Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri, from 1541 to 1877, etc

Preface

. The material of the present work was originally included in a large and costly volume entitled " The Commonwealth of Mis souri," the price of which placed it beyond the reach of the majority of readers. Everything of permanent value in the larger work has been retained in this, and al^ extraneous mat ter omitted ; and the work is now offered at a figure which it is hoped will meet the popular demand. Identified with the growth of our noble State for over half a century, a considerable portion of the time in public life, no person could have been found better qualified to write its history than the distinguished gentleman whose name appears upon our title-page, Col. W. F. Switzler, Editor of the Columbia States man. Blessed with a remarkable memory, and having all his life given particular attention to the preservation of documents and memoranda of every description relating to the history and growth of Missouri, he has enjoyed unequalled advantages in the preparation of the work ; advantages which have been supplemented by a patriotic ardor which age cannot cool, and a discriminating judgment which preserves the truth, unswerved by prejudice or partisan feeling.

The unvarying accuracy of his record has already been the subject of much complimentary remark. The numerous mounds and other pre-historic relics found within our borders indicate that Missouri was once the seat of a mighty empire, of which these relics are now the only traces. It has been thought proper, therefore, to precede the History by editor's preface. VI an account of these ancient remains. Prof. Conant's admirably written chapters, while giving such an account, present also a complete epitome of the science of Archæology. The contributions on the Physical Geography and Material Wealth of Missouri, by Prof. Swallow and R. A. Campbell, added to the preceding sections, make the present work the most complete picture of our State yet offered to the public. For himself the editor claims no credit beyond that of an earnest effort to present in an attractive and useful shape the pro ductions of the abler men whose names appear above. Chancy R. Barns.

Chapter I

Page. Traces of Vanished Peoples. — Their World-wide Diffusion. — Russian Earthworks. — Epyptian Monuments Ancient at the Date of Oldest Records. — A Troy Still Older than the Ancient Troy of Homer 3

Chapter II

Methods of the Archæologist. — The Shell-heaps of the Baltic. — The Buried Forests of Denmark. — The Sisterhood of Science. — The Five Geological Periods. — The Ages of Stone and Bronze. — Iron in Common Use Three Thousand Years Ago 7

Chapter III

No "Age of Bronze" in America. — Traditions Regarding the Mounds. — Tuscarora Chronology. — The Animal Mounds of the Upper Mississippi Region. — Ancient Fish Traps. — Burial, Sacrificial and Historical Mounds 12

Chapter IV

The Archæological Monuments of Missouri. — Their rapid destruction. — Sites of Towns and Cities. — The Labors of H. M. Brackenridge. — The Big Mound at St. Louis. — Col. O'Fallon's Residence Erected on an Ancient Mound. — The Mounds in Forest Park. — Evidences of a Vast Population. — New Madrid its Center. — Description of Various Works 25

Chapter V

One People the Builders of these Mounds.— Cremation and Burial Mounds. — The Big Mound at St. Louis. — Mistaken Views. — Minute Description of the Work. — Stone Mounds. — Stone Sepulchres in St. Louis and Perry Counties 38 CPIAPTER VI. " The Cave-Dwellers." — Tales of Discoveries in Kentucky, etc. — The Caves of the Ozark Mountains. — Proofs of Long Occupancy. — Skeletons and other Relics Found. — The Cave-Dwellers a different race from the Mound-Builders.

Chapter VII

Temple Mounds.— Growth of Ancient Religious Systems.— Characteristics of this Class of Monuments.— The Great Mound at Cahokia its best Representative in North America. — Brackenridge's Description of it in 1811. — How it came to be caned "Monk's Mound."— The Ceremonies of the Sun- Worshippers.— Other Temple Mounds. — The Indians not Descended From the Mound- Builders 53

Chapter VIII

Garden Mounds.— The Food of the Pre-Historic Races.— Fish Probably one of their Main Resources. — The use of the Ditches within their City WaUs. — Domestic Animals. — Agriculture. — Religious Systems. — Dissimilarity between Northern and Southern Tribes of Indians. — Traces of Aztec Culture Among the Latter.— Vast Numbers of the Garden Mounds.— Proofs of their Purpose. — The Utah Mounds. — Interesting Discoveries. — A new Variety of Wheat Grown from Kernels found Therein. — An Opening for Further Researches. . . 6

Chapter IX

Miscellaneous Works — Historical or National Festival Mounds. — Stone Structures. — Ruins on the Gasconade River. — Group near Louisiana, Mo. — Some Indiana Relics. — Cremation Chambers. — Proofs of Agricultural Knowledge. — Great Canals Ante-dating the Erie Ancient Counterparts of Modern Achievements. — Our Southern " Bayous " of Artificial Origin 70

Chapter X

Pottery. — Superiority of Pre-Historic America Wares over those of Europe. — Imitations of Living Objects. — The Materials Used. — Reliquaries. — Skulls Enclosed in Earthen Vessels.— Bowls with Ornamental Heads.— Probabilities of Higher Art Among the Ancients 79

Chapter XI

Crania. —Differences Between the Skulls of the Mound-Builders and the Indians. —Difficulties of the Subject.— Two Varieties of Crania in the same Mounds.— Principles of Classification.— Influence of Local Customs.— Peruvian Skulls.— Characteristics of Missouri Specimens, etc.— The Tools of Ancient Americans. — Proofs of a Knowledge of Iron 97

Chapter XII

Concluding Observations.— The Origin of the Pre-Historic Races of America- Theory of Spontaneous Generation.— The Law Governing their Migrations.— Successive Movements of the Nahua Race.— The Aztecs the Last Colony of that People.— Opinions of Baron Humboldt.— Our own Country Probably the Original Home of the Aztec Civilization.— The Indian Races of Asiatic Origin. — Facilities of Immigration via. Behring's Straits.— A Personal Word.— Dry Bones Clothed ..„ Page. 142 151

Chapter I

Expedition of Juan Ponce De Leon in 1512, to Florida, in search of Gold and the Fountain of Eternal Youth. — His Failure and Death.— De Soto's Marvelous Expedition in 1539. — A Splendid Pageant.— He Discovers the River Mississippi in 1541. — Crosses it, and Marches into the Present Territory of Missouri. — DeSoto's Death and Romantic Burial 127

Chapter II

Louisiana. — French Explorations. — Acquisition of Louisiana. — Missouri a Portion of the Province. — Expedition of Marquette and Joliet in 1673. — They Discover the Upper Mississippi and the Mouth of the Missouri 133

Chapter III

Discovery of the Mouth of the Mississippi. — La Salle and Hennepin. — Seeking a Northwest Passage to China, they Discover the Mouth of the Mississsppi and Take Formal Possession of the Country in the Name of Louis XIV. — In Honor of Him they Call it " Louisiana." — Missouri a Portion of it. — Letters Patent to Cruzat. John Law's Company 137

Chapter IV

First Settlement in Missouri. — The French Settle Ste. Genevieve in 1735. — Its Inundation in 1785. — New Bourbon. — Renault's Searches for Gold and Silver. . .

Chapter V

Laclede. — St. Louis. — " The Louisiana Fur Company." — Laclede its Master Spirit. — His Expedition from New Orleans in 1763. — Ste. Genevieve. — Fort de Chartres. — A Description. — Discovery by Laclede, in 1764, of the Site of St. Louis. — Extracts from an Address of Hon. Wilson Primm. — Laclede's Death and Burial. — What a Bubble is Fame 144

Chapter VI

St. Louis in 1765 to 177S. — Louis St. Ange de Belle Rive moves his Garrison from Fort Chartres to St. Louis. — Is Made Governor.— Pontiac ; His Visit, Assassination and Burial. — Termination of French Authority. — Arrival of Don Pedro Piernas and Establishment of Spanish Rule — Death of St. Ange.— Francisco Cruzat. — Don Fernando Leyba.— Death of Laclede.— Sale of His Property.. . X

Chapter VII

Page. St. Louis in 1778 to 1800.— The Village Fortified by a Wall of Brush and Clay— Attack of British and Indians. — Traitorous Conduct of Leyba. — His Death. — Francisco Cruzat Again Appointed Governor. — New and Stronger Fortifications Erected.— Map of St. Louis as it was in 1780.— The Great Flood of 1785. — Michael Perez. — Zenon Trudeau. — Census of 1799. — Land Grants 155

Chapter VIII

Retrocession of Louisiana to France. — Its Purchase by the United States. — 1800 a Notable Year. — Treaty of Ildefonso. — Spain forced to Retrocede Louisiana to France. — Its Purchase by the United States. — Treaty of 1803. — Capt. Amos Stoddard. — French and Spanish Land Grants Protected by Treaty, and Acts of Congress 159

Chapter IX

Missouri as a District under United States Authority, 1804. — Amos Stoddard Succeeds Delassus at St. Louis.—" Territory of Orleans." — District of Louisiana." -General James Wilkinson Appointed Governor of the Latter. — Visit of Aaron Burr.— Wilkinson Succeeded by Captain Merriwether Lewis. — His Suicide. — General Benjamin Howard Succeeds Him. — A Reign of Six Days. — Captain William Clark Appointed Governor.— Four Districts Established— Statistics of Population.— St. Louis. — Interesting Facts 163

Chapter X

1803-4-5-6.— Lewis and Clark's Expedition up the Missouri, Across the Rocky Mountains, Down the Columbia, to the Pacific Ocean.— Homeward Journey— Z. M. Pike's Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers.— His Return, Military Services and Death 1 0g

Chapter XI

1769.— First Settlements West of St. Louis.— St. Charles Settled by Blanchette— " Commons."— Forts.— Portage des Sioux.— Indian Incident.-The Mamelles —Femme Osage, Perruque and Other Creeks.— Loutre Island.— Indian Attack' -W. T. Cole.-Another Attack.-Bloody Fight with Indians.-Captain James Callaway and Others Killed —Cote Sans Dessein 170

Chapter XII

"The Boone's Lick Country. "-Its Settlement-Ira P. Nash visits it in 1804.- Expedition of Lewis and Clark.- In 1807 Nathan and Daniel Boone make salt at "Boone's Lick."-Damel Boone-Popular Error Corrected-Sketch of Darnel Boone -His Death-Eealy Settlements in Cooper and Howard Counties—Stockade Forts— Tragic Death of Sarshell Cooper

Chapter XIII

Page. Earthquakes at New Madrid, 1811-12. — Description of the Catastrophe.— Hon. Lewis F. Linn's Letter. — The Venerable Godfrey Lesier, an Eye Witness, Describes it. — Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, a Result of its Violence. — "New Madrid Claims." — Acts of Congress Locating and Confirming Them 183

Chapter XIV

1812. — Missouri Territory Organized. — Five Counties. — Governor William Clark. — Election for Delegate to Congress and Members of the Territorial Legislature. — Edward Hempstead Chosen Delegate. — Sketch of his Life and Services. — First Territorial Legislature. — Census of 1814. — Rufus Easton. — John Scott. — Legislatures of 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1S17 and 1818.— Application to Form a State Government 187

Chapter XV

Three Central Counties — Howard, Cooper and Boone. — Franklin, Boonville and Fayette. — The Santa Fe Trade. — " Missouri Intelligencer." — Hardeman's Garden Described. — Town of Smithton, in Boone County, Etc., Etc 191

Chapter XVI

The First Steamboats. — Robert Fulton, the Pioneer Steamboat Builder His Death in 1815.— In 1817 the " General Pike " Lands at St. Louis.— In 1819 the "Independence" Enters the Missouri River, Proceeds to Franklin and Chariton, and returns to St. Louis. — Public Meeting at Franklin. — Other Steamers Navigate the Missouri During the Same Year 198

Chapter XVII

Missouri as a State. — Application to be Admitted into the Union. — The Beginning of the Anti-Slavery Agitation — An Angry Debate in Congress. — The Proviso Adopted by the House and Rejected by the Senate. — Congress Adjourns, Refusing to Admit the State. — Agitation and Bitter Controversies Arise. — Integrity of the Union Menaced. — The Question before the XVIth Congress. — " The Missouri Compromise " Passed. — Constitutional Convention of 1820. — David Barton.— Constitution Presented to Congress. — Resistance to Admission. — Another Fearful Anti-Slavery Storm. — Mr. Clay with His Grand Committee of Thirty Comes to the Front. — They Report a Second " Missouri Compromise," which is Adopted. — Missouri is Admitted. — Popular Error Corrected Respecting Mr. Clay. — Questions Answered by President Monroe's Cabinet 201

Chapter XVIII

First Election for Governor and other State Officers.— Alexander McNair Elected Governor. — First Legislature Under the State Constitution. — Governor McNair's Message.— Supreme and Circuit Judges Appointed.— Election of Page 23S United States Senators.— Exciting Contest.— David Barton and Thomas H. Benton Elected.— Remarkable Incidents Connected with Benton's Election- Counties Organized.— Capital Moved to St. Charles 211

Chapter XIX

From 1824 to 1830.— Frederick Bates Elected Governor to Succeed Governor McNair, Defeating General William H. Ashley.— Bates' Death— John Miller Elected his Successor.— Visit of General Lafayette to St. Louis, in 1825.— Demonstrations of Respect and Gratitude.— His Visit to Washington City.— Action of Congress. — Grants of Land and Money. — His Return to France. — First Legislature at Jefferson City in 1826.— Burning of the State House.— Canvass of 1828. — Whigs and Democrats Organize. — Slavery Emancipation Programme. — Singular Incident Frustrates It. — Alexander Buckner Elected United States Senator in 1829 in olace of David Barton 216 CHAPTEK XX. From 1830 to 1840.— Cholera in St. Louis in 1832.— The Alarm it Occasioned.— Deaths. — The Black Hawk War. — The First Railroad Convention in Missouri. — "The Hetherly War." — " The Platte Purchase." — Origin of the Measure and its Accomplishment. — Daniel Webster's Visit to St. Louis in 1837. — Recep tion, Banquet and Speech. — The Florida War. — Colonel Richard Gentry- Raises a Regiment in Central Missouri. — Their March from Columbia. — Arrival in Florida. — Battle of Okee-cho-bee. — Colonel Gentry's Heroic Death. — Bravery of the Missouri Volunteers.— Report of Colonel Zachary Taylor. — Action of Missouri Legislature Thereon 223

Chapter XXI

From 1830 to 1840 Continued.— The Mormons and the Mormon War.— Sketch of Mormonism and of Jo. Smith.—" The Book of Mormon." — Its Origin. — Mormons Settle at Independence in Jackson County — Are Driven out and Establish Themselves at Far West in CaldweU County.— Description of Far West and of the Mormon Temple.— The Mormons at DeWitt, Carroll County. —They Organize under Colonel G. W. Hinkle.— The Citizens Fly to Arms and Elect General Congreve Jackson to Command Them.— Bloodshed Imminent.— Judge James Earickson of Howard Negotiates a Peace.— The Mormons Abandon DeWitt and go to Far West— False Alarm at Carrollton.— Missouri Militia March Against the Mormons in 1838.— Their Surrender and Dispersion. -The Tragical Deaths of Jo. Smith and Parley P. Pratt— Attempted Assasination of Governor Lilburn W. Boggs by Porter Rockwell, a Mormon Leader.

Chapter XXII

From 1840 to 1850— The Elections from 1840 to 1850— Characteristics and Enthusiasm of the Campaign of 1840— Rocheport Convention— Result of the Election— Suicide of Governor Reynolds— The Great Freshet of 1844 — Constitutional Convention of 1845.— The Mexican War.—" The St. Louis Legion," Colonel A. R. Easton— Public Meeting—" Army of the West " Page. 297 General S. W. Kearney.— First Regiment Missouri Volunteers Under Colonel A. W. Doniphan.— Battles of Brazito and Sacramento.— Triumphant Entrance Into Chihuahua. — Colonel Sterling Price's Regiment.— His March to Santa Fe.— Battles of Canada, El Embudo and Taos.— Colonel John Rails' Regi ment.—Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales.— Great St. Louis Fire of May 1849. —Twenty-three Steamers Burned and $3,000,000 of Property Destroyed. — •'The Jackson Resolutions " pass the Legislature. — Vote on them in Each House. — Colonel Benton's Appeal From and Canvass Against Them Excitement his Course produced 254

Chapter XXIII

From 1850 to 1860.— Gubernatorial Election Returns for 1852, 1856 and 1857.— The XVIth General Assembly. — Election of United States Senator. — Colonel Benton beaten for United States Senator by Henry S. Geyer, a Whig. — Explosions of the Steamers '• Glencoe " and " Saluda." — Meeting of the XVIIth General Assembly in Extra Session. — War of the Factions over the Speakership. — Free-soil and Slave-soil. — The Regular Session. — Another Battle over the Speakership. — Sterling Price Inaugurated Governor. — The XVTIIth General Assembly. — Election of United States Senator to Succeed David R. Atchison. — The Slavery Question and the Kansas and Nebraska Bills. — Appalling Disaster at the Gasconade Bridge. — The Kansas-Nebraska Agitation of 1856. — Missourians Cross the Border. — Bloody Collisions between the " Pro-" and "Anti-Slavery" Parties. — The XIXth General Assembly. — James S. Green and Trusten Polk Elected United States Senators.— Governor Polk Resigns. — Robert M. Stewart EUected Governor 271

Chapter XXIV

1S60. — Review of Forty Years' Progress.— Tide of Population and Settlement of Southeast and Southern Missouri, along the Upper Mississippi and the Missouri Valley. — Manufactures. — Improved Lands and their Cash Value. — Revelations of the Census of 1860. — Live Stock. — Farm Products. — Domestic Manufactures. — Railroad Enterprises. — Government and State Aid. — The First Whistle of the Locomotive. — Telegraph Lines. — St. Louis as a Railroad Center. — Progress of Education. — Our Public School System, — St. Louis in 1821 and 1860. — Great Achievements and Destiny of the State 285

Chapter XXV

1860.— Returns of Elections from 1860 to 1870.— Presidential Election of 1860— Unexampled Excitement attending it. — National Conventions to Nominate Candidates. — Four Candidates, Douglas, Breckenridge, Bell and Lincoln, Nominated— A Quadrangular Contest.— Abraham Lincoln Elected President. — Gubernatorial Canvass in Missouri. — Claiborne F. Jackson, Hancock Jackson, James B. Gardenhire and Sample Orr Candidates for Governor.— An Exciting and Bitter Contest over the Slavery Issues.— C. F. Jackson Elected Governor. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page.

Chapter XXVI

1861.— XXIst General Assembly.— C. F. Jackson Inaugurated Governor.— Synopsis of his Inaugural.— The Legislature Environed With Embarrassing Questions. -It Calls a State Convention. — Important Preliminary Proceedings.— The Problem of Secession. — The Functions of Conventions Discussed. — Daniel R. Russell, Commissioner of Mississippi, Addresses the General Assembly. — His Mission a Failure.—" The Peace Congress" at Washington City. — Resolution of John Hyer, of Dent, Against Coercion.— Contest for United States Senator to succeed James S. Green. — A Triangular Struggle. — Waldo P. Johnson Elected. — Senators Johnson and Polk Expelled from the Senate. — A " Relies Law "Passed by the Legislature and Declared Unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.— An Extra Session of the Legislature Called May 2nd, 1862.— Extraordinary " War Measures " Adopted. — Panic Caused by the Capture of Camp Jackson. --Before-day Session of the Legislature — Burning of the Osage Railroad Bridge. — Sterling Price Appointed Major-General of the State Forces.- Flight of Governor Jackson from the Capital. — He calls the Legislature to Meet at Neosho. — A Fragment of it Assembles. — Proceedings of the Senate. — Secession Ordinance Passed. — Isaac N. Shambaugh's Circular. — Governor Jackson's Message Appointing Officers of "The State Guard." — The Neosho- Cassville Legislature Adjourns to Meet at New Madrid. — The Session Never Held There 303

Chapter XXVII

1861.— The " Gamble " State Convention.— It Meets on Feb. 28, 1861.— Names of Members Elected. — Sterling Price Elected President. — The Convention holds frequent Sessions at the State Capitol and in St. Louis. — Finally Adjourns sine die, on July 1, 1863.— Luther J. Glenn, Commissioner from the State of Georgia, attends the Convention. — His Reception and Address. — Address referred to a Committee. — Two Reports Presented. — Neither ever Disposed of. Committee on Federal Relations. — Their Reports. — Action Thereon. — Committee appointed to Re-convene the Convention when Necessary. — Delegates Elected to the Border State Convention.— Robert Wilson elected President of the Convention, vice Sterling Price Expelled for Disloyalty.— Ordinance Declaring the Offices of Governor, Lieut. Governor and Secretary of State vacant Adopted.— Hamilton R. Gamble Elected Governor; Willard P. Hall Lieut. Governor, and Mordecai Oliver, Secretary of State.— Ordinances passed Changing Gubernatorial Election from August to November; also Abolishing Certain Civil Offices, and Prescribing an Oath of Loyalty for Civil Officers' and for issuing Union Defence Bonds.— Resolution adopted expellinc- Sterling Price and others from the Convention.— Mr. Breckinridge's Emancipation Ordinance Laid on the Table.— Congressional Districts Remodelled.— Oath of Loyalty for Voters, Officials, Jurymen and Attorneys Adopted.— The Yeas and Nays.— Committee on Emancipation Elected.— They Report an Ordinance . for the. Emancipation of Slaves, which is Adopted— The Yeas and Nays — Convention Adjourns Sine Die Page. 344 369

Chapter XXVIII

1861. — Our Civil War. — Difficulties in Arriving at the Truths of its History— Inauguration of the War. — Secession of South Carolina. — Firing on the ' Star of the West," and Fort Sumter.— The First Gun of the Rebellion.— President Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Troops. — Governor C. F. Jackson's Response. — Imminence of the Crisis. — Hopes of the Conservative Masses. — General Military Order (No. 7) of Governor Jackson to Organize Camps for Drill. — Camp Jackson. — Gen. D. M. Frost's Letter to Capt. Nath'l Lyon, Commandant of the St. Louis Arsenal. — Capt. Lyon's Letter to Gen. Frost Demanding the Surrender of Camp Jackson. — It Surrenders. — Particulars of the Event. — Fearful Excitement. — Gen. Frost's Letter of January 24th, 1861, to. Gov. Jackson. — Gen W. S. Harney "s Proclamation. — The Harney-Price Agreement.

It is Disapproved at Washington, and Gen. Harney Removed.— Gen. Lyon succeeds to the Command of the Department. — Conference between Gen. Lyon, Col. Blair, Gov. Jackson and Gen. Price. — What Each Party Demanded. —The Conference a Failure. — Jackson and Price return to the Capital, Burning the Bridges behind them. — Col. Thomas L. Snead's Sketch of Lyon. — Gov Jackson's Proclamation calling for 50,000 men. — Gen. Lyon marches to Jefferson City. — Jackson and Price desert the Capital and Establish themselves at Boonville. — Lyon and Blair occupy the Capital. — The Boonville Fight. — The State Troops Repulsed. — Lyon occupies Boonville and issues a Proclamation. — The Battle of Carthage. — Col. Sigel's Retreat

Chapter XXIX

1861. — Creation of the Western Department. — John C. Fremont Appointed to its Command. — He Returns from Europe to New York; thence Goes to St. Louis and Establishes his Headquarters. — He Fortifies St. Louis. — A Dilemma. — Shall he Save Bird's Point or Reinforce Lyon. — He elects to do the former. — Proclamations of Gov. C. F. Jackson, Lieut. Governor Thomas C. Reynolds and Gens. Gideon J. Pillow and Jeff. Thompson, at New Madrid.— Thompson's " Cattle on Ten Thousand Hills." — Fremont's Fleet sails from St. Louis to Bird's Point and back again. — Lyon's March from Boonville to Springfield. —Price's March from Cow Skin Prairie towards Wilson's Creek.— The Battle of Dug Springs.— Rains Defeated.— Lyon Returns to Springfield.— Massing of Confederate Forces on Crane Creek, in Stone County.— Disagreement between Price and McCulloch.— The Battle at Wilson's Creek ; one of the Most Bloody of the War. — Death of Gen. Lyon. — Defeat of the Union Army. — Its Retreat to Rolla.— Reports of the Battle made by Major Sturgis and Gens.

Sigel, McCulloch, Price and Clark.— Forty-two thousand Militia called for by Gov. Gamble. — Gen. Fremont Declares Martial Law.— Provost Marshal McKinstry's "Permit" Order.— President Lincoln Disapproves Fremont's Proclamation— " The Swamp Fox " again Proclaims.— He will " Hang, Draw, and Quarter."

Chapter XXX

Battle at Athens.— McCulloch's Proclamation of August 12th, 1861.— Price's Proclamation.— Skirmish at Drywood— Battle of Lexington.— Heroic Defense of Mulligan and his final Surrender— Gen. Fremont again Severely Criticised.— TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. He resolves to take the Field in Person. — Musters an army of 20,000 Men and starts for Springfield. — Price Abandons Lexington. — Maj. White's Bold Dash into the Town. — Fremont's Army across the Osage. — The Magnitude of His Plans. — Zagonyi's Brilliant Charge into Springfield. — Errors in regard to it Cor rected. — Justice done the " Prairie Scouts." — Very expressive, if not elegant, remark of" Old Pap." — Battle at Belmont. — Heroism of a Lad. — Fremont Su perseded by Gen. Hunter, and he by Gen. Halleck. — The Union Army returns from Springfield to St. Louis.— Gen. Price's 50,000 Men and $200,000,000 Proclamation. — A Remarkable Paper. — Gen. John Pope. — Gen. Halleck as sumes Command of the Department. — Martial Law. — Stringent Orders against Railroad Destroyers. — Campaign Summaiy 393

Chapter XXXI

1862-1863-1864-1865. — Missouri River as a Rampart. — Gen. Curtis Moves upon Springfield, and Gen. Price Retreats to Cross Hollows, Ark. — Battle of Pea Ridge. — Provost Marshal General Farrar's Order about Newspapers. — New St. Louis Chamber of Commerce. — Gen. Halleck's Order to the Officers of the Mercantile Library Association, and Officers of the State University. — Courts Martial at Palmyra and Columbia. — Prisoners Condemned and Shot. — Sentences Commuted. — The Boone County " Standard " Confiscated. — Gen. J. M. Schofield Succeeds Gen. Halleck. — Col. H. S. Lipscomb's Fight with Col. Porter's Forces, at Cherry Grove.— Maj. John Y. Clopper at Pierce s Mill. Porter's Flight to Moore's Mill, Callaway County. — Fight at Moore's Mill. Fight at Kirksville.— Col. Guitar's Pursuit of Porter in the Chariton Valley.— Fights at Compton's Ferry and Yellow Creek.— Battle at Independence.— Death of Gen. John T. Hnghes.— Battles at Lone Jack and Newtonia.— Military Executions at Macon and Palmyra.— Cane Hill and Prairie Grove Battles at Springfield and Cape Girardeau.— Capture of Jeff.

Thompson Gen. Ewing's Order No. 11.— Gen. Schofields Letter, and Gen. Bingham's Reply.— President Lincoln's Proposed Pardon of Gen. Price.— Col. Shelby's Raid upon Boonville.— Gen. Rosecrans Assumes Command of the Department.— A large Confederate Force Invades the State and Threatens St. Louis and the Capital.— Shelby and Clark Capture Glasgow.— Rev. Wm. G. Caples Killed.— Brutal treatment of Maj. Wm B. Lewis by Bill Anderson.— Price's Forces driven out of the State into Arkansas.— The Centralia Massacre.— Defeat and Horrible Butchery of Maj. Johnson by Bill Anderson's Guerrillas — Execution in St. Louis of James M. Utz.— Lee's Surrender.— Lincoln's Assassination.— Jeff. Davis' Capture. --Close of the War 407

Chapter XXXII

1S62 to 1 S70 —Missouri's Experience with the First Test Oath for Voters — Twentv second General Assembly— Election for Judges of the Supreme Court in November, 1S63— Nucleus of Political Parties formed The " Radical- " " Conservatives.'-Radical State Convention— Its Platform— Committee* nf Seventy, C. D. Drake, Chairman, visit President Lincoln— His Renlv to th Addresses-Death of Gov. Gamble-Canvass of 1864— State Constitutional Convention of lS65-Charles D. Drake its Master Spirit-Its Proceed !T Slavery in Missouri Abolished-" Iron Clad Oath " for Voters, Ministers Page, 481 Lawyers and Teachers. — Ayes and Noes. — The Words " White Male." — The " Drake " Constitution Adopted. — Ousting Ordinance.- — Registry Law. — Twenty-fourth General Assembly. — Negro Suffrage Amendment proposed to the Constitution. — The People reject it. — Burning of the Lindell Hotel. — Im peachment of Walter King. — Another Registry Law. — The Great St. Louis Bridge 444 '5'

Chapter XXXIII

1S70 to 1877. — Election Returns. — Adjourned Session of XA.Vth General Assembly. — Ratification of XVth Constitutional Amendment. — Ayes and Noes. — Six Amendments to the State Constitution Proposed. — What they were and the vote on each. — Agricultural College Located at Columbia. — The Republican Party in 1870 rent by discords. — The Democrats adopt the " Passive Policy " and Nominate no State Ticket. — Two Republican State Conventions and two State Tickets. — The "Radicals" and "Liberals." — B. Gratz Brown (Liberal) Elected Governor. — The Test-oath Abrogated and the Republicans Remanded from Power. — F. P. Blair Elected United States Senator.— The XXVIth General Assembly. — Two more Amendments to the Constitution Proposed and Ratified. — The Gun City, Cass County, Massacre. — In 1872 the Democrats and Liberals jointly nominate a State Ticket. — Silas Woodson elected Governor. — The XXVIIth General Assembly. — Louis V. Bogy chosen United States Senator. — Vote of the People authorized on a call for a Constitutional Convention. — Opening of the great St. Louis Bridge. — Canvass of 1874. — Charles H. Hardin the Democratic Nominee for Governor. — The "People's" Party. — William Gentry. — Hardin Elected. — Constitutional Convention of 1S75 called. —Its Proceedings. — Constitution Adopted. — Whiskey Frauds. — Canvass of 1876. — J. S. Phelps the Democratic and G. A. Finkelnburg the Republican Candidate for Governor. — Phelps Elected. — The XXIXth General Assembly. — Burning of the Southern Hotel, St. Louis 405

Appendix

. Old Duels — Duel between Thomas H. Benton and Charles Lucas. — Between Thomas C. Rector and Joseph Barton. — Between Thomas Biddle and Spencer Pettis. — Discovery of Marquette's Remains. — A Speech by D. R. Atchison. — Tables of Population. — Table showing date of Organization of Counties.... TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapter IV

Agriculture— Comparative Value of the Mineral and Agricultural Products of Missouri— Acreage and Value of Farms— Classification of Soils— Timber and Prairies.— Staple Products, etc --„ Part I. Archæology. THE JVIotuqd^ kqd tfyeif ©uildef^ —OR— TRACES OF PIjE-HISTORIC MjlN \\ MISSOURI, — BT — A. J. CONANT, A. M., OF ST. LOUIS. Man In the A^e of the Mammoth and Great Bear.

Chapter I

Traces op Vanished Peoples. — Their World-Wide Diffusion. — Russian* Earthworks.— Egyptian Monuments Ancient at the Date of Oldest Records.— A Troy Still Older than the Ancient Troy of Homer. IN all lands, whenever in the ages past the climate has been such as to render it possible for man to subsist, the earth is found thickly planted with the graves of vanished peoples. Countless generations have come and gone, and left no record of their lives and work, save what is to be found in the few surviving monuments they have erected, or the rude implements and fragmentary remains of their industry, which descended with them to the tomb. The great ocean of humanity, with the energy of its ceaseless flow, has oft-times, no doubt, obliterated the traces of former generations, save here and there a foot-print in the solid rock, or an empty shell which has been left upon the shores of time.

We of to-day build, sow aud reap, buy and sell, and thus repeat, over and over again, the great drama of life, above the sepulchers of departed millions, longsince forgotten. How often the long eons have finished their cycles and the new began — who can compute, or from whence shall the data be drawn upon which such computation may be based? The sacred records furnish no system of the chronology of the race, nor standingground upon which a trustworthy one can be constructed. The wisest who have essayed the task, from such sources, differ in ARCHÆOLOGY. their estimates more than five thousand years. The devout believer in Revelation, therefore, need feel no apprehensions for the foundations of his faith if it shall be proven even that man has been an inhabitant of the earth for a hundred thousand years or more.