The History of Scotland ... embellished with elegant engravings

Preface

. Among the improvements which have distinguished this refined and philosophic age, the manner in which the study of history has been promoted is peculiarly worthy of notice. There are writers of modern times, whose works may be ranked with those of Livy or Tacitus. Gibbon, Hume and Robertson, have acquired pre-eminent and lasting fame as historians for classic elegance, beauty of style, and judicious investi gation, and are not inferior to the most eminent writers of antiquity. It is a proud circumstance for Scotland, that two of those historians were natives of that country. After the elegant productions of Dr. Robertson, and the highly esti mable works of Lord Woodhouselee, Lord Hailes, Dr. Gilbert Stuart, Guthrie, Laing, Ker, and Pinkerton, it may appear presumptuous to attempt an additional work on Scotch history.

The author is not vain enough to suppose that his talents can raise him above the rank of a plain, faithful and impartial historian, and to have made a due use of the sources of historical information which are opened to his view. The history of Scotland, although intimately connected with that of England, has been little attended to. To promote a greater knowledge of it, is one design the author has in view ; and also to comprise in a small compass the substance of the most voluminous writers on this subject, thus rendering the present work a complete analysis of the History of Scotland, selected from the best authorities, official documents, &c. The early part of the Scotch History has been investigated with such profound dis crimination by George Buchanan, the venerable father of Scotch History, that the author has in many places epitomised him.

With respect to that important period when the reformation took place in Scotland, and in the celebrated controversy relative to the conduct of the beautiful, but unfortunate Queen of Scots, the arguments of each writer will be distinctly stated, leaving the reader to form his own judgment. In fine, it has been the author's endeavour to give an accurate delineation of events in a plain and perspicuous manner ; happy, without aspiring to the character of an eloquent historian, to be designated an useful one. The author has arranged this History upon the judicious plan of Dr. Henry, in his History of Great Britain. ALEX. CULLEN. January 2, 1815. P THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.

Introduction

. Containing the Aboriginal History, or account of the first Inhabitants of that Country. -I he early part of the history of Scotland is wrapt in great obscurity; the venerable father of Scottish history, Buchanan, emphatically observes, it was mixed with vain fables. The island of Britain was originally called Albion, or as Aristotle, or rather Theophrastus, in the book entitled De Mundo, writes it Albium; and Buchanan observes, " that name is rather taken out of books, than used in common speech, unless amongst the old Scots, who as yet, call themselves Albinick, and their country Albion; others think that the names were given to it, because the white rocks did first appear to them, as they sailed from France ; but it seems to be very absurd, to fetch the original of a British name from the Latins, there being then so rare a commerce between barbarous nations."* Some writers are of opinion, that the name was given by Albion, the son of Neptune, of whom a legendary story records, that he was King of Britain.

Buchanan is of opinion, that Albion was so called from Album ; not from the colour, but the height of the mountains ; and he supports this opinion by the circumstance, that the name of the island is derived from Album, which name remained in Scotland at the time when he wrote. The first peopling of Scotland is most ro mantically and fabulously narrated by some writers; they assert that Dioclesian, King of Syria, had thirty-three daughters by his wife Labaner ; that having killed their husbands on the wedding night, their father placed them all in one ship, without any master or pilot ; when arriving in Britain, then but a desert, they brought forth a race of giants by the Cacodæmons, which con tinued until the arrival of Brutus or Brute. They also assert, that Albion was so called from Albine, and that Brutus was -the grand nephew of Æneas the Trojan, and the son of Æneas Sylvius.

Brutus having acci dentally killed his father, he voluntarily exiled himself, having consulted the oracle of Diana, and passed through many adventures by sea and land ; after ten years had elapsed, he arrived in Britain, witri a great number of followers, and having in various combats overcome the giants, he obtained the sovereignty of the whole island. Brutus had three sons, Locrinus, Albanuetus, and Camber, between whom the island was di vided. Albanuetus governed the Albans, afterwards called Scots; and Camber ruled * Buchanan, Hist. vol. 1. p. 69, 82, edit. London, 1722.

INTRODUCTION.

. over the Cambrians or Welsh. They both governed their several precincts as Viceroys, yet so as that Locrinus had supreme dominion, who being ruler for the rest of the Britons, gave the name of Loegria to his territories. Latter writers make some addi tions to these legendary tales. They state that Vendelina succeeded her father Locri nus, and that nineteen sons of Menpricius went to Germany, and by force of arms con quered that country, being assisted by th§r auxiliary troops of their relative, Alba Sylvius^ and from those brothers the conquered country Avas denominated Germany. These accounts of the first colonization of Britain have been justly exploded, al though supported by some writers of emi nence and learning. That indefatigable historian, avIio, with unwearied researches into the ancient history of his country, separated the true from the false, in the narra tions of an era so involved in obscurity, has judiciously animadverted on the events we have above related.

" What is more abhor rent," exclaims Buchanan, " from all belief, that a few girls, without the help of mari ners should sail from Syria, to the extremity, as it were, of the world, and to land on a desolate island, there to live without corn, or fruits of trees ? Nay, that ladies of a royal stock should not only submit to en dure such privations, but should by the agency of Cacodæmons, bring forth giants ? With respect to Dioclesian, at Avhat time, and in what part of Syria, did he reign ? Hoav comes it to pass that authors make no mention of him. As to Brutus, whom the Britons make the author of their name and nation, Avith what forces, what com merce of language could he penetrate so far into Britain, especially in these times, when the Roman arms, even in the most flourish ingstate of the commonwealth, having; con quered almost all the world besides, could scarce come ?"

It is needless to mention, that before Rome Avas built, the affairs of Italy were at a very Ioav ebb, and its inhabitants Avere averse to any pursuits of dis covery for an acquisition of territory. Did Brutus traA^el by sea or land ? The Alps were impenioiis to all but Hercules, and the Gauls, by their natural fierceness, were as yet unacquainted Avith foreign countries. As for sea voyages, the Carthaginians and the Greeks inhabiting Marseilles had little to do with navigation, until their affairs were settled at home, and even then, their voyages were rather for discovery than conquest ; much less can we believe that Alban shepherds, a wild kind of people, would undertake so bold an attempt; besides, those who are .acquainted. Avith the Latin tongue, know that the name of Brutus began to be celebrated under Tarquin the Proud, near five hundred years after this supposed Brutus who landed in Britain.

It Avas a monk who invented this story, and also introduced the fable of the Oracle of Diana ; why this oracle should be unknown to posterity, when those of Faunus, the Sybils, and others, were then in such great repute, is a query naturally suggested on this subject. In what language did Diana answer? If in Latin, how could Brutus understand a language which was spoken nine hundred years after his time ? For Horace confesses ingenuously, that he did not understand the Salian rhymes which were made in the reign of Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome ; Iioav could Brutus then understand (avIio died so many years before the priests called Salii were instituted) verses made long after bis time ? . And how could the posterity of Brutus so totally forget the Latin tongue that not the least footstep of it shall remain among them?

Whence was that language now in use ? If it is said, the supposed gods, as well as men, spoke British in Italy ; yet surely that was not the tongue the Britons now make use of, for that is composed of the languages of neighbouring nations, that several countries may know and own their peculiar Avoids in it."* * The following teas Brutus 's address lo the oracle. " Goddess of groves, and wild boars' chase, Who dost th' etherial mansions trace, And Pluto's too, resolve this doubt, Tell me what country to find out, Where I may fix, where temples raise, For virgin choirs to sing thy praise."

INTRODUCTION.

. 5 The oracle's ansxver. Argivi, those of the Iones, the Athenians; according to these accounts, Gathelus Avas the chief founder of the Scottish nation, who had under his command a strong band of* robbers, with which he went into Egypt, and after the departure of Moses, was made general of Pharaoh's forces. He afterwards, with his wife Scota, the daughter of the king of Egypt, sailed about the whole coast of Europe, adjacent to the countries which were either desolate or else thinly inhabited ; some assert, he landed at the mouth of the river Dusius, and there built a large tOAvn, which he called Portus Gatheli, or Port-a- Port, whence the whole country from Lusas and Lusa, was called Lusitania; they Avere the children of Bacchus ; this country is now called Portugal. Gathelus afterwards went into Galæcia, where he built Brigantia, now called Compostella, and also Braga in Portugal, at the mouth of the river Munda.

Such are the accounts which sjjme writers, carrying up the antiquity of their descent to the time of Moses, have given of the original colonization of Scotland; but however pleasing the idea of such an origin must be, there is no demonstrative evidence of the truth and authenticity of the above particulars. The existence of Gathelus was unknoAvn to the Greek Avriters ; he is represented as a Greek, yet with a Latin name. It was a matter of doubt whether this great and for midable captain was the son of Argus, or of Cecrops ; whereas, Argus lived near an hun dred years before Cecrops. It appears also mysterious, that he who had cut so conspicuous a figure in Egypt, so as to succeed Moses, and marry the king's daughter, should leave a country so fruitful, and pass by so many fertile, and even luxuriant islands, such as Crete, Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, and launch out into the Avide ocean at a time when navigation was little known, or that he built the city of Port Gathelus, or Port-a-Port, at the riA'er Douro, the name of which city Avas never heard of until the Saracens had obtained the dominion of Por tugal.

It is also a circumstance justly suspicious that a celebrated Greek commander sliould never give to the towns or cities he built, neither his own, nor a Grecian name. " Beyond proud Gallia's wide extended lines, Where sets the sun, but large its glory shines ; An isle does in the circling ocean stand, And giants once inhabited the land ; Now desolate, it wants a regal guest, And courts thy people to a seat of rest. Go, Brutus, go, and make that realm thy own, ■ Where endless empire greets thee to the throne. There thy long offspring shall behold with joy, A rising nation, and a second Troy, And to that height promote its scepter'd sway, The vanquish'd world shall willingly obey.** " If it has been the case, as affirmed, that the Trojans spoke the British language, we need only refer to the writings of Homer, and of Dionysius Halicarnassus for a refutation of so groundless an assertion.

Homer gives Greek names to all the Trojans, and Dionysius maintains that the Trojans were originally Greeks. If Brutus arrived in Britain with only a few followers, how could he Avithin the space of twenty years, establish three kingdoms, which afterwards should be so populous as to occasion colonies to be established in Germany ?" It is probable that the fables we have related, were devised by the early monkish historians, that they might prove an alliance between the supposed Britons, and two of the greatest neighbouring nations, that they might vie with them in the nobility of their original. Cæsar, in his commentaries, observes, that the Gauls boasted of descending from Pluto ; and so did the Germans, according to Tacitus. Those writers, therefore, were anxious to imitate the Gauls and Germans, in this respect, viewing it as greatly conducive to the advancement of the nobility of their nation, if they derived their original from the very archives of antiquity, and especially from the Trojans, so renown ed in history.

There have been writers who have given another account of the origin of the Scotch, but equally chimerical ; they view the first inhabitants as descended, not from the Trojan fugitives, but from those Grecian heroes, whose posterity conquered Troy. In those times two nations of the Greeks Avere most celebrated, the Dores and the Iones ; the princes of the Dores, were the 1 c

INTRODUCTION.

. The name of Portugal, as some think de rived from Port Gathel, was unknown to many ancient writers, and began to be celebrated about the twelfth century. The silence of all the Greeks and Latins respecting the coming of Gathelus into Spain, especially when express mention is made of the Phœnicians, Persians, Carthaginians, Ibe rians, Gauls, and others, renders the whole account devoid of credit. Cornelius Tacitus, the famous Roman historian, particularly observes, that the manners of the Britons were not dissimilar to those of the Gauls ; that they were equally bold in running into danger, and that there were great factions among them ; and that Britain was in the same state as Gaul was before the coming of the Romans. Pomponius Mela adds, that the Britons used to fight on horseback, in chariots, and coaches, in French armour ; and venerable Bede, whose authority is universally re spected, informs us, that the first inhabi tants of the island of Britain came out of the tract of Armorica ; some of the Gallic colonies visited Ireland.

All the north side of Spain was peopled by Gallic colonies, and there are many reasons to be assigned why they might pass from Spain into Ire land. The easy passage might be a great inducement; or else the Spaniards might have been expelled from their habitations by the tyrannical power of the Persians, Phœni cians, and Grecians, who having overwhelmed the Spaniards, might cause them to emi grate, and Ireland was most likely to afford them a place of refuge. Cæsar observes, that the air of Britain is more temperate than that of France ; and Ireland exceeds both, in goodness of soil, and also in an equal temperature of the air and climate. Tacitus is of opinion, that the west side of Britain, or Albium, was inhabited by the posterity of the Spaniards ; but it is not pro bable that the Spaniards should leave Ire land, and first land in Albium, but rather that they first arrived in Ireland, and from thence transplanted their colonies into Britain.

Venerable Bede asserts, that all the inhabitants of Ireland were originally called Scots,- and the Scots passed more than once out of Ireland into Albium, first under Fergus, the son of Ferchard, and after a long period of time, being expelled from their habitations, they returned again to Ireland; and once more, under their general Reutherus, they returned into Britain.* In the reign of Fergus the Second, From the commentaries of Caius Julius Cæsar, and Tacitus's Life of Agricola, we learn that at one period of time the Gauls Avere esteemed more valiant than the Ger mans. The Tectosages possessed the most fruitful parts of Germany above the Hercy nian forest ; and the Bohemians, as their name implies, were founded by the Boii. 'Sometimes the Helvetians possessed the nearest places betAveen the rivers Maine and the Rhine ; the Decumates beyond the Rhine were of Gallic origin ; many of the Gallic nations passed over into France and resided there.

Tacitus writes, that in his time the Gothini used the Gallic language -, and the Æstiones dwelling by the Swedish sea did speak British, which language was then the same as the Gallic, or not much different from it. France widely extended her colonies all around Britain ; it is evident from indisputable authority, that all the an cient inhabitants of Britain came from foreign colonies; this is expressly affirmed both by Cæsar and Tacitus. Three nations pos sessed the whole of the island of Britain ; the Britons, Picts, and Scots. The dominions of the Britons were the most exten sive in Albium. Cæsar was of opinion, that the inland inhabitants were indigenous, because he could not discover any traces of their arrival here, nor any monuments of learning tending to elucidate the subject ; he obserAres that the maritime parts of the island were possessed by the Belgæ, whom hopes of prey had allured thither ; and the fruitfulness of the soil and mildness of the climate had detained them ; Cæsar views this as sufficiently demonstrative that many did retain the names of the cities where they came, and that their buildings were like those of the Gauls. * Buchanan, Hist, book 2.

Beda, Hist. lib. 1. Paulus Orosius INTRODUCTION* 7 -A great number of Irish Scots were settled •in Galloway. Claudian, the Roman poet, mentions, that auxiliaries were carried from GalloAvay in transports to coalesce against the Romans. bodies and neck, viewing that metal as an ornament and sign of riches, as other nations esteemed gold. They have also (adds Herodian) a way of marking their bodies with a variety of pictures, and with animals of all shapes, and therefore they put on no garments, because they wish not to hide the paint.* As to their name, the neighbouring nations do not agree, the Britons calling them Pictiades, the English Pichu, the old Scots, Peachti. The hills called Pentland Hills, and the Pentland Bay, or Frith, seems to be derived from Penthus, not from Pictus. The mode in which the Picts painted their bodies was analogous to that of the Geloni, according to Virgil, of whom Claudian speaks in his first book against Rufinus.

" Totum cum Scotus Iernam Movit et infesto spumavit sanguine Tethys."* And again he thus expresses himself, " Scotorum turaulos flevit glacialis Ierne."f In the beginning, Avhen both people sent into Albium the inhabitants of Ireland, who were called Scots, that their colonies might have some distinction, one party was deno minated Irish-Scots, the other Albin-Scots ; and gradually their sirnames came to be their only names : so that the ancient name Of Scot was almost forgotten, and not to be retrieved from common speech, but only from books and annals. As for the name of Picts, it was not the ancient name, but given to them by the Romans, on account of their bodies being indented, as it were with scars ; to this Claudian alludes, when he says, " Membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxisse Gelonus."f The Getæ in Thrace are also mentioned by the same poet.t It is highly probable, therefore, that the Geloni being neighbours to the Getes, and the Gothunni or Getini being numbered amongst the Getes, which nation spoke the Gallic language, that the Picts had their original from thence.

From Avhatever pro vince of Germany the Picts came, they were of the ancient colonies of the Gauls. The ancestors of the Picts being either expelled by their neighbours, or driven up and down by tempests, were easily reconciled to the Scots, and Avere greatly befriended by them ; hence an alliance, through marriage, might in fact incorporate them into one nation. Bede, the Saxon historian, affirms, that the language of the Picts was different from that of the Scots ; for speaking of Britain, " Ille leves Mauros, nee falso nomine Pictes, Edomuit, Scotumque vago mucrone secutus, Fregit hyperboreas remis audacibus undas."| And elsewhere, " Venit et extremis Legio pætenta Britannis, Quæ Scoto dat fræna truci, ferroque notatas, Perlegit examines, Picto moriente figuras."$ Herodian also makes mention of the same nation concealing its name, observing, that they did paint their bodies ; that they were not unacquainted with the use of ap parel, but that they wore iron round their * This account of Herodian is confirmed by Cæsar and Tacitus ; some remains of this ancient custom are found among the wild and uncultivated Indians, and the inhabitants of the islands of the South Sea, discovered by Captain Cook.

The Indians denominate this practice Tattooing. * " The Scots all Ireland did excite To cross the seas, great Rome to fight." f" Wholeheaps of Scottish dead, cold Ireland did deplore." J" He, the swift-footed Moors, and painted Picts did tame, f " The Geloni, love to print Their limbs with iron instruments." With valorous sword stretched out, the Scots o'ercame, And with bold oars did northern waves divide." %" Crinigeri sedere patres, pellita Getaram Curia, quas plagis decorat numerosa cicotrix." $ " The legion came, remotest Britain's guard, Which the fierce Scot did curb with bridle hard, And read the marks in skins of dying Picts, Insculped with iron." Consult the Getes with skins, and hair unshorn, " Whose punctur'd bodies numerous wars adorp.1'

INTRODUCTION.

. that excellent writer says, " that he did search after, and profess the knowledge of the highest truth, and the sublimest science in five languages, the English, British, Scotch, Pictish, and Latin ; it appears that Bede calls five dialects of one and the same tongue five tongues, as the Greeks were used to do. Upon the whole, it is certain, that the original of the Picts was from Ger many, and that the Gothunni or Getini were colonies of the Gauls, whose language they spoke when the Picts came into Britain; the Gauls then possessed a great part of Spain, Italy, Germany, and Britain, by their colonies ; they proceeded as far as Palus Mæotis, and the Cimmerian Bosphorus, with their depredations ; and after they had wasted Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece, they fixed their seats of residence in Asia.

The Cimbri, Ambrones, and Teutones having wasted Gaul, penetrated into Italy. The Goths avIio were long unknown in Eu rope, yet aftenvards overrun Europe, Asia, and Africa, like a flood. and superstitious observances. A tomb erected near new Carthage, called Mercurius- Teutate, mentioned by LiAy, shews that the Spaniards, the greatest part of whom drew their original from the Gauls, practised nearly the same rites. The priests or sacrists, called Bards, were held in high veneration, both by the Gauls and Britons. They composed Arerses and recited them, and sometimes set them to music* In Ireland some of these bards are yet remaining.t Tacitus, in his life of Agricola, asserts, that the language of the Gauls did not much differ from the British, but in course of time by frequent changes, the language became adulterated, and of course innoAra tions were introduced.

The Roman poet elegantly expatiates on the necessary change of languages. " Ut Sylvæ foliis pronos mutantur in annos Prima cadunt, ita verborum vetus interit ætas, Et, juvenum ritu, florent modo nata vigentque." " As wither'd leaves fall from the trees, The Roman writers have placed tAAro ancient nations within those limits Avhicli bounded the kingdoms of the Scots and Picts, the Mayatæ and the Attacottæ ; of these the Mayatæ Avere of the race of the Picts, and resided nearest to the Cale donian sea. As for the Attacottæ, they Avere the progeny of those who having been formerly excluded by Adrian's Avail, but afterwards enlarging their dominions under the Avail of Severus, were comprehended within the Roman provinces. Among the foreign auxiliaries to the Roman military force,- were some troops of the Attacottæ as well as the Britons.

The nation of the Caledonii Avere Picts ; the word Caledon is Scottish, for Calden in Scotch, is that tree called the hazel ; Avhence came the name of the Caledonian Avoods, and the town of the Caledonians, situate by the river Tay, which was in Buchanan's time called Dun cater, or the Hazel-hill town. And new supply their places, So languages decay and cease, New speech brings in new graces." " Multa renascentur quæ jam cecidere, cadentque Quæ nunc sunt in honore, vocabula, si volet usus Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi." Many words shall fall Which now we highly prize, And words which now have fallen Shall hereafter rise : Use or custom rules the thing, And governs language as a king. Hor. de Arte Poetica. The Celtæ and the Belgæ, according to Strabo, used different dialects; when the former sent large colonies into "Spain, as the names of Celtiberi and Celtici declare, and the Belgæ made their descent into the mari time parts of Britain, as may be inferred from the names of Venta Belgarum of the Atrabates and the Iceni, it follows that on * Many curious particulars concerning this ancient order of priests are to be found in Jones' History of the Welch bards.

The Britons and the Gauls maintained the same divine worship, and had the same order of priests, the Druids, among them; they had also the same sacred rites ■f Carolan, a celebrated Irish bard, died not many years since, his productions were read with a degree of rapturous enthusiasm.

INTRODUCTION.

. Rome approached, they recalled their armies from the remotest provinces, to save the capital from ruin ; thus the subjected Britons were left destitute of a military force to secure them from hostile attacks, and were exposed to the incursions of their neighbours, the Picts and the Scots. It Avas then that the Britons had recourse to the Saxons for aid, a measure, which enhanced their ruin ; they obtained possession of the territories of the Britons by stratagem, and Hengist established a kingdom in Kent, the first of seven kingdoms. The Danes after wards molested England with piratical in cursions, and though frequently defeated, they conquered England, and Swain be came its king. The Saxon kings after being restored, weie overcome at the Norman invasion, when Harold the Second was killed at the battle of Hastings. one side, the Spaniards, and on the other the Romans, English, Danes, and Normans, must have greatly corrupted the original language.

Before the arrival of the Saxons, it is generally supposed that all the Britons used a language nearly similar to each other, and it is probable, that the nations adjoining to the Gallic shore, used the Belgic tongue ; but the Irish and the colonies sent from them, being derived from the Celtic inhabitants of Spain, it is probable they spoke the Celtic tongue; the ancient Scots, as well as Spaniards, used the letter X for double SS. The ancient Scots divided all the nations inhabiting Britain into two sorts, the one they call GaeL the other Galle, or Gald, Gallæci, or Galli. There was a native affinity between the Gauls and the Britons, from the names of towns, rivers, countries, and such other proofs. That the Scots and Picts were in Britain before the reign of the Emperor Vespasian, is unquestionably true ; the Caledonians were Picts, and that they were not unknown to the Romans in Nero's time, appears from a passage in Lucan.

The indefatigable Buchanan to demonstrate that the ancient Britons had their original from the Gauls, cites many passages from Cæsar, Tacitus, Osorius, and others, Avhich, as descriptive of the manners and customs of the aboriginal Britons, we shall hereafter notice. The Old Gauls ended their compound words with Dunume, but the Scotch ordi narily place it in the beginning of words, thus, Deidunum, Dundee by the River Tay, Eidnodinum, Edinburgh, &c. Of the three nations that first inhabited Britain, the Britons were after the invasion of Cæsar, subject to the Emperors of Rome successively for near five hundred years ; but the Scots and Picts were subject alone to the authority of their own kings. At length, Avhen the destruction of the great empire of 1 D BOOK FIRST. FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD OF SCOTCH HISTORY TO THE DEATH OF KENNETH THE SECOND.

CHAP. I. Political, Naval, and Military History. Acolony of Spaniards had emigrated to Ireland, and taken possession of those places which were best calculated by the fertility of the soil and excellence of pas turage ; the peculiar advantages enjoyed by the first settlers induced many others to quit Spain, and avail themselves of those exclu sive benefits which the new country afforded. In course of time, the population of the colony so greatly increased, that frequent emigrations were made from Ireland to smaller islands adjacent. In the mean time, the Scots (for that was the general name of the whole nation) extended their possessions through the islands of Æbuda, and dispersed themselves by tribes, without any kind of fixed government. A German, or as venerable Bede calls it, a Scythian fleet, was driven on the coast of Ireland, probably by distress of Aveather, as there were no women or children on board ; these fugitives, upon landing, sent an embassy to the Scots, requesting that they might reside among them; to this an answer Avas returned, that they themselves Avere compelled to seek an asylum in those small islands, and it Avas impossible for them to maintain so great a multitude, but in pity and compassion to the misfor tunes of those whom Providence had driven on their coast, and who did not appear wholly strangers to their lineage, they would grant them advice and assistance as far as in their power.