The History of Virginia ... Reprinted from the author's second revised edition, London, 1722. With an introduction by C. Campbell

Front matter

THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA, IN FOUR PARTS. I. The History of the first settlement of Virgins, and the government THEREOF, TO THE TEAR 1706. II. The natural productions and conveniences of the country, suited TO TRADE AND IMPROVEMENT. III. The native Indians, their religion, laws and customs, in war and PEACE. IV. The present state of the country, as to the polity of the government, and the improvements of the land the 10th of June 1720. BY ROBERT BEVERLEY, A native and inhabitant of the place. REPRINTED FKOM THE AUTHOR'S SECOND REVISED EDITION, LONDON, 1722. WITH AR

Introduction

BY CHAELES CAMPBELL, Author of the Colonial History of Virginia. J. W. KANDOLPH, 121 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 1855. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1855, by J. W. RANDOLPH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court in and for the Eastern District of Virginia. H. K. ELLYSON'S STEAM PRESSES, RICHMOND, VA.

Book I. Chapter

I. History of the first attempts to settle Virginia, before the discovery of Chesapeake bay. PAGE. }1. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains letters patent, for rnakiDg discoveries in America, ....... 8 2. Two ships set out on the discovery, and arrive at Roanoke inlet, . 9 Their account of the country, . . . . .9 Their account of the natives, . . . . .9 3. dueen Elizabeth names the country of Virginia, . . .10 4. Sir Richard Green vile's voyage, . . . . .10 He plans the first colony, under command or Mr. Ralph Line, . 11 5. The discoveries and accidents of the first colony, . • .11 6. Their distress by want of provisions, . . . .12 Sir Francis Drake visits them, . . . • • 12 He gives them a ship and necessaries, . • . .12 He takes them away wilh him, . . . . .12 7. Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Richard Greenvile, their voyages, . 13 The second settlement made, . . . . .13 8.

Mr. John White's expedition, . . . . .13 The first Indian made a Christian there, . . . .14 The first child born there of Christian parentage, . . .14 Third settlement, incorporated by the name of the city of Raleigh, in Virginia, . . . . . . .14 Mr. White, their governor, sent home to solicit for supplies, . 14 9. John White's second voyage; last attempts to carry them recruits, 14 His disappointment, . . . . . .15 10. Capt. Gosnell's voyage to the coast of Cape Cod, . . 15 11. The Bristol voyages, . . . . . .16 12. A London voyage, which discovered New York, . . .16

Chapter II

Discovery of Chesapeake bay by the corporation of London adventurers ; their colony at Jamestown, and proceedings during the government by an elective president and council. $13. The companies of London and Plymouth obtain charters, . 18 14. Captain Smith first discovers the capes of Virginia, . . 19 15. He plants his first colony at Jamestown, . . . .20 An account of Jamestown island, . . , .20 16. He sends the ships home, retaining one hundred and eight men to keep possession, . .... THE TABLE . 17. That colony's mismanagement, . . . - • -21 Their misfortunes upon discovery of a supposed gold mine, . 21 18. Their first supplies after settlement, . • • • 22 Their discoveries, and experiments in English grain, . , 2~ An attempt of some to desert the colony, . . • • 22 19. The first Christian marriage in that colony, . . -23 They make three plantations more, . . • .23

Chapter III

History of the colony after the change of their government, from an elective president to a commissionated governor, until the dissolution of the company. 520. The company get a new grant, and the nomination of the governors in themselves, • • . . • -24 They send three governors in equal degree, . ■ 24 All three going in one ship, are shipwrecked at Bermudas, . 24 They build there two small cedar vessels, . . .24 21. Captain Smith's return to England, . . . .25 Mismanagements ruin the colony, . . . .25 The first massacre and starving time, . . . .25 The first occasion of the ill character of Virginia, . . 26 The five hundred men left by Captain Smith reduced to six'y in six months time. . . . . . -26 22. The three governors sail from Bermudas, and arrive at Virginia, 26 23. They take off the Christians that remained there, and design, by way of Newfoundland, to return to England, . . .27 Lord Delaware arrives and turns them back, . . .27 24.

Sir Thomas Dale arrives governor, with supplies, . • 27 25. Sir Thomas Gates arrives governor, . . . .28 He plants out a new plantation, . . . ■ .28 26. Pocahontas made prisoner, and married to Mr. Rolfe, . . 28 27. Peace with the Indians, . . . . . .28 28. Pocahontas brought to England by Sir Thomas Dale, • . 29 29. Captain Smith's petition to the queen in her behalf, . . 29 30. His visit to Pocahontas, . . . . • .32 An Indian's account of the people of England, . . .32 31. Pocahontas' reception at court, and death, . . .33 32. Captain Yardley's government, . . . . .34 33. Governor Argall's good administration, . . . .34 34. Powhatan's death, and successors, . . . .34 Peace renewed by the successors, . . . .34 35. Captain Argall's voyage from Virginia to New England, . 35 36. He defeats the French northward of New England, . . 35 37.

An account of those French, . . . . .36 38. He also defeats the French in Acadia, . . . .36 39. His return to England, . . . . . -36 Sir George Yardley, governor, . . . . .36 40. He resettles the deserted plantation, and held the first assembly, .' 36 The method of that assembly, . . . . ,37 41. The first negroes carried to Virginia, . . .37. 42. Land apportioned to adventurers, . . , ! 37 43. A salt work and iron work in Virginia, . . . .38 44. Sir Francis Wyat made governor, . . . 38 King James, his instructions in care of tobacco, . \ 38 Captain Newport's plantation, . 3g V 45. Inferior courts in each plantation, . . . . .39 Too much familiarity with the Indians, . ... .39 46. The massacre by the Indians, anno 1622, . . .39 47. The discovery and prevention of it at Jamestown, . . 40 48.

The occasion of the massacre, . . . . .41 49. A plot to destroy the Indians, . . . . .42 50. The discouraging effects of the massacre, . . .43 51. The corporation in England are the chief cause of misfortunes in Virginia, . . ■ . . . .43 52. The company dissolved, and the colony taken into the king's hands, . . . . . . . .44

Chapter IV

History of Hie government, from the dissolution of the company to the year 1707. J53. King Charles First establishes the constitution of government, in the methods appointed by the first assembly, . . .45 54. The ground of the ill settlement of Virginia, . . .45 55. Lord Baltimore in Virginia, . . . . .46 56. Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, . . .46 Maryland named from the queen, . . . .46 57. Young Lord Baltimore seats Maryland, . . . .46 Misfortune to Virginia, by making Maryland a distinct government, . . . . . . . .47 58. Great grants and defalcations from Virginia, . . .47 59. Governor Harvey sent prisoner to England, and by the king remanded back governor again, . . . . .47 60. The last Indian massacre, . . . . .48 61. A character and account of Oppechancanough, the Indian emperor, . . , .... 48 62.

Sir William Berkeley made governor, . . . .49 63. He takes Oppechancanough prisoner, . . . .49 Oppechancanough's death, . . . . .50 64. A new peace with the Indians, but the country disturbed by the troubles in England, . . . . . -50 65. Virginia subdued by the protector, Cromwell, . . .50 66. He binds the plantations by an act of navigation, . . 51 67. His jealousy and change of governors in Virginia, . . 51 68. Upon the death of Matthews, the protector's governor, Sir William Berkeley is chosen by the people, . . .52 69. He proclaims King Charles II before he was proclaimed in England, . . . . J .52 70. King Charles II renews Sir William Berkeley's commission, . 52 71. Sir William Berkeley makes Colonel Morrison deputy governor, and goes to England, . • . • . .53 The king renews the act concerning the plantation, • . .53 72.

The laws revised, . . . . . .53 The church of England established by law, . ■ .53 73. Clergy provided for by law, . . . . .53 74. The public charge of the government sustained by law, . 53 75. Encouragement of particular manufactures by law, . . 54 76. The instruction for all ships to enter at Jamestown, used by law, 54 77. Indian affairs settled by law, . . . . -54 78. Jamestown encouraged by law, . . • . .54 79, Restraints upon sectaries in religion, . . . .55 VI THE TABLE. 80. A plot to subvert the government, . • • "fe 81. The defeat of the plot, ■ «** 82. An anniversary feast upon that occasion, ■ • ■ * 83. The king commands the building a fort at Jamestown, - no 84. A new restraint on the plantations by act of parliament, • 5b 85. Endeavors for a stint in planting tobacco, • • °° ' 86.

Another endeavor at a stint defeated, . . • . ol 87. The king sent instructions to build forts, and confine the trade to certain ports, ...-•■ " «a 88. The disappointment of those ports, . . • 'a 89. Encouragement of manufactures enlarged, . ■ 58 90. An attempt to discovery the country backward, . • 59 Captain Batt's relation of that discovery, . . • *™ 91. Sir William Berkeley intends to procecute that discovery in person, 60 92. The grounds of Bacon's rebellion, . . . .60 Four ingredients thereto, - . • • .61 93. First, the low price of tobacco, . . . • .61 Second, splitting the country into proprieties, . . .61 The country send agents, to complain of the propriety grants, . 61 94. Third, new duties by act in England on the plantations, . 62 95. Fourth, disturbances on the land frontiers by the Indians, . 62 First, by the Indians on the head of the bay, . - .62 Second, by the Indians on their own frontiers, . . .63 96.

The people rise against the Indians, . . . .63 They choose Nathan Bacon, jr., for their leader, . . 63 97. He heads them, and sends to the governor for a commission, . 64 98. He begins his march without a commission, . . .64 The governor sends for him, . . . . .65 99. Bacon goes down in a sloop with forty of his men to the governor, 65 100. Goes away in a huff, is pursued and brought back by governor, 65 101. Bacon steals privately out of town, and marches down to the assembly with six hundred of his volunteers, . . .65 102. The governor, by advice of assembly, signs a commission to Mr. Bacon to be general, . . . . . .66 103. Bacon being marched away with his men is proclaimed rebel, . 66 104. Bacon returns with his forces to Jamestown, . . .66 105. The governor flies to Accomac, . . . . .66 The people there begin to make terms with him, . . 67 106.

Bacon holds a convention of gentlemen, . . .67 They propose to take an oath to him, . . . - . 67 107. The forms of the oath, . . . . . .67 108. The governor makes head against him, . . . .69 General Bacon's death, . . . . . .69 109. Bacon's followers surrender upon articles, . . .69 110. The agents compound with the proprietors, . .i .69 111. A new charter to Virginia, . . . . .70 112. Soldiers arrive from England, . . . . .70 113. The dissolution by Bacon's rebellion, . ■ . .70 114. Commissioners arrive in Virginia, and Sir William Berkeley returns to England, . . . . . .71 115. Herbert Jeffreys, esq., governor, concludes peace with Indians, 71 116. Sir Henry Chicheley, deputy governor, builds forts against Indians, 71 The assembly prohibited the importation of tobacco, . . 72 117. Lord Colepepper, governor, . . 72 118.

Lord Colepepper's first assembly, . . 72 He passes several obliging acts to the country, . . ! 72. 119. He doubles the governor's salary, . . . .72 120. He imposes the perquisite of ship money, . . 73 - 121. He, by proclamation, raises the value of Spanish coins, and , lowers it again, . . . . . .73 122. Sir Henry Chicheley, deputy governor, . . . .74 The plant cutting, . . . . . .74 123. Lord Colepepper's second assembly, . . . .75 He takes away appeals to the assembly, . . .75 124. His advantage thereby in the propriety of the Northern Neck, . 76 1 25. He retrenches the new methods of court proceedings, . . 77 126. He dismantled the forts on the heads of rivers, and appointed rangers in their stead, . . . . . .77 ] 27. Secretary Spencer, president, . , . • -77 128. Lord Effingham, governor, . . . . .77 Some of his extraordinary methods of getting money, . . 77 Complaints against him, . . . . .78 129.

Duty on liquors first raised, . . . • .78 130. Court of Chancery by Lord Effingham., . . .78 131. Colonel Bacon, president, . . . . .79 The college designed, . ..... 79 132. Francis Nicholson, lieutenant governor, . . . .79 He studies popularity, . . . , . ,79 The college proposed to him, . . . . .79 He refuses to call an assembly, . . . . .79 133. He grants a brief to the college, . . . .79 134. The assembly address King William and Q,ueen Mary for a college charter, ....... 80 I The education intended by this college, . . . .80 The assembly present the lieutenant governor, . . .80 His method of securing this present, . . . .80 135. Their majesties grant the charter, . . . .80 They grant liberally towards the building and endowing of it, . 80 136. The lieutenant governor encourages towns and manufactures, . 80 Gentlemen of the council complain of him and are misused, . 81 He falls off from the encouragement of the towns and trade, . 81 137.

Edmund Andros, governor, . . . . .81 The town law suspended, . . . . .81 138. The project of a post office, . . . . .81 139. The college charter arrived, . . . . .81 The college further endowed, and the foundation laid, . . 82 140. Sir Edmund Andros encourages manufactures, and regulates the secretary's office, . . . . . .82 141. A child born in the old age of the parents, . . .83 142. Francis Nicholson, governor, . . . . .83 His and Colonel Q.uarrey's memorials against plantations, . 84 143. His zeal for the church and college, . . . .84 144. He removes the general court from Jamestown, . . . 84 145. The taking of the pirate, . . . . .84 146. The sham bills of nine hundred pounds for New York, . . 86 147. Colonel Q,uarrey's unjust memorials, . . . .87 148. Governor Nott arrived, . ..... 88 149.

Revisal of the law finished, . . . . .88 150. Ports and towns again set on foot, * . . . .88 1 151. Slaves a real estate, , . . . • . .88 152. A house built for the governor, . . . . .88 Governor dies, and the college burnt, . . . .88 THE TABLE. 153. Edmond Jennings, esq., president, . . • " oq 154. Alexander Spotswood, lieutenant governor, . . .89

Book II

Natural Pioductions ana) Conveniences of Virginia in tts unimproved state, before the English went thither.

Chapter I

Bounds and Coast of Virginia. §1. Present bounds of Virginia, . . - . . .90 2. Chesapeake bay, and the seacoast of Virginia, . . .91 3- What is meant by the word Virginia in this book, . . 91

Chapter II

Of the Waters. J4. Conveniency of the bay and rivers, . . . .93 5. Springs and fountains descending to the rivers, . . .93 6. Damage to vessels by the worm, , . . s . .94 Ways of avoiding that damage, . . . . .94

Chapter III

Earths, and Sous. §7. The soil in general, . . . . . .96 River lands — lower, middle and upper, . . . .96 8. Earths and clays, ...... .98 Coal, slate and stone, and why not used, . . . .98 9. Minerals therein, and iron mine formerly wrought upon, . 98 Supposed gold mines lately discovered, . . . .99 That this gold mine was the supreme seat of the Indian temples formerly, ....... 99 That their chief altar was there also, . . . • . 99 Mr. Whitaker's account of a silver mine, . . .99 10. Hills in Virginia, . . . . . .100 Springs in the high lands, . . . . .101

Chapter IV. Wm

Fruits. §11. Spontaneous fruits in general, ..... 102 12. Stoned fruits, viz : cherries, plums and persimmons, . . 102 13. Berries, viz: mulberries, currants, hurts, cranberries, raspberries and strawberries, . . . , . jq3 14. Of nuts, s " 104 15. Of grapes, . . . . . . .105 The report of some French vignerons formerly sent in thither . 107 16. Honey, and the sugar trees, . . . . JO7 17, Myrtle tree, and myrtle wax, . . . jqc Hops growing wild, ... * jqq 18. Great variety of seeds, plants and flowers, .' 1 09 Two snake roots, ... ' jqq Jamestown weed, ... ,.q Some curious flowers, ... 1 1 THE TABLE. 19. Creeping vines bearing fruits, viz : melons, pompions, macocks, gourds, maracocks. and cushaws, . . . .112 20. Other fruits, roots and plants of the Indians, . . .114 Several sorts of Indian corn, . . . . .114 Of potatoes, . . . . . . .115 Tobacco, as it was ordered by the Indians, . . .116

Chapter V

Fish. §21. Great plenty and variety of fish, . . . • 117 Vast shoals of herrings, shad, &c, . ... .117 22. Continuality of the fishery, . . . . .118 The names of some of the best edible fish, . . .118 The names of some that are not eaten, . . . .118 23. Indian children catching fish, . . . . .118 Several inventions of the Indians to take fish, . . .119 24. Fishing hawks and bald eagles, ..... 121 Fish dropped in the orchard, ..... 121

Chapter VI

Wild Fowl and Hunted Game. §25. Wild Water Fowl, • 123 26. Game in the marshes and watery grounds, . . . 123 27. Game in the highlands and frontiers, . . . .123 Of the Opossum, . . 1 m. . .124 28. Some Indian ways of hunting, ..... 124 Fire hunting, . . . . . . .124 Their hunting quarters, . . . . . .125 29. Conclusion, 126

Book III

Indians, their Religion, Laws and Customs, in War and Peace.

Chapter I

Persons of the Indians, and their Dress. §1. Persons of the Indians, their color and shape, . . . 127 2. The cut of their hair, and ornament of their head, . . 128 3. Of their vesture, . . . . . . .128 4. Garb peculiar to their priests and conjurors, . . . 130 5. Of the women's dress, . . . . . .131

Chapter II

Matrimony of the Indians, and Management of their Children. §6. Conditions of their marriage, . . . .133 7. Maidens, and the story of their prostitution. . . . 133 8. Management of the young children, . . . 1 34

Chapter III

Towns, Building and Fortification of the Indians. §9. Towns and kingdoms of the Indians, . .* . .135 10. Manner of their building, . • . . .135 11. Their fuel, or fire wood, ...... 136 B X 1 2. Their seats and lodgirjg, . . • • • - J* 13. Their fortifications, . . - • • .lob

Chapter IV

Cookery and Food of the Indians. §14. Their cookery, . . . • • • • j^ 15. Their several sorts of food, ..... 139 16. Their times of eating, ...••• 140 17. Their drink, . . . • • • 140 18. Their ways of dining, • .'■ . • - "141

Chapter V

Traveling, Reception and entertainment of the Indians. §19. Manner of their traveling, and provision they make for it, . 142 Their way of concealing their course, .... 142 20. Manner of their reception of strangers, . . "143 The pipe of peace, . . . • - 143 21. Their entertainment of honorable friends, . . ■ 145

Chapter VI

Learning and Languages of the Indians. §22. That they are without letters, . . . . .147 Their descriptions by hieroglyphics, . , . .140 Heraldry and arms of the Indians, . . . .147 23. That they have different languages, . . . , 148 Their general language, ....•• 148

Chapter VII

War and Peace of the Indians. §24. Their consultations and war dances, . , . .149 25. Their barbarity upon a victory, . . . . .149 26. Descent of the crown, ...... 150 27. Their triumphs for victory, , 150 28. Their treaties of peace, and ceremonies upon conclusion of peace, 151

Chapter VIII

Religion, Worship and Superstitious Customs of tine Indians. §29. Their quioccassan and idol of worship, . . 152 30. Their notions of God, and worshiping the evil spirit, . • 155 31. Their pawwawing or conjurations, . . 157 S2. Their huskanawing, . . . . '. Ign 33. Reasons of this custom, .... ig4 34. Their offerings and sacrifice, ... jgg 35. Their set feasts, •...."."' igg 36. Their account of time, ... 165 37. Their superstition and zealotry, . . igg 38. Their regard to the priests and magicians, 167 39. Places of their worship and sacrifice, . igg Their pawcorances or altar stones, . ' " 1 gg 40. Their care of the bodies of their princes after death, .'

Chapter IX

Diseases and Cures of the Indians. §41. Their diseases in general, and burning for cure, . . l7li Their sucking, scarifying and blistering, . . .171 Priests' secrecy in the virtues of plants, . . . .171 Words wisoccan, wighsacan and woghsacan, . . . 172 Their physic, and the method of it, . . . .-172 42. Their bagnios or baths, . . . ■ . 172 Their oiling after sweating, ..... 173

Chapter X

Sports and Pastimes of the Indians. §43. Their sports and pastimes in general, • . . . 175 Their singing, ....... 175 Their dancing, . . . . . , .175 A mask used among them, ..... 176 Their musical instruments, ..... 177

Chapter XI

Laws, and Authorities of the Indians among one another. §44. Their laws in general, . . . . . .178 Their severity and ill manners, ..... 178 Their implacable resentments, . . . . .179 45. Their honors, preferments and authorities, . . . 179 Authority of the priests and conjurers, . . . 179 . Servants or black boys, . . . . . -179

Chapter XII

Treasure or Riches of the Indians. §46. Indian money and goods, . . . . .180

Chapter XIII

Handicrafts of the Indians. §47. Their lesser crafts, as making bows and arrows, . . 182 48. Their making canoes, . . . . . .182 Their clearing woodland ground, .... 183 > 49. Account of the tributary Indians, . . . . 1 85

Part I

Polity and Government. CHAPTER* I. Constitution of Government in Virginia. §1. Constitution of government in general, . . • .186 2. Governor, his authority and salary, . . . .188 THE TABLE. 3. Council and their authority, . . . . .189 4. House of burgesses, . . . ... . 190

CHAPTER II.

Sub-Divisions of Virginia. §5. Division of the country, ...... 192 6. Division of the country by necks of land, counties and parishes, . 192 7. Division of the country by districts for trade by navigation, . 194

CHAPTER III.

Public Offices of Government. §8. General officers as are immediately commissionated from the throne, 196 Auditor, Receiver General and Secretary, .... 196 Salaries of those officers, ...... 197 9. Other general officers, . . . . . .197 Ecclesiastical commissary and country's treasurer, . . 197 10. Other public officers by commission, .... 197 Escheators, . . . . . . .198 Naval officers and collectors, ..... 198 Clerks and sheriffs, . . . . . .198 Surveyors of land and coroners, . . . . .199 11. Other officers without commission, , 199

CHAPTER IV.

Standing Revenues or Public Funds. §12. Public funds in general, ...... 200 13. Quit rent fund, ....... 200 14. Funds for maintenance of the government, . . . 201 15. Funds for extraordinary occasions, under the disposition of the assembly, 201 16. Revenue granted by the act of assembly to the college, . . 202 17. Revenue raised by act of parliament in England from the trade there> 202

CHAPTER V.

Lewes for Payment of the Public, County and Parish Debts. §18. Several ways of raising monev. . o«o Titheables, . . " * ' ££ 19. Public levy, ..'.;' ' £% 20. County levy, . . . " " " ' gg 21. Parish levy, ••..'. ' 204

CHAPTER VI.

Courts of Law in Virginia. §22. Constitution of their courts, . . . «,,,- 23. Several sorts of courts among them, ." ' £5 24. General court in particular, and its jurisdiction ' ' 25. Times of holding a general court, .... 206 26. Officers attending this court, ..... 206 27. Trials by juries and empannefling grand juries, . . . 207 28. Trial of criminals, 207 29. Time of suits, .208 30. Lawyers and pleadings, ...... 208 31. County courts, . . . . . . .208 32. Orphans' courts, .209

CHAPTER VII.

Church and Church Affairs. §33. Parishes, .210 34. Churches and chapels in each parish, . . . .210 35. Religion of the country, ...... 210 36. Benefices of the clergy, ...... 210 37. Disposition of parochial affairs, . . . . .211 38. Prdbates, administrations, and marriage licenses, . . 212 39. Induction of ministers, and precariousness of their livings, . 213

CHAPTER VIII.

Concerning the College. §40. College endowments, ...... 214 41. The college a corporation, . . . . .214 42. Governors and visitors of the college in perpetual succession, . 215 43. College buildings, ... . . . .215 44. Boys and schooling, ...... 215

CHAPTER IX.

Military Strength in Virginia. §45. Forts and fortifications, ...... 217 46. Listed militia, . . . . . . -217 47. Number of the militia, . • . . . .217 48. Service of the militia, . . . . . ■ . 218 49. Other particulars of the troops and companies, . . . 218

CHAPTER X.

Servants and Slaves. §50. Distinction between a servant and a slave, . . .219 51. Work of their servants and slaves, .... 219 52. Laws in favor of servants, ..... 220

CHAPTER XI.

Provision for the Poor, and other Public Charitable Works. §53. Legacy to the poor, ...... 223 54. Parish methods in maintaining their poor, . . . 223 55. Fiee schools, and schooling of children, .... 224

CHAPTER XII.

Tenure of Lands and Grants. §56. Tenure and patents of their lands, ... . 225 57. Several ways of acquiring grants of land, ' . . THE TABLE. 58. Rights to land, . ... . • • ■ 225 59. Patents upon survey, . . ■ . • • ~~*x 60. Grants of lapsed land, ....•• jf® 61. Grants of escheat land, ..•••• *•*

CHAPTER XIII.

Liberties and Naturalization of Ækns. §62. Naturalizations, .....•• 228 63. French refugees at the Manican town, . 228

Chapter XVII

Edibles, Potables and Fuel. §70. Cookery, ....... 236 71 . Flesh and fish, ....... 236 72. Bread, . . . . . . 237 73. Their kitchen gardens, •....." 237 74. Their drinks, ..... 238 75. Their fuel, ...... 238

Chapter XVIII

Clothing in Virginia. *76- swigs' • k' ,■ r 239 blothlulness in handicrafts, . 239

Chapter XIX

Temperature of the Climate, and the Inconveniences attending it. §77. Natural temper and mixture of the air, . . 240 78. Climate and happy situation of the latitude, . 79. Occasions of its ill character, . . . . .241 Rural pleasures, ....... 241 80. Annoyances, or occasions of uneasiness, . . . 243 Thunders, ....... 243 Heat, . . . . *. . .243 Troublesome insects, ...... 243 81. Winters, . . . . . . .250 Sudden changes of the weather, . . . .251