The History of Massachusetts from the landing of the Pilgrims to the present time, etc

Front matter

MARCH F THE PRSSJDENl THE HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS, FROM THE I andtnj) of &% pilgrims to ify present finuj. INCLUDING A NARRATIVE OF THE PERSECUTIONS BY STATE AND CHURCH IN ENGLAND; THE EARLY VOYAGES TO NORTH AMERICA; THE EXPLORATIONS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS; THEIR HARDSHIPS, SUFFERINGS, AND CONFLICTS WITH THE SAVAGES; THE RISE OF COLONIAL POWER; THE BIRTH OF INDEPENDENCE; THE FOR- MATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH, AND THE GRADUAL PROGRESS OF THE STATE FROM ITS EARLIEST INFANCY TO ITS PRESENT HIGH POSITION. BY GEORGE LOWELL AUSTIN. BOSTON: B. B. RUSSELL, ESTES & LAURIAT, 301 Washington St. 55 CoRNHILL. Copyright, GEORGE L. AUSTIN, 1875. Press of Rand, Avery, 6° Co., Boston. electrotyped at the boston stereotype foundry, 19 spring lane.

Preface

. When the traveller, after a long journey, has at length arrived at his destination, he lays down his burden, and for a while reflects upon the varying scenes through which he has just passed. Likewise, the people of these United States, while standing at the dawn of a new cen tury, are mindful of the privileges and privations of their forefathers, and are reviewing the past, with gratitude to that divine Providence who has conducted the nation through the maze of doubt and of danger to prosperity and peace. In the following pages I have endeavored to trace the sequence of events which constitute the history of Massa chusetts from the landing of the Pilgrims to the present time. Massachusetts has a history which both she and her sister states may well regard with feelings of pride ; and in this hour, when the Centennial celebrations of great events are rekindling the fires of patriotism and the ardor of filial devotion, it is especially fitting that her sons should seek to explore her annals of the past in the light of the pres ent. Within her borders were sown the seeds which, v

PREFACE.

. VI blooming and ripening, have given birth to a great nation. Here came, and lived, and died its early founders. Here American freedom raised its first voice, and here "it still lives in the strength of its manhood, and full of its original spirit." In the words of her greatest orator and statesman, " Massachusetts needs no encomium. There she is, — behold her, and judge for yourselves. There is her history, — the world knows it by heart." While aiming to overlook nothing of interest and of importance in the history of the state, I have purposely refrained from imparting to the narrative the complete ness and fullness of detail which would justly be de manded in a work of greater pretension. I may be per mitted to say that I have written this volume for the people, to whom, with all its imperfections, it is now submitted, in the hope that it will be found not wholly undeserving of their attention.

If the special student should find that it falls short of what other writers might accomplish, the foregoing statement must serve as my sole apology. In a work of this character, the historian can lay no claim to originality. As another has said, "it is not his province to create facts, but to take those already fur nished" in the best sources of information. The researches of earlier historians have been such as to render almost unnecessary any special investigation on the part of those who follow after them ; and the facts, such as they exist, are well known and easily accessible, either in print or

PREFACE.

. VII manuscript. In the preparation of my narrative, I have endeavored to make good use of the material afforded me, and have relied, for the most part, on those writers who were contemporary with the events which they describe. At the same time, I have had constantly before me the works of the principal later historians, and have derived no small advantage from the published Collections and Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and from its volumes of lectures upon the early history of the state. While treating my subject, I have generally followed the arrangement adopted by Barry, whose History is by far the most comprehensive and important that has yet appeared. To the student it is an invaluable mine of facts ; but to the ordinary reader, whose interest in the past is measured by his leisure moments, it is to be feared that the work is much too copious to prove of large and enduring service.

With regard to the following pages, this much may be said in truth. While all preceding historians have ended their labors either with or before the year 1820, it is believed that this is the first attempt yet made to trace the sequence of events following this date. The inter vening period is full of interest and of vital importance, alike to the citizen and to humanity. It has witnessed the birth of conflicting opinions ; the rise and progress of new parties in the arena of politics ; the sudden out burst of passions which had long been dormant ; the vin dication of right and the abolition of wrong. Last, but

PREFACE.

. not least, the period has been emphasized by a struggle, which, beginning in mistrust, continuing in bloodshed, and ending in the uplifting of truth and the downfall of error, has rendered discord and disunion forever impossible, and has sealed the hearts of the nation as one. The proudest boast of all is, that Massachusetts and South Carolina, too long alienated by prejudices and false pre cepts, stand to-day as they stood when together they went through the Revolution, — shoulder to shoulder, hand in hand, and united in purpose and principle. While we cherish in memory the great names which seal the glory and honor of Massachusetts, let us not forget how much we owe to those heroes of the south, whose renown " is of the treasures of the whole country." I must not fail to acknowledge my sense of obligation to the library of Harvard College, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and to the Boston Public Library, which have been opened to me as freely as if they were my own possessions.

To those, my friends, also, who have, either by the loan of rare material or by the generous offering of suggestions, and of encouragement, in no small degree facilitated my endeavors, I here express my indebtedness and thanks. To the people of Massachu setts I dedicate whatever there is of worth and interest in the volume which is now set before them. Cambridge, July, 1875. 1-26 b IX CONTENTS.

Chapter I. The Plymouth Colony

Religious Parties in England. — Character of James I. — His Policy. — The Parliament of 1601. — The King's Proclamation. — Plight of the Independents. — The Pilgrims in Leyden. — Agents sent to England. — The English in North America. — The London and Plymouth Colonies. — The Pilgrims leave England. — The Compact. — Forefathers' Rock. — Hardships. — The Spring of 1621. — Treaty with Massasoit. — A Local Government instituted. — Death of John Carver. — Thanksgiving. — A new Patent. — A League against the Colonies. — The Ships of Master Weston. — Settlement at Wessagusset. — Illness of Massasoit. — Plot against Weston's Colony. — Standish sent to Wessagusset. — Overthrow of Weston's Colony. — Pate of Weston. — Regulation of the Fisheries. — Distress of the Colonists. — Arrival of new Emigrants. — Colony of Robert Gorges. — Plot of Lyford and Oldham. — Their Expulsion. — The Dorchester Company founded. — The Colony at Cape Ann. — Intercourse with the Dutch. — De Rasieres in Plymouth. — Connection with the Merchant Adventurers dissolved. — Mr. Allerton goes to England. — Settlement at Mount Wollaston. — Morton of Merry Mount. — A new Grant obtained. — Progress of Settlement 1

Chapter II. The Massachusetts Colony

Accession of Charles I. — The Dorchester Company dissolved. — Patent of the Massachusetts Colony. — The Massachusetts Company formed. — Emigration under Endicott. — Local Government established. — Emigration under Higginson. — Settlement at Charlestown. — Church organized at Salem. — Episcopacy expelled. — Cradock's Proposal. — John Winthrop. — His Associates. — Transfer of the Charter. — Emigration under Winthrop. — Mortality in thje Colony. — Dispersfcn of the Settlers. — A Fast appointed. — Arrival of Supplies. — An Excur- CONTENTS. X sion to Plymouth. — New Accessions. — Churches organized. — Admin istration of Governor Winthrop. — Dudley chosen Governor. — Arrival of new Emigrants. — Henry Vane. — Chosen Governor. — Opposition. — Anne Hutchinson. — Her Popularity. — Charges against her. — A Synod convened. — Fate of Mrs. Hutchinson. — Samuel Gorton. — His Banishment to Rhode Island. —His Arrest. —Winthrop re-elected. — Progress of Settlement. — Connecticut settled. — Hostility of the Pequots. — Expedition to Block Island. — Roger Williams. — His Ban ishment. — His Removal to Providence. — His Character. — His Inter course with the Indians. — War declared. — Mason's Expedition. — Close of the War 27-53

Chapter III. The Confederacy Of The Colonies

Puritan Legislation. — Limitation of the Elective Franchise. — Oath of Allegiance. — House of Representatives established. — The " Body of Liberties." — Abstract of the Code. — Morality of the People. — Difficulties with England. — The Defenders of the Colonies. — Tyranny of Charles I. — Appointment of a Special Commission. — Measures of Defence. — Mr. Winslow sent to England. — His Imprisonment. — Dissolution of the New England Council. — A Quo Warranto issued. — Internal Enemies. — Petition to the King. — The Spirit of Independence. — Confederacy proposed. — New Hampshire joined to Massachusetts. — Difficulties with the French. — The Conduct of La Tour. — Affray with Hocking and D'Auluey. — Condition of the Colonists. — Progress of Agriculture. — Commerce and Manufactures. — Education fostered. — Harvard College founded. — Its Early History. — Grammar Schools. — A Printing Press erected. — Population of New England. — The Confederacy of the Colonies. — The Preamble. — Articles of Confederation. — Voice of Hooker 54-76

Chapter IV. Massachusetts And Charles II

Death of Charles I. — Meeting of the Long Parliament. — Political Discussions. — Cromwell and the Colonies. — Hostility of the Dutch. — The Quakers. — The Era of Persecution. — Accession of Charles II.— Addresses sent to England. — The King's Response. — A Declaration of Rights. — Agents visit England. —An alarming Rumor. — Arrival of Royal Commissioners. — A Petition to the King. — The Chagrin of the Commissioners. —Departure of the Same. —The Defiance of Massachusetts. — A Season of Quiet 77-95 CONTENTS. XI

Chapter V. King Philip's War

The wild Tribes of New England. — Missionary Enterprise. — John Eliot. — The Praying Indians. — Philip of Mount Hope. — The War begins. — Causes. — Attack on Swanzey. — Movements of the English. — Encounter at Brookfield. — Hadley surprised. — Attack on Deerfield. — Fresh Troops raised. — Attack on Fort Narragansett. — The Lancaster Massacre. — Story of Mrs. Rowlandson. — The Defeat of Captain Pierce. — Distress of the Indians. — The Contest at Turner's Falls. — Flight of Philip. — The Courage of Captain Church. — Death of Philip. — End of the War 96-116

Chapter VI. The Downfall Of The Charter

Prosperity of Massachusetts. — Edmund Randolph. — Complaints of Gorges and Mason. — Threats of the King. — Agents sent to England. — A War against the Charter. — A Quo Warranto issued. — Accession of James II. — Joseph Dudley. — Arrival of Andros. — His arbitrary Government. — Accession of William of Orange. — The Tidings reach Boston. — Andros imprisoned. — The Province Charter 117-128

Chapter VII. The Province Of Massachusetts Bay

Revision of the Colonial Laws. — Sir William Phips. — His Policy. — A Party Collision. — Administration of Stoughton. — Administration of Bellamont. — Administration of Dudley. — The Unpopularity of Dudley. — The French in North America. — The Expedition against Port Royal. — War declared. — The English at Quebec. — The Valor of Frontenac. — Attack on Port Royal. — Failure of the Expedition. — The Colonists in Despair. — Ravages of the Indians. — Attack on Haverhill. — Story of Hannah Dustin. — The Peace of Ryswick. — Renewal of Hostilities. — The Conference at Casco. — Attack on Deerfield. — The Williams Tragedy. — Second Attack on Haverhill. — A new Expedition against the French. — Surrender of Port Royal. — A Fleet arrives at Boston. — The Disaster at Quebec. — The Reduction of Canada abandoned 129-153 CONTENTS. XII ■174

Chapter VIII. The Witchcraft Delusion

Privations of the Early Settlers. — Evidences of Bewitchment. — The Controversy at Salem. — Parris and his Family. — Persecution renewed. — Cotton Mather. — A Court convened. — Progress of the Trials. — The Story of Mrs. Carey. — Oyer and Terminer Court established.— Susanna Martin.— Rebecca Nurse.— Gallows Hill. — George Burroughs. — Other Victims. — Margaret Jacobs and Giles Corey. — Sorrow in Salem. — Mather's "Invisible Wonders." — The End of Persecution. — The People of Andover. — Parris driven from Salem. — The Lesson of the Tragedy 15*" CHAP TER IX. THE SPIRIT OF THE PEOPLE. Money Affairs. — Governor Shute. — The Commerce of Massachusetts. — The King's Policy. — Autocracy of England. — A Controversy with the Governor. — The Small-pox in Boston. — Hostility of the French.— Conflict at Norridgewock. — Death of Sebastian Iiasles. — Lovewell's Expedition. — Peace declared. — William Dummer. — Governor Burnet. — Opposed by the Legislature. — Dummer's Advice. — Governor Belcher. — ■ War between England and Spain. — A fruitless Campaign. — Character of Belcher. — Administration of Governor Shirley. — The Great Awakening. — George Whitefield. — Renewed Controversies. — War with France. — The English at Canseau. — Shirley's Ignorance. — The Siege of Louisburg. — Capture of the "Vigilant." — Progress of the Siege. — The Surrender of Louisburg. — The Joy of America. — The Conquest of Canada proposed. — Disaster to the French Fleet. — Capture of Fort Massachusetts by the French. — The Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle. — Impressment of American Seamen. — The Result. — The Census of 1748. — Commercial Wealth of the Province 175-200

Chapter X. The French And Indian War

The Claims of France. — The Projects of the English. — Halifax settled. — The Ambition of Governor Shirley. — Commencement of Hostilities. — George Washington. — The Surrender of Fort Necessity. — The Congress of 1754. — Plans of Union. — Character of the Confederacy. — Adjournment of the Congress. — Failure of the Plan. — Franklin visits Boston. — Correspondence between Shirley and Franklin. — En- CONTENTS. XIII croachments of the French. — Forts erected by the Americans. — The Conference at Alexandria. — Braddock's Projects for conducting the War. — Expedition of Braddock. — Expedition of Shirley. — Expedi tion to Crown Point. — Dieskau sent to America. — Battle of Lake George. — Defeat of Dieskau. — Expedition to Nova Scotia. — Move ments of Winslow. — Character of the Acadians. — Removal of the Acadians. — Position of the Forces. — Conference at New York. — Plans of Shirley. — Proceedings of the Legislature of Massachusetts. — Proceedings of Parliament. — Recall of Shirley. — The Earl of Lou doun appointed Commander-in-Chief. — Affairs in the Army. — Affairs at Oswego. — Fall of Oswego. — Pitt appointed Prime Minister of Eng land. — Pownall appointed Governor of Massachusetts. — Attack on Fort William Henry. — Its Capture. — The Americans despondent. — Loudoun recalled. — Capture of Louisburg. — Reduction of Fort Du Quesne. — Failure of the Crown Point Expedition. — The new Cam paign. — Siege of Fort Niagara. — Crown Point forsaken by the French. — Siege of Quebec. — Wolfe and Montcalm. — Surrender of Quebec. — Conclusion of the War 201-225

Chapter XI. The Stamp Act

The Prophecy of Charles Davenant. — The Wisdom of Richard Hooker. — Contests with the Crown. — Shirley supports the Prerogative. — Bill for Strengthening the Same. — A Stamp Tax proposed. — Massachusetts imposes a Stamp Tax. — Bernard appointed Governor. — The Work of Abuse. — Otis and his Associates. — Character of Hutchinson. ■ — His " History " and "Letters." — Accession of George III. — Trial of the Revenue Officers. — Gridley's Argument. — Thacher's Reply. — Speech of Otis. — The Opinion of John Adams. — Pitt resigns his Office. — The Earl of Egremont his Successor. — Otis's Speech at the Close of the French War. — Townshend's Scheme. — Grenville's Scheme. — Change in the Ministry. — Advice of the Lords of Trade. — The Stamp Act proposed. — Action of the General Court. — Samuel Adams. — Address to the House of Commons. — Action of Parliament. — The Stamp Act passed. — The News reaches America. — Action of the General Court. — The Mutiny Act. — Change in the Ministry. — Oliver hung in Effigy. — Proclamation of the Governor. — Hutchinson's House attacked. — Another Change in the Ministry. — Message of the Governor. — Views of John Adams. — Congress at New York. — Course of the British Ministry. — The First of November. — Oliver resigns his Office. — The Repeal of the Stamp Act proposed. — Speech of Pitt. — Speech of Grenville. —Reply of Pitt. — Examination of Franklin.— Debate on the Repeal. — The Stamp Act repealed. 226-256 CONTENTS XIV

Chapter XII. Military Despotism In The Province

Celebration of the Repeal of the Stamp Act. — Changes in the British Ministry. — Pitt created Earl of Chatham. — Affairs in England. — Course of Townshend. — Course of Shelburne. — Course of the French Minister. — The Revenue Bill. — Public Spirit in America. — Course of the Boston Merchants. — Proceedings of the General Court. — Course >^ of Hutchinson. — Impressment of Seamen. — Seizure of the "Liber ty." — A Town-meeting called. — Address to the Governor. — Arrival of Troops in Boston. — The King's Speech. — Debates in Parliament. — A new Legislature convened. — Controversy with the Governor. — Close of Bernard's Administration. — Hutchinson appointed Governor. — Speech of Pitt. — Speech of Camden. — Reply of Lord North. — Affairs in Boston. — Murder of Snider. — The Boston Massacre. — Meeting of the Citizens. — Trial of the Soldiers. — The Responsible Parties 257-277

Chapter XIII. The Progress Of The Struggle

The American Question in Parliament. — The Controversy with Hutchinson. — Burke's Resolves. — The General Court prorogued. — A Season of Quiet. — Samuel Adams. — The Foundation for American Union. — Revenue Projects. — The Third of November. — A Convention in Faneuil Hall. — A Meeting in the Old South. — The Boston Teaparty. — The Debates in Parliament. — Arrival of General Gage. — Departure of the Governor. — A Plan for Union. — The Continental Congress. — A Provincial Congress organized. — The Last Appeal of Chatham 278-298

Chapter XIV. Lexington And Concord

Proceedings of the Committees of Safety. —The Movements of Gage. Paul Revere. — Hancock and Adams. — March of the British. — The Yeomanry of Lexington. — The Massacre on Lexington Common. — The Alarm in Concord. — Assembling of the Militia. — Arrival of the British. — Captain Timothy Wheeler. — Fight at the Old North Bridge. — Retreat of the Enemy. — Skirmishing. — The British re-enforced. — The Halt at Bunker Hill. — The Roll of Honor 299-310 CONTENTS. XV

Chapter XV. Bunker Hill, And The Siege Of Boston

Meeting of the Provincial Congress. — Preparing for War. — Washington chosen Commander-in-Chief. — Movements of the British. — Prescott ordered to Bunker Hill. — The March. — Fortifications raised. — The Morning of the 17th of June. — Gage holds a Council of War. — The British Advance. — Position of the Americans. — The First Attack. — The Second Attack. — The Burning of Charlestown. — The Third Attack. — Retreat of the Americans. — Death of Warren. — Gage's Proclamation. — Washington in Cambridge. — New Fortifications raised. — The News reaches England. — Distress of the British Army. — Dorchester Heights fortified. — Howe's Chagrin. — The Seventh of March. — Evacuation of Boston. — Condition of the Metropolis 311-331

Chapter XVI. The War For Independence

Boston Harbor fortified. ■ — Action of the General Court. — Fresh Troops required. — The Resolutions of the Seventh of June. — The Declaration of Independence. — Speech of John Adams. — The Debate in Congress. — The Final Vote. — Adoption of the Declaration. — How received by the People. — Affairs in the Autumn. ■ — Paper Money issued. — The Naval Armament of Massachusetts. — Success of the British Army. — Surrender of General Burgoyne. — A Tax levied. — Affairs in Rhode Island. — A Desire for Peace. — The New Year. — The Penobscot Expedition. — Complaints of the People. — Overtures for Peace. — Negotiation. — Close of the War 332-346

Chapter XVII. Adoption Of The State Constitution

Proceedings of the General Court. — A Convention at Cambridge. — The Interests of Science. — The Dark Day. — The National Bank. — The Massachusetts Mint. — Establishment of the Supreme Judicial Court. — Slavery in Massachusetts. — Election of Governor Bowdoin. — The Portland Convention. — Harvard College favored. — A Dispute settled. — Society at the Close of the Revolution. — Habits of the People. — The Country Folk. — The first Play-house erected. — Manner of Dress. — The Census of 1784 347-363 CONTENTS. XVI

Chapter XVIII. Shays' Rebellion

Massachusetts at the Close of the War. — Great Excitement. — The Hatfield Convention. — The Courts Interrupted. — The Spirit of Insurrection. — The Militia ordered out. — Daniel Shays. — Proceedings of the General Court. —Warrants issued. — Fresh Troops raised. — The Contest at Springfield. — Pursuit of the Insurgents. — Indemnity promised. — General Lincoln's Letter. — Close of the Rebellion. — Re-election of Governor Hancock 364-375

Chapter XIX. Adoption Of The Federal Constitution

The Philadelphia Convention. — A Constitution discussed. — Presented to Congress. — The Massachusetts Convention. — A long Discussion. — Debate on the Slavery Question. — Speech of General Heath. — The Constitution ratified. — Amendments drawn up. — Inauguration of President Washington. — His Visit to New England. — The Federalists and the Anti-federalists. — Proceedings of the General Congress. — Confidence regained. — Internal Improvements. — Governor Adams. — France and the United States. — Citizen Genet. — John Jay. — Treaty with Great Britain. — Opposition to the Same. — Washington's Reply. — The Treaty ratified. — Election of Governor Sumner. — President Adams. — Commissioners sent to France. — The Negotiation. — A War commenced. — Death of Governor Sumner. — Election of Caleb Strong. — President Jefferson. — James Sullivan. — Party Feelings. — An Embargo laid. — President Madison. — Levi Lincoln. — Christopher Gore. — Election of Governor Gerry 376-396

Chapter XX. The War Of

1812. The Policy of the General Government. — Message of Governor Gerry. — Re-election of Caleb Strong. — "Gerrymandering." — Causes of Controversy. — Madison's Message. — War declared against Great Britain. — Opposition of Massachusetts. — Address of the Senate. — Address of the House. — Correspondence between Governor Strong and General Dearborn. — Madison's System of Impressment. — Progress of the War. — The Hartford Convention. — - Peace declared. — Industry in Massachusetts. — Election of Governor Brooks. — Maine becomes a State. — The Revision of the State Constitution 397-410 CONTENTS. XVII

Chapter XXI. The Era Of Politics

The Missouri Question. — The "Missouri Compromise." — Census of 1820. — Pauperism discussed. — Daniel Webster. — Election of Governor Eustis. — Election of President Adams. — Levi Lincoln Governor. — His prosperous Administration. — A Lunatic Hospital established. — The Fiftieth Anniversary of Bunker Hill Battle. — Death of John Adams. — Webster elected to Congress. — The " Republican " Party. — Speech of Webster. — Election of President Jackson. — The ' ' National Republican " Party. — Election of Governor Davis. — A dastardly Outrage. — An Indignation Meeting. — The Democratic Party. — Anti-Masonry. — Van Buren President. — Governor Everett 411-425

Chapter XXII. The Growth Of Public Opinion

Governor Everett's Administration. — Normal Schools. — The Western Railroad. — Rise of the Slavery Question. — The "Specie Circular." — Harvard College. — Administration of Governor Morton. — The Latimer Slave Case. — The North-Eastern Boundary Dispute. — Political Conventions. — Webster's Apology. — Election of Governor Briggs. — The Berkshire Jubilee. — The "Liberal Party." — Affairs in the General Court. — The Mexican War. — Charles Sumner. — Education fostered. — Address of Governor Briggs. — Death of John Quincy Adams. — The Water Supply of Boston. — The Webster-Parkman Murder. — Close of the Administration 426-455

Chapter XXIII. The Slavery Agitation

Election of President Taylor.— The "Free Soil" Party. —The Coalition of 1850. — Administration of Governor Boutwell. — The " Fugitive Slave Bill." — Speech, of Charles Sumner. — Election of Sumner to the United States Senate. — The Sims Case. — Visit of Kossuth. — Death of Daniel Webster. — Politics. — Election of Governor Clifford. — Everett chosen United States Senator. — The Labor Question. — Revision of the State Constitution. — Election of Governor Washburn. — The Burns Case. — The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Party Politics. — Election of Governor Gardner. — Henry Wilson elected to the United States Senate. — Know-Nothingism. — Assault on Senator Sumner. — CONTENTS. XVIII Election of President Buchanan. — Governor Banks. — Prosperity of the State. — The "Personal Liberty" Act. — Election of Governor Andrew. — His Inaugural Address. — War inevitable 456-487

Chapter XXIV. Massachusetts In The Civil War

Inauguration of President Lincoln. — Fall of Fort Sumter. — Call for Volunteers. — The Response of Massachusetts. — The Three Months' Regiments. — Their Record. — Another call for Volunteers. — An extra Session of the Legislature. — Departure of the Three Years' Regiments. — The Battle of Ball's Bluff. — Proceedings of the Maryland Legislature. — Re-election of Governor Andrew. — The Spring of 1SC2. — Position of the Massachusetts Troops. — The third Call for Troops. — New Regiments recruited. — The Battle of Antietam. — The Emancipation Proclamation issued. — The colored Troops. — The Nine Months' Regiments. — Riot in Boston. — Party Conventions. — Re-election of Governor Andrew. — More Troops wanted. — Speech of Governor Andrew. — Progress of the War. — Re-election of President Lincoln. — Re-election of Governor Andrew. — Death of Edward Everett. — Surrender of General Lee. — Death of President Lincoln. — Close of the War. — Inauguration of Governor Bullock 488-527

Chapter XXV. Since The War

The Legislature of 1866. — The Militia Act. — The Hoosac Tunnel. — Debate on the Liquor Question. — Grant to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad.-^ Debt of the State. — Revival of the Liquor Question. — The Troy and Greenfield Railroad. — The Hoosac Tunnel. — Election of Governor Claflin. — Proceedings of the Legislature. — The "Peace Jubilee." — Party Conventions. —'Continued Discussion of the Liquor Question. — The Prohibitory Law amended. — The Hartford and Erie Railroad. —The Legislature of 1871. — The Autumn Campaign. —Election of Governor Washburn. — The Legislature of 1872. — Political Conventions.— Election of President Grant. — The "World's Peace Jubilee." — The Boston Conflagration. — Proceedings of the Legislature—Election of Ex-Governor Boutwell to the United States Senate. — The Liquor Question. —Legislature of 1873. — Boston enlarged. — Politics.— Death of Senator Sumner.— Election of Senator Washburn. — The Mill River Disaster. — Politics. — Legislature of 1875. — Election of Senator Dawes.— Lexington and Concord Centennial. —Bunker Hill Centennial. — Cambridge Centennial. — Politics. —Election of Governor Rice. — Death of Vice Presided Wilson. — Conclusion 528-566 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE Evacuation of Boston Frontispiece. Samuel Adams 230 John Adams 385 Daniel Webster. 413 Edward Everett 426 Charles Sumner 462 John A. Andrew ' 489 Henry Wllson 550 A POPULAR HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Chapter I. The Plymouth Colony

At the close of the sixteenth century, four religious parties existed in England. The Catholics, or adherents of the church of Rome, were still powerful in certain localities. The Protestant element was divided into three sects — the Anglicans, or members of the English church ; the Puritans, or non-conformists, who differed from the former only in a disregard of special rites and observances; and the Inde pendents, or Separatists, who refused to sanction the found ing of a national church, on the ground that it was purely contrary to the Word of God. In the minds of all classes a sort of mutual hatred had arisen, and heated controversies soon resulted in the most bitter persecutions. Had not these evils become unbearable to the weaker sects, hun dreds would not so willingly have forsaken the land of their nativity and taken refuge across the sea.

After the death of Elizabeth, in 1603, James I. ascended the throne. His want of personal dignity, his coarse 1 buffoonery, his drunkenness, his contemptible cowardice, were only partially offset by his natural ability, his ripe scholarship, his fund of shrewdness, his mother-wit, and his ready repartee. Always a pedant, he had also a pedant's temper, and a pedant's inability to reconcile theories with actual facts. He believed, for instance, in the divine right of kings, and that a monarch was free from all control by law, or from responsibility to anything but his own royal will. This notion, founded on a blunder, was quite new to his people ; but, nevertheless, it became the basis of a system of government, a doctrine which bishops preached from the pulpits, and which the Established Church was not slow to adopt.

Before his accession to the throne, King James had always professed a sincere regard for the teachings of Knox, and his open declarations naturally aroused the hopes of the Puritan sect. Ere long, however, he showed himself a dissembler. Behind his intellectual convictions lay a host of prejudices, and it was plain to discern that his favorite religion was that which most favored his ideas of " absolute monarchy." The Puritans dared to dispute his boasted infallibility, and to denounce ceremonies, which, it was alleged, "had authority in the writings of the Fathers." For this reason the king turned himself against them, swearing either to " make them conform " or to " harry them out of the kingdom." "No bishop, no king," was his motto; and he declared he would have only "one doc trine and one discipline, one religion in substance and in ceremony." x While men were dwelling ominously on the claims of absolutism in church and state, which were constantly on 1 Sanderson, James I., 303. the royal lips, the Parliament of 1604 was convened.