Complete Chronological Index to the Pictorial History of England ... Based on that prepared by H. C. Hamilton

Front matter

Valuable to all who may wish to acquire a knowledge of the exact Heads and Dates rather than of the Details of the Events in English History. A CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS ur ENGLISH HISTORY AS TEEATED IN MESSRS CHAMBEBS'S PICTORIAL STANDARD EDITION OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND IN SEVEN VOLUMES, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO 1846 W. &B. CHAMBERS LONDON AND EDINBURGH 1860 PRICE HALF-A-CKOWN. CHAMBERS EDUCATIONAL COURSE. EDITED BY W. & R. CHAMBERS. Now issued, strongly bound in Cloth : Geography. Directories. Geographical Primer, .... 8c? England, Geographical Text-Book of, 9d Scotland, do. do. . 10c? Scripture Geography, Text-Book of, . 10c? Geography, General Treatise on, . . 3s Oc? LARGE SCHOOL-ROOM MAPS— {5 feet 2 inches long, by ifeet 6 inches broad.) ENGLAND, . . . mounted, 14s Oc?

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Book II

463. Leogaire MacNeil, first Christian king of Ireland, dies, . . . 223 Hengist and Horsa drive out the Picts and Scots ; Vortigern marries Rowena, 140, 141 The Saxons fortify Thanet ; Vortigern is deposed, and Vortimer elected king. A.D. r«E 825. Egbert subdues Northumbria, and assumes the title of Bretwalda, . 151 830. Ungus, king of Scots, dies, . . 217 832. The Danish pirates land, and ravage the Isle of Sheppey, ... • 151 834. Egbert defeats the Danes and Britons of Cornwall and Devon at Hengsdown Hill 152 836. Kenneth II.,Pictish king of Scots, begins to reign, . . . .217 Egbert dies, and is buried at Winchester, 152 Accession of Ethelwulf, who gives Kent, Sussex, and Essex, to Athelstane, . 152 843. Kenneth II. acknowledged king of the Picts and Scots, .' . .217 845. Turgesius, the Dane, proclaimed king of all Ireland, . . . .223 851.

The Danes defeated at Okeley by Ethelwulf and Ethelbald. The Danes are again defeated at Wenbury in Devon, . 152 853. Ethelwulf goes to Rome ; Alfred, his son, is anointed king by the pope. Ethelwulf marries Judith, daughter of the king of the Franks, and revives the title of queen, . . 152, 153 He returns to England, and divides the kingdom with Ethelbald, . . 153 857- Ethelwulf dies, ... 153 Ethelbald succeeds, and marries his father's widow, . . . 153 859. He dies, and is succeeded by Ethelbert, 153 Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scots, dies at Forteviot, . . . .218 863. Donald III., successor of Kenneth, dies, and is succeeded by Constantine II., . 218 S66, 867. Ethelbert dies, and is succeeded by Ethelred, who fights nine battles against the Danes, .... 153, 154 871. Accession of Alfred the Great, . . 154 875.

The Danes, under Halfden, settle in Northumbria, . . . .157 876. They invade Wessex, land in Dorsetshire, and take Wareham. Alfred beats them at sea, and they evacuate Wessex, . 157 A Saxon fleet destroys the Danish ships at the mouth of the Exe. Guthrun capitulates at Exeter, and gives hostages, .... 157 878. Alfred is surprised at Chippenham by the Danes under Guthrun, and is obliged to flee. He takes refuge in Athelney, . . . ' . 158 Alfred defeats the Danes ; Guthrun embraces Christianity; and England is then divided between him and Alfred, 1 60 Asser made bishop of Sherburn, . 161 879. Guthrun the Dane baptised. An army of Pagans land and winter at Fulham, 161 8S2. Constantine II., king of Scots, is defeated and slain by the Danes, . . 219 Alfred gains a naval victory over the Danes, .... 162 885.

He gains another naval victory, . 162 836. He rebuilds and fortifies London, . 162 The Danes besiege Paris during this and the two following years, . .162 893. Grig and Etna, kings of Scots, dethroned, and Donald tV. succeeds, . . 219 893-6. The Danes invade England, and land at Romney Marsh. Another division under Hasting land at Milton. The Danes of England rise in their favour ; Alfred defeats them at Farnham ; he raises the siege of Exeter. Ethelred, earl of the Mercians, takes Hasting's wife and his two sons prisoners, whom A. D. PAGE The Saxons massacre the Britons at Stonehenge ; Hengist founds in Kent the first Saxon kingdom, . 141, 142 470. Riothamus, king of Cornwall and parts of Devonshire, embarks with 12,000 British to assist the Gauls, . . 142 477. Ella, the Saxon, with his three sons, lands in Sussex ; defeats the Britons, and founds the kingdom of the South Saxons, . . ..142 510.

He dies, having been the first Bretwalda, . . . .115 527-9. Ercenwine takes possession of Essex, and founds the kingdom of the East Saxons, 1 42 547. Ida, the Angle, lands at Flamborough Head, settles between the Tees and the Tyne, and founds the kingdom of Bernicia, . . . .142 568. Ceawlin, king of Wessex, begins to reign, 145 Ethelbert, king of Kent, becomes Bretwalda, . . . . .145 617. Redwald, king of East Anglia, becomes Bretwalda, . . . .145 The Angles of Bernicia and Deira united, and called Northumbrians, . . 142 625. Edwin styled ' Rex Anglorum ' (by the pope), becomes king of Northumbria, 146 Penda, prince of Mercia, and Cadwallader, king of North Wales, defeat and slay Edwin, . . . .147 634. Oswald defeats and slays Cadwallader at Hexham. He is acknowledged Bretwalda, . . . .147 642.

He is slain in battle by Penda, and is succeeded in his kingdom by Oswy, . 148 647. The Britons of Cornwall and Devonshire submit to the Anglo-Saxons, . . 143 652. Penda ravages Northumberland ; Oswy sues for peace ; the families of Penda and Oswy intermarry, . . . 148 654. Penda is defeated and slain near York, 148 G55. Oswy conquers Mercia and aesumes the title of Bretwalda, . . .148 656. Wulfere made king of Mercia, and becomes Bretwalda of parts south of the Humber, . . . .148 The yellow plague rages over Britain, . 148 670. Oswy dies, and Egfrid his son succeeds, 149 685. He is slain in a war with Brude, king of the Picts, . . . .149 737. Ethelbald, king of Mercia, rules the country south of the Humber, except Wales, . . . .149 743. Donald, the third king of Ireland, begins to reign, and continues king until 763, 223 748.

The Danes make their first incursion into Ireland, .... 223 757-794. Offa, king of Mercia, makes conquest in Sussex, Kent, and Oxfordshire ; takes part of Mercia ; defeats the Welsh ; exacts tribute from the Northumbrians ; builds a palace at Tamworth ; and defeats the Danes who invade England, . . 149, 150 791-830. Constantine and Ungus, Pictish kings, reign in succession in Scotland, . 217 795. Offa the Terrible dies, . . 150 800. Beortric, king of Wessex, is poisoned by his wife Eadburgha, who is expelled the kingdom, and the title of queen abolished, .... 150 Egbert becomes king of Wessex, defeats the Mercians, and takes possession of their kingdom ; establishes sub-kings of Kent and East Anglia, . .150 815. The Danes settle in Armagh, . A. T>. PAGE Alfred liberates. The Danes are repeatedly routed, . . 162, 163 901.

Alfred dies at the age of fifty-three, and is buried at Winchester, . . 167 Edward and Ethelwald dispute the succession ; the latter flies to Danelagh, and becomes king of the Danes, . 168 904. Donald IV., king of Scots, killed in battle near Forteviot, and is succeeded by Constantine III., . . .219 905. Ethelwald is slain in battle by Edward, 168 911. Edward gains a signal victory over the Danes, . . . .168 912. Ethelred dies, and leaves the care of Mercia to his widow Ethelfleda ; she drives the Danes out of Derby and Leicester ; compels many of the tribes to submit, and takes the wife of the Welsh king prisoner, . . .168 920. Ethelfleda dies, ... 168 925. Accession of Athelstane ; reduces all Wales ; compels the Welsh to pay tribute ; and drives the Cornish out of Devon, . . . . 16S 934.

North Britain called for the first time Scotland, . . . .218 937. Athelstane defeats Anlaf the Dane, and Constantine, king of Scots, at Brunnaburgh ; assumes the title of King of the Anglo-Saxons, . . .168 940. He dies, and is buried at Malmsbmy, 170 Anlaf again invades England ; takes a great part ; Edmund Atheling regains possession of it, . . .170 944. Constantine III., king of Scots, becomes abbot of the Culdees of St Andrews, and Malcolm I. succeeds, . .219 Kenneth is murdered by Fenella at Fettercairn, . . . .220 946. Edmund Atheling expels Dunmail, king of Cumbria, and gives the country to the king of Scots ; puts out the eyes of Dunmail's sons ; is stabbed by Leof ; dies, and is buried at Glastonbury, . . . . ■ 170 Accession of Edred. He obliges the Danes of England to pay a fine, and incorporates Northumbria with the rest of the kingdom ; he dies, . 170, 171 943.

The Danes of Ireland embrace Christianity, 223 953. Malcolm I., king of Scots, is killed, . 219 955. Accession of Edwy ; appoints Edgar subregulus of part of England ; marries Elgiva; Dunstan insults him, and is banished. The Northumbrians and Mercians rise and declare Edgar king of England north of the Thames, 171, 172 956. Dunstan returns. Elgiva cruelly treated and murdered, . . .172 958, 959. Edwy dies, and is succeeded by Edgar. Dunstan made archbishop of Canterbury, ..... 172 Edgar is styled Emperor of Albion and King of England, . . . 173 He causes the extirpation of wolves, 173 961. Indnlf, king of Scots, killed at the battle of the Bauds, . . . .219 964. Edgar issues a new coinage. Athelwold marries Elfrida; he is murdered; Edgar marries the widow, . . 173 965. Duff, king of Scots, is assassinated, . 219 973.

Kenneth, king of Scots, defeats Dunwallon, king of Strathclyde, and incorporates his kingdom with the rest of Scotland, . . . .218 A. D. PAGE 975. Edgar dies, and is buried at Glastonbury, 173 Accession of Edward the Martyr, . 174 978. He is murdered near Corse Castle by an attendant of Elfrida, . . .175 979. Ethelred is crowned at Kingston by Dunstan, ..... 175 9S1. Southampton is plundered, and its inhabitants taken as slaves by Sweyn, a prince of Denmark, who afterwards takes Chester, London, and attacks many other places, . . .176 991. The Danes ravage all between Ipswich and Maldon, and slay Earl Brithnoth, 176 992. A large fleet is collected in London, but Alfric, the principal commander, goes over to the Danes ; the eyes of Elfgar, his son, are put out by Ethelred, . 176 993. A Danish host land, and take Bamborough Castle by storm, . . .170 994.

Sweyn, king of Denmark, and Olave, king of Norway, ravage the south, aud are bought off by the payment of 16,000 pounds of silver, . . . 176 998. Ethelred prepares a large fleet, . 177 1001. The Danes again land and ravage the whole country ; they are paid £24,000 to depart. The Dane-geld becomes permanent, .... 177 1002. Ethelred marries Emma, the Flower of Normandy, the sister of Duke Richard, 177 The Danes throughout England are (Nov. 13.) massacred on the feast of St Brice. Gunhilda, sister of Sweyn, is murdered, 177 Sweyn invades England ; plunders Exeter, and ravages Wiltshire, . 178 1003. Malcolm II. of Scotland defeats and slays Kenneth the Grim, at the battle of Monivaird, .... 221 The Danes take, plunder, and burn Norwich, and destroy numerous other towns, .... 178 1004. The Danes return to the Baltic, . 178 1006.

Sweyn again ravages the kingdom, and is paid £36,000 to retire, . . 178 1008. A large fleet is built and equipped, but rendered useless by the treachery of the commanders ; Wulfnoth takes twenty, and ravages the south coast, and eighty are destroyed by a storm, . 178, 179 1009-11. The Danes, called 'Thurkill's Host,' land in England, and ravage the country; city of Canterbury taken, and the archbishop Alphege murdered, . 179 Thurkill accepts £48,000 and the cession • of some counties, and enters the service of Ethelred, . . . .179 The Danes, under Sweyn, sail up the Humber, and devastate the country ; many counties submit, and some of the thanes do homage to him. Ethelred retires to Normandy, . . 179,180 1013. Sweyn is declared ' Full King of England.' He dies suddenly at Gainsborough, and Ethelred returns, but Canute is declared king by his Danish followers, 180 1014.

Brien the Brave, king of Ireland, is killed by the Danes at the battle of Clontarf, 223 1016. Ethelred dies, and Edmund Ironside is chosen king by the Saxons. England is again divided, Canute reigning over the north, and Edmund the south. Edmund dies suddenly, . • 180 1017. Canute succeeds to the whole kingdom of England ; murders all the Saxon princes he can, except Edmund and Edward, who are sent to Sweden ; he A.D. TACS Duke of Normandy ; Harold swears to aid William to get possession of the English crown after Edward's death, 197-199 Tostig is expelled from Northumbria, and Morcar is appointed earl in his stead ; he flies to Bruges, . . . 200 (Nov. 30.) Harold arrives in London, . . _ 201 1066. Edward the Confessor dies, and is buried (Jan. 5.) at Westminster, . . 203 Harold is proclaimed king ; the foreign favourites are dismissed ; Duke William demands by his ambassadors the fulfilment of Harold's oath ; he refuses ; the pope sanctions the invasion of England, . . 204-208 Tostig ravages the Isle of Wight and the coast of Lincolnshire ; sails up the Humber, but is beaten off; Hardrada, king of Norway, invades England, and with Tostig, defeats Earls Morcar and Edwin, and takes York ; Harold fights and beats them, at Stamford Bridge, . and Hardrada and Tostig are slain, 208, 209 (Sept. 28.) The Normans land at Bulverhithe, march to Hastings, and form a fortified camp, 210 (Oct. 14.) The battle of Hastings ; Harold is slain, 212-215

Book III

1066. William takes Dover Castle, . . 359 Edgar Atheling is declared king, . 360 William marches to Southwark ; ravages the country ; Edgar surrenders the crown to him ; a fort, afterwards the Tower of London, built by William, . 361 Coronation of William I., sumamed The Conqueror, in Westminster Abbey on Christmas-day, . . . 361, 362 William I. holds his court at Barking, where he receives Edgar Atheling, . 362 1067. William I. goes over to Normandy, leaving (March.) Odo in command, . . . 364 Insurrection in Kent ; Dover Castle is attacked ; Count Eustace of Boulogne comes over, but retires, . .055 Edric rises in Herefordshire ; the sons of Harold invade England from Ireland ; are repulsed ; the English rise in several parts, . . . .365 (Dec. 6.) William I. embarks at Dieppe for England, 366 Keeps his Christmas in London ; the Saxon laws to be observed, . . 366 1068.

William I. besieges and takes Exeter, and builds a castle there ; he is crowned with his queen Matilda at York, by Archbishop Aldred, . . . 866 Harold's sons again invade England ; are defeated, and seek refuge in Denmark, .... 366, 3C7 William I. extends his conquests to Devonshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, and Oxford, and many fortified cities, 367 Earls Edwin and Morcar raise the people in the north, .... 368 William I. marches and gives them battle on the Ouse, and defeats them ; he takes York, and builds a citadel, . 369 Aldred, archbishop of York, curses William, .... 369 Edgar Atheling and his family flee to Scotland, . . . 369,534 Several Norman followers of William I. abandon England, . . . 370 A. D. TAGS marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred ; engages in foreign wars, . 180, 181 1019.

Compels the Cumbrians and Scots to submit, . . . .181 1020. Eadulf cedes to Malcolm, king of Scots, part of his dominions, called Lodonia, 221 1030. Canute goes on a pilgrimage to Rome ; visits Denmark ; and after two years' absence, returns to England, . 182, 183 1038. Malcolm II., king of Scots, dies, and is succeeded by Duncan, . . . 221 1034. Robert, Duke of Normandy, dies, . 192 1035. Canute dies, and is buried at Winchester, 184 The Wittenagemote declare that the kingdom shall be divided between Harold and Hardieanute, . .184 Hardicanute remains in Denmark ; Edward lands, but returns to Normandy, . . . .185 Harold is declared full king over all the island, . . . .185 1039. Duncan, king of Scots, is murdered by Macbeth, who succeeds to the throne, 221, 222 1040. Harold dies, and is buried at Westminster.

Hardicanute arrives in England, and is accepted as king, . .185 1042. He dies at a feast, and is buried at Winchester, . . . .186 Accession of Edward the Confessor, . 186 He marries Editha, the daughter of Earl Godwin, . . . .187 1043. The Danes, under king Magnus, threaten to invade England, but retire, . 1SS 1044. Sweyn, second son of Earl Godwin, violates an abbess, and is exiled ; he becomes a pirate, and murders his cousin Beorn ; he is pardoned, and restored to his government, . . 189 1051. Earl Godwin is disgraced ; he flies to Flanders ; his sons, Harold and Leofwin, go to Ireland, . . 190, 191 Edward seizes the jewels and money of his queen Editha, and confines her in the monastery of Wherwell ; William, Duke of Normandy, visits England at the king's invitation, . . . 191 1052. Earl Godwin lands on the south coast ; he and hi3 sons, Harold and Leofwin, sail up the Thames, and stop at Southwark ; the Normans and French are banished; the queen set at liberty; Wilnot, one of the sons, and Haco, a grandson, of the earl, are given as hostages, and sent to Normandy ; Sweyn is banished, and goes on a • pilgrimage to Jerusalem ; the Saxon authority is rendered supreme, . 192, 193 Earl Godwin dies at Windsor, and is succeeded in his titles and possessions by Harold, his eldest son, . . 194 1054.

Siward, Earl of Northumbria, defeats Macbeth near Dunsinane, . . 222 1056. Macduff and Malcolm defeat and slay (Dec. 5.) Macbeth, . . . .222 1059. The Earl Algar dies, . 194 1063. Harold, with his brother Tostig, overcome the Welsh, who decapitate their king, Griffith, and send his head to Harold ; the Welsh give hostages, and engage to pay the ancient tribute, . 195 Edward the Outlaw arrives in London, dies soon after, and is buried in St Paul's, . . . . .195 1064. Turlogh becomes king of Ireland, . 223 1065. Harold is wrecked on the French coast ; is taken prisoner ; ransomed by the A' *>• . PAGE He sends his queen back to Normandy, 370 1069. William I. raises the siege of York, and erects a second castle. Robert de Comine attacks and takes Durham, but he and his followers are destroyed in the night, .... 370 1072.

William I. advances into Scotland ; subdues Malcolm III., who meets and gives hostages to William, and does homage at Abernethy, . 378, 534, 536 1073. The Danes under Osbeorn invade (Aug.) England. They are joined by Edgar Atheling ; they besiege York ; the Normans burn the city and cathedral, and 3000 of them are destroyed, . 371 William I. retakes York, and Edgar flees again to Scotland, . . . 372 William I. lays waste Northumbria, . 372 The conquered country partitioned out to Normans, . . . 374, 375 Earls Edwin and Morcar are admitted to their estates, .... 375 William I. founds a new castle at Chester, 375 Hereward, ' England's Darling,' raises an insurrection. Edwin and Morcar flee from William ; the former is killed, and Morcar joins Hereward ; the English make a fortified camp in the Isle of Ely ; William besieges them for three months ; the monks of Ely betray the camp, but Hereward escapes ; he afterwards takes the oath of allegiance to William, . . 376-378 William I. takes with him an English army, and reduces Maine, . . 379 Edgar Atheling goes to Rouen to William, . . . .380 Some of the Norman barons raise an insurrection at Norwich ; William besieges Dol in Brittany unsuccessfully ; he returns to England, . 381, 3S2 Earl Waltheof is executed near Winchester, .... 382 The abbot of Croyland is accused of idolatry, and degraded, . . 382 1077-9.

Robert of Normandy, William's eldest son, claims that province ; he is refused ; he revolts, and attacks the castle of Rouen ; retires to Le Perche ; again demands Normandy ; is again refused ; he goes to the French court ; ravages Normandy ; William besieges him in the castle of Gerberoy ; is wounded by Robert ; he abandons the siege ; Robert is reconciled to the king, .... 383, 384 1079. Malcolm III. makes an inroad into Northumberland, . . . 536 1080. Robert is sent to command against the Scots, but effects nothing, . . 530 Robert finally leaves the king, . 384 Liulf, having been robbed by Gilbert and other retainers of the bishop of Durham, raises an insurrection ; Gilbert is put to death ; the bishop and his retinue are slain, . . 384, 385 1082-5. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, is sent by the king against the insurgents ; lays waste the country ; Odd aspires to the popedom, and leaves England, . . 385 William L arrests him at the Isle of Wight, and sends him prisoner to Normandy, 386 Queen Matilda dies, . . . 386 The Danes again appear upon the coast, but return, .... 386 Canute, king of Denmark, prepares, with A. D. PAGE Olaf, king of Norway, to invade England ; but afterwards abandons his purpose, . . . 386, 387 The Dane-geld again laid on by the king, 387 William I. encourages commerce, . 387 William and Henry, the king's sons, disagree, .... 387 The king lays waste a circumference of ninety miles in Hampshire, to make a hunting-ground, . . . 387 He enacts the forest-laws, . . 388 1086.

The king [assembles all his vassals at Salisbury, who again take the oath of allegiance, and do homage, . . 388 The king then departs for the continent with his sons William and Henry, 388 (July.) Turlogh, king of Ireland, dies at Kinkora, 458 1087. Williaml.layssiegetoMantes; itistaken, (July.) and burned ; he receives an injury by his horse stumbling ; he is carried to Rouen ; removes to the monastery of St Gervas ; liberates state prisoners ; bequeaths Normandy to Robert, and gives 5000 pounds' weight of silver to Henry, . . . .389 (Sept. 9.) Death of William the Conqueror, . 389 His body is carried to Caen, and is buried in St Stephen's Church, . 390, 391 Accession of William Rufus, . . 392 He imprisons the English, liberated by his father, . . . 392, 393 The bishop of Bayeux raises an insurrection in England in favour of Robert of Normandy, .... 394 The Normans are defeated at sea ; Rufus calls the Saxons together ; besieges Odo, the bishop, in Pevensey Castle ; Pevensey and Rochester castles are surrendered to the king ; Odo departs from England, and the insurrection is quelled, .... 394-6 1089.

Archbishop Lanfranc dies ; Rufus seizes the revenues of Canterbury, . . 396 1090. The Norman barons rebel against Robert, and take many of his castles ; Henry assists Robert, and throws Conan, the leader of the rebellion, over the battlements of a high tower, . . 396, 397 1091. Rufus lands in Normandy, at the head (Jan.) of an English army ; a peace is concluded ; Rufus and Robert attack Henry, and lay siege to Mount St Michael, which he evacuates, and retires into Brittany, . . 397, 398 Rufus engages in a war with Malcolm III. of Scotland, . . 398, 536, 537 Malcolm does homage ; Edgar Atheling comes to England, and lives in the court of Rufus, . . . 398 1093. Malcolm HI. and his son Edward killed (Nov. 13.) at the siege of Alnwick Castle, . 399, 537 (Nov. 16.) Queen Margaret, his wife, the sister of Edgar Atheling, dies, . . 399, 538 1094.

Donald Bain seizes the throne of Scotland, 538 (May.) Duncan offers to swear fealty to Rufus ; invades Scotland ; drives Donald Bain from the throne, and becomes king, . 538 1094, 1095. The Welsh invade the English border ; Rufus marches against them ; goes into Wales, but retreats ; orders the erection of forts along the frontier, 399 Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, enters into a conspiracy against Rufus, to place Stephen on the throne ; the king besieges him in Bamborough Castle ; he is taken prisoner ; his wife delivers A. D. FAGE up the castle ; the conspirators are variously punished, . . 400 1094. Ireland is divided between Murtach, son of King Turlogh and Donald Mac- Lochlin 459 1095. Donald Bain causes the assassination of Duncan, and again becomes king of Scotland, . . . .538 He expels all foreign settlers, and abolishes all innovations on the customs of the country, . . . 538 1096.

Robert resigns Normandy to Rufus for a sum of money, . . . 400 He sails to take possession of it, . 401 1097. Edgar Atheling marches into Scotland, 538 1098. Defeats Donald Bain, and places his nephew, Edgar, on the throne, . 538 1099. The town of Mans is delivered up to Rufus, . . . . 401 (July 15.) Jerusalem is captured by the Crusaders, 407 1100. Helie besieges Mans ; Rufus instantly repairs to Barfleur ; Mans is surrendered ; Rufus is wounded ; he ravages the country, and returns to England, 401 (May.) Richard, son of Duke Robert, is killed by an arrow in the New Forest, . 401 (Aug. 1.) Rufus is slain by an arrow in the New Forest, shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell, who flees to Normandy, . . . 403 Rufus is buried in Winchester Cathedral, 403 (Aug. 5.) Accession of Henry I., . . . 405 Henry I. grants a charter of liberties ; restores the rights of the church ; and promises to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor, . . . 405, 406 (Nov. 11.)

Henry I. marries Maud, daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, . . 406, 407 He expels the favourites of Rufus, . 407 Robert prepares to invade England, . 408 The English fleet desert to him ; he lands at Portsmouth ; peace is concluded, and Henry cedes all his castles in Normandy to Robert, . . 409 Henry I. goes to war with some of his barons ; siege of Arundel Castle ; of Bridgenorth ; it is captured ; capitulation of Shrewsbury, . . . 409 Robert comes to England, and is made prisoner, .... 410 Robert is liberated and returns to Normandy, .... 410 1102. Sibylla, the wife of Robert, dies, . 410 1106. Henry I. invades Normandy; Robert is defeated and taken prisoner ; and Normandy falls into possession of Henry, 410-412 Edgar Atheling is taken prisoner ; brought to England, and a pension is allowed him, . . . .411 Duke Robert is committed to prison for life ; he attempts to escape ; is blinded by order of Henry, . . . 411 Henry I. secures William, the infant son of Robert, and commits him to the custody of Helie de St Saen, . . 412 1107.