A Survey of the Holy Land; its geography history, and destiny. Designed to elucidate the imagery of Scripture, and demonstrate the fulfilment of prophecy ... With an introduction by the Rev. W. Marsh. Illustrated with maps and engravings

Introduction

BY THE REV. W. MARSH, D.D. vicar of st. mary's, leamington. " Immensos Orientls thesauros, amplissimumque Scientiae campum, cursuraque ad laudcm patefaciet."— Lowth. THIRD THOUSAND. Mount Zion. «?mrjfnti$I)Esj &>itfj iMapii au» Œnflraijtiigjs'. BATH: BINNS AND GOODWIN LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO 1844. PRINTED BV BINNS AND GOODWIN, BATH. SOME OF THE SUBSCRIBERS TO BANNISTER'S SURVEY OF THE HOLY LAND. N.B. This promiscuous arrangement of JVames and Places has been occasioned by ig to explain. circumstances uninterestin. Marsh, Rev. Dr. Leamington Marsh, Lady, do. Marsh, Rev. W. Tilson, do- Marsh, Miss, do. Leeds. Ostlar, Edward esq. Hotham, James esq. Smith, John Wales esq- Illingsworth, William esq. Goodman, George esq. Redfern, Joseph esq. Moxow, Mrs. Plummer, Robert esq. Woodland, Mr. William Scan-, Mr. George Carnegie, Lady, do.

Carnegie, Miss, do. Balbernie, Dr. do. Winslow, Rev Octavius, A.M. do- Pope, Rev. Alfred, do. Bates, Rev. E. A.M. do- Johns, Rev. T. do. Cash, Josiah esq. do. Thorn, J. esq. do Bagot, Rev. D. B.D. Edinburgh Howells, Rev. J. Coventry Spencer, Rev. T. A.M. Hinton Brown, Rev. J. Leicester Robinson, J. W. esq. Orgar, Rev. William Morgan, Miss Elizabeth. Flower, John esq. Dixon, Josiah esq. Hudswell, Rev. William Beecroft, Mrs. Anne Cox, Rev. Dr. Hackney Harris, Rev. Dr. Cheshunt College Lees, Dr. F. R. Leeds Brooks, O. esq. Thompson, Mrs. Phillips, Mr. James Cookson, Rev. Francis Kettle, Mr. Benjamin Whittaker, Mr. John Marsden, Mr. Frederick Willey, Mr. Edward Fearside, Mr. Henry Rushworth, Mr. Thomas Tarbotton, S. esq. Stevenson, Rev. J. A.M. Ayerst, Rev. W. London Philo. Orientis, do. Shoveller, Rev. Dr. London Browne, G. esq. do.

Beard, Rev. Dr. Manchester Angus, Rev. J. A.M. London Williams, W. esq. M.P. do. Underwood, Rev. W. do. Wileman, T. esq. do. Simmons, Rev. J. A.M. Olney Giles, Rev. J. Eustace, Leeds Wallis, Rev. J. Leicester Marsden, T. S. esq. M.D. Heddlestone, Richard M. esq.M. D Hanson, Mr. John Friend a (Miss Page.) Tiffanny, C. T. esq. Wigg, Rev. S. do. SUBSCRIBERS TO BANNISTER'S Leeds.

Leathers, Miss Stocks, Mr. James Franks, Mr. Isaac Barrett, Mr. John Scarborough, Mrs. Hindle, W. B. esq. Purcheon, Mr. John Fearnside, Edward esq. Cockerham, Edward esq Musgrave, William esq. Brown, Miss Brocklesboy, Mr. Richard Newton, Mr. John Hall, Mr. James Broadbent, Mr. Anthony Swetherenbank, Mr. Joseph Rotbmell, Mr. William Plint, Misses Savill, Mr. James Sharp, Mrs. Morton, William esq. Morton, G. esq. Holmes, Mr. Joseph Prentis, Mr- James Hall, Mrs. Burras, Joseph esq. Thornton, John Garth, esq Thomas, Mr. James Bland, Mr. John Manchester, Mr. E. Guttridge, Rev. John Jackson, A. esq. Wilson, Mr. Robert Nettleton, Mr. Frederick Gledhill, Mr. Elijah Weane, Mr. William Holdsworth, W. esq. Ellingworth, W- Taylor, Mr. T. M. Calvert, Mr. John Longbottom, Mr. Joseph Read, Mr. William Pickels, Mr. George W. Atkinson, R. M. esq. lliley, Richard esq Smith, Thomas esq. M.D. Vewsam, Thomas esq. Hewitt, Mr. William Dean, Mr. John Payne, F. A. esq- Baker, Mrs. Burris, Mr. T. Atkinson, Mrs. Story, John esq. Gather, Mr. John Illingsworth, Mr. William Leesing, Mr. Peter Fill, Mr. John Grimshaw, Mrs. Jonathan Lancaster, Mrs. James Mortamer, Mr. James Smith, Edward esq. Leadman, Alexander esq. M.D. Helmes, Miss Esther Perry, Mr. Richard Servant, Miss Breashaw, R. B. esq. Grimes, Mrs. Blackett, Miss Haddock, Mr. Wright, Mrs. Martin, Mrs. Town, Joseph esq. Tyham, William esq. Andrews, John esq. Jowitt, Robert esq. Ferris, Mrs. Bailly, William esq. Driver, Richard esq. Fennell, Mrs. Hargraw, Miss Sarah Hart, Mr. Robert Scales, Henry C. esq. Woodson, George J. esq. Green, James esq. Hibden, Mrs. Alderman Newstead, Rev. Robert Woodhouse, Mrs. Swain, Mrs- Kirk, Rev. I. M. Matthews, Miss Green, James esq. Holroyde, Joseph esq. Walker, Mr. George Me Gowan, Mrs. Harley, Mr. C. Foster, Mr. Henry Lund, Miss Dove.

Christopher esq Ridgedale J W. esq. on SURVEY OF THE HOLY LAND. Leeds. Whiteley,' Mr. Joseph Heycock, M. esq. Brewer, Mrs. Finner, Mr. Elihu Barker, Mr. William Dixon, Mr. George Acornley, Rev. Richard Heaps, George esq. Waterfall, Miss Webster, Mr. Samuel Armastead, Thomas esq. Wright, Mrs. A. Avens, William esq. Holiday, Mr. Joseph Burrell, Mr. James Drake, Mr. Frederick Stevenson, Rev. T. Leicester Goadby, Rev. J. do. Harrison, Mr. Thomas Hopton, Miss Wade, John esq. Crosland, Charles esq. Woodson, William esq. Remhardt, Charles esq. Tronice, William esq. Campbell, Mrs. Joy, Edward esq. Taylor, Joseph esq. Bel!, Mrs. Wilson, Thomas esq. Barnshee, Mr. John Rest, Mr. William Porter, B. esq. Doudgshun, Joseph esq. Hollings, Miss A. Carr, Mr. Horatio Dickenson, Miss Mary Ann Thorp, Miss Mary Jane Me Coy, Mr. David Duck, Mr. James Legge, Rev. G. A.M. do- Noble, Jesq. do.

Coleman, H. F. esq. do. Gould, Mr. C. do. Richardson, Mr. do. Coleman, Mr. do. Widdle, Mr. Thomas Gill, Mr. George Stevenson, Mr. W. do. Stevenson, Mr. G. do- Holmes, Mr. J. do. Cundall, Mr. John Carter, James W. esq. Wade William, esq. Sherlock, Mr. John Wilson, Mr. John Ripley, Richard esq. Walker, Hannah Maria Mayne, Dr. Y. Miss do. Tyers, Miss Selina, do. Friend a, do. Harris, R. esq. do. Cort, J. esq. do. Cort, Mr. junr. do. Palmer, Mr. do. Beale, Mr. J. do. Thompson, Mr. do. Sargeant, Mr. T. do. Cook, Miss, do Latchraore, Mr. W. do. Aiken, Rev- R. Collins, Mr. B. Marrott, Mrs. Martha Gill, Mr. William Scarth, W. Gilyard esq. Perkin, Mr. Joseph Groves, Mr. William Wells, Miss Elizabeth Gilvington, Mrs. Cheatle, Rev. G. Birmingham Cadbury, J. esq. do. Linnett, Mr. J. do. Smith, J. esq. Astwood Cook, Rev. Samuel, Stratford Vicarman, Mrs. Appleby, Mrs. Ridley, Rev. T. W. Hobson, Mr. Robert Hardy, Mr. H- Avon Carter, Mr. Leamington Hordern, Mr. do.

Hill, Mr. do. Fawthorp, Mr. John Garlick, C. esq. M.D Worswick, Mr. C. Kettle, Mr. William C. Harris, Mrsdo. Fisher, Miss do- Fenton, Miss do. SUBSCRIBERS TO BANNISTER's Mayo, Mr. W. Coventry Farmer, Mr. do. Gill, Mrs. Leamington Smecton, Mr. do. Smeeton, Mr. W. do. Mellor, Mr. T. do. Mellor, Mr. G. do. MerriJew, Mr. T. do. Jarman, Mr. do. Marshall, Mr. H. do Whittell, Mr. do. Rainbow, Mr. do Marston, Mr. W. H. do. Spencer, Mr. do. Stokes, Mr. do. Hill, Mr. W.do. Goode, Mr. E. do. Oswin, Mr. do. Edgar, H. esq. do. Brown, Mr. do Atkins, Mr. A. do Herbert, A. esq. do Taylor, Mr. F. do Newall, Mr. do Jones, Mrdo. Collier, Mr. do. Yarborough, Miss do. Franklin, Mr. G. B. do. Whitehead, Mr. do. Marvin, Mr. do. Whittingdon, Rev. T. J. Winwick Button, Rev. J- Kenilworth Hudson, Rev. T. Sheffield Shore, Rev. M. Sheepshead Stafford, Mr. do.

Marshall, Mr. do. Percy, Rev. J. W. Warwick Thomas, Mr. do. Hadley, Mr. do. Green, Mr. do. Schofield, Mr. do. Hopps, Mr. Hugh. do. Hersee Mr. do. Staples. Rev. G. Nottingham Edwards, Rev. J. do. Hunter, Rev. Hugh, do. Ferneyough, Rev. J. do. Hurst, N. esq. do. Heard, J. esq. do. Smith, J. esq. do. Herbert, T. esq. do. Truman, J. esq. do. Truman, Mr. G. do. Baker, Mr. do. Wakelin, Mr. do. Timms, Mr. do. Farndon, Mr. do Ivens, M do Nelson Mr. do. Franklin, Rev. F. Coventiy Jerard, Rev. do. Watts, Rev. J. do. Hewlett, Rev. Dr, do. Keighly, Rev. J. do- Collins, Rev. T. do. Hudson, Rev. T. do. Truman, Mrs. do. Gray, Mr. do. Peck, Mr. R. do. Wallis, Mr. T. do. Booker, Mr. G. do Greasley, Mr. do. Freeston, Mr. do. Haddon, Mr. do. Goodliffe, Mr. do. Rotherham, R. K. esq. do. Cash, Joseph esq. do. Bray, Charles esq. do.

Booth, R. esq. do. Smith, Jesq- do. Franklin, the Misses do. Newsome, Mr. H. do. Dunn, Mr. A. K. do. Woodhouse, Mr. J. do. Mallett, Mr. do. Ranssord, Mr. do. Hanks, Miss. do. Osborne, Mr. do. Bromfield Mr. do. Francis, Mr. do. Matthews, Mr. do Baldwin, Mr. Nottingham Forth, Mr. do Beggs, Mr. do Wells, Mr. A. do. Roberts, Mr. do. Matthews, Miss Sdo. SURVEY OF THE HOLY LAND. Gilbert, Rev. T. Nottingham Hilton, Mr. do. Borthwick, Mr. Leicester Baines, Mr. do. Plummer, George, esq. Bath Richard, Mr. do. Summerscale, Mr. Samuel do Butters, Mr. David do. Winks, Mr. do. Subb, Mrs. do. Brocks, Mr. do. Nelson, Mr. do. Smith, Mrs. S. do. Smith, Mr. John do. Cooper, Mr. James do. Tyrer, Mr. John Pelkington do Tunnal, Mr. John do. Overend, Mr. Dav-d do. Layton, Mr. Thomas do. Baines, Mr. William do. Biercy, Mr. George do.

Walker, Mr. John do. Tavloy, Miss J. do. Makant, Mr. Robert do. Waller, Mr. John Manchester Lee, Mr. Joshua, do. Boiling, Mr. Edward, do. Mulliner, Mr. Thomas do. Kay, Mr. Robert, do. Fade, Mr. James do. Bradley, Mr. E. do. Albinson, Mr. John junr do. Boardman, Widow do. Chandler, Mr. Richard do. Cranswick, Mr. Richard do. Towler, Mrs. do. Barlow, Mr. John do. Glover, Mr- H. do. Dawson, Mr. Thomas do. Brown, Mr. Benjamin do. Binks, Mr. William do. Balshaw, Mr. Thomas do. Hansworth, Mr. Thomas do. Greenhalgh, Mr. George do. Scowcroft, Mr. S. do. Cooper, Mr. Richard do- Green, Mr. James do. Howard, Mr. William do. Elvidge, Mr. Charles do. Palliser, Mr. George do. Cockrane, Mr. John do. Leeman, Mr. William do. Waud, Mr. E. do. Todd, Mr. Thomas do. Matterson, Mrs. William do Burra, Mr. James do Bamber, Mr. John do.

Simmonds, Mr. Bath Pearson, Mr. do. Newbold, Mr. James do. Wilkinson, Miss Ann do. Swain, Mr. William do. Clarkson, Mr. Thomas do. Slack, Mr. John do. Evenis, Mr. U. do. East, Miss do. Fowler, Mr. do. Hanham, Mr. do. Riversdale, Ladv, do- Griffith, Mrs. do. Gardiner, Mrs. do. Hintern, Mrs. do. Wilson.Mr. David do. Baxter, Mr. John do. Ellerby, Mr. William do. Smith, Mr. Robert do. Bearpark, Mrs. do. Turner, Mrs. do. Giles, Mr. do. Drought, Mrs. do. Svmes, Mr. do. C'ottle, Miss do. Fitz Gerald, Mrs. do. Hoare Miss do. Layton, Mrs. do. Johnson, Mrs. do. Scales, Mr. G. Barnsley Smith, Mr. G. do. Wood, Mr. J. do. Canter, Mr. J. do. Armitage, Mr. do. Guest, Mr. do. Finigan, Mr. do. Holmes, Mr. Thomas do. Leeds SUBSCRIBERS TO BANNISTEll's Mr. Oxley, Barnsley Mr. Hodgson, do. Miss Fields, do. Mr. Bellwood, do.

Johnson, Mr. Barnsley Tippan, E. do. Wood, William do. Leathum, Mr. William, . Ornsby, Mr. Thomas do Myers, Mr. C. do- Mr. Robert, Denn, Kendal Wakefield, Edward, W. esq. do Cockshutt, Edmund do. Brownridge, Mr. W. do Sykes, Mr. S. do. Nailon, Miss M.A. do. Spencer, Mr. W. do. Steel, John, Carlisle Messenger, Mr. Thomas do. Irving, Rev. John do. Bell, George do. Fisher, Mr. do. Mr. Webb, do. Bath — Withers, do. — W. Gibbs, do. — Pope, do. Coulthard, Joseph do. Heward, Sir Simon do. Hughes, Francis do. Sydenham, Mr. Peter do, Parker, William do. — Churchill, do. — Jeffreys, do. — W. Cover, do. — Luckman, do. — Whitney, do. — Russell, do. — Cottrill, do. Wind, Isaac do. Proctor, William do. Marshall, Mr. T. do. Thomson, David do. Morman, Robert do. Hayton, Amos do. White, William do. Rook, Joseph do.

Norman, Mr. do. Nightingale, Joseph do. Elliot, William do. Milsom, do. H oil way, do. C. Strange, do. James, do. J. Falkner, do. Lasham, do. — Brydges, do. -- Lewton, do. — W. Brookman, do. Mrs. Davies, do. — Rannev, do — Whittiick, do. Cowtathwaite, James do. Jackson, Mrs. George, Barnsley Hurtop, John esq. do. Mr. Joshua Cooper, do. Pepper Robert do. Brown, John do. — Brown, do. — Roods, do. Miss Hedges, do. — Griffith, do. Norton, Edwin do. — Haig, do. — Bayly, do. Rev. W. J. Brodrick, do. — J. Owen, do. Smithson Thomas do. Arnold William do. Harrison, Thomas do. Saville, Mrs. do. — Mr. Daniel, Frome Field, F. esq. do. Capt. Hewitt, do. Miss Bailward, Frankleigh Rev. A. Townsend, Weston — Matthews, Chippenham — E. Meadc, Winkfield Ayre, Thomas do. Carnley, J. do. Birks, Richard do. Emslev, Joseph do.

Broadheerd, J. do. SURVEY OF THE HOLY LAND. Rev. J. T. Whittington, Winwick Mr. Charnbury, Hampton — Biggs, Paulton — C. Penny, junr. London — Perrin, West Kington — Newton, Cambourne Davidson, Mrs. Mason, Mrs. Petch, Mr. I. H. Byrne, Mr. P. Speed, Miss Ann Harrison, Mr. James Willis, Jeremiah — Brett, Bristol Mrs. Newnham, Chilcompton — Parish, Timsbury Allmon, Mr. Thomas Snowdew, Mr. John Gough, Mr. Peter Tomlinson, Mr. Robert Ellis, Mrs. Leeds. Outhwait, Matthew esq. Miles, Mr. Stephen Hansforth, Mr. John Parkin, Mr. John Taylor, Mr. R. T. Mr. Goddin Butterrill, Rev. W. Webster, Mr. W. Brown, Rev. W. Carroll, R. esq. — John Parrett — J. E. Cavill — James Hick, junr. — J. Kirk — William Holaday — J. Wilkinson — Richard Wellington — William Cook Brown, Mr. Peter Hindle, Mr. Thomas Uroerson, Miss Hannah Smith, Mr. Joseph — W. Manners — M. J. Cockerrell — Thomas Grayson — Matthew Kitchen — Woodcock Stockdale, Mr. John Moxon, Mr. Joseph Barren, Mr. John Winson, Mrs. Sarah Hudson, Miss — March Mrs. Woodhead — Sutliff Dean, Mr. Thomas Musgrave, Mr. John Cockcroft, Mr. John Barber, Mr. Henry Hughs, Mr. George Brown, Mr. James Parkin, Mr. W. Henry Fox, Mr. W. — Hammond — Goodall — Lewis — Thomas Myers — Wolumald — Freek — Brotherton Miss Wild, Elizabeth — Turpin Hargrave, James esq. Braithwait, James esq. Downs, Thomas esq. Morfit, John esq. Burril, Mr. Charles Hall, Mr. I. Brown, Mrs. I. Gandy, James esq. Kendal Mr. N. J. Woodcock, do. — James Gall, do.

Nicholson, Mr. Joseph Servant, Mr. Joseph Spurr, Mr. John — William Vaitcben, do. — Thomas Jameson, do. — John Moorfield, do. — John Watson, do. Broadbent, Miss Mary Townsend, S. esq. Dawson, Mrs. White, W. esq. Finny, Mr. Robert — Joseph Knight, do. — Thomas Hill, do. — Joseph Fawrett, do. SUBSCRIBERS TO BANNISTER'S SURVEY OF THE HOl.N LAND Mr. T. M. Musgrave, Bath — John Hibbard, do. — William Weaver, do. — Wilton, James do. Mr. William Phillips, Kendal — Agnes Vorry, do. — John Hebson, do. — C. Dodson, do. — AV. Hall, do. — Thomas Hibbard, do. — Morell Slade, do. — Alexander Mowatt, do. — William Mackenzie, do — William White, do- — W. Wigfield, do. — J. Carter, do. — J. Tee, do. — M. Sykes, do. — J. Watson, do. Mrs- Turgess, do — Ann Randell, do. — Bennett, do- — J. Newson, do. — G. Hawcroft, do. — John Deighton, York — Oarbult, do.

Baniel, Rev. James do Mr. George H. Smith, Barnslej — G. Scales, do. — Wood, John do — J- Canter, do- — Colder, do. — Christelow, do. — Weatherill, do. — John Gott, do. Mrs. Bellwood, do. Mr- Armitage, do — Guest, do. — John Kirk, do. — William Stead, do. — M. Fenwick, do. — Edward Benson, do. — William Welburn, do. — Richard Sharp, do. — William Lightport, do. — Thomas Holliday, do. — William Homer, do. — John Aspinall, do. — James Johnstone, do. — Thomas Hodgson, do. — George Slade, Bath — R. H. Griffith, do. — William Cook, do. — George Michael, do. — J. Pinch, do. — S. Salter, do. — WilUam Pole, Watchitt — Wansbrougb, Weston Super Mare — Taylor, Bath Mrs. J. Rush, do- — Oxley, do. — John Hodgson, do — Thomas Ayre, do. — Jonathan Carnley, do — Richard Birks, do — Joseph Emsley, do. — Broadhead, do. — E. Topham do. — J. Johnson, Mr do. — Wood, William do. — H- Angill, do.

Fields, Miss do. Mr- Bevan, Holt — Byfleld, Sen. Turley — George Bainton, Bearficld — Giles, Bath — Kingdom, Bristol — Ellis, do. Mrs. Keable, Frankleigh Miss Scott, Bath — Beak, do. — Lambert, do. Wyndham, H. esq- Ackland, do. Roberts, do- Emma Organ, do. The foregoing list, which does not include any names of Subscribers obtained through the London Agents, may suffice to show in part the Sale of this valuable IVork-and although rather a large Edition was at first printed, yet the necessity ofa Reprint of part of Die Worh, and considera ble augmentation of the number printed, has tended to cause delay in the completion of the Volume.

Preface

. It is an encouraging feature in the aspect of the present times, that a greater degree of attention is being given to the Sacred "Writings than at any former period. Notwithstanding the bold aggressive movements of In fidelity on the one hand, and of semi-Popery on the other, there never was a time when the Holy Scriptures were more widely diffused, more extensively read, or more attentively studied. Sabbath schools, Bible classes, and other auxdiary means, have elevated the public taste, and created a craving for mental aliment of a higher order. The youth of the present day, not satis fied by a superficial acquaintance with the text of Scripture, evince a commendable solicitude to excavate more deeply the mines of Inspired Truth, and to traverse with a critical and observant eye the vast fields of Biblical research.

Hence the increased demand for works which treat of Sacred Geography and History, and whose tendency is, to elucidate the sense and dis play the beauties of the Sacred Text. To meet this demand, many works of unquestioned excellence have a ritEFACE. IV been issued from the press. The voluminous and elaborate works of Bochart, Wells, Michaelis, Calmet, and Hartwell Home; the " Jewish Antiquities" of Ikeneus, Reland, and others ; the " Observations" of Harmer, the " Oriental Customs " of Burder, and the admirable " Illustrations" of Paxton, have contributed in no small degree to enrich the archives of Sacred literature, and have acquired a high and merited celebrity. These works, however, are, for the most part, too voluminous and costly to render them generally acces sible. Few, comparatively, have either leisure or in clination to travel over so wide a field, or to wade through the mass of learned lumber beneath which the treasures of knowledge sometimes lie concealed.

In the judgment of many, a book was still wanted, a com pact and moderate-priced volume, which should contain in a smaller compass, a condensed and systematic view of those subjects most essential to the elucidation of the Sacred Writings, and which might spare the labour of referring to a multitude of works, containing much ex traneous and recondite matter, in search of some clear account of the places and events so frequently referred to in the Bible, or of the physical and moral phenomena which form the basis of the sublime imagery with which its pages are adorned. This desideratum the compiler of the present volume has endeavoured to supply. It has been his aim to accumulate and compress into a single volume the cream of many larger ones ; to educe from the writings of ancient and modern authors a succinct yet comprehensive epitome of the Geography, History,

PREFACE.

. V and Antiquities of Palestine; and to give "form and pressure " to those facts and phenomena which illustrate the sense, display the beauties, and establish the truth of the Inspired Records. It has been justly observed by Bishop Horsley, that " every sentence of the Bible is from God, and every man is interested in the meaning of it." The Bible is the common property of the world ; and no just reason can be assigned, for withholding from the least or the lowest any information that may tend to dissipate its obscurity, or throw fresh fight and lustre around the Oracles of God. A knowledge of the geography and history of the East, and of the civil and ecclesiastical usages of antiquity, will invest the narrations of Scrip ture with additional charms, by displaying the incom parable beauty and sublimity of its style, the aptness of its imagery, and the correctness of its allusions.

" The sacred writers," says Paxton, "borrowed their figures from scenery of a peculiar kind; they alluded to phenomena in the heavens and on the earth, of which we can form almost no conception from the state of nature around us. They connect the events they record and the predictions they utter, with places whose history is unknown to the rest of the world. This, it must be admitted, throws a shade of obscurity over the pages of inspiration, which it is the duty, as it is the interest, of the Biblical student to remove. To understand the meaning of many passages in the Sacred Records ; to discern the force and beauty of the language in which they are clothed, and the admirable propriety and sig-

PREFACE.

. VI nificance of their allusions ; in one word, to derive all the advantage from the Sacred Volume which it is calculated and intended to bestow, we must render ourselves familiar with the physical and moral condition of the countries where it was written ; we must examine the geographical situation of Canaan and the surrounding states, ascertain the sites of their principal towns and cities, and acquire some knowledge of their history." " If, in order to enter fully into the meaning, or correctly apprehend the various beauties, of the Greek and Roman classics, it be necessary to be acquainted with the peculiar forms of government which prevailed — the powers of magistrates — modes of executing the laws — the punishments of criminals — tributes or other duties imposed on subjects — their military affairs — sacred rites and festivals — private life, manners, and amusements — commerce, measures, and weights, &c. &c. — how much greater difficulties will be interposed in his way, who attempts to interpret the Scriptures without a knowledge of these topics !

For, as the customs and manners of the Oriental people are widely different from those of the western nations ; as, further, their sacred rites differ most essentially from everything with which we are acquainted, and as the Jews in particular, from the simplicity of their lan guage, have drawn very numerous metaphors from the works of nature, from the ordinary occupations and arts of life, from religion and things connected with it, as well as from their national history ; — there are many tilings recorded, both in the Old and New

PREFACE.

. VII Testament, which must appear to Europeans either obscure, unintelligible, repulsive, or absurd, unless forgetting our own peculiar habits and modes of think ing, we transport ourselves in a manner to the East, and diligently study the rastoms, whether political, sacred, or civil, which obtained there."* Without some acquaintance with Sacred Geography, many of the finest passages in the Bible must be unintelligible and meaningless. The reader may test the correctness of this remark by a simple experiment. Let him ask himself the meaning of the following pas sages : — " His seed shall be in many waters." (Numb. xxiv. 7.) " Cast thy bread upon the waters : for thou shalt find it after inany days." (Eccles. xi. 1.) "And the glowing sand shall become a pool, and the thirsty soil bubbling springs."

(Isa. xxxv. 7., Lowth's Trans.) " Make them like a wheel, as stubble before the wind." (Psalm lxxxiii. 13.) "The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night." (Psalm cxxi. 6.) "Ye shall not see wind." (2 Kings iii. 17.) " Whoso boasteth himself of a false gift, is like clouds and wind without rain." (Prov. xxv. 14.) " For the land whither thou goest to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs." (Deut. xi. 10.) We hazard nothing by the assertion, that a person entirely ignorant of the agri cultural usages and atmospheric phenomena of the Home.

PREFACE.

. VIII East, would find it exceedingly difficult to give a correct explanation of these allusions. " How much does a knowledge of the places where events happen, increase the power of narratives of those events to affect us ! With how much greater impression shall we read the narrative of the location of our first parents in Paradise, of the events which happened to them there, and of their expulsion from it, when, in our imagination, we can fix on a spot in the map of the earth, and say, ' There all these occurrences took place.' With how much greater impression shall we read the story of the Deluge when we can readily recur to the country where the ark was built, can follow it in its course, from the point where it began to float to that on which it rested, when the waters had retired from it ; and can descry the region in which Noah and his family settled, on disembarking from this stupendous vessel !

What over whelming pathos does it give to the narrative of Jesus weeping over Jerusalem when we can place ourselves by his side on the Mount of Olives, and stretching our vision across the intervening valley, can survey the magnificence and animation of the devoted city, while he exclaims, ' Oh ! that thou hadst known, even thou, in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace, but now they are hid from thine eyes ! ' How much more tragical is the scene of our Lord's passion when we are familiar with the ' garden of Gethsemane,' and ' the place which is called Calvary ! ' How much more readily do we participate in the joy of the disciples at

PREFACE.

. IX the resurrection of their Lord, when we are acquainted with ' the garden, in which was a new tomb, hewn out of a rock!'"* It is also important at the present juncture, when scepticism and infidelity are rampant around us, and designing men are practising on the credulity of the young and ignorant, to draw them away from the simplicity of the truth, that a larger measure of atten tion should be paid to the Prophecies, to the proofs of their exact and literal fulfilment, and to the evidence, the triumphant and decisive evidence, they furnish, in support of the Divine authority and Inspiration of the Bible. Prophecy is a miracle of knowledge, an effort of sitper human intelligence; it is the foretelling or describing of some future accident or event, beyond the power of human sagacity to discern, and in the absence of any of the ordinary indications of its occurrence.

This is the highest kind of evidence that can be given of supernatural converse with the Deity, and of the truth of a revelation from God. The prophecies of the Bible form a regular chain, extending almost from the birth of time to the consummation of all things. Many of them relate to events so distant, so improbable, and so apparently incongruous, that no human foresight could have anticipated them. Some relate to dates, persons, and minute circumstances, that require the most exact accomplishment ; and some are being fulfilled at the present time, and before our eyes; so that, however * Ransom.

PREFACE.

. X doubtful or suspicious this kind of evidence may once have been, it is daily accumulating, and gathering strength as it accumulates. "Time," says Bishop Newton, "that detracts something from the evidence of other writers, is still adding something to the credit and authority of the Prophets." No man can read through, with a candid and unbiassed mind, Mr. Keith's book on the Prophecies, and remain an infidel. Actuated by these views, the Author has endeavoured to show the perfect correspondence of the predictions con cerning Judæa and the Jews to the present condition of that couutry and people; history is employed as the in terpreter of prophecy, and made to attest the minute and entire accomplishment of those events which were made known to the fathers by the inspirations of omniscience.

The Author does not deem it requisite to enumerate the multiplied sources from which he has drawn his materiel. The truth is, many of them are compilations from preceding compilations, and, therefore, have no title to be specified as original authorities ; whilst, in other instances, the matter gleaned from them has been so modified, altered, or interwoven with other matter, that it would be exceedingly difficult to assign each fragment of informa tion to its proper original. In many instances, the authorities are specified under the articles illustrated and enriched by their contributions. Amongst the more pro minent may be mentioned — Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Pliny, Quintus Curtius, Josephus, Eusebius and Jerome : and amongst the moderns, Bochart, Wells,

PREFACE.

. XI Maundrell, Shaw, Pococke, Bruce, D'Anville, Dr. E. Clarke, Hasselquist, Van Egmont and Heyman, Chateaubriand, Niebuhr, Burckhardt, Buckingham, Richardson, Robinson, Morier, Ker Porter, Lamartine, Stephens, and Dr. Russel, Usher, Hales, Calmet, Newton, Prideaux, Michaelis, Faber, Keith, Dr. A. Clarke, Shuckford, and Rennel ; Home's Introduction, Watson's Biblical Dictionary, Harmer's Observations, Conder's Palestine, and Professor Paxton's Illustrations of Scripture, have been invaluable helps ; Harris's Dictionary of Biblical Natural History, Malte Brun's Universal Geography, Ransom's Biblical Topography, and Applegate's Sacred Geography and History, have supplied some useful details ; but to no single work is the Author so largely indebted as to Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer — decidedly the best work of the kind extant.

It is written with great care, displays much critical acumen in the discussion of disputed points, and is in itself a complete thesaurus of Biblical information. The following volume is chiefly designed as a Manual, or book of reference for the young, which, while it grati fies to some extent the thirst for Scriptural knowledge, may provoke the appetite, and stimulate to further inquiry. It is the fruit of many laborious days and sleepless nights, and is now committed to the press in the earnest hope that it may minister to the instruction, enlarge the views, and confirm the faith of the youthful inquirer, and thus subserve in some humble measure the interests of true religion — that religion which is " the pillar of society, the safeguard of nations, the parent of b

PREFACE.

. XII social order, which alone has power to curb the fury of the passions, and secure to every one his rights ; to the laborious the rewards of their industry, to the rich the enjoyment of their wealth, to nobles the preservation of their honours, and to princes the stability of their thrones." Warwick, December 10th. 1S43. LIST OF MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. PAGE. I. FRONTISPIECE JERUSALEM FROM THE MOUNT OF OLIVES .... II. TITLE MOUNT ZION .... III. MAP OF CANAAN, ADAPTED TO THE OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY ... 22 IV. MAP OF JUDÆA, ADAPTED TO THE NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY .... 28 V. MOUNT TABOR ..... 105 VI. DEFILE BETWEEN JERUSALEM AND JERICHO 123 VII. RIVER JORDAN AND ITS SCENERY . . 126 VIII. SEA OF CHINNERETH SEA OF GALILEE LAKE OF GENNESARET SEA OF TIBE- RIAS ...... 130 IX. THE SALT OR DEAD SEA . . . 132 X. THE ORIENTAL ASS .... 181 XI.