The History of Rome: from the earliest period to the close of the Empire. Adapted for youth, schools, and families ... A new edition, with chronological table

Front matter

CORNER'S HISTORICAL LIBRARY, \ FOR YOUTH, SCHOOLS, AND FAMILIES. <J The History of England and Wales. From the y Earliest Period to the Present Time. New Edition, revised and 2 gTeatly extended, by the author of "The English Journal of Education." Contains Steel-plate Engravings, Chronological 1 Table and Index, Pictorial Genealogy of the Monarchs of Eng £ land, Map of Costumes, Ships and Furniture, and Lineal Descent ■• of Queen Victoria from Egbert, first King of England. Bound in y cloth gilt, Examination Questions, 4s. Without Questions, 3s. 6d. ? The History of Scotland. From the Earliest Period \ to the Present Time. Chronological Table and Index, Steel-plate 1 Engravings, Map, and Questions. Bound in cloth, gilt lettered, / 3s. Without Questions, 2s. 6d. jj The History of Ireland. From the Earliest Period / to the Present Time.

Chronological Table and Index, Steel-plate m Engravings, a Map, and Examination Questions. Bound in cloth, l g^lt lettered, 3s. Without the Questions, 2s. fid. I The History of France. From the Earliest Period j to the Present Tiiae. Chronological Table, Index, Map, Steel ' Engravings. Questions, cloth gilt, 3s. Without Questions, 2s. 6d. [ The History of Germany. From the Earliest Period 1 to the Present time. Chronological Table and Index, Steel-plate ■j Engravings, Map, and Examination Questions, Cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. i The History of Rome, to the Close of the Empire. y With Map, Steel-plate Engravings, Chronological Table, Index, 3 Questions, &c. Bound in cloth, gilt lettered, 3s. 6d. k The History of Greece, to its Conquest by the 5 Romans, with a Sketch of its Modern History. Questions to s each Chapter.

Chronological Table, Index, and Map. Bound j in cloth, gilt lettered, 3s. > The History of Holland and Belgium. From the \ Earliest Period to the Present Time. Steel-plate Engravings and Map. Bound in cloth, gilt lettered, 2s. 6d. j The History of Italy. From the Earliest Period to J the Establishment of the Kingdom under Victor Emmanuel. 7 Steel-plate Engravings and a Map. Cloth, gilt lettered, 2s. 6d. = The Histories of Spain and Portugal. From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Chronological Table, Map, < Questions, and Steel-plaet Engravings. Bound in cloth, gilt lettered, 3s. Without Questions, 2s. 6d. Scriptural History Simplified. By Miss Corner [ and Dr. Kitto, LL.D. In Questions and Answers. Chronological \ Table and Index, two Maps, &c. Bound in cloth, 3s. tid. ; Dean & Son, Publishers and Factors, i6oa, Fleet Street, b.l, HISTORIES FOR THE JUNIOR CUSSES. \ These little Histories are rendered pleasing to young children, and are )J adapted to their capacities, so that the principal facts may be known o without their minds being burdened with unimportant details.

Preface

TO UEW EDITION. Among School historians the name of "Corner" stands out as a "household"' word. And that this popularity is well deserved, may be proved by the fact that the books under this name are suth that a child can understand and an adult think over. Indeed, the whole pages may be described rather as a succession of masterly-written ear-paintings than ordinary dry chronicles of events. Not the least, too, of the historian's functions are always carried out in these volumes ; namely, the constant excitation of interest and sympathy in the young reader, and the suggestion of thought. Perhaps the two most important features of this work, as with all others from the same pen, are that it is readable and reliable. The unconscious ease and attractiveness of the writer are bound to render the volume entertaining, and, seeing that the present history is one more of the people than a mere enumeration of the crimes of princes ; useful it is certain to be, particularly as imperial Rome must ever be regarded as the centre, and meeting point of all history. J- J-

PREFACE.

. This volume is intended as a useful book of instruction ; its purpose being to present to the mind of the young student a true picture of the ancient Romans, according to the new light that has been thrown on their history, through the indefatigable researches of some of the most eminent writers of the present age. A knowledge of Roman history forms a proper foun dation for the study of that of modern nations ; and it is certainly of the utmost importance that all elementary works on the subject should be as free from error as possible. No history abounds more in fabulous tales than that of Rome during its rise from obscurity ; and as those fables have been handed down as historical facts from time immemorial, and received as truth, until a com paratively late period, there are many books still put into the hands of children calculated to give very false impressions with regard to the state of Rome in its early days.

The works of the late learned Professor Niebuhr, and the excellent and highly-talented Dr. Arnold, clearly prove, that much of what is called the early history of Rome, is unreal.

PREFACE.

. These authors are the chief authorities for the following brief account of the Roman people, from the time when they were first known as a nation, to the total extinction of their political existence, at the overthrow of the empire' of the East. The popular legends that adorn the early annals of the Roman state, although mostly shown to have no foundation in truth, are not omitted, because everyone ought to be acquainted with them ; but great care has been taken, in relating such stories, to point out their doubtful nature, that the learner may not be in danger of mistaking for real history anything that is fabulous. The manners and customs, arts and sciences, laws and institutions of the Romans, at different periods, taken from the most authentic sources, are carefully depicted ; and when we consider that all these were introduced into our own country by that great people, and that traces of them are still existing in every part of England, our in terest cannot fail to be excited, nor can we be too assiduous in endeavouring to obtain an accurate know ledge of the ancient Romans through every stage of their remarkable history.

Julia Corner. i. FOUNDATION 07 ROME, PAGE PAOB Romans .. •■ ■• •■ 8 Sabines .. .. •• •• 6 Government, earliest .. •■ * Romans, the first .. .. • • 6 Sabines, the.. .. .. •• & Maidens, the Sabine. . .. .. 6 Festivals .. .. .. *■ 6 Nations, surrounding, customs of .. 7 Romans and Sabines, war between .. 7 Nations, two, the union of .. .. 7 Temple, Janu% building, of .. .. 7 State, rulers of, first. . . . . . 7 Rulers, first .. .. •• 8 Lawgivers, first .. ... •• 8 People, division of .. .. a •• 8 C ria, the .. .. •• •• 8 House, the, duties of members of 8 Rome, original citizens of .. 8 Clients .. .. .. .. 9 Bondmen .. .. .. .. 9 Clients, what they did .. .. 9 Patrons, duties of .. •• 9 P^tres .. -. .. •. 9 Patricians . . . ■ . . • ■ 6 People, the Roman .. .. .. 9 Commons, the free .. .. .. 9 Plebeians, rights of .. .. .. 9 Senate, the.. .. .. .. 10 Tribes Roman •• •• ■« 10 Tribes, Sabine . .. .. 10 Senators, three hundred .. .. 10 Kings, rights of .. .. .. 10 Land, crown .. .. .. 10 Chapter, questions on the .. .. ll Chapter, questions on the .. .. 12 Europe under the Romans .. *. * Asia, vast portions of, under the Romans 1 Africa, vast portions of, under the Romans .. .. •• •• 1 Rome, how became great .. .. 1 Italy, general condition of .. .. 1 Etruscans, the .. .. •• 1 Etruria, peopie of .. •• 1 Tuscans, the . . . . ■ . 2 Greeks, the .. .. .. •• 2 Etruscans, the .. .. .. 2 Italy, principal states of .. .. 2 Etruria, citiesof .. .. .. 2 Latium, cities of .- .. 2 Religion of all the ancient Italians .. 2 Rome founded .. .. .. 3 Rome, original city of .. .. 3 Palatnehill .. .. .. 3 Sabines .. .. .. .. 3 Quirium .. .. .. .. 3 Romulus, story of .. .. .. 3 Legends, political .. .. .. 3 Traditions, political ,. .. .. 3 Greeks, the .. .. .. .. 3 Literature, Greek .. .. .. 3 Rnmulus, legend of., .. .. 4 RemuF, legend of .. .. .. 4 Romulus, birth of .. .. ..4 Remus, bir h of .. .. .. 4 Numitor .. .. .. .. 4 Amulius .. •• ■• •■ 4 Fau-tulu5 .. .. .. .. 4 Romulus king of Rome .. ..5 Quirinus, the god ■■ •• •* 5 Quirites .. .. •• •• 5

Chapter II. The Kings Of Rome

Rome, the seven kings of .. 12 Kings, seven .. .. .. 13 Laws . . . . . . . . 13 Historians, Koman .. .. .. 12 Institutions.. .. .. .. 13 Poems, national .. .. .. CONTENTS Pack PAOE Rome, history of, os related by ancient writers . . ■ . . . . . 13 Pompilius, Numa .. .. .. 13 Rites, religious, appointed .. .. 14 Priests, appointed .. .. .. 14 Pontiffs .. .. .. .. 14 Flamens .. .. .. ..14 Jupiter .. .. .. .. 14 Mars .. .. .. .. 14 Quirinu3 .. .. .. .. 14 Salians .. .. .. .. 14 Virgins, vestal .. .. ..14 Fire, sacred . .. .. .. 15 Year, Roman, old .. .. .. 15 April, twenty-first, the .. .. 15 Pales .. .. .. .. 15 Terminalia, festival ofthe .. .. 15 Boundaries, god ofthe .. .. 15 Numa. <teath of .. .. .. ' 16 Hostilius, Tullus, succession of .. 16 Senators, ten, choosing of . . .. 16 Augur>, business of the .. .. 16 Dignity, ensigns of the royal.. .. 16 Alba, war with .. .. .. 16 Horatii, legend ofthe .. ..

J6 Curiatii, legend of the .. .. 16 Assembly, the great, appeal to .. 17 Hill, Cœlian, the .. .. .. 17 Luceres, the .. .. .. 17 Marcius, Ancus .. .. .. 17 Anio, sides ofthe .. .. 18 Nations conquered, treated of .. 18 Ostia, founder of .. .. ..18 Colonies, Roman .. .. .. 18 Augurs ,. .. .. ..18 Priests .. .. .. .. 18 Boundaries, god of .. .. .. 13 Colonists .. .. .. .. 18 Trade, foreign .. .. .. 19 Exports .. .. .. .. 19 Commerce, Roman .. .. .. 19 Priscus, Tarquinius .. .. .. 19 Omen . .. .. .. 19 Augury . .. .. .. 19 Throne, a foreigner and the .. .. 20 Extraction, foreign .. .. .. 20 Buildings, g;eat public .. .. 20 Circus, the .. .. .. ..20 Cloacæ, maxima, the .. .. 20 Substance, volcanic. .. .. 21 Commonwealth, the.. .. .. 21 Paperino .. .. .. .. 21 Arrangements, sanitary .. .. 21 Valleys, drainage ofthe .. ..21 Races, chariot and horse .. ..21 Course, the .. .. .. .- 21 Circus, the .. .. ,. .. 21 Stages, temporary . . . . . - 21 Forum, the .. .. .. .. 21 Works, public .. .. .. 21 Tales, wonderful .. .. .. 21 Miracle, a .. .. .. .. 22 Augur, the, and Tarquinius . . . . 22 Augury, power of .. .. .. 22 Territory, Roman, extension of tbe .. 22 Kings, length of reigns ofthe .. 23 Animals, the sacrifice of .. ..23 Tullus, Servius .. .. .. 2:i Citizen-liip .. .. .. .. 23 Assemblies, holding of .. .. 23 Tribes, new formed .. .. .. 24 Tribunes .. .. .. .. 24 Centuries .. .. .. ..24 Soldiers, companies of .. .. 24 Regulations, new . . . . . . 24 Commoners. . . . . . 24 People, Roman, divided .. .. 24 Horsemen .. .. .. .. 24 Classes, institution of military . . 25 Campus Martius, the plain of ..25 Commonc, laws for the .. .. 25 Compitalia, the . , . . . . 25 Paganal a, the .. .. .. 25 Lares, the .. -. .. ..25 Population, how ascertained .. 25 Walls, building of .. .. .. 26 Tullus Servius, the legend of .. 26 Rome, the capital of, a great state .. 35 Rome, the last king of .. ..26 Law^, abolition of .. .. .. 26 Capitol, the.. .. .. .. 26 Jupiter .. .. .. .. 27 Juno .. .. .. .. 27 Minerva .. .. .. .. 27 Etruria, artists of .. .. .. 27 Bonks, Sibylline .. .- .. 27 Prophecies, Greek .. .. .. 27 Oracles, the.. .. .. .. 27 Sibyl, the, and Tarquinius .. .. 27 Government, the Roman .. .. 28 Tarquin, dethronement of .. .. 28 Consuls .. .. .. ..28 Brutus .. .. .. .. 28 Consols, choosing of .. .. 28 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 28 Chapter, questions on the .. ...

MAHNERS AND CUSTOMS Ot THE ROMASS. PACK PADS Toga, the . . . . • • . . 33 KUt, the .. .. .. ..33 Sagum, the.. .. •• •• 33 Hair, w aring of the .. *• 33 People, young, dresi of the .. •• 33 Bacchus, feast of . . • • 34 Youth, the temple of 34 Oracles, consulting ofthe .* •• 34 Curia, the .. .. .. •• 35 Hearth, the.. .. » -- 35 Altar, the .. .. .. ..35 Vesta .. .. •• ..35 Flames, holy .. .. •• 3* Literature . . • • • • . . 35 Arts, the .. .. .. .. « Etruria .. ■• •• • • 41 Etr scans, the .. .. .. 36 Veii .. .. .. .- 36 Bronze .. .. .. ..36 Chapter, questions on the • . . . 36 Romans, manners and customs ofthe 30 Habits, domestic .. .. .. 30 Commerce, foreign .. .. .. 30 Shopkeepers .. .. .. 30 Trades .. .. .. ..SO Arts, mechanical .. .. .. 30 Living, manner of .. .. .- 30 Gods, offerings to. .. .. .. 31 Wine .. .. .. .. 31 Candhs .. .. .. .. 31 Lam ps . , , . . . . . 31 Furniture .. .. .. .. 31 Servants, domestic .. .. .. 31 Spinning .. .. .. .. 31 Weaving .. .. .. .. 31 Tarquinius, sons of, legend of the .. 31 Wives, legend of t ..e .. .. 32 Lucretia, the story of . . 32 Poetry, national .. .. .. 32 Dress, the national .. .. .. 33

Chapter IV. Thb Roman Republic

Republic, the Roman .. .. 37 Consuls .. .. .. ,. 37 Plebeians, rights of .. .. "37 Senators, plebeian .. .. .. 37 Servius, constitution of .. .. 37 Concessions . . . . . . 37 Conspiracy .. .. .. ..38 Erutus, story of .. .. .. 38 Plebeians .. .. .. ..38 Collatinus . . . . . , 33 Publi s, Valerius .. .. .. 38 Publicola .. .. .. ..39 Treaty, the first, between the Romans and Carthaginians .. .. 39 Commons, the _ •■ ..40 Latins, the .. .. .. .. 40 Regillus, battle of .. .. ..40 Tarquinius, story of .. .. ..40 Mucius, legend of . . . . . . 41 Mucius, Cains .. .. .. 41 Porsenna .. .. .. .. 41 Presents . . .. .. .. 41 Conquerors, Etruscan .. .. 42 Rome, besiege of .. .. 42 Tribute .. .. .. ..42 Bondage .. .. .. ..42 Annals, unconnected .. .. 43 Chapter, questions on the .. ..43

Chapter V. Revolt Of The Plebeians

Plebeians, revolt of .. .. .. 44 Patricians .. .. .. .. 44 Plebeians .. .. .. ..44 Magistrate, appointment of the .. 45 Dictator .. ■- .. .. 45 Usury .. .. .. ..45 Interest .. .. .. ..45 Laws and customs .. ,, ,. 40 Debtors .. .. .. 46 Creditors ,. .. ., ..46 Relationships . . . . . . 46 Servius, constitution of .. .. CONTENTS, PAOB tAon Debtors .. .. .. ..47 People, demands of the . . . ■ 48 Plebeians ,. .. .. ..47 Magistrates, election of .. .. 48 Patricians . . . . . . . . 47 Tribunes, the .. ,. ..49 Classes, war of .. .. ..47 Commons, the .. .. .. 40 Patricians .. .. .. ..48 Insurgents .. .. .. ..411 Plebeians . . . . . , . . 48 Mount, Sacred .. .. .. 49 Volscians .. .. .. .. 48 Chapter, questions on the . . . . 40 Claudius, Appius .. .. .. 48 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 50

Laws, agrarian .. .. .. 50 Patricians, Plot of the .. .. 66 War with the Aequians and Volscians 56 Commons, the .. .. .. 67 Citizens .. .. .. ..50 Commons . . . . . . . . 50 Romans .. .. .. ..60 Tribunes, the ., .. ..57 Latins .. .. .. .. 60 Quinctius, Cæso, and the rioters .. 67 Land, the holding of the .. .. 61 Patricians . . . . . . 57 Cassius, Spurius .. .. ,. 51 Fortresses . . . . . . 57 Land, division of the .. .. 51 Plebeians, the rising of . . . . 57 Opinion .. .. .. .. 61 Coriolanus, the story of .. .. 58 Ancients .. .. ,. .. 61 People, power of the . . . . 58 Pasture .. .. .. .. 61 Senate, the .. .. . ..59 Territory, grants of new .. .. 62 Volscians, the .. .. .. 59 Plebeians . . . . . . . . 62 Exiles, the, and Coriolanus . . .. 59 Land .. .. .. .. 62 City, the tale of .. .. .. 60 Rome, condition of .. .. .. 60 Laws . .. .. ..62 Rome, famine and plague at . . . . 60 Jugers .. .. .. ..62 Cincinnatus. . .. . . . . 61 States, the holding of .. ,„ 52 Nobles, feuds of .. .. .. 53 Senate, the . . .. .. .. 6l Spurius charged with treason .. 63 Manes, the .. .. .. ..53 Business, suspension of .. ..61 Return, triumphal .. '.. .. 61 Veii, war with •• •• .* 54 Aequians, victory over the . . . . 62 Mænius, Caius , . .. .* 64 Honour, the greatest military .. 62 Cities, Etruscan .. .. .. 54 Triumph, a . . . . . . . . 62 Consuls, the Fabian.. .. .. 65 Cæso .. .. .. ..63 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 63 Fabius, Cæso .. .. .. 55 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 64 Fabii, the .. .. .. .. 65 Commons, the rights of .. .. 66

Chapter VII. Thb Decemvirate

Decemvirate, the . . * . . . 64 Decemvirate, the first . . . . 66 Decemvirus, second appointment of . . 66 Claudius, Appius, and Virginia ,. 67 Law, th mw .. .. .. 65 Houses, structure of .. ..65 Ambassadors . . . . . . 65 Virginia, the abduction of .. .. 68 Tables, ten, laws of the .. .. 65 Aequians, the .. .. .. 68 Table6, the twelve .. .. .. 65 People, murmuring of the .. .. 6b Decemvirate, the second .. .. 66 Icilius .. .. .. ..68 Decemvirate, abolition of the .. 69 Debt, laws respecting .. .. CONTENTS, PAGE PAGE Virginia, death of ,. .. .. 69 Death, Spurius Mælius put to .. 72 Tribunes, military, chosen .. .. 69 Veii, conquest of .. .. .. 73 Censors, powers of the .. .. 70 Veii, legend respecting .. .. 73 Censors, taking of the . . . . 70 Alban, rising of the Lake .. .. 73 Plebeians, rights of the .. .. 71 Soothsayer, the .. .. .. 73 Property, mana ement of .. .. 71 Tale, fabulous .. .. .. 74 Censor, the first .. .. ,, 71 Citv, plundering of the .. .. 74 Plebeians, privileges of .. .. 71 City, taking of the . . . . . . 75 Rome, famine at .. .. .. 71 Camillus .. .. .. ..75 Mælius .. ,. ,, „ 72 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 75 Cincinnatus. . . . . . . . 72 Chapter, questions on the . . . . 76

Chapter VIII. Invasions Op The Gauls

Gauls, invasion of the .. .. 76 Customs .. .. .. .. 83 Gauls, equipment of the .. „ 76 Treason, Manlius charged with .. 83 City, invasion ot the.. .. ., 77 Manlius, death of .. .. -.83 Romans, the, defe.ited .. .. 77 Licinius .. .. . ..89 Capitol, the garrisoning of the .. 77 Sextius .. .. .. .. 83 City, burning of the.. .. ..78 Images, ancestral . . . . . . 83 Sacrifices . . . . . . . . 78 Land, laws respecting .. .. 84 City, plundering of the .. „ 78 Magistrates. , . . . . 84 Citadel, attempt to storm the „ 78 Veii, refuge at ., .. 79 Plebeians, Roman .. .. ..84 Law, new Agrarian . . . . . . 84 Manlius, Marcus .. ,, .. 79 Nobles .. .. .. ..85 Capitol, savi g of .. ,, .. 72 Patricians . . . . . . 85 City, rebuilding of the .. .„ 80 Nobles, conduct of the .. .. 85 Gauls, defeat of the . ,, ., so Curtius, Marcus .. .. .. 86 Rome, plundering of ,. .. go Plague, the . . . . . . 86 Plebeians, condition of ., .. 81 Camillus, death of . . . . . . 86 City, the new .. ..

M gl Curtius, Marcus, story of ... .. 86 Matron-*, reward of the .. .. gi Gauls, war with the . . . . . . 87 Manlius, generosity of .. .. g2 Chapter, Questions on the .. ..87 Debts, contraction of ,, .. g2 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 88 Distress, season of general ,, „ g2

Chapter IX. The Samnite Wars

Wars, the Samnite . . . . . . gs Latins, the .. .. .. ., 91 Campanians, the . . .. .„ gg Romans, wars of the .. .. 91 Army, revolt of the .. .. ..89 Phœnicians, the .. .. .. 9 Samnites, the ... .. .. 89 Tyre, fall of.. .. .. .. 92 Laws, the new ,, ,, .. 89 Colonies . . , . . . . . 92 Commons , the . . . , . . gg War, second Samnite . . . . 92 Caudium, pass of .. ... ,, g% Romans, the, vanquished .. .. 93 Army, Roman, surrender of . . . . 93 Pontius .. .. ..

Q3 Decius, sacrifice of .. ,, ,, 90 Latins, war with the .. .. 90 Combat, single ,. .. ,, 20 Manlius ., .. .. ..90 Great, Alexander the .. .. 91 Consuls, the two ,, .. „ CONTENTS PAGE PAOH Mourning, general .. ., .. 94 War i„i Samnites, appearance of the.. .. 94 Fabricus .. .. ., ..101 War, renewal of .. ., ..24 Pyrrhus .. .. .. .. 101 Works, public .. .. ,. 95 War, progrecs of .. .. .. 101 Buildings, public . . . . . . 95 War, renewal of .. .. ,. 101 Habits .. .. .. ..95 Wars, Italian .. .. .. 102 Streets .. .. .. ..95 Bruttians, the .. .. .. 102 Slavery, personal . .. ..95 Gains, by conquest .. .. .. 102 Way, the Appian . . . . . . 96 Embassy .. .. .. ..103 Guilds .. .. .. ..96 Con .. .. .. ..103 Corporations .. .. ., 96 Toga .. .. .. .. 103 Flavius, calendar of . . . . . . 97 Dresses .. .. .. 104 Notary, the chief .. .. .. 97 Habits .. .. .. .. 104 Days, market .. .. .. gy Luxury .. .. .. .. 104 Samnites, the chiefof the .. .. 98 Poems .. .. .. .. 105 Pontius . , .. .. ..98 Dialogues .. .. .. .. 105 Tarentines, the .. .. .. gg Fabricius .. .. .. ..105 Sea, trade by . . . . ..99 Rufinus .. .. .. .. 105 Epirus, the king of .. .. .. 93 Aq educts .. .. .. .. lo.s Pyrrhus, deputation to .. .. 99 Kntertainments .. .. . . jos Army, advances of the Roman .. 100 Gladiators .. .. .. .. 106 Regulations. . . . . . . . 100 Chapter, questions on the . . . . ] 06 Romans, defeat of the .. .. 100 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 107 War with the Etruscans . , . . 100

Chapter X. The First Pon

10 WAR. War, the first Funic. .. .. 108 Warfare, naval .. .. ..ill Africans, the .. .. .. 108 Clupea .. .. .. .. 111 Sufletes, the .. .. .. 108 Regulus .. .. ., .. 112 War .. .. .. ..109 Tunis, taking of .. .. ..112 Mamertines, the .. .. .. 109 Regulus, storyof .. .. .. 1)3 Hiero .. .. .. .. lug Barcus, Hamdcar .. .. ..113 Building, ship .. .. .. 110 Sicily .. .. .. ..114 Fleet, the Roman . . . . . . 1:0 War .. .. .. ..114 Quinqueremes . . . . . . 1 1 0 Chapter, questions on the . . . . 114 Vessels .. .. .. .. 1 10 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 115

Chapter XI. The Second Punic War

War ., ■• .. .. 115 Sardinia .. .. .. ..115 Corsica .. .. .. ..115 Colonies, Carthaginian .. .. 115 War, the i dne years . . . . . . list Sacrifices .. .. .. ..list Hamilcar, death of .. .. .. list Saguntum, siege of .. .. .. list Alps, passage over the .. .. 117 Courage .. .. .. .. I>7 Perseverance . . . . . . 117 Hannibal .. .. .. .. 117 Scipio .. .. .. .. 117 War .. .. .. .. 118 Cannæ, battle of .. .. .. 118 Hannibal .. .. .. ..118 Fleet, thenew .. .. .. U9 Hiero, death of .. .. .. 119 1*7 Sardinia CONTENTS. PACE PAO» Gracchus .. .. .. .. 119 Hannibal, defeat of . , . . . . 120 Syracuse, siege of . . . . . . 120 Archimedes .. .. .. ..120 Capua .. .. .. .. 120 Scipio, first exploit of . . ..121 Spain .. .. .. ..121 Dominion, Carthaginian .. .. 121 Scipio .. .. .. .. 122 Massinissa .. .. .. .. 122 Hasdrubal .. .. .. .. 122 Carthage .. .. .. .. 122 Scipio .. .. .. .. 123 Camps, burning of .. . . .. 123 Hannibal .. .. .. ..124 Syphai .. .. .. ..124 Philip "< Zama, battle of .. .. ..134 War .. .. •• .. 125 Scipio .. .. •■ .. 125 War .. .. •• •• 125 Hannibal .. .. •• •• 125 Antioehus .. .. .. .. 126 Hannibal, death of .. .. .. 126 Scipio .. .. •• .. 126 Spoils .. .- .. ..126 Money .. .. .. .. 126 Macedonia .. .. .. .. 127 War, effects of .. .. ..127 Perseus .. .. .. .. 128 Chapter, questions on the . . . . 128 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 120

Chapter XII. Conquest Op Carthage And Greece

Rome .. .. .. ..129 Carthage .. .. .. .. 129 War .. .. .. .. 129 Carthage, tumult at . . .. ..130 Hostages .. .. .. ..130 Carthage, taking of .. .. ..131 War, the four years .. .. .. 131 Scipio .. .. .. .. 131 Carthage, destruction of .. . . 131 Corinth, destruction of ,. .. 132 Carthage .. .. .. .. 132 Numidia .. .. .. .. 132 Slaves .. .. .. ..132 Spain .. .. .. .. 133 Education . . . . . . . 133 Art, -works of .. .. .. 133 Crown, the laurel .. .. ..133 Numantia, capture of .. .. 134 Dominion, Roman, in Spain .. .. 134 War, the servile . . . . . . 135 Slaves .. .. .. ..135 Freemen .. .. .. ..135 Revenues, state .. .. .. 136 Slaves, insurrection of .. .. 136 Government, the Roman .. .. 136 Troops, Roman .. .. .. 136 Revenues .. .. .. .. 136 Publicans .. .. .. .. 136 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 137 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 138

Chapter XIII

sedition op THE QRACCUI Gracchi, the.. .. .. .. 138 Gracchus, Caius, assassinated .. 142 Opimius .. .. .. ..142 War .. ,. .. „ 143 Gracchus, Tiberius .. .. ..138 Land . . . . . . 138 Land .. .. .. .. 133 Commissioners .. .. .. 14s Estates .. .. .. .. 139 Mariu3 .. .. .. .. 143 Attalus .. .. .. .. 139 Jugurtha .. .. .. .. 143 Gracchi, the .. .. .. 139 Marius, Caius, defeat of .. ..144 Corn, law relating to .. .. 140 Gaul .. .. .. #> J44 Gracchus, Tiberias .. .. ,. 140 Victory, celebration of . . . . 144 War, the social .. .. .. 145 Poor, the .. .. .. .. 140 145 Soldier", pay of the .. .. .. 141 Drusus .. .. .. 145 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 146 Franchise, the .. .. .. 141 SULLA AND UAfil US. PAOK PACK Mithridates .. .. .. ..146 Sertorius .. .. .. .. 15.1 Romans, jealousy of the . . . . 1 47 Slaves, insurrection of ,. ..154 War, civil .. .. .. .. 147 Pupils ., .. .. .. 154 Marius .. .. ,. ., 147 Gladiators . . . . . . , . 154 Sulla .. .. .. .. 147 Italy, south of .. .. ..154 Marius, Caius .. .. ,. 148 Pirates .. .. .. .. 154 Sulla .. .. .. ..148 Pompey .. .. .. ..155 Cinna .. .. .. ..149 Mithridates .. .. .. ..155 Marius, death of .. .. .. 149 Jerusalem, siege of .. .. .. 156 Sulla .. .. .. .. 149 Luxuries -. .. .. .. 156 Warfare, civil .. ., ..150 Mills, w;.ter.. .. .. .. 156 Proscription. . . . . . ..151 Mithridates .. .. .. .. 156 Virgins, Vestal .. .. .. 151 Jerusalem, fall of .. .. ..15" Population . . . . . . ..151 Pompey .. .. .. .. i«7 Dictator .. .. .. ..152 Hyrcanus . . . . . . .,157 Colonies, military .. .. ..152 Mithridates, death of .. .. 157 Sulla .. .. .. .. 152 Chapter, questions on the .. .. 158 Senate, the.. .. .. .. 153 Chapter, questions on the . . . . J.59