Journal of a Residence in China and the neighbouring countries from 1830 to 1833. With an introductory essay by the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Wriothesley Noel

Front matter

JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN CHINA, Src. fye. VRINTED BY GEO. ELLERTON, GOUGH SQUARE. JOURNALS- RESIDENCE IN CHINA AND THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES FROM 1830 to 1833. BY DAVID ABEEL, MINISTER OF THE DUTCH CHURCH IN NORTH AMERICA, AND MISSIONARY OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF MISSIONS TO SOUTH-EASTERN ASIA. REVISED AND REPRINTED FROM THE AMERICAN EDITION, WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY BY THE HON. AND REV. BAPTIST WRIOTHESLEY NOEL, M.A. MINISTER OF ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL, BEDFORD ROW. LONDON: JAMES NISBET AND CO., BERNERS STREET. MDCCCXXXV.

Introduction

. Besides the intrinsic value ofthe information afforded in the following narrative, it derives further interest from relating to a part of the world with which we are so little acquainted. It is to be regretted that the author has not always mentioned his authorities for the interesting facts whicii he has stated respecting those islands of the Archipelago which he did not personally visit, and, should this work reach a second edition in America, it is to be hoped that the deside ratum will be supplied. There is a slight difference between this edition of the work and that which has been published in America ; some obscure expressions having been omitted, and a few words, more commonly employed by American authors than by those of this country, having been changed into those synonymes with which the ear of an English reader is more familiar.

The principal places visited by Mr. Abeel were Canton, Macao, Batavia, Singapore, Malacca, and Bankok, each of which affords a wide sphere of missionary exertion. A few statistical details, illus trative of their civil and religious condition, may VI

INTRODUCTION.

. contribute to the interest of his narrative, and prove acceptable to the reader : to which may be added a short notice of Penang, as one of the chief spheres of British Missionary effort in that part of the world. Canton and Macao. — The unbridled insolence of the local government at Canton, towards all foreigners, has imparted to the population generally a contempt for Europeans which is not found among the inhabitants of either of the other maritime pro vinces *. This circumstance renders Canton a less promising field of labour than, from the amount of its population and the extent of its trade, it otherwise would be. The jealousy of the Portuguese Government of Macao circumscribes the efforts of a missionary there also; and, to the day of his lamented death, Dr. Morrison had little opportunity of preaching the Gospel openly to the Chinese: yet his invaluable labours have prepared the way for all future mis sionaries to the Chinese empire.

By his two great works, the Translation of the Bible into the Chinese Language, and his English and Chinese Dictionary, together with the Grammar which he formed, he has rendered that language easily accessible to every student, has materially abridged the term during which a missionary to that country must be content to learn rather than to teach, and has provided the * See Voyage of the Amherst, pp. 3t — 35, &c.

INTRODUCTION.

. VII missionary body with the very best means of com municating instruction to that reading people. The existence of a small church at Canton, like wise, proves that the Lord still works, according to His promise, with the ministers of His Gospel *. The Chinese converts who have made a Christian profession by baptism, assemble every Sabbath for Divine worship, under the care of Leang Asa, who has for some years given himself to the work of the ministry. Le Asin, a young convert, begins to be useful to his countrymen — Choo-Sean-Sang calls his family to join him in prayer, and reads with them the Scriptures — Agong, one of the converts, distributes Christian tracts among his heathen connexions — and Leang Asa is indefatigable in his ministry f. In May 1830, with another Chinese Christian, he travelled into the interior, distributing Chinese books in the towns and villages.

On the 11th of June he entered the town of Kaou-Chow-Foo, a hundred and twenty miles distant fromCanton, accompanied by three porters, who carried his Christian books. It was the day of the examination of the candidates for literary honours from all the adjacent country. Leang Asa distributed his books among the students who came to the examination, remained in the place till July, and then returned to Canton J. In October, 1833, a * Matt, xxviii. 19, 20; Mark xvi. 20. f Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Reports of London Missionary Society. | Missionary Annual for 1834, p. 117.

INTRODUCTION.

. similar meeting was held in this city for the district of Kwang-Chow-Foo. On this occasion Leang Asa and two of his friends distributed the Scriptures and religious tracts to multitudes of the literary candidates, some of whom had come from towns and villages a hundred miles distant. The books were given publicly, and were eagerly received. Some even returned to beg for more *. The ministry of Leang Asa is rendered the more interesting by thefact that soon after the commence ment of his Christian labours he was called to endure persecution. Having written an essay entitled " The True Principles of the World's Salvation," he printed at Canton a hundred copies for distribution. Before, however, he was able to distribute them, the blocks and the books were seized by the Police. He was then apprehended himself, and thus describes the treatment which he received from the authorities : — " I was brought before a Mandarin for trial, who told me that my books about Jesus, and my believing in the doctrines of Jesus, were a violation of the law.

After trial, I was put into a guard-room; yet, while there, I thought to myself, ■ This is a book of the true doctrine of Jesus, the Saviour of the world, which exhorts men to turn from vice and become o*ood : why should I be persecuted ? ' I afterwards induced the Minister (Dr. Morrison) to interest persons to speak to the Mandarin on my behalf, and to liberate * Fortieth Report of the London Missionary Society.

INTRODUCTION.

. IX me. At length they listened to my friends, and, after giving me thirty blows with the bamboo, and beating the soles of my feet till the blood flowed, I was libe rated. To suffer thus was hard ; and, besides this, the mandarins and police-officers extorted from me seventy dollars. But, after I had suffered persecution and loss of property, I did not presume to turn my back on the Lord Jesus Christ, and the great mercy of his redeeming love and merits, but accounted my self a sinner, suffering the punishment due to sin *." Since that time he has only been more zealous in the cause of Christ. Though the Mission has lost, by the death of Dr. Morrison, an experienced, prudent, and devoted head, yet Leang Asa is still sustained by the friendship and counsel of the two missionaries from the American Board of Missions, Mr. Bridgman and Dr. Parkers.

Java. — Nearly the whole of this island is subject to the King of Holland. Throughout the whole of the Dutch territory there are Chinese settlers, most inadequately provided with missionary instruction. The Dutch Governors have been successively favour able to the labours of Mr. Medhurst, the missionary of the London Society, stationed at Batavia. The mission is of slow growth ; but Mr. Medhurst has surmounted many discouragements, and does the * Missionary Annual for 1834, p. 115. t Missionary Register, Feb. 1835, p. 94. A X

INTRODUCTION.

. work of an evangelist with intelligence, assiduity, and zeal. He has two assistants,— Mr. Young, an European ; and Lucas Mouton, a native Christian. There are eight services during the week, attended, when the different congregations are reckoned together, by about five hundred persons, European, Malay, and Chinese. Of these about a hundred and twenty are native Christians. Six natives of Celebes, resident at Batavia, were baptized in the year 1833, and twelve more were desirous of receiving that ordinance. Six native Christians have been admitted to the Lord's Table, and six more have professed their desire to join them. The European communicants are nine-. In a neighbouring place, visited by Mr. Medhurst, and without a missionary, there are sixty commu nicants. Two Chinese schools, attached to the mis sion, contain forty children.

There is an English day school consisting of thirty children ; and a European orphan school, of fifteen orphans, has lately been placed under his superintendence. The missionary press is in active operation, and the books and tracts distributed in the year 1833 amounted to 18,092*. Malacca, Penang, and Singapore, as British settlements, are still more interesting to the English reader. They have all risen rapidly in population and importance since their connexion with England. * Fortieth Report of the London Missionary Society.

INTRODUCTION.

. XI Malacca was ceded to the British by the Dutch in 1825. The town is situated in N. Lat. 2 deg. 14 min., and E. Long. 102 deg. 12 min. The territory extends about forty miles along the coast, and about thirty miles inland ; containing an area of eight hundred square miles. The interior is mountainous ; the climate healthy; and the thermometer ranges from 72 deg. to 85 deg. throughout the year. In 1815 the population was 16,876; in 1817, 19,627; in 1822,22,000; and, by the latest return at the India-House, it now amounts to 34,606. Of these 34,606 persons, 22,874 are Malays and Bugis, 4,748 Chinese, and 229 Europeans, or of European descent. The rest are Siamese, Battas, Arabs, Hindoos, Sepoys, Indo-Portuguese, &c. &c. As the experiment of Chinese female schools has been chiefly tried at Malacca, it may be interesting to the reader to see the following analysis of the Chinese population of the settlement in 1826.

Men, married. ."" 736 Women, married. . . . 848 unmarried 1419 unmarried... 693 Boys 732 Girls 578 2887 2119* At this settlement there has been a mission of the London Missionary Society since the year 1815, when it was commenced by Dr. Milne. In 1816 Dr. * Martin's History of the Colonies, vol. i. p. 422, &c

INTRODUCTION.

. Morrison and Dr, Milne founded the Anglo-Chinese College, to the erection of which Dr. Morrison gave 1000/. with an annual subscription of 100/. for five years. It was designed to facilitate the acquisition of the English language and of European literature^ by Chinese students, and to help European students in the study of the Chinese language and literature. It is open to European students of every religious denomination, as well as to Chinese ; and at the time of the latest accounts there were thirty students. The two missionaries of the station are Mr. Hughes and Mr. Evans. The last accounts of the schools, published by the London Missionary Society, state that there were then four schools for Chinese boys. Besides these, there were five schools for Chinese girls, flourishing under the superintendence of Miss Wallace.

That lady has since accepted the invitation of some American merchants at Canton, to become their agent in promoting female education in Siam ; but the Society for promoting Female Education in the East (a Society which is calculated to afford most useful assistance to the Missions in India and the Eastern Archipelago, and eventually, should China admit of Protestant exertion, to those which may be planted in that empire) is preparing to send out another lady, to take the place which she has left vacant. Besides the Chinese schools, there are four others for Malay

INTRODUCTION.

. XIII children, and the whole number of children under Christian instruction is five hundred*. Penang. — Penang, a picturesque island, situated about N. Lat. 5 deg. and E. Long. 100 deg., contains about a hundred and sixty square miles ; its greatest length being sixteen miles, and its greatest breadth twelve. Though the central region is mountainous, the island is generally fertile, clothed with luxuriant wood or rich vegetation. Georgetown, the capital, is situated within a capacious harbour with good anchorage, on the East coast. It is a neat and well built town, of which the principal shopkeepers are Chinese. The climate is healthy, and the thermometer ranges from 76 to 90 degrees. When the island came into the possession of the East-India Company, in 1786, a few miserable Malay fishermen were the only tenants : at present the inhabitants amount to "33,560, of whom 500 are Europeans, and 8989 Chinese f. In 1819 Messrs. Beighton and Ince were sent thither by the London Missionary Society ; Mr. Beighton as missionary to the Malays, and Mr. Ince to the Chinese.

Mr. Beighton continues his useful labours to this clay. Mr. Ince, a valuable and devoted inissionary,died in April 1825, and has been succeeded by Mr. Dyer. There are six Malay schools, in which * Fortieth Report of the London Missionary Society. f Martin, vol. i. p. 411,&c.

INTRODUCTION.

. two hundred and six children are taught, of whom forty-three are girls ; and four Chinese schools, in which there are twenty-three boys and thirty-two girls. To the support of these schools the Govern ment contributes thirty dollars monthly. A mission chapel has been built. There is a mission press, and many Christian books have been circulated. Thirteen natives have been admitted into the Christian church by baptism ; and the English congregation consists of about seventy, of whom nine are com municants*. Singapore. — The island of Singapore is situated between 1 and 2 degrees N. Lat. and between 103 and 104 degrees E. Long. It has an area of two hundred and seventy square miles; its greatest length being about twenty-seven miles from east to west, and its greatest breadth fifteen. It is still generally covered with jungle, being at the same time low and marshy : yet the town has proved healthy.

The thermometer ranges from 71 to 89 degrees. The settlement was finally ceded to the British in 1825, by the Dutch, and by the Malay Princes of the op posite coast of the Peninsula. When the settlement was formed, in 1818, there were only 150 Malay fishermen on the island. By the census of 1833 the population had then amounted * Fortieth Report of the London Missionary Society.

INTRODUCTION.

. XV to 20,917: the Europeans being 119, the Indo- Britons 96, the Malays 7131, the Chinese 8517 (of which the males were 7650, the females 867), and the remainder were Armenians, Arabs, Hindoos, Bugis, Javanese, &c. &c. The town consists generally of stone houses, two stories high. *' On the east side of the harbour, enterprising British merchants are erecting substantial and ornamental houses fronting the sea. The ground is generally raised three feet ; and the mansions have a superb entrance, by an ascent of granite stairs ; then an elegant por tico, supported by magnificent Grecian columns : the rooms are lofty, with Venetian windows down to the floor, and furnished in a luxurious manner ; each tenement provided with its baths, billiard-tables, &c. ; while the grounds are tastily laid out with shrubs of beautiful foliage*."

The leading merchants, agents, shopkeepers, and auctioneers, are Englishmen. There are several wealthy Chinese merchants ; and the bulk of the shopkeepers, and the most valuable part of the citizens, are Chinese, nearly 5000 of whom arrive annually from China by the yearly trading j unks. About 1 000 remain at Singapore, and the remainder disperse themselves over the neighbouring islands f. Besides these junks from China, about twenty-six Chinese junks come from Cochin-China, Cambodjia, and * Martin, vol i. p. 427, &c. + Ibid. p. 432.

INTRODUCTION.

. Hainan*. From May 1830 to May 1831, thirty-six others entered the port from Siamf. Indeed, Singa pore is the emporium of a trade with the whole Eastern Archipelago. At one part of the year, a hundred and forty native vessels have been observed to come in monthly from forty difterentports of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, Sumatra, China, Cochin- China, Siam, and Malayala J. Altogether, the set tlement exports goods to the amount of 3,000,000/. sterling §. There is a mission chapel and printing press. An immense distribution has been made of Christian books, both among the heathen population of the settlement and among the Chinese sailors, who re ceive them eagerly. In 1832 there were three Chinese schools — two for boys, who were taught in the Canton and Fuhkeen dialects ; and one for girls.

This last was then under the superintendence of Miss Martyn ; but as that lady has since married, the native female schools are now without a superintendant. The mission has suffered much by the sickness of the * Martin, vol.i. p. 439. The island of Hainan, which must not be confounded with Ilainam, a small island in the Canton River (mentioned at p. 70 of this journal), invites the serious attention of Missionary Societies. The inhabitants, who are chiefly descended from Fuhkien emigrants, are cheerful, kind, friendly, clean, and industrious. Mr. Gutzlaff saw many of them at Bankok : they willingly conversed upon the subject of religion, eagerly read the Christian books which he gave them, -and some of them invited him to visit their country. — Gutzlaff 's Voyages, pp. 82 83. + Martin, vol. i.p. 436. j Missionary Register, Feb. 1835, p. 95. § Martin, vol. i p. 440.

INTRODUCTION.

. XVII missionaries ; and the labours of the present missionary, Mr. Thomsen, were, at the time of the last report, much restricted by debility *. Siam. — The kingdom of Siam is an important sphere for missionary labour, not merely from the amount of its population, but also from its extensive intercourse with China. This empire has 2,790,500 inhabitants of different nations, of which 401,300 form the population of Bankok, the capital *f*. The Singapore Chronicle thus describes the capacities of the country : — " The tea-tree grows as luxuriantly here as in China. The silk-worm, too, abounds — also the mulberry-tree — all wild .... In this country there must be mines of silver and gold ; of silver, it is evident, for several told us that in the rainy season, when the ground is drenched, pieces of silver are found as large as a tickal.

Indigo, too, is luxuriant ; so also is the coffee plant. The fruits all grow wild ; still they are much finer and more numerous than I have met with elsewhere. ... Of the mangoes there are thirty species, most delicious. Several species of the mangosteen, oranges, &c. abound — all wild. In fact, this exuberant country, in the hands of Europeans, might become a perfect Paradise, and a mart for half the world. Cotton is plentiful, and as fine as silk ; it is short, but it is wild The country is quiet, the * Fortieth Report of the London Missionary Society. t Preface to Gutzlaff 's Voyages, pp. xi.

INTRODUCTION.

. productions are abundant, and the river at Bankok crowded with Chinese junks*." Hence it has at tracted many Chinese settlers. Of the 401,300 inhabitants of Bankok, 310,000 are Chinese, 50,000 more are of Chinese origin ; and about eighty junks arrive annually from the different ports of Chinas. In August 1828 Mr. Gutzlaff first visited that capital, and staid there for some months. In the beginning of 1830 he paid it a second missionary visit. There, in February 1831; Mrs. Gutzlaff was called to her eternal home, but not before she had prepared for the press a dictionary of the Annam language, a Chinese tract, and an English and Chi nese dictionary. Meanwhile Mr. Gutzlaff had com piled an English and Siamese dictionary, and had translated the New Testament into Siamese. This work, which is read with ease, and understood by natives of all ranks, is now printing at Malacca J. Since Mr. Abeel's departure from Bankok, the American Board of Missions have appointed Messrs. Robinson and Johnson, with Dr. Bradley, M.D., missionaries to that place.

These gentlemen reached Singapore in the autumn of 1833, and entered on the study of the Chinese language §. Miss Wallace also has consented to undertake the superintendence of the female schools of the Siamese mission. * Martin, vol. i. p. 436. f Preface to Gutzlaff 's Voyages, p. xi. X Missionary Register, Feb. 1835, p. 90. § Ibid. p. 95.

INTRODUCTION.

. XIX From these slight notices it may sufficiently appear that in each of these places there is enough for the missionary to do. But these are not the only settle ments of the Chinese in the Eastern Archipelago. By the last census, in 1825, which is with good reason thought rather to underrate the amount of the population, China Proper, exclusive of Tartary and of the colonies, is said to contain 352,866,012 inhabitants *. This number gives a population of 288 to the square mile ; rather more crowded than that of England, and rather less so than that of Ireland ; the former being 257 to the square mile, and the latter 292. Hence the emigration from China, as from England and Ireland, is very considerable. Thou sands annually leave the maritime provinces, Canton, Fuhkeen, Chekeang, and Keangnan, to settle in the Archipelago ; and the colonial settlers are already numerous : Mr. Crawford, the late Resident at Singapore, has estimated the numbers to be as follows Philippine Islands 15,000 Penang 8,500 Borneo 120,000 Malayala 40,000 Java 45,000 Siam 440,000 Rhio 18,000 Cochin-China .. 15,000 Singapore 6,200 Tonquin 25,000 Malacca 2,000 Total 734,700s Many of these colonists return to China %— whence it appears, that, should any of them be brought to the knowledge of Christ, they may become missionaries * Martin, vol. i. p. 447. t Ibid. p. 450. t Ibid- XX

INTRODUCTION.

. to their own country ; and thus China may be in directly evangelized, even though foreigners should continue to be rigidly excluded from her shores. The Missionary Leang Asa received the knowledge of the truth while resident at Malacca. Mr. Abeel, however, in this work, expresses an opinion that China itself may be entered by European missionaries. Mr. Gutzlaff has certainly spent whole months in the maritime provinces of that empire, making long excursions among the villages, freely conversing with the people, and distributing thousands of Christian books to persons eager to receive and read them. He is persuaded that other missionaries might do the same. And while he is himself meditating a journey "through the whole of Central China, up to Thibet and Bengal," he says that another German, who has joined the Chinese mission, may possibly settle in one of the northern provinces *.

That which has apparently most con tributed, under God, to his success hitherto, has been his perfect acquaintance with different dialects of the Chinese language, his familiarity with their most esteemed classical authors, and his knowledge of medicine. Any one possessed of these qualifications, with equal faith and equal kindness, might in all probability safely follow his steps. May God, in mercy to that empire, raise up suitable agents for this great work ! And, if we may judge by * Missionary Register, Feb. 1835, pp. 86, 87.

INTRODUCTION.

. XXI the repeated experience of Mr. Gutzlaff along the whole Chinese coast, they may make the medical dispensary a better protection than the presence of a British seventy-four, and the affections of the people will be more than a substitute for the patronage of the Emperor. How much, apparently, of the future welfare of China, depends upon a few Christian men being now found, who, uniting capacity, courage, and devoted zeal, with prudence and gentleness, may perseveringly attempt to plant missions along her coasts. May the " Lord of the harvest send forth labourers into his harvest" — constrain the des potic rulers of the land to favour them — and, beyond all our anticipations, guide that immense people to the saving knowledge of the Lord Jesus Christ ! CONTENTS.

Preface

page xxix CHAP. I. — Departure from New-York. .Divine service on board. .Island of St. Paul.. Amsterdam .. Sandal-wood Island. . Ombay Passage. . Islands of Flores,Solor, Lomblem, Ombay, Timor, Cambing, Baby. . Early Roman Catholic missions on these islands. . Portuguese Xavier. . Dutch conquests. .Dutch missions. . Zeal ofthe early missionaries.. Declension during the eighteenth century. . Present missions of the Dutch on Timor, Rotti, Letty, Moa, Kesser, and Roma. . Banda Sea and Islands. .Arroo group. . Booro. .Amboyna : Mr. Kam. . Manippa. . Ceram. .Ternati. . Efforts of the Netherlands Missionary Society. . New Guinea. . Waijoo . . Plans for the conversion of these islands. . Pelew Islands and natives 1 CHAP.II. — Chinese fishing boats. .Formosa. . Ladrone Islands . . Chinese pilots. .Lintin. .

Opium-trade. . Macao. . Description and history of the city. .Catholicism. . Superstitions. . Passage in small Chinese boat to Whampoa. .Foreign shipping. . Objects on the way. . Night scene. . Arrival at Canton . . Dr. Morrison ' 29 CHAP. III. — Description of Canton and its vicinity. . Religions of China. . Appearance of the women. .Beggars. .Foreign factories . . Open space before them .. Possibility of intercourse with the people. . Appearance of the river. . Crowds of boats CONTENTS. . . Island of Hainam. .Chinese temple. .Chinese merchants. . Mode of speaking English. .Appearance and dress ofthe men and women page 47 CHAP. IV. — Worship in English. . Ah-see. . Monthly prayer meeting. . Preaching at Whampoa. .Whampoa Island.. French ditto. . Danes ditto. . Processions, burial, hymeneal, and religious. .

LeangAfa. . Drama. . Watune's-day. . Macao . . Procession .. Return to Canton. .Houses of the Hong merchants. . Illuminated boats. . Festivals and ceremonies. . God of fire. . Decorations of the streets. . Ballad singing . . 77 CHAP. V. — Female infanticide. . Condition of the women. . Cruel punishments. . Number and condition of prisoners. . 108 CHAP. VI. — Missionary labours at Canton and Whampoa. . Appeal in behalf of China. .What ought to be done 114 CHAP. VII. — Passage to Java. . Mode of dealing with sailors . .American sailor. .Impropriety of sending boys to sea. . Cochin-China. . Sumatra 122 CHAP. VIII. — Angier. . Journey to Batavia. . Travelling. . Wildness of the country. .Large estate. .Batavia. .Mr. Medhurst. . Java as a missionary field. .Population. . Language. . Chief towns. .The missionary's daily labours. .

Chinese . . Hospital . . Market-places . . Prison . . Chinese new-year. . Popular deities. .Infanticide in China. .Visit to a bazaar in the country to distribute tracts. . Interview with Cochin-Chinese. . Catholicism in Cochin-China. . Tour to another market-place. .Protestant Portuguese settlement. . Service in the Dutch church. . Chinese sacrifice at the graves of their relatives .. Chinese ceremony of passing through fire. . Mission schools. . Malayan ditto. . Visit to Bitenzorg, the residence of the Governor, and labours there. . Remarks on Java j3j CONTENTS. XXV CHAP. IX. — Passage to Singapore . . Sumatra . . Different states. . Customs. . Religion . . Singapore . . Missionaries. . Passage to Siam in company with Mr. Tomlin. .Arab ship ..Conduct of Mahommedan sailors. .Coast of Malayan Peninsula. .

Passage up the Meinam. .Appearance of the Siamese. . Bankok. . Disappointment in not meeting Mr. Gutzlaff. . Portuguese consul. . R. Hunter, Esq pu«e 169 CHAP. X. — Description of Siam. . City of Bankok. . Variety of inhabitants. . Enslaved condition of multitudes. .Their misery and vice. . Religion of Budh. . Priests. . Religion of the Chinese, Burmese, Peguins, Malays, Portuguese. . First Protestant missionaries. . Visit to Pra Kiang. . Missionary houses. . Medical depository . . Native simplicity . . Visit from the Princes. . Interesting interview with a priest.. Other priests. . Cambodjian prince. . Cambodjia as missionary ground . . Sacred month . . Illuminations. . King's visit to the temples. . Splendid procession of barges. . Overflow of the Meinam. . Affecting case of a Chinese youth. .

Sabbath worshippers. . Heathen cruelty. . Successful labours . . Beauty of the heavens. . Funeral array. . Splendid temples and idols.. Close of first visit to Siam. .Caution to readers of missionary journals 18-1 CHAP. XI. — Passage to Singapore. . Mr.Thomsen. . Description of Singapore. . Importance as a mission station.. Printing. . Schools. . Visit along the coast. . Passage to Malacca.. Town of Malacca. .Anglo-Chinese college. .Missionaries . . Schools . . Resident . . Return to Singapore. . Embarkation for Siam. . Chinese junk. . Straitened apartments. . Dull passage. . Sailors. . Idolatry. . Efforts to restrain them. .Tringano. .Squall. .Loss of Chinese vessels. .Degraded inhabitants of the Malayan Peninsula. .Arrival. . Ignorance of the heathen. . Custom-house officers 236 CHAP. XII. — General view of second visit to Siam. .Supa CONTENTS.

XXVI 263 313 330 plying Chinesejunks with books. . Missionary labours. . Lit tle congregation. . Medical practice. . Conduct of servant. . Convert of Mr. Gutzlaff. . Sacred season. . Prince Chaw Fah. .Arrangement with the Prince. . Swimming child.. Malayan captives. . Mode of preserving the dead. . Super stition respecting evil spirits, &c. . Interesting priest. . Most common languages of Siam. .Chinese languages. . Mode of studying. . Last Sabbath service. . Appointment of expounder . .Baptism of some since. .Juthia. . Chantibun P"ge CHAP. XIII. — Passage to Singapore. .Visit to Rhio. .Description of Rhio. . Death and character of Rev. R. Burn. . Labours at Singapore. . Illness. . Changes at Singapore.. Embarkation for England 292 CHAP. XIV Borneo. .Foreign settlers. .Aborigines called Dyaks. .

Degradation and cruelty. . Their passion for human heads. .Their religion. . Language . . Brutal condition of the northern tribes. . Borneo as missionary ground. . Dutch station . . Trade 303 CHAP. XV. — Celebes. .Languages. .Religion . . Mandhaar . . Mode of life. . Mamoodjoo. . Rajahs. . Pirates. . Missionary station under the Netherlands Society. . Island of Sooloo CHAP. XVI.— Philippine Islands. . Mindano. . Palawan. . Spanish possessions. . Extent. . Value. . Inhabitants. . Influence of Romish priests. . Superstitions 321 CHAP. XVII. — Loo Choo Islands. .Number. .Size. .Scenery . . Interesting inhabitants . . Laws . . Language . . Religion Mr. GutzIafTs visit. . Importance of having missionary ships CHAP. XVIII. — Japan . . Description. .Towns. .Laws. . Language. .Religions. .Labours ofthe Jesuits. .