Lambeth Palace, and its Associations ... With an introduction by the Archbishop of Canterbury. With illustrations

Introduction

BY THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WITH ILLUSTRATIONS WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXXXII All Rights reserved TO QLfye iJHnnorg of MRS TAIT, WHOSE KINDLY SUGGESTION FIRST GAVE FORM TO A LONG-CHERISHED WISH, AND WHOSE ENCOURAGING WORDS PROMOTED ITS EARLY DEVELOPMENT, STfjfg Pjtstarg of a palate, OVER WHICH SHE THREW, FOR TEN YEARS, THE CHARM OF CHRISTIAN HOSPITALITY AND THE BEAUTY OF CHRISTIAN HOLINESS, IS MOST REVERENTLY INSCRIBED.

Preface

. " I love this old house, and was very desirous of amusing myself, if I could find means to do it, with the history of its buildings." So wrote Arch bishop Herring1 to his antiquarian friend Dr Du carel, in 1 754. The place he wrote about and loved was " Croydon House," in those days a very favourite residence of the Archbishops. These words exactly express the feelings which were ever uppermost in the mind of the author of the present volume, when, nearly forty years ago, his parochial duties took him daily under the walls of the far more noteworthy and famed Archiepis copal residence, Lambeth Palace, — feelings which were encouraged by the characteristic courtesy of Archbishops Howley and Sumner, who permitted Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. ix. p. 305.

PREFACE.

. VIII him to wander freely over that venerable pile. Here, during some nine years,1 was being cherished a love of antiquarian research, and the habit formed of collecting and storing up every particle of information—from history, or architecture, or art — bearing upon this favourite subject ; while the vision seemed to be constantly floating before his mind that he might some day be able to write a History of a place he too had learned to love, and one so rich in national and ecclesiastical associations. The call of duty, however, carried him away to far-distant scenes and different subjects ; and dur ing some twenty years spent in India, very differ ent subjects forced themselves on his attention, and for a time Lambeth Palace and its history of necessity fell into the background, — out of sight, though never quite out of mind.

But when, soon after his return to England, he found himself again standing in his old haunts, and found too that, though Lambeth Palace had passed into other hands, its portals were as open to him as before, and even greater facilities and encouragement were offered to him for carrying out his long-cherished wish, he set himself strenuously to arrange and digest the data he had previously accumulated, The author was curate of Lambeth from 1S42 to 1851.

PREFACE.

. IX and to add to them from every available quarter. The result is now in the reader's hands. Such was simply the origin of this History of Lambeth Palace ; and such the excuse, if excuse be necessary, for the attempt to write it. Not that no History of the Palace existed ; or that none hitherto written was worthy of the theme ; or that he presumed to think that he could produce one more worthy than those already published. Far otherwise. There were several, — and one of them most valuable ; but they were either as antiquated in style as in subject — for the Lam beth Palace of to-day is not the Lambeth Palace of even sixty years ago ; or so rare as to be scarcely attainable by the general public : while Lambeth Palace had been so essentially a part of the his tory of the English Church and nation that it deserved — nay, demanded — to have its story brought within reach of every class of readers in this age of eager inquiry; and to such the existing Histories were so many "sealed books."

The principal authority on this subject was Dr Andrew Coltee Ducarel, the greatest Antiquarian of his day, — who, as keeper of the Lambeth Archives, lived in the midst of the Registers and Manuscripts. Hence Ducarel's ' History of Lambeth Palace' has

PREFACE.

. X been, and ever must be, the basis of all subsequent histories of the place. A few years after him, the subject was carried on by his friend, Dr Samuel Denne, Rector of Lambeth, who prepared a volume equally valuable, as "Addenda" to the previous work. These two appeared originally in that incomparable collection of "Fragments" of the labours of literary men, which from their size were liable to be lost or overlooked, but were rescued from the wreck of time, and preserved by that indefatigable antiquarian, John Nichols, by being published in his ' Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,' in the years 1785 and 1795. Ten years after, in 1806, two enterprising publishers — Messrs Herbert & Brayley — produced a volume entitled ' Lambeth Palace, Illustrated in a series of views representing its most interesting Antiquities, in Buildings, Portraits, Stained- Glass,' &c. This is a work of considerable art istic merit ; but true to its title, it is only valu able for the sake of the Illustrations, of which the letterpress, being little more than extracts from Ducarel, is a running comment.

Then, in the year 1827, Mr Thomas Allen, a Lambeth resident, with a laudable zeal for the fame of his parish, compiled a volume, in which he has embodied

PREFACE.

. XI most of the facts which Ducarel and Denne had brought to light. This work being somewhat less archæological, and more popular in style, is really the only ordinarily available history of the Palace and the Parish generally ; and of it the History of the Palace forms but a fractional part ; but even this work is not easily to be met with : while those by Ducarel and Denne are most rare, and are practically lost to the general public, being only to be found occasionally in very rich archæological libraries. Moreover, the latest of these describes a building so altered as to be scarcely recognised, beyond its main external outline and character. For the very year after Allen's History was published, the whole of Lambeth Palace underwent so great a change that the descriptions then given often refer to rooms which have now disappeared ; while in those parts which have been preserved and re stored, the arrangements are in many cases so different that they would only perplex instead of guiding the reader.

The one work on the subject which has ap peared since the changes effected in 1829 is ' The History and Antiquities of Lambeth,' by John Tanswell, of the Inner Temple, which was pub-

PREFACE.

. XII lished in 1858. In it barely fifty pages are de voted to the Palace ; and these contain so many inaccuracies that it can never be accepted, even so far as it goes, as an authority.1 In the present volume, the author's earnest de sire and aim has been to tell the tale of Lambeth — or, rather, to make those historic portions of it which belong to days gone by tell their own tale — down to the present time ; so that the general reader of to-day, as well as the Archæologian, may find an account, as far as he could make it intelligible and reliable, of what Lambeth Palace has been, and what it now is. He is conscious that, among other imperfections of his work, there may seem to be a want of con tinuity in the narrative, or of connection between the several divisions of his subject, and, it may be, a difference of style in the different parts.

For these he would thus account. His original inten tion, which he has been able partly to carry out, was to compress each portion of his subject within 1 In a collection of Essays under the head of ' Stray Studies,' by the Rev. J. R. Green, is one on "Lambeth and the Archbishops," which possesses all the charms of that author's style and graphic power of grouping historical characters ; yet is not without some inaccuracies of local description, which would seem to have been either sketched in from memory, or adopted at second-hand without being verified.

PREFACE.

. XIII the limits of an article for a Review or Maga zine,1 so that, benefiting by criticisms and correc tions, he might insure the greater accuracy for his completed work. This independent and distinctive treatment of each part may probably be still detected in the present volume, and betray the unskilled hand of the literary work man in joining together his pieces into a sym metrical whole. At the same time he would plead for indulgent criticism on this defect — if it be one — for the very variety in the parts seems to render this difference almost necessary. He could not, for instance, dwell upon the details of this noble Palace without indulging in an archæological admiration of that art-life with which its very stones are instinct. He could not stand in that Portrait-gallery without tracing out in thought the leading traits of character which distinguished each of those Fathers in God by whose likenesses he was surrounded ; or in that Library, without allowing his mind to travel 1 A considerable portion of the earlier pages of this volume is an expan sion of an Article in the ' Quarterly Review ' for July 1878 ; and that referring to the Portraits of the Archbishops is based on one which appeared in ' Macmillan's Magazine,' August 1879. For permission to reproduce the substance of these articles the Author would tender his acknowledgments to the Publishers of these Periodicals.

PREFACE.

. XIV over those treasures of learning and art which it contained ; still less in that Chapel, so rich in memories of the past of England's Church, without feeling the influence of the genitts loci — without a pulse quickened by recalling the stirring events, fraught with joy or woe, of which it had been the scene. In each part his irresistible impulse has been to identify himself with the spot whereon he was standing, and his desire to carry his readers with him : he has throughout laboured to portray, with all possible exactness and truth, the per sons, the characters, the actions of the distinguished men who for many centuries have successively found a home at Lambeth Palace, and who, while representing, have also in many cases guided and led the mind of the English Church of their day.

On one point the author feels that some apol ogy is due to the general reader — to the Antiqua rian who may deign to read his work no such apology will be necessary — for having burdened his pages with footnotes. Conscious that he was bringing forward many details of Palace history which had been hitherto unnoticed, and, moreover, that he was endeavouring to refute some generally

PREFACE.

. XV accepted local traditions, he felt called upon to justify his statements ; and therefore, at no little personal labour of research, he has striven to trace up every statement to its fountain-head, in order to give his authority for making it, and to verify every reference given by other writers before be coming himself responsible for it. So wide has been the range of subjects em braced, and so various the sources from which reliable information had to be sought, that the author has been compelled to tax the kindness not only of personal friends, but also of perfect strangers ; yet from every quarter, from private individuals, and from the officials in the British Museum, the Record Office, and the Heralds' College, as well as in Lambeth Palace itself, he has received most ready and valuable help ; for which he desires to record his very grateful acknowledgments.

Two names he feels called on to mention as having specially encouraged him in his work, and aided him with their local as well as general know ledge : the Ven. Benjamin Harrison, Archdeacon of Maidstone, for many years Domestic Chaplain to Archbishop Howley; and the Rev. Randall T. Davidson, who no less ably fills the same office in b

PREFACE.

. XVI the household of Archbishop Tait : in the one the Lambeth Palace of years gone by, in the other the Lambeth Palace of to-day, has a hearty and appreciative exponent, and to both the author is deeply indebted for information and advice. Detling Vicarage, Maidstone, 1882. CONTENTS. introduction by his grace the archbishop OF CANTERBURY P. xxv

Chapter I. How Lambeth Palace Became The Residence Of The Archbishops Of

CANTERBURY. Contest between the monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, and the Abps., 2 — Abp. Baldwin resolves to found an independent College of Seculars, 3 — He first selects Hackington (St Stephen's), near Canterbury, as the site, ib. — The monks intrigue at Rome to thwart his plans, ib. — The Hackington site abandoned for one at Lambeth, ib. — Abp. Hubert Walter carries on Baldwin's project, and obtains more land, 4— Further opposition of the monks partially successful, 5 — ■ Their persistent opposition accounted for, 6 — Early history of Lambeth under Saxon and Norman kings, 7 — Derivation of the name, and character of the place, 9 — Advantages of the site, natural, social, and political, 10-13 — Circumstances of the exchange for Darente, 14 — A residence for the Bishops of Rochester retained, 15 — The existence of a Manor-house on the exchanged land very doubtful, ib. — Prob- CONTENTS.

XVIII ably none prior to the exchange, 16 — Earlier Ordinations and Consecrations probably held in Rochester House Chapel, 17, 18 — Earliest Palace records found in the Stewards' Accounts (' Com putus Ballivorum'), 19 — Apartments first named in the 'Compu tus' of Abp. Reynolds, ib. — The next mention of them in the 'Computus'of Abp. Chicheley, 20 — Morton's Gateway, Cranmer's Tower, Pole's Long Gallery, and subsequent additions, 21-23 — Extensive alterations by Abp. Howley in 1829, 25-28. Pp. 1-29

Chapter II. The Great Gateway, Or Morton's Tower

Bridges, so called, over the Thames often represent only quays or stairs, 30 — Stangate Bridge (i.e., Stairs) built by Bp. John de Sheppey, ib. — Lambeth Stairs the principal point for crossing the river, 31 — Here would be the main entrance to the Abp.'s grounds, ib. — Morton's Gateway erected on the site of an earlier entrance, 32 — Its massive character, — The prison in the eastern wing, 35 — Origin and use of prisons in Episcopal houses, 36 — "Muniment" or "Record Room" over the entrance-gate, formerly Cardinal Morton's audience-chamber, 37. Pp. 30-38

Chapter III. The Great Hall

Its external appearance, 39 — Date of original building uncertain : Magna Aula mentioned in Abp. Reynold's time, 40 — Consecration Banquets held here ; their character, 42 — Councils, and occasionally Convocation, sat there, 43 — Sir Thomas More and Bp. Fisher summoned here before Cranmer, 44— Scenes of incrimination between Cranmer and Bps. Bonner and Gardiner, 45— Occasional sittings of the Star Chamber here, ib.— The building destroyed, and materials sold by Colonel T. Scot, 46— Rebuilt CONTENTS. XIX by Abp. Juxon; thence called "Juxon's Hall," z'Æ.— Resemblance in construction to the Halls at Westminster and Eltham Palace, 47 — The old painted glass and arms collected in the window at the north end, 48— The Hall adapted by Abp. Howley for the Library, 50— The old Cloisters, the former Library, probably built by Cardinal Pole and restored by Abp.

Sheldon, 53 — Queen Elizabeth once present here, zA— Absence of architectural beauty, 54 — Interesting only as associated with John Foxe, Stow, Strype, &c, 56. Pp. 39-56

Chapter IV. The Library

No Library belonged to the See prior to Abp. Bancroft's time, 57 — His bequest of his books proved the foundation of the present Library, 60 — He gave a reversionary interest in them to the Cambridge University, 61 — They were thus saved from dispersion during the Commonwealth, 62 — After the Restoration Abp. Sheldon recovered them for Lambeth, 63 — The Registers date only from John Peckham, 64 — The earlier ones were carried by Abp. Kilwardby to Rome, and never returned, ib. — The great importance of these Registers according to Ducarel and Gibson, 65, 66 — Ducarel's elaborate Index of the whole of incalculable value, 67 — Besides the Registers are a vast collection of Court-rolls, Charters, Stewards' Accounts, &c, ib. — Also a mass of miscellaneous MSS., called by Dr Todd "Codices Lambethani," 68 — Among them are " Parliamentary Surveys of Church Lands," made during the Commonwealth, 69 — Also ' Notitiæ Parochiales,' dated 1705, 70 — The great body of the other MSS. grouped under the names of their several donors, 72 — The Wharton MSS., almost entirely bearing on English ecclesiastical history, 73 — The Carew MSS., referring entirely to the history of Ireland, 74 — The Tenison MSS., a most varied collection, nearly 300 volumes, 76 — Among these a black-letter copy of the Thirty-nine Articles of 1562, with the autograph signatures of Bps. and Clergy of 1604, 77 — Also Laud's "Jura et Privilegia Clero Anglicano adjudicata," 78— The Gibson MSS., their history: among CONTENTS.

XX them the Bacon papers, a correspondence between Lord Bacon and his contemporaries, 79 — And the Shrewsbury Papers, chiefly stewards' accounts, 80 — The Miscellaneous MSS. comprise those presented between the time of Tenison and Manners Sutton, 81 — The Manners Sutton MSS., chiefly Professor Carlyle's collection, 82 — Catalogues of the several collections made by Wharton, Gibson, and Wilkins, 83 — Dr Todd prepared the first printed Catalogue, 85 — Principal gems of the collection : Aldhelm's ' De Virginitate,' 86 — Gospels of MacDurnan : a Sarum Missal, 87 — 'Notable Wise Dictes and Sayings of Philosophers': a rare manuscript, 88 — Another copy from Caxton's press, 89 — The ' Daunce of Machabre,' translated by Lydgate, 90 — The " Maza rine Bible," long supposed to be a MS., ib. — A collection of New Testament MSS. and Versions, 92 — "The most valuable Koran of Asia," 93 — General features of the Library, 94. Pp. 57-97

Chapter V. The Librarians

Henry Wharton, 98 ; Dr Edmund Gibson, 101 ; Dr David Wilkins, 102; Dr Andrew Coltee Ducarel, 104; Dr Henry John Todd, 107; Dr Samuel Roffey Maitland, ib.j Dr William Stubbs, 109; Mr S. W. Kershaw, 1 10. Pp. 98-1 10

Chapter VI. The Guard-room

Guard-rooms necessary appendages to Episcopal Palaces, in — First mention of one at Lambeth, 113 — Original character preserved in the restoration in 1829, 114— Now used as the Portrait- Gallery, 115— Series of portraits unrivalled, 116 — Interesting variety in the midst of apparent sameness, 1 18 — Portraits : Dunstan, 119; Abps. Arundel, 120; Chicheley, 122; Warham (by Holbein), 124; Cranmer (two portraits contrasted), 128; CONTENTS. XXI Cardinal Pole (two portraits), 130; Parker (painting by Lyne, and etching by Hogenberg), 132; Grindal (by De Vos), 134; Whitgift (two portraits), 135 ; Bancroft, 137 ; Abbott, 139; Laud (by Vandyck), 141; Juxon, 143; (and a second portrait after death), 145; Sheldon, ib.; Sancroft, 147; (and a reputed likeness when a youth), 149 ; Tillotson (by Kneller ; another by Mr Beale), 150; Tenison, 152; Wake (by Whood), 155; Potter, 156, (and a likeness when a boy), 157; Herring (by Hogarth), 158; Hutton (by Hudson), ib.; Secker (by Sir Joshua Reynolds), 159 ; Cornwallis (by Dance), 160; Moore (by Romney), 163; Manners Sutton (by Sir T. Lawrence), 164; Howley (by Sir Martin Shee), 165 ; Sumner (two portraits, by Eddis and Mrs Carpenter), 167; Longley (by Richmond), 168; Tait (two portraits, by Sant and Richmond), 169 — Miscellaneous portraits : Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, 170; Thomas Bilson, Bishop of Winchester, 171 ; Dr Christopher Wren, Registrar of the Order of the Garter, ib. — Series of Bishops after the Revolution : William Lloyd, Bp. of S. Asaph and Worcester, 176; John Hough, Bp. of Worcester (by Kneller), ib.; Simon Patrick, Bp. of Ely, 178; John Moore, Bp. of Ely and of Norwich, 179; Bps.

Gardiner of Lincoln, ib.; Williams, of Chichester, ib.; Evans, of Bangor, ib.; Fleetwood, of Ely, ib.; Gilbert Burnet, Bp. of Winchester (by Mrs Hoadley), 180; Benjamin Hoadley, Bp. of Bangor, &c. (by the same), ib.; Dr Benjamin Whichcote, 181 ; Zachary Pearce, Bp. of Rochester (by Hudson), ib.; Thomas Newton, Bp. of Bristol (by Sir Joshua Reynolds), 182; George Berkeley, Bp. of Cloyne, ib.; Bps. Hayter of London, 183; Terrick, of London (by Dance), ib.; John Thomas, of Winchester, ib.; Sir Thomas Gooch, of Ely (by Hudson), ib.; Mawson, of Ely, ib.; Douglas, of Carlisle (by Beechey), ib.; Warren, of Bangor (by Gainsborough), ib.; Rundle, of Derry, ib. — Peter du Moulin, 184 — Drs Gibson, Wilkins, and Wharton (librarians), ib. — Ralph Snowe, treasurer, ib. — Martin Luther; supposed Luther and his wife, 185 — Reputed likeness of Katherine Parr, 186 — Probably that of Katherine, wife of Lord Wm. Howard, 187 — Prince Henry, son of James I., 189 — Charles I. (said to be by Vandyck), ib. — The four Fathers of the Western Church, 190 — George Hardinge, a Welsh Judge (by Dance), 192 — Likenesses of members of the Townsend and Eden families, ib. Pp. 111-193 CONTENTS. XXII

Chapter VIII. The Water Tower, Commonly Called The Lollards' Tower

Consists of three portions, 196 — The main tower built by Abp. Chicheley, 197 — Origin of the real name, "The Water Tower," 198 — The Staircase Turret belongs to an earlier building, 199 — The " Post Room," false tradition about it, 202-204 — Laud's addition to the Water Tower on the north, 203 — The prisonroom at the top of the Staircase Turret, 205 — Prisons in Bishops' Palaces accounted for, 206 — " The Lollards' Tower" a misnomer here, 208 — Dr Maitland's opinion, and Dr Hook's, to that effect, 209 — Wickliffites and Lollards to be distinguished, 210 — Abp. Arundel's persecution of the Lollards, 212 — Abp. Chicheley's clemency towards them, 213 — His character vindicated from the charge of Lollard persecution, 215 — Abp. Warham's general liberality of action, 217 — Under Abp. Cranmer Lambeth became an asylum for Continental Reformers, 218 — No record of persons imprisoned here under Mary, 219 — A "Lollards' Tower" undoubtedly existed, but where? 221 — Stow describes it in the south-west tower of St Paul's, 222 — No mention of a Lollards' Tower at Lambeth until eighteenth century, ib. — This misapplication of the name accounted for, 223 — The name only applied to the Water Tower by modern topographers, 224 — Lambeth Palace an asylum for Romanists under Abp.

Parker, 226 — Lord Henry Howard imprisoned here, 227 — Lord Essex sheltered here on the way to the Tower, 228 — Lord Maltravers and his bride sent here in custody by Charles I., 229 — Lambeth Palace used as a State prison for Royalists by Parliament, 230 — Dr Alexander Leighton appointed head-jailer, 233 — Sir Roger Twysden, Dr Guy Carleton, and others of mark imprisoned here, 235 — Great mortality among the prisoners in 1645, 237 — Some " Fifth Monarchy" men also imprisoned here, 239 — Among the later prisoners the Earls of Derby and Chesterfield, &c, CONTENTS. XXIII —Edward Dendy the last jailer, 242— The names, emblems, &c, in the prison probably those of the Royalist prisoners, 243. Pp. 196-244

Chapter IX. The Chapel

The probable date of the present building, 245 — The Crypt of earlier date, 246 — Consecrations held "at Lambeth" before it belonged to the Archbishops, 247 — Probably in a Chapel attached to Rochester Place, 249 — The Crypt the probable scene of Abp. Boniface's revenge, 250 — Here Anne Boleyn appeared before Cranmer, ib. — The Chapel, its architectural features, 252 — The western doorway, 253 — Cardinal Morton beautified it, 254 — 'Biblia Pauperum,' the origin and use of them, 256 — Abp. Laud's restoration of it charged against him, 258 — The subjects of the windows, 260 — The roof of the Chapel always flat, to be used as a terrace, 262 — Wickliffe's appearances in the Chapel, 263 — Abp. Parker's Consecration here, 265 — The variety of vestments on that occasion, 267 — A "Vestment" Conference held here in 1566, 268 — Abp.

Parker buried here, 269 — His tomb, 270 — Abp. Laud's last service in the Chapel, 272 — Abp. Sancroft's "Non-juror" Communion here, 273 — The Chapel desecrated and Abp. Parker's tomb rifled, 274 — His bones recovered and replaced by Abp. Sancroft, 276 — The windows restored, and the Chapel decorated by Abp. Tait, 278 — Lambeth Chapel a national shrine, 281 — Upwards of 400 Consecrations held here since 1500, 283 — A larger building necessary of late years for Consecrations, 284 — First American Bishops consecrated here in 1787, 287 — Close intercourse with the American Church ever since, 291 — The first Pan-Anglican Conference at Lambeth in 1S67, 292 — Bishops Selwyn and Venables, &c, at the American Convention in 1871, ib. — The American Alms-basin presented to the English Church, 293 — Bishops consecrated in Lambeth Chapel for Canada, India, Australia, &c, 295 — The second Pan-Anglican Conference in 1878, 298 — The rich historical associations of Lambeth Chapel, 300. Pp. 245-301 CONTENTS. XXIV

Chapter X. Miscellaneous Associations

Archbishops of Canterbury made Cardinals, 302 — Lord Chancellors, 303 — Lord Treasurers, 304 — Royal visits to Lambeth, 305 — The " Clarendon Walk," 307 — Mary of Modena sheltering under the Gateway, ib. — The Palace attacked by London mobs in 1247 and 1381, 308 — By the London Apprentices in 1640, 309 — In the Lord George Gordon riots in 1780, ib. — The "Lambeth Fig-trees," 310 — Abps. who died at Lambeth, 311 — The present relation of Lambeth to Christendom, 312 — Lambeth virtually the centre of a Patriarchate, 313. Pp. 302-313 APPENDICES. A. Consecrations in the Chapel, . . . 315 B. The American Alms-basin, . . . . . 327 C. The Arms of the Archbishops, .... 333 Index, . . . .

INTRODUCTION.

BY HIS GRACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. There are in London comparatively few buildings interesting from their antiquity. The Tower, the Abbey, and here and there a parish church or an ancient hall, which has escaped demolition and restoration, — these represent almost all that now remains to us of London before the seventeenth century. Our rich prosperity has been the natural cause of this widespread demolition. New wants and abundant means have removed old "buildings and substituted new in their place. Lambeth Palace, like the English Church of which it is the centre, holds a position intermedi ate between the old and the new. The blackened " Lollards' Tower," and the Chapel by its side,

INTRODUCTION.

BY HIS GRACE XXVI carry us back at once to the Middle Ages. The great brick towers which form the Palace Gateway bear the name of their builder, the Cardinal Chan cellor of the first of the Tudors. The Library is a medieval Hall, greatly injured in the desolations of the Commonwealth, and repaired at the Restoration according to the taste of Inigo Jones ; while one half of the whole Palace is occupied by the com modious house erected by Mr Blore, under Arch bishop Howley, in the revived Tudor style of the nineteenth century. There is abundant historical interest in this mass of somewhat incongruous buildings. The memory of events important for the nation and the Church clings to the walls. The western towers of the Palace and the garden below might seem to be tenanted even now by the great men who had their dwelling there in momentous times of old.

No wonder that there has of late revived, not in England only, but across the Atlantic, a friendly interest in this old fortress of the National Church. Old and yet new. This is characteristic of the Church of England, as it ought to be of the whole Church of Christ on earth, learning from old ex perience, both from the virtues and the errors of the past, how to regulate the present and to pro vide for the future. Our Church's history links us with every period THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. XXVII in the records of our national life. In outward organisation the See of Canterbury unites us with our earliest English ancestors, and, indirectly, even with the earlier British Church. And even if we confine our thoughts to the time — now nearly seven centuries — during which the Archbishops have lived in Lambeth, we find our selves connected by the associations which cluster round these walls, with each step in the onward progress of our Church and people towards fuller light and higher liberty.

We can find memorials here of the successful efforts made to secure free dom from the thraldom of Rome, which marked the reigns of the later Plantagenets, and of the Lancastrian and Yorkist sovereigns. We can trace the mode in which Christian influence was maintained throughout the land in spite of ma rauding barons and rapacious kings. We can see how the professed followers of Christ bore themselves amid the struggles preceding that great upheaval of society in which the hitherto non-privi leged classes asserted their rights as Englishmen. We learn how the Church of England, notwith standing the grave faults of many of its rulers, adapted itself — under the good hand of God — in all these troublous times, and in the changing days which followed them, to the real wants of the Eng lish people. The admonitions of places are, to the

INTRODUCTION.

BY HIS GRACE student of history, as powerful as the admonitions of books. Men's hearts may well be stirred, and their loyalty to the National Church confirmed, as they trace the many memorials in the architecture, pictures, and ornaments of Lambeth, which bring them face to face with the past, and so arouse their high hopes for the future. This power of adaptation to the evervarying circumstances of the nation's life, which has secured the Church's influence through so many centuries, is not likely to forsake us now. We may see a frequent example of it in the use to which these buildings are put to-day. Juxon's Great Hall and the adjoining " Guard-room," built for a very differ ent purpose, afford abundant space and opportunity for those larger gatherings of clergy and laity, by which men seek to further the work of Christ in these somewhat democratic times.