History of Civilization in England

Chapter I. Statement Of The Resources For Investigating History, And Proofs Of

THE REGULARITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS. THESE ACTIONS ARE GOVERNED BY MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LAWS : THEREFORE BOTH SETS OF LAWS MUST BE STUDIED, AND THEP.E CAN BE NO HISTORY WITHOUT THE NATURAL SCIENCES. PAGE Materials for writing history ........ 1-3 Narrow range of knowledge possessed by historians . . . 3-5 Object of the present work ........ 6 Human actions, if not the result of fixed laws, must be due to chance or to supernatural interference 8 Probable origin of free-will and predestination .... 9-11 Theological basis of predestination, and metaphysical basis of free-will 12-16 The actions of men are caused by their antecedents, which exist either in the human mind or ii. the external world . . . 17-18 Therefore history is tbe modification of man by nature, and of nature by man 19 Statistics prove the regularity of actions in regard to murder and other crimes 20-24 Similar proof respecting suicides ....... 25-27 Also respecting the number of marriages annually contracted . . 29-30 And respecting the number of letters sent undirected ... 30 The historian must ascertain whether mind or nature has most influenced human actions ; and therefore there can be no history without physical science 31-32 Note A. Passages from Kant on free-will and necessity . . . 33-35 VI

Chapter II. Influence Exercised By Physical Laws Over The Organization Of Society

AND OVER THE CHARACTER OF INDIVIDUALS. PAGE Man is affected by four classes of physical agents ; namely, climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of nature . . • • 36~ Operation of these agents on the accumulation of wealth . • 38-47 Their operation on the distribution of wealth . Illustrations of these principles from Ireland . 59-faI From Hindustan 63"74 From Egypt 75~84 From Central America • And from Mexico and Peru 86 sq. Operation of physical laws in Brazil • »--Jo Influence of the general aspects of nature upon the imagination and the understanding • 107-108 Under some aspects, nature is more prominent than man, under others man more than nature . *"9 In the former case the imagination is more stimulated than the understanding, and to this class all the earliest civilizations belong 109-110 The imagination is excited by earthquakes and volcanoes . . 111-113 And by danger generally ........ 113-115 Also by an unhealthy climate, making life precarious . . . 115-118 From these causes the civilizations exterior to Europe are mainly influenced by the imagination, those in Europe by the understanding 118-119 This proposition illustrated by a comparison between Hindustan and Greece 120-133 Further illustration from Central America ..... 133-134 Chemical and physiological note on the connexion between food and animal heat 135-137

Chapter III. Examination Of The Method Employed By Metaphysicians For Discovering Mental

LAWS. In the last chapter, two leading facts have been established, which broadly separate Europe from other parts of the world . . 138-142 Hence it appears that of the two classes of mental and physical laws the mental are the more important for the history of Europe 142-143 PAGE Examination of the two metaphysical methods of generalizing mental laws 143-150 Failure of these methods 150-152

Chapter IV. Mental Laws Are Either Moral Or Intellectual

COMPARISON OF MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL LAWS, AND INQUIRY INTO THE EFFECT PRODUCED BY EACH ON THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. The historical method of studying mental laws is superior to the metaphysical method 153-158 The progress of society is twofold, moral and intellectual . . 158-159 Comparison of the moral with the intellectual element . . . 159 There is no evidence that the natural faculties of man improve . 160-161 Progress, therefore, depends on an improvement in the circumstances under which the faculties come into play . . . 162 The standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action must be variable ........ 163 But moral truths have not changed 163 And intellectual truths are constantly changing .... 164-165 Intellectual truths are the cause of progress ..... 165 Ignorant men are mischievous in proportion to their sincerity . 167-168 Illustrations of this from Rome and Spain ..... 168-171 The diminution of religious persecution is owing to the progress of knowledge 171-172 The diminution of the warlike spirit is owing to the same cause . 173-175 Illustrations from Russia and Turkey 177-179 As civilization advances, men of intellect avoid becoming soldiers. 180 Illustrations of this from ancient Greece and modern Europe . 180-184 The three principal ways in which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit are : 1.

The invention of gunpowder 185-190 2. The discoveries made by political economists .... 191-200 3. The application of steam to purposes of travelling . . .200-203 Inference to be drawn as to the causes of social progress . . 204-206

Chapter V. Inquiry Into The Influence Exercised By Religion, Literature, And Government

Recapitulation of preceding arguments 207 Moral feelings influence individuals, but do not affect society in the aggregate .......... 208-209 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE This being as yet little understood, historians have not collected proper materials for writing history 210 Reasons why the present history is restricted to England . . 211-215 Comparison of the history of England with that of France . .215-216 With that of Germany 217-219 With that of the United States of America 220-221 Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental laws of intellectual progress ........... 222 Much may be gained in that respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France, Spain, and Scotland . . 223-226 Deductive spirit in Scotland. 226-231 Influence of religion on the progress of society .... 232-244 Illustration from the efforts of missionaries 233-234 Illustration from the Hebrews ....... 236-237 Illustration from the early history of Christianity . . . 237-240 And from Sweden and Scotland ....... 242-244 Influence of literature on the progress of society .... 244-250 Influence of government on the progress of society . . . 250-264 Illustrated by repeal of the corn-laws ...... 251-252 The best legislation abrogates former legislation .... 253 The interference of politicians with trade has injured trade . . 254-256 Legislators have caused smuggling with all its attendant crimes . 256-257 They have also increased hypocrisy and perjury .... 258-260 By their laws against usury they have increased usury . . 260-261 By other laws they have hindered the advance of knowledge . 261-262 England has been less interfered with in these ways than other nations, and is therefore more prosperous than they . . 263-264

Chapter VI. Origin Of History, And State Of Historical Literature During The

MIDDLE AGES. Conclusions arrived at by the preceding investigations . . 265 An inquiry into the changes in historical researches will throw light on the changes in society . . . <>66-067 The earliest histories are ballads . ooo n-,, r, „ . , . -£OB-_:. I Une cause ot error in history was the invention of writing . . 272-276 A change of religion in any country also tends to corrupt its early history 276-082 But the most active cause of all was the influence of the clergy . 282-"83 Absurdities which were consequently believed ..." 284-^91 Illustration of this from the history of Charlemagne by Turpin ' o9o"o94 And from the history of the Britons by Geoffrey . . 295-^98 rn_ n _ • • .... PAGE lhe first improvement in writing history began in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ... ..... 298 But credulity was still prevalent, as is seen in Comines . . 300-301 And in the predictions of StcefBer respecting the Deluge . . 303 Also in the work of Dr. Horst on the Golden Tooth . . . 304-305

Chapter VII. Outline Of The History Of The English Intellect From The Middle Of The Sixteenth To The End Of The Eighteenth Century

This absurd way of writing history was the natural result of the state of the age 306 The spirit of doubt was a necessary precursor of improvement . 307 Hence the supreme importance of scepticism .... 308-309 Origin of religious toleration in England 310 Hooker contrasted with Jewel 312-315 Scepticism and spirit of inquiry on other subjects . . .315-318 This tendency displayed in Chillingworth 319-321 Chillingworth compared with Hooker and Jewel .... 322 Subsequent movement in the same direction, and increasing indifference to theological matters 323-326 Great advantage of this 327-329 Under James I. and Charles I. this opposition to authority assumes a political character 329-331 Under Charles II. it takes a frivolous form at court . . . 332 Influence of this spirit upon Sir Thomas Browne .... 334-337 Its influence upon Boyle 337-339 It causes the establishment of the Royal Society .... 340 Impetus now given to physical science, and attempts of the clergy to oppose it ......... 341 The clergy are naturally hostile to physical science because it lessens their own power 341-342 Illustration of this by the superstition of sailors and agriculturists as compared with soldiers and mechanics .... 343-348 Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of political degradation 348-353 These improvements were due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit . 354-355 Aided by the vices of the king 355 And by his dislike of the church 356 He encouraged Hobbes, and neglected the ablest of the clergy . 356-360 The clergy, to recover their ground, allied themselves with James II. 361-362 This alliance was dissolved by the Declaration of Indulgence . 363-365 The clergy then united with the dissenters, and brought about the Revolution of 1688 365-366 X PAGE Importance of the Revolution 367-368 But the clergy regretted it, and repented of their own act . . 369 Hostility between them and AVilliam III 370-374 Hence a schism in the church .....•• 37o-3/7 Fresh encouragement thus given to scepticism . 37/-3/S Convocation first despised, and then abolished .... 378-379 After the Revolution the ablest men confined themselves to secular professions, and avoided entering the church .... 3/9 The clergy lost all offices out of the church, and their numbers diminished in both Houses of Parliament .... 380-381 The church rallied for a moment under Anne .... 382-383 But was weakened by the dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield 383-386 Theology separated from morals and from politics . . . 387-388 Rapid succession of sceptical controversies ..... 389-391 Knowledge begins to be diffused, and takes a popular form . . 392-394 Political meetings, and publication of parliamentary debates . 394-395 Doctrine of personal representation, and idea of independence . 396 Corresponding change in the style of authors .... 397-399 Hence great reforms became inevitable ..... 399-400 This tendency was aided by George I. and George II. . . . 401-403 But discouraged by George

III., under whom began a dangerous political reaction ......... 403-405 Ignorance of George III 405 Subserviency of Pitt '406-408 Incompetence of other statesmen, and the king's hatred of great men 408-409 Deterioration of the House of Lords 409-413 Ability and accomplishments of Burke 414-418 He opposed the views of George III., and was neglected by him . 419-424 Burke's subsequent hallucinations and violence .... 424-432 The king now favoured him 432-433 Policy of George III. respecting America 434-437 This policy reacted upon England 437-439 Policy in regard to France 439-442 This also reacted upon England ....... 442 And produced arbitrary laws against the liberties of England . 443-448 Which were zealously enforced by the executive .... 449-450 Gloomy political prospects of England late in the eighteenth centuT 451-452 But, owing to the progress of knowledge, a counter reaction was preparing 452-456 To which, and to the increasing power of public opinion, England owes her great reforms of the nineteenth century . . . 456-459

Chapter VIII. Outline Of The History Of The French Intellect From The

MIDDLE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE ACCESSION TO POWER OF LOUIS XIV.

PAGE Importance of the question, as to whether the historian should begin with studying the normal or the abnormal condition of society 460-462 Greater power of the church in France than in England . .462-463 Hence in France during the sixteenth century every thing was more theological than in England 464-466 Hence, too, toleration was impossible in France .... 467-469 But at the end of the sixteenth century scepticism appeared in France, and with it toleration began, as was seen in the Edict of Nantes 469-472 The first sceptic was not Rabelais, but Montaigne . . . 472-475 Continuation of the movement by Charron ..... 475-478 Henry IV. encouraged the Protestants 479-480 And they were tolerated even by the queen-regent during the minority of Louis XIII 480-482 The most remarkable steps in favour of toleration were, however, taken by Richelieu, who effectually humbled the church . 483-489 He supported the new secular scheme of government against the old ecclesiastical scheme 489-496 His liberal treatment of the Protestants 496-500 They are deserted by their temporal leaders, and tbe management of the party falls into the hands of the clergy . . . .500-504 Hence the French Protestants, being headed by the clergy, become more intolerant than the French Catholics, who are headed by statesmen 504-508 Evidence of the illiberality of the French Protestants . . . 508-525 They raise a civil war, Avhich was a struggle of classes rather than of creeds 525 Richelieu put down the rebellion, but still abstained from persecuting the Protestants 526-528 This liberal policy on the part of the government was only part of a much larger movement ....... 528-529 Illustration of this from the philosophy of Descartes . . . 529-542 Analogy between Descartes and Richelieu ..... 543-544 The same anti-ecclesiastical spirit was exhibited by their contemporaries 544-545 And by Mazarin 546-548 It was also seen in the wars of the Fronde 549-552 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGB But notwithstanding all this, there was a great difference between France and England ; and the prevalence of the protective spirit prevented the French from becoming free .... 552-557

Chapter IX. History Of The Protective Spirit, And Comparison Of It In

FRANCE AND ENGLAND. About the eleventh century the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church 558-560 Coinciding with this, the feudal system and an hereditary aristocracy appeared ......... 560-562 The nobles displace the clergy, and celibacy is opposed by the principle of hereditary rank ....... 562 In England the nobles were less powerful than in France . . 563-565 And Avere glad to ally themselves with the people against the crown 565-567 Hence a spirit of popular independence unknown in France, where the nobles were too powerful to need the help of the people . 567-568 Effects of this difference between the two countries in the fourteenth century ... 568-571 Centralization was in France the natural successor of feudality . 571-574 This state contrasted with that of England 575-576 Power of the French nobles 576-579 Illustration from the history of chivalry 579-583 Another illustration from the vanity of the French and pride of the English 583-584 Also from the practice of duelling 584 The pride of Englishmen encouraged the Reformation . . 585 Analogy between the Reformation and the revolutions of the seventeenth century 585-586 Both were opposed by the clergy and nobles.

Natural alliance between these two classes ..... 586-589 In the reign of Elizabeth both classes Avere weakened . . . 590-593 James I. and Charles I. vainly attempted to restore their power . 594-595

Chapter X. The Energy Of The Protective Spirit In France Explains The

FAILURE OF THE FRONDE. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FRONDE AND THE CONTEM- PORARY ENGLISH REBELLION. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion . 595-597 The English rebellion was a war of classes 597-605 But in France the energy of the protective spirit and the power of the nobles made a war of classes impossible .... 606-608 Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles . . . .608-615 As such men were the leaders of the Fronde, the rebellion naturally foiled 613-618 But the English rebellion succeeded because it was a democratic movement headed by popular leaders 619-620

Chapter XI. The Protective Spirit Carried By Louis XIV

INTO LITERATURE. EXAMINA- TION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THIS ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE INTELLECTUAL CLASSES AND THE GOVERNING CLASSES. The protective spirit in France, having produced these political evils, was carried into literature under Louis XIV., and caused an alliance between literature and government . . . 621-622 Servility in the reign of Louis XIV 622-625 Men of letters grateful to Louis XIV 626 But his system of protecting literature is injurious . . . 627-632 Its first effect was to stop the progress of science .... 632-636 Even in mechanical arts nothing was effected .... 636-637 Decline in physiology, in surgery, and in medicine . . . 637-640 Also in zoology and in chemistry 640 Nor was any thing done in botany 641-614 Intellectual decay under Louis XIV. was seen in every department of thought, and was the natural consequence of patronage . 644-648 Illustrations from the history of French art 648-650 And from every branch of literature 651-652 Universal decline of France during the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV 652-654

Chapter XII. Death Of Louis XIV

REACTION AGAINST THE PROTECTIVE SPIRIT, AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. English literature unknown in France in the reign of Louis XIV. . 655-656 But began to be studied after his death, when the most eminent Frenchmen visited England. This caused ajunction of French and English intellects 657-667 Admiration of England expressed by Frenchmen . . • 668-669 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Hence liberal opinions in France, which the government attempted to stifle 670 Consequent persecution of literary men by the French government 671-682 Violence of the government ....... 682-685 In France literature was the last resource of liberty . . . 685-686 Reasons why literary men at first attacked the church and not the government ..... ..... 687-692 Hence they were led to assail Christianity ..... 693-697 But until the middle of the reign of Louis XV. the political institutions of France might have been saved ; after that period all was over 697-699

Chapter XIII. State Of Historical Literature In France From The End Of

THE SIXTEENTH TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURT. Historical literature in France before the end of the sixteenth century 701-705 Improvement in the method of writing history late in the sixteenth century 706-707 Still further progress early in the seventeenth century . . . 708-710 Which became more marked in Mezeray's history in 1643 . . 710-711 Retrograde movement under Louis XIV. ..... 712-718 Illustration of this from the Avork of Audigier .... 718-721 And from that of Bossuet ........ 721-729 Immense improvements introduced by Voltaire .... 730-750 His History of Charles XII. ....... 731-733 His Age of Louis XIV. ... ..... 734-735 His Morals, Manners, and Character of Nations .... 735-736 His views adopted by Mallet, Mably, Velly, Villaret, Duclos, and Renault 737-738 His habit of looking at epochs ..... 739 A remark of his adopted by Constant ..... 740 He advocated free trade ..... 741 His anticipation of Malthus ..... 741-742 His attack on the Middle Ages .... 74-->-743 And on the pedantic admirers of antiquity 743-745 He weakened the authority of mere scholars and theologians . 745-746 Who had repeated the most childish absurdities respecting the early history of Rome ° 746-747 In attacking which Voltaire anticipated Niebuhr . . 748-750 Ignorant prejudice against him in England .... 750 His vast labours were aided by Montesquieu . . .

PAGR The works of Montesquieu, and value of his method . . . 751-756 The discourses of Turgot, and their influence .... 757-758 All this hastened the advance of the French Revolution . . 758-759

Chapter XIV. Proximate Causes Of The French Revolution After The Middle Of The Eighteenth Century

Recapitulation of preceding views 759-760 Difference between certainty and precision ..... 761-763 The intellect of France began to attack the state about 1750. . 763-764 Rise of the political economists ....... 764-766 Influence of Rousseau 767-768 Just at the same time the government began to attack tbe church . 768-770 And to favour religious toleration ...... 770-772 Abolition of the Jesuits 772-782 Calvinism is democratic ; Arminianism is aristocratic . . . 775-778 Jansenism being allied to Calvinism, its revival in France aided the democratic movement, and secured the overthrow of the Jesuits, whose doctrines are Arminian ..... 779-781 After the fall of the Jesuits tbe ruin of the French clergy was inevitable 783-784 But was averted for a time by the most eminent Frenchmen directing their hostility against the state rather than against the church 784-786 Connexion between this movement and the rise of atheism . . 786-788 Same tendency exhibited in Helvetius ...... 788-792 And in Condillac 792-7S5 The ablest Frenchmen concentrate their attention on the external world . 795-796 F.ffects of this on the sciences of heat, light, and electricity . . 796-798 Also on chemistry and geology ....... 799-807 In England during the same period there was a dearth of great thinkers 808-809 But in France immense impetus was given to zoology by Cuvier and Bichat 809-810 Bichat's views respecting the tissues ...... 811-851 Connexion between these vieAvs and subsequent discoveries . . 816-819 Relation between inventions, discoveries, and method ; and immense importance of Bichat's method ..... 819-822 Bichat's woik on life 823-827 Great and successful efforts made by the French in botany . . 828-831 And in mineralogy by De Lisle and Haiiy 831-834 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE Analogy between this and Pinel's work on insanity . . • 834-835 All these vast results were part of the causes of the French Revolution 836 Physical science is essentially democratic 837-840 The same democratic tendency was observable in changes of dress . 841-842 And in the establishment of clubs 843-845 Influence of the American Rebellion 845-848 Summary of the causes of the French Revolution . . . .848-850 General reflections 850-854 In order to assist those who wish to verify my references, and also with the view of indicating the nature and extent ot the materials which I have used, I have drawn up tho following list of the principal works quoted in the present volume. When no edition is mentioned, the size is 8vo et infra. Abd-AUatif, Relation de l'Egypte, traduite par Silvestre de Sacy.

Paris, 1810. 4to. Adolphus (J.), History of England from the accession of George III. Lond. 1840-1845. 7 vols. Aguesseau (Chancelier d'), Lettres inedites. Paris, 1823. 2 vols. Alkin (L ), Life of Addison. Lond. 1H43. 2 vols. Albemarle (Earl of), Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham. Lond. 1852. • 2 vols. Alison (Sir A.), History of Europe, from the commencement of the French Revolution to 1815. Ediub. 1849-1850. 14 vols. Allen (J.), Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England. Lond. 1849. Arnold (Dr.), Lectures on Modern History. Lond. 1843. Asiatic Researches. Lond. and Calcutta, 1799-1836. 20 vols. 4to. Aubrey (J.), Letters and Lives of Eminent Men. Lond. 1813. 2 vols. Audigier (M.), L'Origine des Frangois. Paris, 1676. 2 vols. Azara (F.), Voyages dans l'Amerique Meridionale. Paris, 1809. 4 vols. Bakewell (R.), Introduction to Geology.

Lond. 1838. Balfour (J. H.), A Manual of Botany. Lond. 1849. Bancroft (G.), History of the American Revolution. Lond. 1852-1854. 3 vols. Barante (M.), Tableau de la Litterature Francaise au XVIIIs Siecle. Paris, 1847. Barrington (D), Observations on the Statutes. 5th edit. Lond. 1796. 4to. Barruel (L'Abbe), Memoires pour l'Histoire du Jacobinisme. Hambourg, 1803. 5 vols. Barry (G.), History of the Orkney Islands. Edinb. 1805. 4to. Bassompierre (Marechal de), Memoires. Paris, 1822, 1823. 3 vols. Bates (G.), Account of the late Troubles in England. Lond. 1685. 2 vols. Baxter (R.), Life and Times, by himself. Published by M. Sylvester. Lond. 1696. Folio, 3 parts. Bazin (M. A.), Histoire de France sous Louis XIII. Paris, 1838. 4 vols. Beausobre (M.), Histoire Critique de Mauichee et du Manicheisme.

Amsterdam, 1734-9. 4to, 2 vols. Beclard (P. A.), Elements d'Anatomie Generale. Paris, 1852. Bedford Correspondence, edited by Lord J. Russell. 1842-1846. 3 vols. Beechey (F. W.), Voyage to the Pacific. Lond. 1831. 2 vols. Belsham (W.), History of Great Britain, from 1688 to 1802. Lond. 1805. 12 vols. (Of this work I have used only the last seven volumes, which refer to a period for which Belsham was a contemporary authority. The earlier volumes are worthless.) VOL. I. A (Benoist), Histoire de I'Edit de Nantes. Delft, 1693-1695. 4to. 5 vols. Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), Works. Lond. 1843. 2 vols. Bichat (X.), Traite des Membranes. Paris, 18U2. Bichat (X.), Anatomie Generale. Paris, 1821. 4 vols. _ Bichat (X.), Recherches sur la Vie et la Mort, edit. Magendie. Pans, 1829. Biographie Universelle.

Paris, 18111828. 52 vols. Birch (T.), Life of Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury. Lond. 1753. Bisset (R.), Life of Edmund Burke. 2d edit. Lond. 1800. 2 vols. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. Lond. 1809. 4 vols. Blainville (D.), Physiologie Generale et Compared. Paris, 1833. 3 vols. Blanqui (M.), Histoire de l'Economie Politique en Europe. Paris, 1845. 2 vols. Bogue (D.) and Bennett (J.), History of the Dissenters, from 1688 to 1808. Lond. 1808-1812. 4 vols. Bohlen (P.), Das alte Indien, mit besonderer Riicksicht aus Ægypten. Konigsberg, 1830. 2 vols. Bordas-Demoulin, Le Cartesianisme. Paris, 1843. 2 vols. Bossuet (Eveque de Meaux), Discours sur l'Histoire Universelle. Paris, 1844. Bouillaud (J.), Philosophie Medicale. Paris, 1836. Bouille (M. de), Memoires sur la Revolution Francaise.

Paris, 1801-9. 2 v. Boulainvilliers (Comte), Histoire de I'Ancien Gouvernement de la France. La Haye, 1727. 3 vols. Boullier (M.), Histoire des divers Corps de la Maison Militaire des Rois de France. Paris, 1818. Bowdich (T. E.), Mission to Ashantee. Lond. 1819. 4to. Bowles (W. L.), Life of Bishop Ken. Lond. 1830, 1831. 2 vols. Boyle (R.), Works. Lond. 1744. 5 vols. folio. Brande (W. T.), A Manual of Chemistry. Lond. 1848. 2 vols. Brewster (Sir D.), Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton. Edinb. 1855. 2 vols. Brienne (L. H. de Lomenie), Memoires inedits. Paris, 1828. 2 vols. Brissot (J. P.), Memoires. Paris, 1830. 2 vols. British Association for Advancement of Science, Reports of. Lond. 1833- 1853. 21 vols. Brodie (Sir B.), Lectures on Pathology and Surgery. Lond. 1846. Brodie (Sir B.), Physiological Researches.

Lond. 1851. Brougham (Lord), Sketches of Statesmen in the time of George III. Lond. 1845. 6 vols. Brougham (Lord), Lives of Men of Letters and Science iu the time of George III. Lond. 1845-1847. 2 vols. Brougham (Lord), Political Philosophy. 2d edit, Lond. 1849. 3 vols. Broussais (F. J. V.), Examen des Doctrines Medicales. Paris, 1829-1S34. 4 vols. Broussais (F. J. V.), Cours de Phrenologie. Paris, 1836. Brown (T.), Lectures on the Philosophy of the Mind. Edinb. 1838. Browne (Sir Thomas), Works and Correspondence, by S. Wilkin. Lond. 1836. 4 vols. Buchanan (F.), Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar. Lond. 1807. 3 vols. 4to. Buchanan (J.), Sketches of the North-American Indians. Lond. 1824. Buckingham (Duke of), Memoirs of George III. Lond. 1853. 2 vols. Bullock (W.), Travels in Mexico.

Lond. 1824. Bulstrode (Sir R.), Memoirs of Charles I. and Charles II. Lond. 1721. Bunbury (Sir H.), Correspondence of Sir Thomas Hanmer. Lond. 183*8. Bunsen (C. C. J.), Egypt's Place in Universal History. Lond. 1848-1854. 2 vols. Burckhardt (J. L.), Travels in Arabia. Lond. 1829. 2 vols. Burdach (C. F.), Traite de Physiologie consideree comme Science d'Observation. Paris, 1837-1841. 9 vols. Burke (E.), Works, by H. Rogers. Lond. 1841. 2 vols. Burke (E.), Correspondence with Laurence. Lond. 1827. Burke (E.), Correspondence between 1744 and 1797. Lond. 1844. 4 vols. Burnes (Sir A.), Travels into Bokhara. Loud. 1834. 3 vols. Burnet (Bishop), History of his own Time. Oxford, 1823. 6 vols. Burnet (Bishop), Lives and Characters, edit. Jebb. Lond. 1S33. Burton (J. H.), Life and Correspondence of D. Hume.

Edinb. 1846. 2 vols. Burton (R. F.), Sindh, and the Races in the Valley of the Indus. Lond. 1851. Burton (T.), Diary, from 1655 to 1659. Lond. 1828. 4 vols. Butler (C), Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics. Loud. 1822. 4 vols. Butler (C), Reminiscences. Lond. 1824-1827. 2 vols. Cabanis (P. J. G.), Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme. Paris, 1843. Calamy (E.), Account of my own Life, 1671-1731. Lond. 1829. 2 vols. Carnpan (Madame), Memoires sur Marie Antoinette. Paris, 1826. 3 vols. Campbell (Lord), Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Englaud. 3d edit. Lond. 1848-1850. 7 vols. Campbell (Lord), Lives of the Chief- Justices of England. Lond. 1849. 2 vols. Campion (H. de), Memoires. Paris, 1807. Capefigue (M ), Histoire de la Reforme, de la Ligue, et du Regne de Henri IV.

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