The Scottish War of Independence. Its antecedents and effects

Front matter

THE SCOTTISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE PURLISIfED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE, GLASGOW. London, . . . Hamilton, Adams and Co- Cambridge, . . Macmillan and Co. Edinburgh% . . Edmonston a?td Douglas. Dublin, . . W. H. Smith and Son. MDCCCHfXIV. THE SCOTTISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE ITS ANTECEDENTS AND EFFECTS BY AVILLIAM BURNS IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE, Gl ST. VINCENT STREET JJiiblishrr to the tlnibcvsitg GLASGOW I ROBERT MACLEHOSE, PRINTER TO THE 0NJVERSITY. Jleuirateb TO THE MEMBERS OF THE GLASGOW ST. ANDREWS SOCIETY WITH THE BEST WISHES 'IV THE A UT HOR Belmont, Dowanhill, Glasgow, 2Mlh November, (Eve of St. Andrew's Day), 1S73. *' Our anteccssowris, that we suld of reide, And hald in mynde thar nobille worthi deid, We lat ourslide, throw wcrray sleuths nines, And castis ws euir till vther besynes."

Blind Harry's Wallace. ** It is the business of the historian to remove ignorance, by showing that the movements ot nations are perfectly regular, and, like all other movements, are solely determined by their antecedents. If he cannot do this, he is no historian. He may be an annalist, or a biographer, or a chronicler; but higher he cannot rise, unless he is imbued with that spirit of science which teaches, as an article of faith, the doctrine of uniform sequence; in other words, the doctrine that certain events having already happened, certain other events corresponding to them will also happen."— Buckle's History of Civilization. " History to be true, must sometimes condescend to speak the language of legend. The belief of the times is part of the record of the times : And, though there may occur what may baffle its more calm and searching philosophy, it must not disdain that which was the primal, almost universal, motive of human life."— Milman's Latin Christianity.

" I would warn tlic young student of history against translations ; agaiust abridgements. Let him not think that he learns history by committing a big table of contents to memory. If he takes my advice, his will be the pleasure as well as the gain. He will find endless amusement in the contemporary chronicler, and bis rough and vivid pictures of events, which fall very flat and dull, even in the elegant summary of Hume, and the glittering narrative of Gibbon."— Froface to Scotland in the Middle Ages, by Professor Cosmo Innes. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Eutrobuctory.

Chapter I. Page Introductory Inducements To Tiik Undertaking Objects In View Conflicting Opinions Regarding Wallace Remarks On Scottish Historians, . , 1-21

CHAPTER 11. EXPLANATORY GENERAL ASPECT OF SCOTLAND'S HISTORY THE INFLUENCES, OR LEADING

IDEAS, BY WHICH THE CHARACTER OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE HAS BEEN MOULDED, AND THE COURSE OF THEIR CAREER DETERMINED IDEA INVOLVED IN WAR OF IXUE PENDENCE SCEPTICISM AND FAITH CONTRASTED KEY-NOTE, THE a RESISTANCE TO ROME, ..... 22-29

Chapter III. Division Of Scottish History Into Four Periods Description Of The

ROMAN EMPIRE AND POWER INVASION OF BRITAIN BY JULIUS CÆSAR CARACTACUS AND BOADICEA, , , , 30-43 IJniob.

Chapter IV. Invasion Of North Britain By Agricola His Course Shown By

REMAINS OF ROMAN CAMPS OCCUPATION OF TERRITORY FROM SOLWAY TO FORTH AND CLYDE ORIGIN OF THE NORTHERN WALL BATTLE OF THE GRAMPIANS SPEECHES OF GALCACUS AND UJMCOIiA I VUI'S BEYOND THE FORTH CONTINUED STRUGGLES WITH THE NATIVES, . . . .4 -11 CONTENTS. X

Chapter V. Tage Recall Of Agricola The Emperor Hadrian And The Wall

CALLED BY HIS NAME. FROM BOLWAY TO TYNE PTOLEMY'S GEOGRAPHY, AND NAMES OF TRIBES, INCLUDING "CALEDONII " THE EMPEROR ANTONINUS, LOLLIUS URBICUS, AND THE NORTHERN WALL FROM CLYDE TO FORTH, NAMED AFTER ANTONINUS DESCRIPTION OF WALL ASSAULTS BY THE NATIVES DURING REIGNS OF MARCUS AURELIUS AND COMMODUS CAMPAIGNS OF THE EMPEROR SEVERUS, AND FINAL COMPLETION OF SOUTHERN WALL PARALLEL BETWEEN SEVERUS AND EDWARD I. DESCRIPTION OF SOUTHERN WALL ASSAULTS DURING REIGNS OF CARACALLA AND VALENTINIAN CAMPAIGN OF THEODOSIUS, AND PROVINCE OF VALENTIA DEPAR- TURE OF THE ROMANS, .... 62-81 Jjccoitb $£rtoi.

Chapter VI. State Of Britain At Withdrawal Of The Romans Contrast Be

TWEEN THE SOUTH AND THE NORTH ELEMENTS OF THE FUTURE SCOTTISH NATION ; PICTS, SCOTS, AND STRATIICLYDE BRITONS QUESTION AS TO THE SCOTS CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF THE EARLY INHABITANTS, 82-101

Chapter VII. Invasions Of The South Stopped By The Advent Of The

ANGLES, SAXONS, AND JUTES CAUSES WHICH LED TO THEIR APPEARANCE THEIR CHARACTER AND PROGRESS CONQUEST OF ENGLAND, AND SUBVERSION OF ROMAN AND BRITISH INSTITUTIONS AND LANGUAGE THE SAXON HEPTARCHY ANGLIAN KINGDOM OF NORTHUMBRIA APPEARANCE OF THE DALRIADIC SCOTS IN THE WEST THEIR CHARACTER AND CONDITION ■■ IDA THE FLAME-BEARER," KING OF NORTHUMBRIA EXTENSION OF HIS RULE TO THE RIVER FORTH ASSAULTS ON THE PICTS AND STRATHCLYDE BRITONS ; AND PROGRESS OF SAXON OR ANGLIAN ARMS 102-129 Wmb Periob.

Chapter VIII Advent Of The Scandinavians, Under The Names Lochlins Norse Men

NORWEGIANS, AND DANES— BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THESE NEW INVADERS, SHOWING HOW THEY CAME TO BE SO GENERALLY KNOWN CONTENTS. XI PAOE AS "DANES" THEIR RAVAGES OF SAXON ENGLAND, AND CONQUEST THEREOF, UNDER 8WENO AND CANUTE— THEIR APPEARANCE ON THE COASTS OF SCOTLAND : DEVASTATION OF IONA : CONTESTS WITH KENNETH MACALPINE, AND HIS SUCCESSORS CONSTANTINE I., DONALD, CONSTANTINE II., MALCOLM I., INDULPH, KENNETH II., AND MAL COLM II. NORWEGIAN SETTLEMENTS IN SUTHERLAND AND CAITH NESS THEIR ULTIMATE DEFEAT AND ABANDONMENT OF FARTHER ATTEMPTS AT CONQUEST, UNDER SWENO, NOW KING OF DENMARK, NORWAY, AND ENGLAND ACCESSION OF CANUTE THE GREAT; HIS FAMOUS EXPEDITION INTO SCOTLAND, ENDING IN NOTHING, 130-149

Chapter IX. Effects Of The Scandinavian Invasions Upon The Growing King- Dom

ASSIMILATION OF THE SCANDINAVIAN ELEMENT GRADUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCOTS AND PICTS; AND THE NAME SCOTIA, OR SCOTLAND, EXTENDED OVER THE WHOLE COUNTRY' REMARKS ON THESE PHENOMENA CUMBERLAND CEDED BY THE ENGLISH TO THE SCOTTISH KINGS RE-VINDICATION AND ANNEXATION OF THE LOTIIIANS THE STRATHCLYDE BRITONS MERGED WITn THEIR ANCIENT KINDRED FORM PART OF THE SCOTTISH NATION ACCESSION OF MALCOLM III., SURNAMED "CANMORE," OR GREAT- HEAD, . . . . . . 150-1G5

Chapter X. Malcolm III

CONTINUED PREVAILING IMPRESSION AS TO HIS POLICY OF INTRODUCING STRANGERS INTO HIS KINGDOM EXAMINED DAN- GEROUS EFFECTS OF THAT POLICY AS FOLLOWED BY HIS SONS A SIMILAR POLICY ON THE PART OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR FATAL TO SAXON ENGLAND BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE N< RMANS ; THEIR SETTLE- MENT IN FRANCE ; THEIR WARS IN ITALY AND SICILY, AND CONQUEST OF ENGLAND- — MELANCHOLY EFFECTS OF THIS EVENT UPON THE SAXON POPULATION; AND CONTRAST BETWEEN ROMAN AND NORMAN CONQUESTS POWERFUL MILITARY ORGANIZATION FORMED OUT OF NORMAN CHIVALRY, AND ARCHERS COMPOSED OF YEOMEN SAXON REFUGEES FIND SHELTER IN SCOTLAND ; AMONGST ( THERS THE ROYAL FAMILY, CONSISTING OF EDGAR ATHELING, HIS MOTHER AND SISTERS MARRIAGE OF MALCOLM AND MARGARET — NORMAN INVASION OF SCOTLAND AND ITS CONSEQUENCES WARS BETWEEN MALCOLM, WILLIAM, AND HIS SON RUFUS ERECTION OF NORMAN CASTLES ON THE BORDERS DEATH AND CHARACTER OF MALCOLM ECCLESIAS- TICAL POLICY OF MARGARET— SUPPRESSION OF CULDEES ; AND IN- TRODUCTION OF ROMAN HIERARCHY. . . 16G-207 CONTENTS. XII

Chapter XI. Page Malcolm Canmore's Family By Margaret Retire Into England Reigns

OF DONALD BANE AND DUNCAN EXPULSION OF FOREIGNERS ACCESSION OF EDGAR MARRIAGE OF HIS SISTER MATILDA (OR MAUD) TO HENRY I. OF ENGLAND EDGAR'S BEQUEST OF CUMBRIA TO DAVID ALEXANDER, WHO SUCCEEDS, CONSTRAINED TO ACQUIESCE, THROUGH INFLUENCE OF HIS SISTER AND DAVID'S NORMAN CON- NEXIONS DAVID SURROUNDED BY NORMAN ADVENTURERS MARGARET'S ECCLESIASTICAL POLICY BEARS FRUIT ATTEMPTS OF ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY AND YORK TO ESTABLISH SUPREMACY- OVER THE SCOTTISH CHURCH RESISTANCE BY' ALEXANDER CON- NEXION OF THESE ECCLESIASTICAL PRETENSIONS WITH ATTEMPTS AGAINST NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DEATH OF ALEXANDER ACCESSION OF DAVID HIS EARLY' RESIDENCE IN ENGLAND, AND NORMAN CONNEXIONS ACQUIRES POSSESSIONS IN ENGLAND BY MAR- RIAGE WITH THF, HEIRESS OF WALTHEOF, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND HIS POLICY TOWARDS NORMAN SETTLERS INTERVENTION IN ENGLISH POLITICS WARS WITH KING STEPHEN BATTLE OF THE STANDARD PRINCE HENRY INVESTED IN ENGLISH POSSESSIONS CLAIMED BY' HIS FATHER FOUNDATION OF BISHOPRICS AND ABBEY'S DAVID'S DEATH AND CHARACTER PROSPEROUS CONDITION OF SCOTLxVND AS CONTRASTED WITH SOUTHERN ENGLAND, 208-°34

Chapter XII. Arrangements Consequent On Death Of David His Sons, Malcolm IV

, "THE MAIDEN;" WILLIAM "THE LION;" AND DAVID, EARL OF HUNTINGDON HENRY II. OF ENGLAND, OBTAINS FROM MALCOLM SURRENDER OF CUMBERLAND AND NORTHUMBERLAND MALCOLM FOLLOWS HENRY TO NORMANDY DISCONTENT WITH HIS CONDUCT CONSEQUENT COMMOTIONS IN THE NORTH DEATH OF MALCOLM, AND ACCESSION OF WILLIAM RENEWAL OF CLAIM ON THREE NORTHERN COUNTIES— ALLIANCE WITH PRINCE HENRY AND THE BARONS, AND WAR WITH KING OF ENGLAND — CAPTURE OF WILLIAM— TREATY OF FALAISE, AND SURRENDER OF INDEPENDENCE OF KINGDOM— DEATH OF HENRY II., AND DISCHARGE BY RICH VRD CŒUR-DE-LION OF TREATY OF FALAISE— EFFECT OF THIS IN QUESTION AS TO ENGLISH CLAIM OF SUPREMACY— WILLiAM'S DISPUTES WITH CHURCH OF ROME-HIS DEATH 235-251 CONTENTS. XIII

Chapter XIII. Page Alexander II

AGAIN CLAIMS THE NORTHERN COUNTIES ON PROMISE OF THESE, JOINS IN WAR WITH KING JOHN ENTERS NORTHUMBER- LAND, AND RECEIVES INVESTITURE FROM BARONS EXCOMMUNICATED BY POPE HENRY III. REVIVES CLAIMS OF SUPREMACY ALEXANDER IN RETURN THREATENS TO MAKE GOOD HIS CLAIMS BY FORCE OF ARMS AGREES TO ABANDON THESE IN RETURN FOR OTHER LANDS IN ENG- LAND SUPREMACY AGAIN PUT FORWARD BY HENRY PREPARES TO INVADE SCOTLAND ALEXANDER ASSEMBLES AN ARMY AND CROSSES THE BORDER PEACE CONCLUDED ALEXANDER UNDERTAKES CON SERVATION OF PEACE OF BORDERS HIS DEATH SUCCEEDED BY ALEXANDER III. CORONATION— TROUBLES DURING MINORITY HIS MARRIAGE ATTEMPT BY HENRY TO ENTRAP HIM INTO ADMISSION OF SUPREMACY NORWEGIAN INVASION BATTLE OF LARGS ACQUISI- TION OF WESTERN ISLES ASSISTANCE GIVEN TO ENGLISH KING IN WAR WITH HIS BARONS ATTEMPT OF EDWARD I. TO OBTAIN FROM ALEXANDER ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SUPREMACY DEFEATED POSITION OF THE NORTH AND WEST OF SCOTLAND CONTESTS WITH CHURCH OF ROME, ...... 252-270

Chapter XIV Survey Of The Position Legendary Origin Of The English And

SCOTTISH KINGDOMS ENGLISH STORY OF BRUTUS THE TROJAN, THE FOUNDATION OF THE ENGLISH CLAIMS OF SUPREMACY EDWARD I. PLEADS THIS BEFORE THE POPE SCOTTISH STORY OF OATHELUS AND SCOTA, THE " LIA FAIL," OR STONE OF FATE, AND CONQUEST OF THE PICTS-BELIEF OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND OF THIRTEENTH CENTURY AS TO THEIR CHARACTER AS A NATION " THEORY OF DISPLACEMENT" OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE EXAMINED

Introduction

OF LOWLAND SCOTTISH LANGUAGE FAMOUS APPEAL TO THE POPE BY THE BARONS AND COMMUNITY OF THE "SCOTTISH NATION" QUESTION AS TO ORIGIN OF NATIONALITIES ITALIAN, FRENCH, ENGLISH, SWISS, AMERICAN, AND GERMAN NATIONALITIES CONSIDERED, AS EXPLAINING CHARACTER OF SCOTTISH NATION PROSPEROUS CONDITION OF SCOT- LAND DURING ALEXANDER'S REIGN HIS ACCIDENTAL DEATH, 271-324 Jrcuvtli $3criob.

Chapter XV Margaret, The

"MAID OF NORWAY" DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF ROYAL FAMILY INCASE OF MARGARET'S DEATH WITHOUT ISSUE. SUCCESSION CONTENTS. XIV PAGE RESTS WITH DESCENDANTS OF EARL DAVID, BROTHER OF WILLIAM THE LION JOHN DE BALIOL, ROBERT DE BRUCE, JOHN DE HASTINGS NO FEMALE SOVEREIGN IN SCOTLAND BEFORE MARGARET BRUCE RESORTS TO ARMS EDWARD'S PLAN FOR UNITING THE TWO KING DOMS BY MARRIAGE OF MARGARET AND HIS OWN SON THE PRINCE OF WALES CONVENTION OF SALISBURY- TREATY OF BRIGHAM DEATH OF MARGARET FRAZER, BISHOP OF ST. ANDREWS, INVITES EDWARD'S INTERFERENCE MEETING AT NORHAM EDWARD CLAIMS CHARACTER OF LORD PARAMOUNT OF SCOTLAND HIS ARGUMENT ALARM OF THE SCOTS DELAY GRANTED RE-ASSEMBLY AND PRO CEEDINGS SUPREMACY ACKNOWLEDGED BY COMPETITORS, THE CLERGY AND NOBLES, BUT DENIED BY "COMMUNITY" SURRENDER OF CASTLES ARGUMENTS FOR CLAIMANTS JUDGMENT IN FAVOUR OF BALIOL -CAVEAT BY EDWARD IN FAVOUR OF HIS OWN CLAIMS TO PROPERTY OF KINGDOM REVIEW OF EDWARD'S CONDUCT, MOTIVES, AND POLICY, .... 325- 325-365

Chapter XVI Baliol Crowned Vaunted Policy Of Malcolm And His Family Bears

ITS FIRST FRUITS ATTITUDE OF THE " COMMUNITY"— INCON- SISTENCIES OF HISTORIANS AS TO "SCOTTISH NATION" APPEALS FROM SCOTTISH COURTS BALIOL CALLED TO ANSWER, REFUSES ILLEGAL CONDUCT OF EDWARD AND THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE AND NORWAY COMPARISON OF THE OPPOSING POWERS UNSUCCESSFUL INROADS BY' THE SCOTS INVA- SION OF SCOTLAND SACK OF BERWICK PILLAGE OF COLDSTREAM PRIORY BALIOL'S RENUNCIATION OF ALLEGIANCE ROUT OF DUN- BAR BALIOL'S SURRENDER SURRENDER OF CASTLES SUBMIS- SION OF NOBILITY SCOTLAND, AS A POLITICAL ENTITY, APPARENTLY EXTINCT CHARTERS DESTROYED BLACKROOD, AND STONE OF DESTINY, CARRIED AWAY EDWARD SOWS " DRAGON'S TEETH" TO REAP " ARMED MEN," . o,-c .,„.,

Chapter XVII Confident In His Supposed Conquest, Edward Leaves Scotland Position Of

THE NOBLES STATE OF FEELING AMONG THE PEOPLE ATTACKS UPON ENGLISH GARRISONS, ETC. ARRANGEMENTS BY ED WARD TO " SUPPRESS THE INSURRECTION " A LEADER WANTED HE APPEARS IN THE PERSON OF WILLIAM WALLACE CONFLICTING VIEW OF HIS CHARACTER AND CAREER ENGLISH CHRONICLES BLIND HARRY, WYNTOUN, FORDUN WALLACE'S BIRTH AND PARENTAGE CONTENTS. XV PAOE TRADITIONS OF HIS EARLY LIFE HE KILLS YOUNG SELBY AT DUNDEE, AND IS OUTLAWED ADVENTURE AT LANARK MURDER OF HIS BRIDE CAPTURES THE TOWN AND KILLS THE GOVERNOR DEVOTES HIMSELF TO CAUSE OF INDEPENDENCE BATTLE OF BIGGAR "BARNS OF AYR" ATTACK ON GLASGOW EXPEDITION INTO ARGYLL "GUERILLA WAR" JUSTIFICATION OF WALLACE'S COURSE OF ACTION, . ... , . . 304-428

Chapter XVIII. Wallace Is Joined By Douglas Oppressions By Ormesby Attempt To

SEIZE ORMESBY AT SCONE SUCCESSES IN THE NORTH THE SCOTTISH NOBLES TAKE THE FIELD POSITION OF ROBERT BRUCE EDWARD CALLS OUT MILITARY ARRAY NORTH OF THE TRENT, UNDER COMMAND OF PERCY AND CLIFFORD THESE ADVANCE THROUGH THE WESTERN MARCHES SURPRISE AT LOCHMABEN MEETING AT IRVINE SCOTTISH NOBLES SURRENDER WALLACE NOT PRESENT HIS SUCCESSES ALARM EDWARD AN ARMY OF 60,000 ASSEMBLED. UNDER COMMAND OF EARL SURREY, AND PERCY RENDEZVOUS AT STIRLING WALLACE LEAVES THE SIEGE OF DUNDEE, AND HASTENS SOUTH- WARDS CHARACTER OF THE OPPOSING FORCES WALLACE'S POSI- TION AND PLANS BATTLE OF STIRLING, AND FLIGHT OF SURREY NEW SYSTEM OF TACTICS CHARM OF INVINCIBILITY OF MAIL-CLAD WARRIORS BROKEN IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES OF THE VICTORY SCOTLAND ONCE MORE FREED FROM THE INVADERS, . . 429-464