vertical sun. We found the Mississippi much narrower than we had anticipated. In some places it is only about half a mile wide; while below New Orleans it never, I should say, exceeds a mile in width. This is remarkable, since not less than fifty-seven large navigable rivers contri bute to swell its waters. It is, however, very deep, srrS b u THE MISSISSIPPI. and, even at the distance of 500 miles above New Orleans, is navigated by vessels of 300 tons; nay, at 1,364 miles from its mouth, it attains an average depth of fifteen feet. In its course, it waters 2,500 miles of country. Among the rivers that pour themselves into this immense stream are — the Missouri, which has first traversed a space of 2,000 miles ; the Arkansas, 1,300 miles ; the Red River, 1,000 miles ; and the Ohio, 700 miles.

Unfortunately, at the entrance of this noble river, there is a bar called the Balize, so shallow as hitherto to have seriously interfered with the navigation of large and deeply-laden vessels. Even for the cotton trade, a particular construction of ship has been found needful, with a flatter bottom than usual, in order to pass easily over this bar, any effort to remove which the rapidity of the stream would render fruitless. This circumstance, with the want of harbour at the mouth of the Mississippi, has hitherto operated greatly against the trade with New Orleans, which is 110 miles up the river. Recently, however, a magnificent harbour has been discovered between Cat Island and Isle Apitre, within Lake Borgne, and only ten miles from the coast of the mainland. This new harbour, easily accessible from the sea, at all times contains a depth of water varying from thirty to fifty feet, and is so protected on all sides that vessels may ride with the greatest safety in the worst weather.

From this harbour to Bayou on the mainland the distance is only twelve miles, and from Bayou to New Orleans forty-six miles, — making "GREAT" AND "FAT" VALLEY. 3 altogether only fifty-eight miles from Cat Island Har bour to New Orleans; whereas, by the difficult and dangerous route of the Mississippi, the distance is 110 miles. The importance and value of such a harbour it is difficult to over-estimate. Its beneficial effect on the future destiny of the great valley will be prodigious. I have said the " great valley," and well it deserves the appellation. It contains as many square miles, with more tillable ground than the whole continent of Europe. It measures about 1,341,649 square miles, and is therefore six times larger than France. And this valley is as rich as it is extensive. It is the "fat" valley.

Never did human eye behold a finer soil, or more luxuriant productions. The treasures beneath the surface are as precious as those above. The lead and copper mines are among the best in the world. Iron and coal also abound. Building materials, of beauty and strength, adapted to form cottages for the poor or palaces for the rich, are not wanting. Nature has here furnished in lavish profusion everything neces sary for converting the wilderness into smiling fields, studded with populous cities. But we are not yet within the great valley. We are only at its entrance, sailing up the " father of waters," against the stream, at the rate of four or five miles an hour. It is usual for sailing-vessels to be towed by steam-tugs to their destination ; but, having a fair breeze, and no tug at hand, we were indebted to our sails alone.

The motion was exceedingly pleasant, after the tossings we had had in the Gulf of Mexico. The b "HIGH-PRESSURE" ENGINES. vessel glided smoothly along, and new objects presented themselves continually on either hand. My enjoyment of the scenery, however, was soon marred by an attack of fever and ague, which sent me below. While I was down, several steam-tugs towing vessels down the river met us. Their unearthly groans filled me with terror. Their noise was not that of puff — puff — puff — puff, like all the other steamers that I had ever heard, but something composed of a groan, a grunt, and a growl — deep-drawn, as from the very caverns of Vulcan, and that at awfully-solemn intervals, — grunt — grunt — grunt — grunt ! This peculiarity, I was told, arose from their "high-pressure" engines. The sound, thus explained, brought to my recollection all the dreadful stories of boiler explosions with which the very name of the Mississippi had become associated in my mind.

But (thought I) they have surely learned wisdom from experience, and are become more skilful or more cautious than they used to be ! While I was engaged with these reflections, our cap tain came down, and handed me a couple of New Orleans papers, which he had just received from the pilot. Here was a treat ; and, feeling a little better, I began with eagerness to open one of them out. It was the New Orleans Bee of January 23; and, horresco referens, the first thing that caught my eye was the fol lowing paragraph : — "Steam-boat Explosion. — Loss of Life. — Cap tain Haviland, ofthe steam-ship 'Galveston,' from Gal- LOSS OF LIFE. veston, reports that the tow-boat 'Phœnix,' Captain Crowell, burst her boilers when near the head of the South-west Pass [which we had but just passed], killing and wounding about twenty-five in number, seven of whom belonged to the boat, the balance to a barque she had alongside ; carrying away the foremast of the barque close to her deck, and her mainmast above her cross-trees, together with all her fore-rigging, bulwarks, and injuring her hull considerably.

The ship 'Man chester,' which she had also alongside, was seriously injured, having her bulwarks carried away, her long boat destroyed," &c. Such was the paragraph, with not a syllable of note or comment on cause or consequences. It was evidently an every-day occurrence. What recklessness was here indicated ! and how comforting to a sick and nervous man, now near the very spot of the occurrence, and in a vessel about to be placed in the same pleasant rela tion to one of those grunting monsters as the unfortu nate "barque" had but three days before occupied, with the trifling "balance" of eighteen of her crew " killed and wounded ! " The fever having left me, I ventured on deck. At this moment one of these infernal machines came in sight, towing down three large ships. Instead of having them behind, as on the Thames and Mersey, she (like the " Phœnix") had one on either side, closely lashed to herself, and the other only behind.

This terrific mon ster seemed to be carrying them away arm-in-arm, like FACETIOUS SLAVE-DEALER. two prisoners, to destruction. At all events, it was a position of familiarity and friendship with the " Sprite of Steam" of which I did not at all like the idea ; and yet we ourselves were by-and-by to be placed in its perilous embrace ! The dreaded monster gone by, I resumed the perusal of my New Orleans papers. Now (thought I) I am in a slave country ! I wonder whether these papers will give any indication of the fact. In a little while my eye, surveying the Bee of January 21, caught sight of an advertisement signed "N. St. Martin, Sheriff, Parish of St. Charles," and containing a list of 112 human beings offered for sale ! The miserable catalogue was full of instruction. In drawing it up the humane sheriff became quite facetious, telling the public that " Frank, 35 years old, American negro, [was] good for everything ;" while "Stephen, 46 years old, [was] fit for nothing at all;" that "Salinette, 60 years old, hospital-nurse, [was] a good subject, subject to rheumatisms ;" and that "Peter, American negro-man, 38 years old, [was] a good cook, having had two fits of madness." I will back this against the Dublin Hue and Cry.

Letter II

American Oysters — Becalmed in the Mississippi — Anchor raised — Ship ashore — Taken off by a Steam- Tug — Slave-Sale Advertisements — Runaway Negroes — Return of Fever— Terrific Storm— Frightful Position — Ashore at New Orleans — A Ship-Chandler's Store — American Wheels — A Joltification — The St. Charles's Hotel. The evening closed upon us, sailing pleasantly up the Mississippi. Having a beautiful moonlight night, we kept on our way. About seven o'clock we overtook a small fishing-boat laden with oysters. In consideration of our allowing them — not the oysters, but the boatmen — to fasten a rope to our vessel, to help them on, they gave us a generous and refreshing supply. But such oysters ! In neither size nor shape did they resemble those of the Old World. As to size, they were gigantic, — as to shape, not unlike the human foot.

They abound not far from the mouth of the river, and many men obtain a livelihood by carrying them up to the New Orleans market. The mode of cooking adopted in this instance was that of putting them on the fire till the shells opened. To our taste, they were not in flavour to be compared to the London oysters ; but we did not venture to tell our American captain so. We had yet, however, to taste the deli ciously-cooked oysters of the northern cities. STEAM-TUG DESCRIBED. About 10 p.m., the breeze having in a great mea sure died away, our captain thought it imprudent to attempt to "go a-head" further that night, aud the anchor was cast. We were now fifty miles above the entrance of the river. Early next day the anchor was raised, the sails were unfurled, and we again moved along. About 8 a.m., through the narrowness of the river, the rapidit) of the stream, and other causes, our " smart " captain, who had chuckled vastly on passing all other ships in the river, — and especially British ships, — ran his own vessel right ashore !

There we were in a complete "fix," till one of the grunting monsters (coming up with two vessels — one on each arm, as usual, — and letting them go for a few minutes,) came to our res cue. Forbidding as was his aspect, we were very glad to feel a little of his giant power. Of this one I had, of course, a better view than I had had of any other of the species. It had, like the rest, two chimneys in front, like perpendicular tusks, with a ladder between them. The ladder was for the purpose of ascent, — the ascent for the purpose of elevation, — and the elevation for the purpose of " look out." The top of the ladder, in short, rendered the same service as the top of a ship's mast at sea. This " tug" had also, a little further aft, a funnel-like sort of chimney, for the emis sion of steam. The whole structure was — like a forge below, and a palace above.

In the lower story were the boiler, engine, fuel, &c, all exposed to view ; while the upper contained splendid apartments for the cap- SLAVE-SALE ADVERTISEMENTS. tain, the engineer, and other officers. The engineer of that vessel, I understood, had a salary of 250 dollars (50 guineas) per month ! Released from our stranded position, we found our selves in a few minutes lashed to the monster's side, and completely in his power. Here we were, in the same dread position in which the day before we felt horrified to see others ! From some of the officers, our captain obtained another newspaper. It was the New Orleans Daily Picayune for January 26. Getting hold of it, I found whole columns of slave-sale advertise ments. A few specimens will illustrate better than any description the state of things in this " land of liberty!"

"Negroes for Sale. — The subscribers No. 56, Esplanade-street, have just received a lot of valuable Slaves from Virginia and Maryland, consisting of Me chanics, Farm Hands, and House Servants, and have made arrangements not to be surpassed in this market for a regular supply from the above markets, as also Alabama. We hazard nothing in saying, if our former friends, and others wishing to purchase good servants or hands, will give us a call, they shall not be disap pointed. " N.B. All Negroes sold by the undersigned are fully guaranteed. " SLATTER & LOCKETT, "nil— 6m." "56, Esplanade-street." b SLAVE-SALE ADVERTISEMENTS. "For Sale. — A likely Mulatto Negress, aged twenty two years, — she is a first-rate cook, and a good washer and ironer, besides being a tolerable good seamstress. "Anderson & Burnet, " j26."

" 38, Camp-street." " Slaves for Sale. — I have just received, and offer for sale, a very likely lot of Virginia Negroes. Those wishing to purchase will do well to give me a call at my office, No. 157, Gravier-street, between Carondelet and Baronne streets. I will be constantly receiving Negroes from Virginia and North Carolina during the winter. "C. M. Rutherford." "nl3— 6m." "Slaves for Sale. — No. 165, Gravier-street. — The subscriber has always on hand a number of Slaves, con sisting of House Servants, Field Hands, and Mechanics, which will be sold low for cash or negotiable paper. Persons desirous of purchasing will find it to their interest to call and examine. The subscriber will also receive and sell on consignment any Negro that may be intrusted to his care. " He would also respectfully notify persons engaged in the Slave Trade, that he is prepared to board them and their Slaves on the most reasonable terms.

"Wm. H. Merritt." "ol— 6m." " References — J. A. Barelli, C. J. Mansoni." runaway negroes. "One Hundred Negroes. — For Sale at No. 13, Moreau-street. — All of which have just been received from Maryland and Virginia. My old friends, and others wishing to purchase Slaves, will find it to their interest to call on me before purchasing elsewhere. Also will receive large shipments during the season from the above States. "R. R. Beasley, " d31— 3m." " 13, Moreau-street." Runaway slaves seem to be constantly advertised, with (as in the case of ship advertisements) a small woodcut figure representing them in the very act of making their escape. Indeed, almost everything ad vertised is accompanied by its picture, — ships, houses, bonnets, boots, leeches, oysters, and so forth. Even a strayed horse or a strayed cow is advertised with a picture representing the animal in the very act of going astray.