History of the United States ... With maps ... Revised edition

Preface

Notwithstanding the number of United States histories already in existence, and the excellence of many of them, I venture to think that no apol ogy is needed for bringing forward another. 1. The volume now presented to the public is believed to utilize, more than any of its predeces sors, the many valuable researches of recent years into the rich archives of this and other nations. 2. Most of the briefer treatments of the subject are manuals, intended for pupils in schools, the conspicuous articulation so necessary for this pur pose greatly lessening their interest for the gen eral reader. The following narrative will be found continuous as well as of moderate compass. 3. I have sought to make more prominent than popular histories have usually done, at the same time the political evolution of our country on the one hand, and the social culture, habits, and life of the people on the other. 4. The work strives to observe scrupulous pro portion in treating the different parts and phases

PREFACE.

VI of our national career, neglecting none and over emphasizing none. Also, while pronouncedly national and patriotic, it is careful to be perfectly fair and kind to the people of all sections. 5. Effort has been made to present the matter in the most natural periods and divisions, and to give such a title to each of these as to render the table of contents a truthful and instructive epit ome of our national past. 6. With the same aim the Fore-history is ex hibited in sharp separation from the United States history proper, calling due attention to what is too commonly missed, the truly epochal character of the adoption of our present Constitution, in 1789. 7. No pains has been spared to secure perfect accuracy in all references to dates, persons, and places, so that the volume may be used with con fidence as a work of reference.

I am persuaded that much success in this has been attained, despite the uncertainty still attaching to many matters of this sort in United States history, especially to dates. Brown University, September 15, 1894. CONTENTS

Introduction

PAGE America before Columbus . . . . xxi Age and Origin of Man in America. — Primordial Americans unlike Present Asiatics. — Resemblances between their Various Branches. — Two Great Types. — The Mound-builders' Age. — De sign of the Mounds. — Different Forms. — Towns and Cities. — Proofs of Culture. — Arts. — Fate of the Mound-builders. — The Indians. — Their Number. — Degree of Civilization. — Power of Endurance. — Religion. — The Various Nations. — Original Brute Inhabitants of North America. — Plants, Fruits, and Trees. — Indian Agriculture. (pftrf SitBt THE FORE-HISTORY PEEIOD I DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT 1492-1660 Chapter I. Columbus 1 Bretons and Normans in the New World. — The Northmen Question. — Marco Polo's Travels. — His Pictures of Eastern Asia. — Influence on Columbus. — Early Life of Columbus. — His Cruises and Studies. — Asia to be Reached by Sailing West. — CONTENTS Appeals for Aid.— Rebuffs— Success. — Sails from Palos.— The Voyage. —America Discovered. — Columbus's Later Voyages and Discoveries. — Illusion Respecting the New Land. — Amerigo Vespucci. — Rise of the Name " America."

FAOE Chapter II. Early Spanish America . 12 Portugal and Spain Divide the Newly Discovered World. — Spain gets most of America. — Voyage of de Solis. — Balboa Dis covers the Pacific. — Ponce de Leon on the Florida Coast. — Ex plorations by Grijalva. — Cortez Invades Mexico. — Subjugates the Country. — De Ayllon's Cruise. — Magellan Circumnavigates the Globe. — Narvaez's Expedition into Florida. — Its Sad Fate. — De Soto. — His March. — Hardships. — Discovers the Mississip pi. — His Death. — End of His Expedition. — French Settlement in Florida. — St. Augustine. — French-Spanish Hostilities. — Rea sons for Spain's Failure to Colonize far North. — Her Treatment of the Natives. — Tyranny over her own Colonies. Chapter III. Exploration and Colonization by the French and the English 23 Verrazano. — "New France." — Cartier Discovers St. Lawrence Gulf and River. — Second Voyage. — Montreal. — Third. — De Monts. — Champlain. — Founds Quebec. — Westward Explora tions. — John Cabot, Discoverer of the North American Main. — Frobisher. — Tries for a Northwest Passage. — Second Expedition for Gold. — Third. — Eskimo Tradition of Frobisher's Visits. — Drake Sails Round the World. — Cavendish Follows. — Raleigh's Scheme. — Colony at Roanoke Island. — " Virginia." — Second Colony. — Its Fate.

Chapter IV. The Planting of Virginia . 31 The Old Virginia Charter. — Jamestown Settled. — Company and Colony. — Character of Early Virginia Population. — Prog ress. — Products. — Slavery. — Agriculture the Dominant In dustry. — No Town Life. — Hardships and Dissensions. — John Smith. — New Charter.— Delaware Governor. — The "Starving CONTENTS IX Time." — Severe Rule of Dale and Argall. — The Change of 1612. — Pocahontas. — Indian Hostilities. — First American Legislature. — Sir Thomas Wyatt. — Self-government. — Virginia Reflects English Political Progress. — Dissolution of the Company. — Charles I. and Virginia. — Harvey, Wyatt, Berkeley. — Virginia under Cromwell. PAGE Chapter V. Pilgrim and Puritan at the North 30 The first "Independents."— John Smyth's Church at Gains borough. — The Scrooby Church. — Plymouth Colony. — Settles Plymouth. — Hardships. — Growth. — Cape Ann Settlement. — Massachusetts Bay. — Size. — Polity. — Roger Williams. — His Views. — His Exile. — Anne Hutchinson. — Rhode Island Found ed. — Settlement of Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield. — Say brook. — New Haven. — New Hampshire. — Maine. — New Eng land Confederation. — Its Function. — Its Failure.

Chapter VI. Baltimore and his Maryland 48 Sir George Calvert Plants at Newfoundland. — Is Ennobled. — Sails for Virginia. — Grant of Maryland. — Lord Baltimore Dies. — Succeeded by Cecil. — Government of Maryland. — Conflict with Virginia. — Baltimore Comes to Maryland. — Religious Freedom in the Colony. — Clayborne's Rebellion. — First Maryland As sembly. — Anarchy. — Romanism Established. — Baltimore and Roger Williams. — Maryland during the Civil War in England. — Death of Baltimore. — Character. — Maryland under the Long Parliament. — Puritan Immigration. — Founds Annapolis. — Re bellion. — Clayborne Again. — Maryland and the Commonwealth. — Deposition of Governor Stone. — Anti-Catholic Laws. — Balti more Defied. — Sustained by Cromwell. — Fendall's Rebellion. — Fails. — Maryland at the Restoration.

Chapter VII. New Netherland 50 Henry Hudson and his Explorations. — Enters Hudson River. -His Subsequent Career. — And His Fate. — Dutch Trade on the CONTENTS X Hudson. — "New Netherland." — Dutch West India Company. — Albany Begun. — New Amsterdam. — Relations with Plymouth. — De Vries on the Delaware. — Dutch Fort at Hartford. — Con flict of Dutch with English. — Gustavus Adolphus. — Swedish Beginnings at Wilmington, Delaware. — Advent of Kieft. — Mal treats Indians. — New Netherland in 1647. — Stuyvesant's Excel lent Rule. — Conquers New Sweden. — And the Indians. — Con quest of Dutch America by England. — " New York." — Persist ence of Dutch Influence and Traits. PAGE Chapter VIII. The First Indian Wars . 62 Beginning of Indian Hostility. — Of Pequot War. — Mason's Strategy. — And Tactics. — Capture of Pequot Fort. — Back to Say brook. — Extermination of Pequot Tribe. — Peace. — Miantino moh and Uncas. — Dutch War with Indians. — Caused by Kieffs Impolicy. — Liquor. — Underhill Comes. — Mrs. Hutchinson's Fate. — Deborah Moody. — New Haven Refuses Aid. — Appeal to Holland. — Underbill's Exploits. — Kieft Removed. — Sad Plight of New Netherland. — Subsequent Hostilities and Final Peace.

PEEIOD II ENGLISH AMERICA TILL THE END OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1660-1763 Chapter I. New England under the Last Stuarts 71 Charles II. and Massachusetts. — Massachusetts about 1660. — Its View of its Political Rights. — The King's View. — And Com mands. — Commission of 1664. — Why Vengeance was Delayed. — Boldness of the Colony. — It Buys Maine. — Fails to Get New Hampshire. — The King's Rage. — The Charter Vacated. — Charles II. and Connecticut. — Prosperity of this Colony. — Rhode Island. -Boundary Disputes of Connecticut. — Of Rhode Island. — CONTENTS XI George Fox and Roger Williams. — James II. King. — Andros Governor. — Andros and Southern New England. — In Massa chusetts. — Revolution of 1688. — New Charter for Massachusetts. — Defects and Merits. PAGE Chapter II. King Philip's War 82 Whites' Treatment of Red Men. — Indian Hatred. — Causes. — Alexander's Death. — Philip King. — Scope of his Conspiracy. — Murders Sausaman. — War Begun. — Nipmucks take Part — War in Connecticut Valley. — Bloody Brook. — The Swamp Fight at South Kingston, R. I. — Central Massachusetts Aflame. — The Rowlandson History. — S. E. Massachusetts and Rhode Island Again. — Connecticut Valley once more Invaded. — Tur ner's Falls. — Philip's Death. — Horrors of the War. — Philip's Character. — Fate of his Family.

Chapter III. The Salem Witchcraft . 92 New England Home Life.— Religion its Centre. — The Farm house. — Morning Devotions. — Farm Work. — Tools. — Diet. — Neighborliness. — NewEnglaud Superstitions. — Not Peculiar to New England. — Sunday Laws. — Public Worship. — First Case of Sorcery. — The Witch Executed. — Cotton Mather. — His Experi ments. — His Book. — The Parris Children Bewitched. — The Manifestations. — The Trial. — Executions. — George Burroughs. — Rebecca Nurse. — Reaction. — Forwardness of Clergy. — "'Dev il's Authority."— The End. Chapter IV. The Middle Colonies . 103 English Conquest of New Netherland. — Duke of York's Gov ernment. — Andros. — Revolution of 1688. — Leisler. — Problems which Teased Royal Governors. — New Jersey. — Its Political Vi cissitudes. — William Penn. — Character. — Liberality of Pennsyl vania Charter. — Penn and James II. — Penn's Services for his Colony — Prosperity of the Latter. — Fletcher's Rule. — Gabriel Thomas's History of Pennsylvania. — Penn's Trials — And Vic tory. — Delaware.

CONTENTS PAGE Chapter V. Maryland, Virginia, Carolina 110 Maryland after the Stuart Restoration. — Navigation Act. — Boundary Disputes. — Liberality of Religion. — Agitation to Es tablish Anglicanism. — Maryland under William and Mary. — English Church Established. — Not Oppressive. — Fate of Virginia after the Restoration. — Virginia's Spirit, Numbers, Resources. — Causes of Bacon's Rebellion. — Evil of the Navigation Acts. — Worthless Officials. — Course of the Rebellion. — Result. — Dulness of the Subsequent History.— William and Mary College. — Governor Spotswood. — Blackbeard. — Carolina. — Its Constitution. — Conflict of Parties. — Georgia. Chapter VI. Governmental Institutions in the Colonies 119 Origin of American Political Institutions. — Local Self-government. — Representation. — Relation of Colonies to England. — Classification of Colonies. — Changes. — Conflict of Legal Views. — Colonists' Contentions. — Taxation.

Chapter VII. Social Culture in Colonial Times 123 Population of the Colonies at Different Dates.- — Differences according to Sections. — Intellectual Ability. — Free Thought. — Political Bent. — English Church in the Colonies. — Its Clergy. — In New York. — The New England Establishment. — Hatred to Episcopacy. — Counter-hatred. — Colleges and Schools. — News papers. — Libraries. — Postal System. — Learned Professions. — Epidemics. — Scholars and Artists. — Travelling. — Manufactures and Commerce. — Houses. — Food and Dress. — Wigs. — Opposi tion to Them. — Social Cleavage. — Redemptioners Penal Legislation. — Philadelphia Leads in Social Science. Chapter VIII. England and France in America 136 The French in the Heart of the Continent. — Groseilliers, Radisson, La Salle. — Joliet and Marquette Reach the Mississippi. — CONTENTS XIII Baudin and Du Lhut. — La Salle Descends to the Gulf. — " Chi cago." — The Portages. — La Salle's Expedition from France to the Mississippi. — Its Fate. — French, Indians, and English.— France's Advantage. — Numbers of each Race in America. — Causes of England's Colonial Strength. — King William's War. -The Schenectady Massacre. — Other Atrocities. — Anne's War. — Deerfield. — Plans for Striking Back. — Second Capture of Port Royal. — Rasle's Settlement Raided. — George's War. — Capture of Louisburg. — Saratoga Destroyed. — Scheme to Retaliate. — Fail ure. — French Vigilance and Aggression.

PAGE Chapter IX. The French and Indian War 14G Struggle Inevitable. — George Washington. — Fights at Great Meadows. — War Begun. — English Plans of Campaign. — Brad dock's March. — Defeat and Death. — Prophecy Regarding Washington. — The " Evangeline" History. — Loudon's Incompetence. — Pitt at the Head of Affairs. — Will Take Canada. — Louisburg Recaptured. — "Pittsburgh." — Triple Movement upon Canada. — The Plains of Abraham. — Quebec Capitulates. — Peace of Paris. — Conspiracy of Pontiac. PEEIOD III REVOLUTION AND THE OLD CONFEDER- ATION 1763-1789 Chapter I. Results of the French and Indian War 154 How Important. — Vergennes's Prophecy. — England in Debt. -Tempted to Tax Colonies. — Colonies Strengthened. — Mili tary Experience Gained. — Leaders Trained. — Fighting Power Revealed. — Best of All, Union. — How Developed. — Nothing but War could have done This. — Scattered Condition of Popu lation Then. — Difficulties of Communication. — Other Centrifu- CONTENTS gal Influences. — France no longer a Menace to the Colonies.—- But a Natural Friend and Ally. — Increase of Territory at the Colonies' Disposal.

PAGE Chapter II. George III. and His American Colonies 161 Character of the Young King. — Policy. — Advisers. — Indefinite Causes Separating Colonies from England. — England Blind to These. — Ignorant of the Colonies. — Stricter Enforcement of Navi gation Laws. — Writs of Assistance. — James Otis. — Stamp Act. — Opposition. — Vigorous and Widespread Retaliation by Non importation. — England Recedes. — Her Side of the Question. — Lord Mansfield's Argument. — Pitt's. — Constitutional and Histori cal Considerations not Sufficient. — George ILL'S Case Better Legally than Practically. — Natural Rights. — Townshend's Duties. — Massachusetts Opposition. — Samuel Adams. — Committees of Correspondence. — The Billeting Act. — Boston Massacre. — State ment of Grievances. — The Tea. — Coercion Resolved Upon. — First Continental Congress. — Drifting into War.

Chapter III. Independence and the New States 171 Slow Growth of Desire for Independence. — Why. Early Schemes of Union.— New York Convention of 1690.— Albany Convention of 1754.— Franklin's Plan for a Confederation of Colonies.— Even in 1774 no Hint of Independence.— Hardly in 1775— Swift Change at Last.— All the Colonies Turn to the New Idea.— Causes.— Dickinson and Harrison. —The King's Barbar ity-—The Gaspe Affair.— Capture of Fort William and Mary.— Paine's " Common Sense."— Declaration of Independence Moot ed. — Debated.— Drafted.— Passed and Signed. — Jefferson.— How far he Followed Earlier Utterances. —Effect of the Declara tion.—Anarchy in the Colonies.— New State Governments.— New Constitutions.— Their Provisions.— Changes from the Old Order. — General Character of the Documents. CONTENTS XV PAGE Chapter IV.

Outbreak of War : Washing ton's Movements . 181 General Gage in Boston. — Lexington. — Concord.— The Re treat. — Siege of Boston. — Bunker Hill. — Warren's Fall. — Losses of the two Sides. — Washington Commander-in-Chief. — His Character. — Difficulties. — Bad Military System. — Gage Evacu ates Boston. — Moultrie's Defence of Charleston Harbor. — New York the Centre of Hostilities. — Long Island Given Up. — New York City also. — Forts Washington and Lee Captured. — Re treat Across New Jersey. — Splendid Stroke at Trenton. — Prince ton. — Brandywine and Germantown. — The Winter at Valley Forge. — Hardships. — Steuben's Arrival and Drill. — Battle of Monmouth. Chapter V. The Northern Campaign . . 189 On to Canada. — Ethan Allen takes "Old Ti. " — Montgomery's Advance. — Benedict Arnold's. — They Attack Quebec — Mont gomery Falls. — Morgan in the Lower Town. — The Siege Raised. — Retreat. — Burgoyne's Advance. — The British Plan. — Ticon deroga Again in British Hands. — On to Fort Edward. — St. Leger's Expedition. — Battle of Oriskany. — St. Leger Driven Back. — Baume s Expedition. — Battle of Bennington. — Stark. — — Burgoyne in a Cul-de-sac. — Gates Succeeds Schuyler. — First Battle of Bemis's Heights or Stillwater. — Burgoyne's Position Critical. — No Tidings from Clinton. — Second Battle. — Arnold the Hero. — The Briton Retreats. — Capitulates. —Little Thanks to Gates. — Importance of Burgoyne's Surrender.

Chapter VI. The Southern Campaigns . . 196 Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley. — Battle of Rhode Island. — Raids. — Wayne takes Stony Point. — Paul Jones and his Naval Victory. — The War in the South. — Lincoln Surren ders. — All South Carolina Gone. — Clinton's Severity. — Bravely withstood by Southern Leaders and People. — Washington Sends Aid. — Gates and De Kalb. — Battle of Camden. — Exit Gates. — De Kalb's Valor and Death. — Arnold's Treason. — The South CONTENTS XVI Prostrate.— Colonial Victory of King's Mountain.— General Greene to the South.— His History.— His Plan.— Morgan Beats Carleton at Cowpens. — Comwallis Sweeps Northward. — Greene's Skilful Retreat. — Battle of Guilford Court-house. — Comwallis to Virginia. — The Carolinas and Georgia Recovered. — Washington to Yorktown. — French Aid. — Comwallis Sur renders. — Effects.

PAGE Chapter VII. Peace 205 Peace Sentiment in England. — Reasons. — 111 Conduct of the War. — Expense. — Vain Concession. — France Aids America. — Spain Too. — Lord North Wavers. — Holland Joins the Colonies. — Cornwallis's Surrender. — Franklin in France. — Influence and Skill. — Joy. — Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace. — The Treaty Signed. — Its Provisions. — Peace a Benediction. — Cessa tion of Hostilities. — Redcoats Depart. — New York Evacuated. — Washington's Adieu to the Army. — Resigns his Commission. — Re-visits Mount Vernon. Chapter VIII. American Manhood in the Revolution 213 Character of Revolutionary Soldiers. — Causes. — Physical Basis and Previous Training. — Bunker Hill. — Moultrie. — Mary landers at Long Island. — At Monmouth.— Nathan Hale. — An dre. — Paul Jones and his Exploit. — Ethan Allen. — Prescott. — "Old Put." — Richard Montgomery. — General Greene. — Stark. — Dan Morgan. — Other Generals. — Colonel Washington. — De Kalb. — Robert Morris, Financier. — Franklin Diplomatist. — Washington. — Military Ability. — Mental and Moral Character istics. — Honesty. — Modesty. — Encomia upon Him.

Chapter IX. The Old Confederation . . 223 The Revolutionary Congress. — The Articles of Confedera tion. — Synopsis. — Congress. — Its Powers. — Advantages of the Confederation. — Critical State of Affairs after the War. — State Sovereignty. — -Antagonized by Existence of the Articles. CONTENTS XVII Faults of the Confederation. — No Power over Individuals. — Treaties. — Taxation. — War Debt. — Mutinous Spirit in Army. — Washington's Steadfastness. — Congress Menaced. — Discord of Commercial Laws. — England's Hostile Attitude. — Needed Amendments to the Articles. — Lack of a Central Power. — North west Territory. — Ordinance of 1787. — Its Excellence. — The Ohio Company. — Settlement at Marietta. PAGE Chapter X. Rise of the New Constitution 230 Anarchy after the Revolution. — Shays's Rebellion. — Wash ington's Influence. — Continental Sects. — Hamilton's Motion for a Stronger Government. — Massachusetts's Motion. — For wardness of Virginia. — Of Madison. — Origin of Annapolis Con vention, 1786. — Its Action. — Meeting of the Constitutional Convention, 1787. — The Virginia Plan. — New Jersey Plan. — Growth of the Constitution. — Personnel of the Convention. — Its Distinguished Men. — Subsequent Careers of Many. — Rut ledge. — Rufus King. — Completion of the Constitution. — Ratifi cation. — Struggle in Massachusetts. — In Virginia. — In New York.— In North Carolina.— In Rhode Island.—" More Perfect Union " at Last.

CONTENTS $)arf JJeconfc THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION PERIOD I THE UNITED STATES AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1814 PAGE Chapter I. The New Government . . 243 Launching the Constitution. — Washington's First Inaugura tion. — Distribution of our Population in 1790. — In the States. — Cities. — New York City. — Difference between the Old Govern ment and the New. — Status of the State. — Benefits of the New Order. — Popularity of the Constitution. — Thoroughness of First Congress. — Origin of Post office Department. — Treasury. — Revenue and Monetary System. — Judiciary. — Secretary of War. — Leaders in First Congress. Chapter II. Federalism and Anti-federalism 254 Origin and Development of the Two Terms. — Policy of Federalism. — Federalists Aristocratic. — Two Stripes of Federal ists. — Policy of the Anti-federalists. — Close and Liberal Con structionists. — Argument of the Federalists on Article I., Section 8. — Reply of Anti-federalists. — Historical Facts in Support of the Latter.

Chapter III. Domestic Questions of Washington's Administrations . . . 258 I. Tariff: Restrictive Policy after the Revolution. — Object of its Advocates to Strengthen the Central Government. — Re- CONTENTS XIX taliatory Spirit against England. — Desire for Independence as to Military Supplies. II. Funding the Debt : Debt at Close of Revolution.— Congress Liquidates the Domestic Federal Debt. — Assumes State Debts. — Debate on This. — Secured by a "Deal." — Scheme for Payment. III. — The Excise : Excise on Spirits. — Opposition in Penn sylvania. — Result. IV. The Bank: Chartered by Congress—Hostility.—Jef ferson's Argument. — Hamilton's. — Good Influence of the Bank. PAGE Chapter IV. Relations with England . 263 Revolution in France. — Washington's Proclamation of Neu trality. —Jefferson's Criticism. — Rives's. — Arguments for Aid ing France. — Results of Neutrality. — Federalist Leaning to ward Great Britain. — Attitude of Great Britain. — Impressment of our Seamen. — War Imminent. — Jay's Treaty. — Fisher Ames Urges Ratification.

Chapter V. Relations with the French Republic 269 Federalists Condemn, Republicans Favor the French Revolution. — Causes of its Popularity. — Justification of the Administration's Policy. — France Violates the Treaty. — Genet's High-handed Action. — His Insolence and Final Removal. — Effect of Jay's Treaty upon France. — Further Overtures to France. — Re sult. — Anti-federalists Confounded. — War Feeling in this Country. — Adams's Patriotic Course. — War Averted. Chapter VI. Decline of the Federalist Party 275 Federalist Excesses. — Alien and Sedition Acts. — Conviction of Matthew Lyon. — Results of the Federalist Policy. — Its Animus. — Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. — These Criticised. — Unpopularity of the Federalist Measures. — This Dooms Federalism. — Federalist Dissensions. — Federalist Opposition to the Ad ministration. — Waning Power of Federalism. — Its Good Afterinfluence.

CONTENTS XX PAGE Chapter VII. The West . . . .282 Kentucky and Tennessee become States. — Unorganized and Organized Territory.— Settlements in the Northwest.— Centres of Population. — Early Land System.— Indian Outbreaks. — Harmar's Expedition. — Treaty with the Creeks. — Expedition of St. Clair.— Forts Built.— St. Clair's Defeat.— His Deposition from Military Command. — Wayne's Victory. — Pioneer Life. — Indiana Territory Formed. — Ohio a State. — System of Market ing Public Lands. — Mississippi Territory Organized. Chapter VIII. Social Culture at the Turn of the Century .... 291 Population. — Rural Life. — Theatres. — Sports. — Lotteries. — Steam Navigation. — The Old-fashioned Muster. — Intemperance. — Introduction of Sunday-schools. — Spanish Coins. — Colonial Money still in Use. — " Fip," "Levy," "Pistareen." — News papers and Postal Arrangements. — Party Strife. — Innovations and Inventions. — Beginnings of the American Factory System. — Oliver Evans. — Samuel Slater.

Chapter IX. Democracy at the Helm . 305 Jefferson's Election. — Xllth Amendment to the Constitution. — Power of Democracy. — Its Policy. — Jefferson the Typical Democrat. — His Character. — His Civil Service Policy. — Burr's Rise. — Shoots Hamilton in a Duel. — His Treason. — His Arrest. — Purchase of Louisiana. — Immense Increase of Territory. — Trouble with the Barbary Powers. — Their Insolence. — Dale's Expedition. — Further Successes. Chapter X. The War of 1812 . . .315 Great Britain Ignores International Law. — Impresses Amer ican Seamen. — The Chesapeake Affair. — Navigation Act and Berlin Decree. — England Questions our Neutrality. — Prepara tions for War. — 111 Success of Land Operations. — Harrison's Victory over Proctor. — Jackson Conquers the Creeks. — Battle CONTENTS XXI of New Orleans. — Naval Victories. — Battle of Lake Erie. — Opposition of the Federalists to the War. — New England Re monstrances. — Attitude of Sects. — Treaty of Ghent. — Its Pro visions.

PERIOD II WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS TILL THE DOMINANCE OF THE SLAVERY CONTRO VERSY 1814-1840 PAGE Chapter I. The Whig Party and Its Mission 325 The Word "Whig" — Republican Prestige. — Schism. — Adams's Election. — Five Doctrines of Whiggism. — I. Broad Construction of the Constitution. — II. The Bank. — Death of Old and Birth of New. — Opposition by Jackson. — III. The Tariff of 1816. — Its Object. — IV. Land. — Whig versus Democratic Pol icy. — V. Internal Improvements. — Rivers and Harbors. — Need of Better Inland Communication. — Contention between the Parties. — Whig Characteristics. — Adams. — Webster. — His Polit ical Attitude. — Clay. — His Power as an Orator. — His Duel with Randolph. — His Wit. — His Influence. Chapter II. Florida and the Monroe Doctrine 336 Florida's Disputed Boundary. — West Florida Occupied. — Jackson Seizes East Florida. — Puts to Death Ambrister and Arbuthnot. — His Excuse. — Defended by Adams. — Sale of Flor ida. — Revolt of Spanish America. — Monroe's Declaration. — Its Origin.

Chapter III. The Missouri Compromise . 341 Missouri Wishes Statehood. — Early History of Slavery. — Hos tility to it. — First Abolitionist Societies. — Ordinance of 1787. — CONTENTS Slavery in the North.— In the South.— Pleas for its Existence. — Missouri Compromise. — Pro-slavery Arguments. — The Policy Men. — Anti-slavery Opinions. — Difficulties of the Case. — The Anti-slavery Side Ignores These. PAGE Chapter IV. The Great Nullification . 348 Rise of Tariff Rates after 1816.— Relations of Parties and Sections to the Tariff. — Minimum Principle. — Tariff of Abom inations Adopted. — Harmful to the South. — Nullification Proj ect. — Calhoun's Life and Pet Political Theory. — South Carolina Recedes. — Compromise Tariff. — State Rights and Central Gov ernment. — Webster's Plea. Chapter V. Minor Public Questions of Jackson's " Reign " 355 Jackson's Life. — Mistaken Ideas. — Civil Service Reform. — Perfecting of Party Organization in the Country. — Jackson and the United States Bank. — His Popularity. — Revival of West In dian Trade. — French Spoliation Claims. — Paid. — Our Gold and Silver Coinage. — Gold Bill. — Increased Circulation of Gold. — Specie Circular.

Chapter VI. The First Whig Triumph . 363 Election of Harrison in 1840. — Causes. — Jackson's Violence. — Sub-treasury Policy. — Panic of 1837. — Decrease of Revenue. — Whig Opposition to Slavery. — Seminole War. — Amistad Case. — Texan Question. — " Tippecanoe and Tyler too." Chapter VII. Life and Manners in the Fourth Decade 370 Population and Area. — The West. — The East. — An American Literature. — Newspaper Enterprise, Mails, Eleemosynary Insti tutions. — American Character. — Temperance Reform. — The Land of the Free. — Religion. — Anti masonic Movement. — CONTENTS XXIII Banking Craze. — Moon Hoax. — Party Spirit. — Jackson as a Knight Errant. — His Self-will. — Enmity between Adams and Jackson. — Costumes. PAGE Chapter VIII. Industrial Advance by 1840 382 F. C. Lowell and his Waltham Power-loom. — Growth of Factory System. — New Corporation Laws. — Gas, Coal, and Other Industries. — The Same Continued. — The National Road. — Stages and Canals. — Ocean Lines. — Beginning of Railroads. — Opposition. — First Locomotive. — Multiplication of Railroads.

LIST OF MAPS FACE PAGE European Provinces, 1655 60 The United Colonies at the Beginning of the Revolution 180 Map showing the Progressive Acquisition of Territory by the United States .

INTRODUCTION.

AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS Man made his appearance on the western continent unnumbered ages ago, not unlikely before the close of the glacial period. It is possible that hu man life began in Asia and western North America sooner than on either shore of the Atlantic. Noth ing wholly forbids the belief that America was even the cradle of the race, or one of several cradles, though most scientific 'writers prefer the view that our species came hither from Asia. De Nadaillac judges it probable that the ocean was thus crossed not at Behring Strait alone, but along a belt of equatorial islands as well. We may think of successive waves of such immigra tion — perhaps the easiest way to account for cer tain differences among American races. It is, at any rate, an error to speak of the pri mordial Americans as derived from any Asiatic stock at present existing or known to history.

The old Americans had scarcely an Asiatic feat ure. Their habits and customs were emphatically peculiar to themselves. Those in which they agreed with the trans-Pacific populations, such as fashion of weapons and of fortifications, elements of folk-lore, religious ideas, traditions ,0s a flood,

INTRODUCTION.

XXVI belief in the destruction of the world by fire, and so on, are nearly all found the world over, the spontaneous creations of our common human in telligence. The original American peoples, various and un like as they were, agreed in four traits, three of them physical, one mental, which mark them off as in all likelihood primarily of one stock after all, and as different from any Old World men : 1. They had low, retreating foreheads. 2. Their hair was black. 3. It was also of a peculiar text ure, lank, and cylindrical in section, never wavy. And 4, their languages were polysynthetic, form ing a class apart from all others in the world. The peoples of America, if from Asia, must date back to a time when speech itself was in its in fancy. The numerous varieties of ancient Americans reduce to two distinct types — the Dolicocephalous or long-skulled, and the Brachycephalous or short skulled.