XXIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

XXIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

The result of the writer’s studies upon petroglyphs as distinct from other forms of picture writing may now be summarized.

Perhaps the most important lesson learned from these studies is that no attempt should be made at symbolic interpretation unless the symbolic nature of the particular characters under examination is known, or can be logically inferred from independent facts. To start with a theory, or even a hypothesis, that the rock writings are all symbolic and may be interpreted by the imagination of the observer or by translation either from or into known symbols of similar form found in other regions, were a limitless delusion. Doubtless many of the characters are genuine symbols or emblems, and some have been ascertained through extrinsic information to be such. Sometimes the more modern forms are explained by Indians who have kept up the pictographic practice, and the modern forms occasionally throw light upon the more ancient. But the rock inscriptions do not evince mysticism or esotericism, cryptography, or steganography. With certain exceptions they were intended to be understood by all observers either as rude objective representations or as ideograms, which indeed were often so imperfect as to require elucidation, but not by any hermeneutic key. While they often related to religious ceremonies or myths, such figures were generally drawn in the same spirit with which any interesting matter was portrayed.

While the interpretation of petroglyphs by Indians should be obtained if possible, it must be received with caution. They very seldom know by tradition the meaning of the older forms, and their inferences are often made from local and limited pictographic practices. There is no more conscientious and intelligent Indian authority than Frank La Flêche, an Omaha, and he explains the marks on a rock in Nebraska as associated with the figures of deceased men and exhibiting the object which caused their death, such as an arrow or ax. This may be a local or tribal practice, but it certainly does not apply to similar figures throughout the Algonquian and Iroquoian areas, where, according to the concurrent testimony for more than two centuries, similar figures are either designations of tribes and associations, or in their combinations are records of achievements.

Lossing (b) gives the following explanation of markings on a well known rock:

Among the brave warriors in the battle [of Maumee] who were the last to flee before Wayne’s legion, was Me-sa-sa, or Turkey-foot, an Ottawa chief, who lived on Blanchards Fork of the AuGlaize River. He was greatly beloved by his people. His courage was conspicuous. When he found the line of dusky warriors giving way at the foot of Presque Isle hill, he leaped upon a small bowlder, and by voice and gesture endeavored to make them stand firm. He almost immediately fell, pierced by a musket ball, and expired by the side of the rock. * * * They carved many rude figures of a turkey’s foot on the stone, as a memorial of the English name of the lamented Me-sa-sa. The stone is still there, by the side of the highway at the foot of Presque Isle hill, within a few rods of the swift-flowing Maumee. Many of the carvings are still quite deep and distinct, while others have been obliterated by the abrasion of the elements.

This tale may be true, but it surely does not account for the turkey-foot marks which are so common in the northeastern Algonquian region, extending from Dighton rock to Ohio, that they form a typical characteristic of its pictographs. They have been considered to be the sign for the bird, the turkey, which was a frequent totem. Lossing’s story is an example of the readiness of an Indian, when in an amiable and communicative mood, to answer queries in a manner which he supposes will be satisfactory to his interviewer. He will then give any desired amount of information on any subject without the slightest restriction by the vulgar bounds of fact. It is dangerous to believe explanations on such subjects as are now under consideration, unless they are made without leading questions by a number of Indian authorities independently.

Specially convenient places for halting and resting on a journey, either by land or water, such as is mentioned supra, on Machias bay, generally exhibit petroglyphs if rocks of the proper character are favorably situated there. The markings may be mere graffiti, the product of leisure hours, or may be of the more serious descriptions mentioned below.

Some points are ascertained with regard to the motives of the painters and sculptors on rocks. Some of the characters were mere records of the visits of individuals to important springs or to fords on regularly established trails. In this practice there may have been in the intention of the Indians very much the same spirit which induces the civilized man to record his name or initials upon objects in the neighborhood of places of general resort. But there was real utility in the Indian practice, which more nearly approached to the signature in a visitor’s book at a hotel or public building, both to establish the identity of the traveler and to give the news to friends of his presence and passage. At Oakley springs, Arizona territory, totemic marks have been found, evidently made by the same individual at successive visits, showing that on the number of occasions indicated he had passed by those springs, probably camping there, and the habit of making such record was continued until quite recently by the neighboring Indians. The same repetition of totemic names has been found in great numbers in the pipestone quarries of Minnesota, on the rocks near Odanah, Wisconsin, and also at some old fords in West Virginia. These totemic marks are so designed and executed as to have intrinsic significance and value, wholly different in this respect from names in alphabetic form, which grammatically are proper but practically may be common.

Rock carvings are frequently noticed at waterfalls and other points on rivers and on lake shores favorable for fishing, which frequency is accounted for by the periodical resort of Indians to such places. Sometimes they only mark their stay, but occasionally there also appear to be records of conflict with rival or inimical tribes which sought to use the same waters.

Evidence is presented in the present work that the characters on rock pictures sometimes were pointers or “sign-posts” to show the direction of springs, the line of established trails, or of paths that would shorten distances in travel. It has been supposed that similar indications were used guiding to burial mounds and other places of peculiar sanctity or interest, but the evidence of this employment is not conclusive. Many inquiries have been made of the Bureau of Ethnology concerning Indian marks supposed to indicate the sites of gold, silver, and copper mines and buried treasure generally, which inquiries were answered only because it was recognized as the duty of an office of the government to respond, so far as possible, to requests for information, however silly, which are made in good faith.

Petroglyphs are now most frequently found in those parts of the world which are still, or recently have been, inhabited by savage or barbarian tribes. Persons of these tribes when questioned about the authorship of the rock drawings have generally attributed them to supernatural beings. Statements to this effect from many peoples of the three Americas and of other regions, together with the names of rockwriting deities, are abundantly cited in the present work. This is not surprising, nor is it instructive, except as to the mere fact that the drawings are ancient. Man has always attributed to supernatural action whatever he did not understand. Also, it appears that in modern times shamans have encouraged this belief and taken advantage of it to interpret for their own purposes the drawings, some of which have been made by themselves. But notwithstanding these errors and frauds, a large proportion of the petroglyphs in America are legitimately connected with the myths and the religious practices of the authors. The information obtained during late years regarding tribes such as the Zuñi, Moki, Navajo, and Ojibwa, which have kept up on the one hand their old religious practices and on the other that of picture writing, is conclusive on this point. The rites and ceremonies of these tribes are to some extent shown pictorially on the rocks, some of the characters on which have until lately been wholly meaningless, but are now identified as drawings of the paraphernalia used in or as diagrams of the drama of their rituals. Unless those rituals, with the creeds and cosmologies connected with them had been learned, the petroglyphs would never have been interpreted. The fact that they are now understood does not add any new information, except that perhaps in some instances their age may show the antiquity and continuity of the present rites.

A potent reason for caution in making deductions based only on copies of figures published incidentally in works of travel is that it can seldom be ascertained with exactness what is the true depiction of those figures as actually existing or as originally made. The personal equation affects the drawings and paintings intended to be copies from the rock surfaces and also the engravings and other forms of reproductions, and the student must rely upon very uncertain reproductions for most of his material. The more ancient petroglyphs also require the aid of the imagination to supply eroded lines or faded colors. Travelers and explorers are seldom so conscientious as to publish an obscure copy of the obscure original. It is either made to appear distinct or is not furnished at all, and if the author were conscientious the publisher would probably overrule him.

Thorough knowledge of the historic tribes, including their sociology, sophiology, technology, and especially their sign language, will probably result in the interpretation of many more petroglyphs than are now understood, but the converse is not true. The rock characters studied independently will not give much primary information about customs and concepts, though it may and does corroborate what has been obtained by other modes of investigation. A knowledge of Indian customs, costumes, including arrangement of hair, paint, and all tribal designations, and of their histories and traditions, is essential to the understanding of their drawings; for which reason some of those particulars known to have influenced pictography have been set forth in this work and objects have been mentioned which were known to have been portrayed graphically with special intent.

Other objects are used symbolically or emblematically which, so far as known, have never appeared in any form of pictographs, but might be found in any of them. For instance, Mr. Schoolcraft says of the Dakotas that “some of the chiefs had the skins of skunks tied to their heels to symbolize that they never ran, as that animal is noted for its slow and self-possessed movements.” This is one of the many customs to be remembered in the attempted interpretations of pictographs. The present writer does not know that a skunk skin or a strip of skin which might be supposed to be a skunk skin attached to a human heel has ever been separately used pictorially as the ideogram of courage or steadfastness, but with the knowledge of this objective use of the skins, if they were found so represented pictorially, the interpretation would be suggested without any direct explanation from Indians.

A partial view of petroglyphs has excited hope that by their correlation the priscan homes and migrations of peoples may be ascertained. Undoubtedly striking similarities are found in regions far apart from as well as near to each other. A glance at the bas-reliefs of Boro Boudour in Java, now copied and published by the Dutch authorities, at once recalls figures of the lotus and uræus of Egypt, the horns of Assyria, the thunderbolt of Greece, the Buddhist fig tree, and other noted characters common in several parts of the world. If the petroglyphs of America are considered as the texts with which all others may be compared, it is believed that the present work shows illustrations nearly identical with many much-discussed carvings and paintings on the rocks of the eastern hemisphere, those in Siberia being most strongly suggestive of connection. But from the present collection it would seem that the similarity of styles in various regions is more worthy of study than is the mere resemblance or even identity of characters, the significance of which is unknown and may have differed in the intent of the several authors. Indeed it is clear that even in limited areas of North America, diverse significance is attached to the same figure and differing figures are made to express the same concept.

The present work shows a surprising resemblance between the typical forms among the petroglyphs found in Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Guiana, part of Mexico, and those in the Pacific slope of North America. This similarity includes the forms in Guatemala and Alaska, which, on account of the material used, are of less assured antiquity. Indeed it would be safe to include Japan and New Zealand in this general class. In this connection an important letter from Mr. James G. Swan, respecting the carved wooden images of the Haidas, accentuates the deduction derived only from comparison. Mr. Swan says that he showed to the Indians of various coast tribes the plates of Dr. Habel’s work on sculptures in Guatemala, and that they all recognized several of the pictures which he notes. They also recognized and understood the pictures of the Zuñi ceremonials, masks, and masquerades scenes published by Mr. F. H. Cushing.

Without entering upon the discussion whether America was peopled from east to west, or from either, or from any other part of the earth, it is for the present enough to suggest that the petroglyphs and other pictographs in the three Americas indicate that their pre-Columbian inhabitants had at one time frequent communication with each other, perhaps not then being separated by the present distances of habitat. Styles of drawing and painting could thus readily be diffused, and, indeed, to mention briefly the extralimital influence, if as many Japanese and Chinese vessels were driven upon the west American coast in prehistoric times as are known by historic statistics to have been so driven, the involuntary immigrants skilled in drawing and painting might readily have impressed their styles upon the Americans near their landing place to be thence indefinitely diffused. This hypothesis would not involve migration.

Interest has been felt in petroglyphs, because it has been supposed that if interpreted they would furnish records of vanished peoples or races, and connected with that supposition was one naturally affiliated that the old rock sculptures were made by peoples so far advanced in culture as to use alphabets or at least syllabaries, thus supporting the theory about the mythical mound builders or some other supposititious race. All suggestions of this nature should at once be abandoned. The practice of pictography does not belong to civilization and declines when an alphabet becomes popularly known. Neither is there the slightest evidence that an alphabet or syllabary was ever used in pre-Columbian America by the aborigines, though there is some trace of Runic inscriptions. The fact that the Maya and Aztec peoples were rapidly approaching to such modes of expressing thought, and that the Dakota and Ojibwa had well entered upon that line of evolution, shows that they had proceeded no farther, and it is admitted that they were favorable representatives of the tribes of the continent in this branch of art. The theory mentioned requires the assumption, without a particle of evidence, that the rock sculptures are alphabetic, and therefore were made by a supposititious and extinct race. Topers of the mysterious may delight in such dazing infusions of perverted fancy, but they are repulsive to the sober student.

The foregoing remarks apply mainly to rock inscriptions and not to pictographs on other substances, the discussion and illustration of which occupy the greater part of the present work. In that division there is no need of warning against wild theories or uncertain data. The objects are in hand and their current use as well as their significance is understood. Their description and illustration by classes is presented in the above chapters with such detail that further discussion here would be mere repetition.

One line of thought, however, is so connected with several of the classifications that it may here be mentioned with the suggestion that the preceding headings, with the illustrations presented under each, may be reviewed in reference to the methodical progress of pictography toward a determined and convenient form of writing. This exhibition of evolution was arrested by foreign invasion before the indirect signs of sound had superseded the direct presentments of sight for communication and record. Traces of it appear throughout the present paper, but are more intelligently noticed on a second examination than in cursory reading. In the Winter Counts of Battiste Good there are many characters where the figure of a human being is connected with an object, which shows his tribal status or the disease of which he died, and the characters representing the tribe or disease are purely determinative.

The discrimination which is made between animals and objects portrayed simply as such, and as supernatural or mystic, is shown in the many illustrations of Ojibwa and Zuñi devices, in which the heart is connected with a line extending to the mouth, and those of the Ojibwa and the Dakota, where the spirals indicate spirit or wakan. Animals are often portrayed without such lines, in which cases it is understood that they are only the animals in natural condition, but with the designations or determinatives they are intended to be supernatural. Among the Ojibwa animals connected with certain ceremonies are represented as encircled by a belt or baldric, an ornamented baldric of the same character being used by the participants in the ceremonial chant dance; so that the baldric around the animal determines that the figure is that of a supernatural and mystic, not an ordinary, animal. This is an indication of the start from simple pictography towards an alphabet by the use of determinatives as was done by the Chinese.

It is not believed that much information of historical value will be obtained directly from the interpretation of the petroglyphs in America. The greater part of those already known are simply peckings, carvings, or paintings connected with their myths or with their every-day lives. It is, however, probable that others were intended to commemorate events, but the events, which to their authors were of moment, would be of little importance as history, if, as is to be expected, they were selected in the same manner as is done by modern Indian pictographers. They referred generally to some insignificant fight or some season of plenty or of famine, or to other circumstances the interest in which has long ago died away.

The question may properly be asked, why, with such small prospect of gaining historic information, so much attention has been directed to the collection and study of petroglyphs. A sufficient answer might be submitted, that the fact mentioned could not be made evident until after that collection and study, and that it is of some use to establish the limits of any particular line of investigation, especially one largely discussed with mystical inferences to support false hypotheses. But though the petroglyphs do not and probably never will disclose the kind of information hoped for by some enthusiasts, they surely are valuable as marking the steps in one period of human evolution and in presenting evidence of man’s early practices. Also though the occurrences interesting to their authors and therefore recorded or indicated by them are not important as facts of history, they are proper subjects of examination, simply because in fact they were the chief objects of interest to their authors, and for that reason become of ethnologic import. It is not denied that some of the drawings on rocks were made without special purpose, for mere pastime, but they are of import even as mere graffiti. The character of the drawings and the mode of their execution tell something of their makers. If they do not tell who those authors were, they at least suggest what kind of people they were as regards art, customs, and sometimes religion. But there is a broader mode of estimating the quality of known pictographs. Musicians are eloquent in lauding of the great composers of songs without words. The ideography, which is the prominent feature of picture writing, displays both primordially and practically the higher and purer concept of thoughts without sound.

The experience of the present writer induces him to offer the following suggestions for the benefit of travelers and other observers who may meet with petroglyphs which they may desire to copy and describe.

As a small drawing of large rock inscriptions must leave in doubt the degree of its finish and perhaps the essential objects of its production, it is requisite, in every instance, to affix the scale of the drawing, or to give a principal dimension to serve as a guide. A convenient scale for ordinary petroglyphs is one-sixteenth of actual size. The copy should be with sufficient detail to show the character of the work. It is useful to show the lithologic character of the rock or bowlder used; whether the drawing has been scratched into the face of the rock, or incised more deeply with a sharp implement, and the depth of such incision; whether the design is merely outlined, or the whole body of the figures pecked out, and whether paint has been applied to the pecked surface, or the design executed with paint only. The composition of paint should be ascertained when possible. The amount of weathering or erosion, together with the exposure, or any other feature bearing on the question of antiquity, might prove important. If actual colors are not accessible for representation the ordinary heraldic scheme of colors can be used.

That sketches, even by artists of ability, are not of high value in accuracy, is shown by the discrepant copies of some of the most carefully studied pictographs, which discrepancies sometimes leave in uncertainty the points most needed for interpretation. Sketches, or still better, photographs are desirable to present a connected and general view of the characters and the surface upon which they are found. For accuracy of details “squeezes” should be obtained when practicable.

A simple method of obtaining squeezes of petroglyphs, when the lines are sufficiently deep to receive an impression, is to take ordinary manilla paper of loose texture, and to spread the sheet, after being thoroughly wetted, over the surface, commencing at the top. The top edge may be temporarily secured by a small streak of starch or flour paste. The paper is then pressed upon the surface of the rock by means of a soft bristle brush, so that its texture is gently forced into every depression. Torn portions of the paper may be supplied by applying small patches of wet paper until every opening is thoroughly covered. A coating of ordinary paste, as above mentioned, is now applied to the entire surface, and a new sheet of paper, similarly softened by water, is laid over this and pressed down with the brush. This process is continued until three or four thicknesses of paper have been used. Upon drying, the entire mold will usually fall off by contraction. The edge at the top, if previously pasted to the rock, should be cut. The entire sheet can then be rolled up, or if inconveniently large can be cut in sections and properly marked for future purposes. This process yields the negative. To obtain the positive the inner coating of the negative may be oiled, and the former process renewed upon the cast.

The characters when painted with bright tints and upon a light-colored surface, may readily be traced upon tracing linen, such as is employed by topographers. Should the rock be of a dark color, and the characters indistinct, a simple process is to first follow the characters in outline with colored crayons, red chalk, or dry colors mixed with water and applied with a brush, after which a piece of muslin is placed over the surface and pressed so as to receive sufficient coloring matter to indicate general form and relative position. After these impressions are touched up, the true position may be obtained by painting the lines upon the back of the sheet of muslin, or by making a true tracing of the negative.

An old mode of securing the outline was to clear out the channels of the intaglios, then, after painting them heavily, to press a sheet of muslin into the freshly painted depressions. The obvious objection to this method is the damage to the inscription. Before such treatment, if the only one practicable, all particulars of the work to be covered by paint should be carefully recorded.

The locality should be reported with detail of State (or territory), county, township, and distance and direction from the nearest post-office, railway station, or country road. In addition the name of any contiguous stream, hill, bluff, or other remarkable natural feature should be given. The name of the owner of the land is of temporary value, as it is liable to frequent changes. The site or station should be particularly described with reference to its natural characteristics and geological history. When petroglyphs are in numbers and groups, their relation to each other to the points of the compass or to topographical features, should be noted, if possible, by an accurate survey, otherwise by numeration and sketching.

The following details should be carefully noted: The direction of the face of the rock; the presence of probable trails and gaps which may have been used in shortening distances in travel; localities of mounds and caves, if any, in the vicinity; ancient camping grounds, indicated by fragments of pottery, flint chips or other refuse; existence of aboriginal relics, particularly flints which may have been used in pecking (these may be found at the base of the rocks upon which petroglyphs occur); the presence of small mortar-holes which may have served in the preparation of colors.

With reference to pictographs on other objects than rock it is important to report the material upon which they appear and the implements ascertained to be used in their execution examples of which are given in other parts of this work.

With reference to all kinds of pictographs, it should be remembered that mere descriptions without graphic representations are of little value. Probable age and origin and traditions relating to them should be ascertained. Their interpretation by natives of the locality who themselves make pictographs or who belong to people who have lately made pictographs is most valuable, especially in reference to such designs as may be either conventional, religious, or connected with lines of gesture-signs.

LIST OF WORKS AND AUTHORS CITED.

The object of this alphabetical list is to permit convenient reference to authorities without either deforming the pages of the present work by footnotes or cumbering the text with more or less abbreviated indications of editions, volumes, and pages, as well as titles and names, which in some cases would have required many repetitions. The list is by no means intended as a bibliography of the subject, nor even as a statement of the printed and MS. works actually studied and consulted by the present writer in the preparation of his copy. The details and niceties of bibliographic description are not attempted, the titles being abbreviated, except in a few instances where they are believed to be of special interest. The purpose is to include only the works which have been actually quoted or cited in the text, and, indeed, not all of those, as it was deemed unnecessary to transfer to the list some well-known works of which there are no confusing numbers of editions. When a publication is cited in the text but once, sufficient reference is sometimes made at the place of citation. When it would seem that the reference should be more particular the work is mentioned in the text, generally by the name of the author, followed by an italic letter of the alphabet in a parenthesis, which letter is repeated in the same form under the author’s name in the alphabetical list followed by mention of the edition from which the citation was taken, the number of the volume when there is more than one volume of that edition, and the page; also a reference, when needed, to the illustration reproduced or described.

Example: When the voluminous official publication of Schoolcraft is first quoted on p. 35, the reference is to p. 351 of his first volume, and the name “Schoolcraft” is followed by (a). On turning to that name in the list there appears under it a note of the work and the letter (a) is followed by “I, p. 351.” The references to this author are so many that all the letters of the alphabet are successively employed--indeed, some of them do duty several times, as several references in the text are to the same page or plate. The references to this single author would therefore have required at least thirty footnotes, or corresponding words in the text, instead of thirty italic letters divided between the several places of citation.

The abbreviation and simplicity of the plan is shown where there are many editions of the work cited. One of the most troublesome for reference of all publications is that of the Travels, etc., of Lewis and Clarke. The letter (a) after those names on p. 419, repeated under the same names in the list, refers to p. 66 of the edition specified.

When the italic letter in parenthesis precedes the title of a work in the list, reference is made to that work as a whole without specific quotation. So also when no such italic letter appears. Occasionally the title and imprint of a magazine or other continuous publication appears in the list without note of volume and page. This occurs where the authority is noted elsewhere, generally more than once, with only curt reference to the serial publication, and is intended to avoid repetition.

The simple scheme is designed, while avoiding bibliographic prolixity, to give practical assistance to the reader in finding the authorities cited, when desired. Scientific pretense has sometimes been sacrificed for simplicity and convenience.

LIST.

~ADAIR~ (JAMES).

The History of the American Indians; particularly those Nations adjoining to the Mississippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, and Virginia. * * * By James Adair, Esquire, a Trader with the Indians, and Resident in their Country for Forty Years. London; 1775. 4^{o}.

(a) p. 389.

~AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST.~

The American Anthropologist, published quarterly under the auspices of the Anthropological Society of Washington. Washington, D. C. Vol. I[-VI]. 8^{o}.

(a) II, 1889, No. 4, p. 323. (b) ibid., p. 524.

~AMERICAN NATURALIST.~

The American Naturalist, a monthly journal devoted to the natural sciences in their widest sense. Philadelphia. Vol. I[-XXVII]. 8^{o}.

~AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.~

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia (Penna.). Vol. I[-XXX]. 8^{o}.

(a) XXIX, p. 216.

~ANDREE~ (Dr. RICHARD).

Das Zeichnen bei den Naturvölkern. Separatabdruck aus den Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Bd. XVII, der neuen Folge Bd. VII. Wien; 1887. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 6. (b) p. 4. (c) ib. (d) p. 8. (e) p. 5.

Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, von Richard Andree. Mit 6 Tafeln und 21 Holzschnitten. Stuttgart; 1878. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 260. (b) p. 194.

~ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.~

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. London; 1872[-1892]. 8^{o}.

(a) XIX, May, 1890, p. 368. (b) XVI, Feb., 1887, p. 309. (c) I, 1872, p. 334. (d) X, Feb., 1880, p. 104. (e) III, Feb., 1873, p. 131. (f) XVII, Nov., 1887, p. 86.

~ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF TŌKYŌ.~

See Tōkyō Anthropological Society of.

~ANTHROPOLOGIE.~

See L’Anthropologie.

~ANTHROPOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN BERLIN.~

See Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie.

~ANTHROPOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN WIEN.~

Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. In Commission bei Alfred Hölder, k.k. Hof- und Universitäts-Buchhändler. Wien; 4^{o}.

(a) XVI, iii. and iv. Heft, 1886, Tafel X.

~APPUN~ (C. F.).

Südamerikanischen, mit Sculpturen bedeckten Felsens. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Berlin; Mai, 1877.

(a) pp. 6 and 7, Pl. XVI.

~ARARIPE~ (TRISTÃO DE ALENCAR).

Cidades Petrificades e Inscripções Lapidares no Brazil. By Tristão de Alencar Araripe. In Revista Trim. do Inst. Hist. e Geog. Brazil, Tome L, 2^o folheto. Rio de Janeiro; 1887.

(a) p. 275 et seq. (b) p. 291. (c) p. 277.

~ARCHAIC ROCK INSCRIPTIONS.~

Archaic Rock Inscriptions; an Account of the Cup and Ring Markings on the Sculptured Stones of the Old and New Worlds. * * * A Reader, Orange Street, Red Lion Square, London; 1891. Sm. 8^{o}.

~AUSLAND~, Das

Das Ausland. Wochenschrift für Erd- und Völkerkunde. Herausgegeben von Siegmund Günther. Stuttgart. Verlag der J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Nachfolger. 4^{o}.

(a) 1884, No. 1, p. 12.

~BANCROFT~ (HUBERT HOWE).

The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. San Francisco; 1882. Vol. I[-V]. 8^{o}.

(a) I, p. 379. (b) I, p. 48. (c) I, p. 332. (d) II, p. 802. (e) I, p. 333. (f) I, p. 387. (g) I, p. 403. (h) II, p. 374. (i) IV, pp. 40-50.

~BANDELIER~ (A. F.).

Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico in 1881. By A. F. Bandelier. Papers of the Archæological Institute of America. American Series, II. Boston; 1884. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 184.

~BARTLETT~ (JOHN RUSSELL).

Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, connected with the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, during the years 1850, ’51, ’52, and ’53. By John Russell Bartlett, United States Commissioner during that period. New York; 1854. 2 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) II, pp. 192-206. (b) ibid., pp. 170-173.

~BASTIAN~ (A.).

(b) Amerika’s Nordwest-Küste. Neueste Ergebnisse ethnologischer Reisen. Aus den Sammlungen der königlichen Museen zu Berlin. Herausgegeben von der Direction der ethnologischen Abtheilung. Berlin; 1884. Folio.

Ethnologisches Bilderbuch (mit erklärendem Text), 25 Tafeln. Von Adolf Bastian. Berlin; 1887. Folio.

(a) Pl. VI.

~BELDEN~ (G. P.).

Belden, the White Chief, or Twelve Years among the Wild Indians of the Plains. From the diaries and manuscripts of George P. Belden. * * * Edited by Gen. James S. Brisbin, U. S. A. Cincinnati and New York; 1870. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 277. (b) p. 145. (c) p. 144.

~BERLINER GESELLSCHAFT FÜR ANTHROPOLOGIE.~

Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Redigirt von Rud. Virchow. Berlin. 8^{o}.

(a) No. 20, March, 1886. (b) Sitzung 16, November, 1889, p. 655. (c) ibid., p. 651. (d) March 20, 1886, p. 208.

~BERTHELOT~ (S.).

Notice sur les Caractères Hiéroglyphiques Gravés sur les Roches Volcaniques aux îles Canaries. In Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, rédigé avec le Concours de la Section de Publication par les Secrétaires de la Commission Centrale. Sixième Série, Tome Neuvième, année 1875. Paris; 1875.

(a) p. 117 et seq. (b) p. 189.

~BERTHOUD~ (Capt. E. L.).

(a) In Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, VII, 1883, No. 8, pp. 489, 490.

~BLOXAM~ (G. W.).

Aroko, or Symbolic Letters. In Journal Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland. 1887.

(a) pp. 291 et seq. (b) p. 295. (c) p. 298.

~BOAS~ (Dr. FRANZ).

Report on the Northwestern Tribes of the Dominion of Canada. In Report of the Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London; 1889.

(c) p. 12. (e) pp. 852, 853. (f) p. 841.

Felsenzeichnung von Vancouver Island. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, ausserordentliche Sitzung am 14. Februar 1891.

(a) p. 160. Fig. p. 161.

The Houses of the Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia. In Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1888. Washington. 8^{o}.

(b) pp. 197 et seq. (d) p. 212, Pl. XL. (g) p. 208.

~BOBAN~ (EUGÈNE).

Documents pour servir à l’Histoire du Mexique. Catalogue raisonné de la Collection de M. E.-Eugène Goupil (Ancienne coll. J.-M.-A. Aubin). Manuscrits figuratifs et autres sur papier indigène d’agave Mexicana et sur papier européen antérieurs et postérieurs à la Conquête du Mexique. (XVI^e siècle). Avec une introduction de M. E.-Eugène Goupil et une lettre-préface de M. Auguste Génin. Paris; 1891. 2 vols. 4^{o}, and atlas folio.

(a) II, p. 273. (b) II, pp. 331, 342.

~BOCK~ (CARL).

The Head-Hunters of Borneo: A narrative of travel up the Mahakkam and down the Barrito; also journeyings in Sumatra. By Carl Bock. London; 1881. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 67. (b) p. 41.

~BOLLER~ (HENRY A.).

Among the Indians. Eight years in the Far West: 1858-1866. Embracing sketches of Montana and Salt Lake. By Henry A. Boller. Philadelphia; 1868. 12^{o}.

(a) p. 284.

~BOSCAWEN~ (W. ST. CHAD).

The Prehistoric Civilization of Babylonia. In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VIII, No. 1; August, 1878.

(a) p. 23.

~BOSSU~ (Capt.).

Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana. By Mr. Bossu, captain in the French marines. Translated from the French by John Rheinhold Forster. Illustrated with Notes, relative chiefly to Natural History. London; 1771. 2 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) I, p. 164.

~BOTURINI~ (BENADUCI).

Idea de una Nueva Historia General de la América Septentrional, fundada sobre material copioso de Figuras, Symbolos, Caracteres y Geroglíficos, Cantares y Manuscritos de Antores Indios, ultimamente descubiertos. Dedicada al Rey N^{tro} Señor en su real y supremo consejo de las Indias el Cavallero Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci, Señor de la Torre, y de Pono. Madrid; 1746. 4^{o}.

(a) pp. 54-56.

~BOURKE~ (Capt. JOHN G.).

The Snake-Dance of the Moquis of Arizona; being a Narrative of a Journey from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the Villages of the Moqui Indians of Arizona, etc. By John G. Bourke, Captain, Third U. S. Cavalry. New York; 1884. 8^{o}.

(f) p. 120.

The Medicine Men of the Apaches. By John G. Bourke, Captain, Third Cavalry, U. S. Army. In the Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

(a) p. 550 et seq. (b) p. 562. (c) ib. (d) p. 580. (e) p. 588. (f) ib.

~BOVALLIUS~ (CARL).

Nicaraguan Antiquities. By Carl Bovallius; pub. by Swed. Soc. Anthrop. and Geog. Stockholm; 1886. 8^{o}.

(a) Pl. 39.

~BOYLE~ (DAVID).

4th Ann. Rep. Canadian Institute, 1890.

(a) p. 23. (b) ib.

~BRANSFORD~ (Dr. J. F.).

Archæological Researches in Nicaragua. By J. F. Bransford, M. D., Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Navy. [Constitutes No. 383, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.] Washington; 1881.

(a) p. 64, fig. 123. (b) p. 65.

~BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG~ (Abbé CHARLES ÉTIENNE).

See Landa.

~BRAZILEIRO, REVISTA TRIMENSAL.~

See Revista Trimensal do Instituto Hist. e Geog. Brazileiro.

~BRINTON~ (Prof. DANIEL G.).

On the “Stone of the Giants.” In Report of the Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia for the years 1887-1889. Philadelphia; 1891.

(a) p. 78 et seq. (c) ib.

On the Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing, with special reference to American Archæology. Read before the Am. Philosoph. Soc. Oct. 1, 1886.

(b) p. 3.

The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths, Central America. By Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. Separate and in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 8^o.

(d) XIX, p. 613.

(e) The Maya Chronicles. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. Philadelphia; 1882. 8^{o}. Number 1 of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.

(f) The Lenape and their Legends, with the complete text and symbols of the Walam Olum. By Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. Philadelphia; 1885. 8^{o}.

(g) The Myths of the New World. A treatise on the symbolism and mythology of the red race of America. By D. G. Brinton. New York; 1876. 8^{o}.

~BROWN~ (CHAS. B.).

The Indian Picture Writing in British Guiana. By Charles B. Brown. In Journal of the Anthropological Inst. of Gt. Britain and Ireland.

(a) II, 1873, pp. 254-257.

~BROWN~ (EDWARD).

The Pictured Cave of La Crosse Valley, near West Salem, Wisconsin. In Report and Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the years 1877, 1878, and 1879, Vol. VIII, Madison; 1879.

(a) pp. 174-181, Figs. 2, 5, 9, 14.

~BRUXELLES, SOCIÉTÉ D’ANTHROPOLOGIE DE.~

See Société d’Anthropologie de Bruxelles.

~BUCKLAND~ (Miss A. W.).

On Tattooing. In Journal Anthrop. Inst. Gt. Britain and Ireland, XVII, No. 4. May, 1888.

(a) p. 318 et seq.

~BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.~

Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington. Roy. 8^o. I[-X].

First Annual Report [for 1879-’80]. 1881. Sign Language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf mutes. By Garrick Mallery. pp. 263-552.

(a) p. 498.

Same Report. A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. By Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Act. Asst. Surg. U. S.

A. pp. 87-203.

(a) p. 195.

Fourth Annual Report [for 1882-’83]. 1886. Pictographs of North American Indians. A Preliminary Paper. By Garrick Mallery. pp. 3-256.

References to other authors in this series appear under their respective names.

~CADILLAC~ (Capt. DE LAMOTHE).

(a) Collier qui doit être porté à Montréal. In Margry, Part V, pp. 290-291.

(b) In Margry, Part V, p. 90.

~CANADA, ROYAL SOCIETY OF.~

Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. I[-IX]. Montreal and Toronto. Large 4^o.

~CANADA~, Report of the Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs of. Ottawa; 1879. 8^o.

(a) p. 113.

~CANADIAN INSTITUTE.~

Proceedings of the Canadian Institute of Toronto, being a continuation of the Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History. 20 vols. in 3 series, commencing 1852. Toronto. First series 4^o, last series 8^o.

~CARNE~ (PERRIER DU).

(a) In L’Anthropologie, II, 1891, No. 2, p. 269.

~CARPENTER~ (EDWARD).

From Adam’s Peak to Elephanta. Sketches in Ceylon and India. By Edward Carpenter. London; 1892. 8^o.

(a) p. 129.

~CARTAILHAC~ (ÉMILE).

La France préhistorique d’après les sépultures et les monuments. Par Émile Cartailhac. Paris; 1889. 8^o.

(a) p. 234.

~CARVER~ (Capt. JONATHAN).

Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768. By J. Carver, esq., captain of a company of Provincial troops during the late war with France. Illustrated with copper plates. London; 1778. 8^o.

(a) p. 418. (b) ib. (c) p. 357.

~CATLIN~ (GEORGE).

Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians. Fourth edition. London; 1844. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 98.

~CHAMPLAIN~ (Le Sieur SAMUEL DE).

Les voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par le S^r de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu’il a faites en ce païs depuis l’an 1603 iusques en l’an 1629. Où se voit comme ce pays a esté premierement descouuert par les François, sous l’authorité de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens, iusques au regne de sa Majesté à present regnante Lovis XIII. Roy de France & de Nauarre. Auec vn traitté des qualitez & conditions requises à vn bon & parfaict Nauigateur pour cognoistre la diuersité des Estimes qui se font en la Nauigation; Les Marques & enseignments que la prouidence de Dieu a mises dans les Mers pour redresser les Mariniers en leur routte, sans lesquelles ils tomberoient en de grands dangers, Et la maniere de bien dresser Cartes marines auec leurs Ports, Rades, Isles, Sondes & autre chose necessaire à la Nauigation. Ensemble vne Carte generalle de la description dudit pays faicte en son Meridien selon la declinaison de la guide Aymant, & vn Catechisme ou Instruction traduicte du François au langage des peuples Sauuages de quelque contree, auec ce qui s’est passé en ladite Nouuelle France en l’année 1631. Paris; 1632. Sm. 4^o.

Œuvres de Champlain publiées sous le patronage de l’Université Laval par l’abbé C. H. Laverdière, M. A., professor d’histoire à la faculté des arts et bibliothécaire de l’université; Seconde édition. Québec; 1870. [6 vols. Sm. 4^o (the fifth in two parts), paged consecutively at bottom. 2 p. ll., pp. i-lxxvi, 1-1478, 1 l. The pagination of the original edition appears at the top. Vol. V is a reprint in facsimile as to arrangement, of the 1632 edition of Les Voyages].

(a) V, 1st pt., p. 159. (b) ib. 157. (c) III, p. 57. (d) V, 2d pt., p. 40. (e) III, p. 194. (f) II, p. 19.

~CHAMPOLLION~ (JEAN FRANCOIS, le jeune).

Grammaire Egyptienne, ou principes généraux de l’écriture sacrée égyptienne appliquées à la représentation de la langue parlée. Publiée sur le manuscrit autographe. Paris; 1836-’41. Sm. folio.

(a) p. 113. (d) p. 519. (g) p. 91. (h) p. 57.

Dictionnaire Egyptien, en écriture hiéroglyphique; publié d’après les manuscrits autographes, par M. Champollion-Figeac. Paris; 1842-’44. Folio.

(b) p. 429. (c) p. 31. (e) p. 1. (f) p. 3.

~CHARENCEY~ (Count HYACINTHE DE).

(a) Des Couleurs considérées comme Symboles des points de l’Horizon chez les Peuples. From Actes de la Société Philologique. Tome VI, No. 3, Oct., 1876; Paris; 1877.

Essai sur la symbolique des points de l’horizon dans l’extrême orient. Hyacinthe de Charencey. Caen; 1876. 8^o.

~CHARLEVOIX~ (Père F. X. DE).

History and General Description of New France. By the Rev. Père François Xavier de Charlevoix. Translated with Notes by John Gilmary Shea. New York; 1866-1872. 2 vols. Imperial 8^o.

(a) I, p. 266.

~CHAVERO~ (ALFREDO).

La piedra del Sol. Estudio arqueológico por Alfredo Chavero. In Anales del Museo Nacional de México.

(a) III, p. 124.

~CLEMENT~ (CLARA ERSKINE).

A Handbook of Legendary and Mythological Art. By Clara Erskine Clement. Boston; 1883. Small 8^o.

(a) p. 7.

~COALE~ (CHARLES B.).

Life and Adventures of William Waters. By Charles B. Coale. Richmond; 1878. 12^o.

(a) p. 136.

~COMMISSION SCIENTIFIQUE AU MEXIQUE.~

See Mexique, Mission Scientifique au.

~CONDER~ (Maj. CLAUDE R.)

Hittite Ethnology. In Journal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, XVII, pt. 2, Nov., 1887.

(d) p. 141.

Palestine Exploration Fund. Quarterly Statement for July, 1881. London; 1881.

(a) pp. 214-218. (c) p. 16.

On the Canaanites. In Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, Vol. XXIV, No. 93. London; 1889, pp. 56-62.

(b) p. 57.

~CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DES AMÉRICANISTES.~

Compte-rendu de la cinquiéme session, Copenhague, 1883. Copenhague, 1884. 8^o.

~CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.~

Vol. I[-VI]. Washington. Government Printing Office; 1877[-1890]. 4^o. (Department of the Interior. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. J. W. Powell in charge.)

~COOPER~ (W. R.).

The Serpent Myths of Ancient Egypt. By W. R. Cooper, F. R. S. L. London; 1873. 8^o.

(a) p. 24. (b) p. 43.

~COPE~ (Prof. E. D.).

Report on the Remains of Population observed in Northwestern New Mexico. By Prof. E. D. Cope. In Report upon United States Geographical Surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. 7 vols. Washington, 4^o.

(a) VII, 1879, p. 358.

~COPWAY~ (G.).

The Traditional History and characteristic sketches of the Ojibway Nation. By G. Copway, or Kah-gi-ga-gah-bowh, chief of the Ojibway Nation. London; 1850. Sm. 8^o.

(a) p. 134. (b) p. 136. (c) pp. 135, 136. (d) p. 135. (e) p. 134. (f) p. 135. (g) p. 134. (h) ibid.

~CRANE~ (Miss AGNES).

Ancient Mexican Heraldry. By Agnes Crane. In Science, Vol. XX, No. 503.

(a) p. 175.

~CRAWFURD~ (JOHN).

History of the Indian Archipelago. By John Crawford * * *. Edinburgh; 1820. 3 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 290.

~CRONAU~ (RUDOLF).

Geschichte der Solinger Klingenindustrie. Von Rudolf Cronau. Stuttgart; 1885. Folio.

(b) p. 17. (c) pp. 18, 19.

Im Wilden Westen. Eine Künstlerfahrt durch die Prairien und Felsengebirge der Union. Von Rudolf Cronau. * * * Braunschweig; 1889. 8^o.

(a) p. 85.

~CUMMING~ (R. GORDON).

Sporting Adventures in South Africa. By Gordon Cumming. London; 1856. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 207.

~CURR~ (EDWARD M.).

The Australian Race. By Edward M. Curr. London; 1886. 3 vols. 8^o, and folio atlas.

(a) I, p. 149 et seq. (b) ibid., p. 94. (c) III, p. 544. (d) I, plate facing p. 145.

~CUSHING~ (FRANK HAMILTON).

Preliminary Notes on the origin, working hypothesis and primary researches of the Hemenway Southwestern Archæological Expedition. In Congrès International des Américanistes. Compte-rendu de la septième session. Berlin; 1890.

(a) p. 151.

~D’ALBERTIS~ (L. M.).

New Guinea; What I did and what I saw. By L. M. D’Albertis. Boston; 1881. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 66. (b) ibid., p. 301. (c) I, pp. 213, 215, 519. (d) I, 262 and 264.

~DALL~ (WILLIAM H.).

On Masks, Labrets and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution. In Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1885; pp. 67-202.

(d) p. 75. (e) p. 111.

Contributions to North American Ethnology, I.

(a) p. 79. (f) p. 86.

Alaska and its Resources. London; 1870. 8^o.

(a) p. 142. (b) p. 412. (c) p. 95.

~D’ALVIELLA~ (Count GOBLET).

The Migration of symbols. By the Count Goblet D’Alviella. In Popular Science Monthly; 1890. (Sept. and Oct.) (Trans. from Révue des Deux Mondes; Paris; May 1, 1890, p. 121.)

(a) pp. 674, 779. (b) p. 676. (c) p. 677.

~DAVIDSON~ (ALEXANDER) AND ~STRUVÉ~ (BERNARD).

History of Illinois from 1673 to 1884, by Alexander Davidson and Bernard Struvé. Springfield, Ill.; 1884. 8^o.

(a) p. 62.

~DAVIS~ (W. W. H.).

The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico. By W. W. H. Davis. Doylestown, Pa.; 1869. 8^o.

(a) p. 405. (b) p. 292.

~DAWSON~ (Dr. GEORGE M.).

Notes on the Shuswap people of British Columbia. By George M. Dawson, LL. D., F. R. S., Assistant Director Geological Society of Canada. In Transactions of Royal Soc. of Canada, Section II, 1891.

(a) p. 14.

~DE CLERCQ~ (F. S. A.).

Ethnographische Beschrijving van de West- en Noordkust van Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea door F. S. A. De Clercq, met medewerking van J. D. E. Schmeltz. Leiden; 1893. 4^o.

(a) p. 31.

~DELLENBAUGH~ (F. S.).

The Shinumos. A Prehistoric People of the Rocky Mountain Region. By F. S. Dellenbaugh. In Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences; Buffalo, N. Y.; Vol. III, 1875-1877.

(a) p. 172.

~DE SMET~ (Rev. PETER).

See Smet (Père Peter de).

~DE SCHWEINITZ~ (Bishop EDMUND).

The life and times of David Zeisberger, the western pioneer and apostle of the Indians. By Edmund De Schweinitz. Philadelphia; 1870. 8^o.

(a) p. 160.

~DETROIT~ (SIEGE OF, DIARY OF THE).

Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with Pontiac. Albany; 1860. 4^o.

(a) p. 29.

~DIDRON~ (M.).

Iconographie Chrétienne. Histoire de Dieu. Par M. Didron, de la Bibliothèque Royale, Secrétaire du Comité Historique des Arts et Monuments. Paris; 1843. 4^o.

(a) p. 338. (b) p. 330. (c) p. 343. (d) p. 145.

~DODGE~ (Col. R. I.).

Our Wild Indians; Thirty-three years’ personal experience among the Red Men of the Great West. * * * By Colonel Richard Irving Dodge, U. S. Army. Hartford; 1882. 8^o.

(a) p. 163.

~DORMAN~ (RUSHTON M.).

The Origin of Primitive Superstitions and their development into the worship of spirits and the doctrine of spiritual agency among the aborigines of America. By Rushton M. Dorman. Philadelphia; 1881. 8^o.

~DORSEY~ (Rev. J. OWEN).

Teton Folk-lore. In American Anthropologist, Vol. II, No. 2. Washington; 1889.

(a) p. 144. (b) p. 147.

~DU CHAILLU~ (PAUL B.).

The Viking Age. The early history, manners, and customs of the ancestors of the English-speaking nations. By Paul B. Du Chaillu. * * * New York; 1889. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 116 et seq. (b) ibid., p. 133. (c) ibid., p. 10.

~DUNBAR~ (JOHN B.).

The Pawnee Indians. Their History and Ethnology. In Magazine of American History. New York and Chicago; 1881.

(a) IV, No. 4, p. 259. (b) VIII, p. 744.

~DUPAIX~ (M.).

In Kingsborough’s Mexican Antiquities. See Kingsborough.

(a) V, p. 241. Pl. in IV, Pt. 2, No. 44.

~DURAN~ (Fr. DIEGO).

Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firma. Por El Padre Fray Diego Duran. México; 1867. 4^o.

~EASTMAN~ (MARY).

Dahcotah; or, Life and Legends of the Sioux around Fort Snelling. By Mrs. Mary Eastman; with Preface by Mrs. C. M. Kirkland. New York; 1849. 8^o.

(a) p. 72. (b) p. 207. (c) p. 262. (d) p. xxvi. (e) p. xxviii.

~EDKINS~ (Rev. Dr. J.).

Introduction to the Study of the Chinese Characters. By J. Edkins, D.D. London; 1876. 8^o.

(a) p. 26. (b) p. 42. (c) p. 41. (d) Append. A, p. 3. (e) p. 20. (f) p. 35. (g) p. 14. (h) p. viii.

~EDWARDS~ (Mrs. A. B.).

A Thousand Miles up the Nile. By Mrs. A. B. Edwards. London; 1889. 8^o.

(a) p. 205.

~EELLS~ (Rev. M.).

Twana Indians of the Skokomish Reservation in Washington Terr. In Bull. U. S. Geolog. Survey, Vol. III, pp. 57-114. Washington; 1877. 8^o.

~EISEN~ (GUSTAV).

Some Ancient Sculptures from the Pacific Slope of Guatemala. In Mem. of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. II, No. 2. San Francisco; July, 1888.

(a) p. 17.

~EMORY~ (Lt. Col. WILLIAM HELMSLEY).

Notes of a Military Reconnoissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, etc. By Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, made in 1846-’47. [Thirtieth Congress, first session; Ex. Doc. No. 41.] Washington; 1848. 8^o.

(a) p. 89. (b) p. 63.

~ETHERIDGE~ (R., jr.).

The Aboriginal Rock-Carvings at the Head of Bantry Bay. In Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Vol. II, Pt. 1; 1890.

(a) p. 26 et seq.

~ETHNOLOGY, CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN.~

See Contributions to North American Ethnology.

~ETHNOLOGY (BUREAU OF).~

See Bureau of Ethnology.

~EWBANK~ (THOMAS).

North American Rock-writing and other aboriginal modes of recording and transmitting thought. By Thomas Ewbank, Vice-President of the Ethnological Society. Morrisania, N. Y.; 1866. Pamph., pp. 49.

~EXPLORING EXPEDITION~ (United States).

See Wilkes (Commodore Charles).

~FABER~ (ERNEST).

Prehistoric China. By Ernest Faber. In Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, n. s., XXIV.

~FEWKES~ (Dr. J. WALTER).

Journ. of American Folk Lore; Oct.-Dec., 1890.

(a) p. 10.

Am. Anthrop., V, No. 1, 1892.

(b) p. 9.

Journ. Am. Ethnol. and Archæol., II.

(c) p. 159.

~FLETCHER~ (Dr. ROBERT).

Tattooing among civilized people. In Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Washington, II, p. 411.

~FORLONG~ (Gen. J. G. R.).

River of Life, or Sources and Streams of the Faiths of Man in all Lands. * * * By Maj.-Gen. J. G. R. Forlong. London; 1883. 2 vols. 4^o.

(a) I, p. 509. (b) II, p. 434.

~FRAZER~ (Prof. PERSIFOR, jr.).

The Geology of Lancaster County. In Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania: Report of Progress in 1877. CCC, Harrisburg; 1880.

(a) pp. 92, 94, 95. (b) p. 62.

~GATSCHET~ (ALBERT S.).

A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, with a linguistic, historic, and ethnographic introduction. By Albert S. Gatschet. * * * Philadelphia; 1884. 2 vols. 8^o. [Printed in Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature. No. IV.]

~GIBBS~ (Dr. GEORGE).

Tribes of Western Washington and Northern Oregon. In Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I, pp. 159-240. Washington; 1877. 4^{o}.

(a) p. 222. (b) ib.

~GILDER~ (WILLIAM H.).

Schwatka’s Search. Sledging in the Arctic in quest of the Franklin records. By William H. Gilder. New York; 1881. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 250.

~GONGORA Y MARTINEZ~ (MANUEL DE).

Antiguedades Prehistóricas de Andalucía, monumentos, inscripciones, armas, utensilios y otros importantes objetos pertenecientes á los tiempos mas remotos de su poblacion. Por Don Manuel de Gongora y Martinez. * * * Madrid; 1868. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 64.

~GREEN~ (HENRY).

Shakespeare and the Emblem Writers; an exposition of their similarities of thought and expression. Preceded by a view of emblem-literature down to A. D. 1616. By Henry Green, M. A. London; 1870. 8^{o}.

(a) pp. 4-12. (b) p. 13.

~GREGG~ (JOSIAH).

Commerce of the Prairies, or the Journal of a Santa Fé Trader, during eight expeditions across the Great Western Prairies and a residence of nearly nine years in Northern Mexico. By Josiah Gregg. Second ed. New York; 1845. 2 vols. 12^{o}.

(a) II, p. 286.

~GUNNISON~ (Lieut. J. W.).

The Mormons, or Latter-Day Saints in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake; a History of the Mormons. By Lieut. J. W. Gunnison of the Topographical Engineers. Philadelphia; 1852. 12^{o}.

(a) pp. 62-63.

~GÜNTHER~ (C.).

Die anthropologische Untersuchung der Bella-Coola. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Sitzung vom 20. März 1886. Berlin; 1886.

(a) pp. 208, 209.

~HAAST~ (Dr. JULIUS VON).

Some Ancient Rock Paintings in New Zealand. Journal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. VIII. 1878.

(a) p. 50 et seq.

~HABEL~ (Dr. S.).

The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumal-Whuapa in Guatemala. By S. Habel. Washington; 1879. Constitutes No. 269 of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1878, Vol. XXII.

(a) pp. 64-66. (b) p. 85. (c) p. 66. Sculp. No. 1, Pl. I. (d) Sculp. No. 4. Pl. II, p. 68. (e) pp. 67-68. (f) p. 77.

~HABERLANDT~ (M.).

Ueber Schrifttafeln von der Osterinsel. In Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. XVI. Band (der neuen Folge VI. Band), III. und IV. Heft. 1886.

~HADDON~ (ALFRED C.).

The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits. In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. XIX, No. 3. 1890.

(a) p. 366. (b) p. 365. (c) ib.

~HAKLUYT~ (RICHARD).

Collection of the Early Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries of the English Nation. A new edition, with additions. London; 1809[-1812]. 5 vols. and supplement. 4^{o}.

(a) III, 1810, p. 372. (b) ib., p. 276. (c) ib., p. 415. (d) ib., p. 369. (e) ib., p. 40. (f) ib., p. 508. (g) ib., p. 615.

~HARIOT~ (THOMAS).

A brief and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants. * * * By Thomas Hariot. Frankfurti ad Mœnvm. De Bry, anno 1590. Reprinted in facs. by J. Sabin & Sons. New York; 1872. 4^{o}.

(a) Pl. XXIII.

~HARTMAN~ (Prof. R.).

(a) p. 6 of the session of May 26, 1877, of the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie.

~HAYWOOD~ (JOHN).

The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee up to the first Settlements therein by the White People in the year 1768. By John Haywood. Nashville; 1823. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 113. (b) p. 160. (c) p. 169. (d) pp. 322-323. (e) p. 228.

~HEATH~ (Dr. E. R.).

The Exploration of the River Benī. In Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. XIV. pp. 157-164. New York; 1882.

(a) p. 157. (b) p. 161.

~HERNDON~ (Lieut. WM. LEWIS) AND GIBBON (Lieut. LARDNER).

Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, made under direction of the Navy Department. By Wm. Lewis Herndon and Lardner Gibbon, Lieutenants United States Navy. Washington; 1853. 2 vols. 8^{o}. [Ex. Doc. 36, Senate, 32d Cong., 2d Sess.]

(a) I, p. 319. (b) ibid., p. 201.

~HERRERA~ (ANTONIO DE).

The General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America Commonly call’d the West-Indies, from the First Discovery thereof; with the best Account the People could give of their Antiquities. Collected from the Original Relations sent to the Kings of Spain. By Antonio de Herrera, Historiographer to his Catholic Majesty. Translated into English by Capt. John Stevens. * * * Second edition, London; 1740. 6 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) Decade II, B. 10, Chap. 4.

~HIND~ (HENRY YOULE).

Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula, etc. By Henry Youle Hind. London; 1863; 2 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) II, p. 105. (b) I, p. 270.

~HOCHSTETTER~ (Dr. FERDINAND VON).

New Zealand, its physical geography, geology and natural history. By Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Professor at the Polytechnic Inst. of Vienna, etc. Stuttgart; 1867. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 437. (b) p. 423.

~HOFFMAN~ (Dr. W. J.)

(a) The Midewiwin or “Grand Medicine Society” of the Ojibwa. In Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology; Washington; 1891; pp. 143-300.

(b) Pictography and Shamanistic Rites of the Ojibwa. In The American Anthropologist; Washington; July, 1888; pp. 209-229.

~HOLM~ (G.).

Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne (Særtryk af Meddelelser om Grønland. X.) Kjøbenhavn; 1887. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 101. (b) p. 108.

~HOLMES~ (WILLIAM HENRY).

Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, examined during the summers of 1875 and 1876. Washington; 1879. [Extract from 10th Ann. Rep. of U. S. Geological Survey, 1879.]

(a) pp. 401-405, Pls. XLII and XLIII.

Ancient Art of the Province of Chiriqui, United States of Colombia, by William H. Holmes. Washington; 1888. 8^{o}. In the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

(b) p. 21. (e) p. 181.

Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans. In Second Ann. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

(c) p. 253 et seq. (d) Pl. LII.

~HOLUB~ (Dr. EMIL).

On the Central South African Tribes from the South Coast to the Zambesi. In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. X, No. 1. August, 1880.

(a) p. 6. (b) p. 7.

~HOUZÉ~ (Dr. E.) AND ~JACQUES~ (Dr. VICTOR).

Étude d’anthropologie. Les Australiens du Musée du Nord. By Dr. E. Houzé and Dr. Victor Jacques. Bruxelles; 1885. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 92.

~HOWITT~ (ALFRED W.).

On Some Australian Ceremonies of Initiation. By A. W. Howitt, F. G. S. London; 1884. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 17. (d) p. 8. (f) p. 2.

Notes on Songs and Song Makers of Some Australian Tribes. By A. W. Howitt, F. G. S. London; 1887. 8^{o}.

(b) p. 328.

The Dieri and other kindred Tribes of Central Australia. In Journal of the Anthrop. Inst. of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XX, No. 1. 1890.

(c) p. 71. (e) p. 72. (g) ib. (h) ib.

~HUMBOLDT~ (ALEXANDER von).

Aspects of Nature. By Alexander von Humboldt. London; 1850. 2 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) I, pp. 196-201.

~IMPERIAL~ ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Scientific papers of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vol. III, pt. 5. St. Petersburg; 1855.

~IM THURN~ (EVERARD F.).

Among the Indians of Guiana; being Sketches chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London; 1883. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 391 et seq. (b) p. 410. (c) p. 316. (d) p. 39. (e) p. 319. (f) p. 195. (g) p. 219. (h) p. 196. (i) pp. 392, 393, Figs. 25 and 26. (k) p. 405.

~INDIAN AFFAIRS.~

Canada, Report of the Deputy Superintendent-General of. (See Canada.)

~IRVING~ (WASHINGTON).

Astoria; or Anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. By Washington Irving. Philadelphia; 1836. 2 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) I, p. 226. (b) ib., p. 227. (c) ib., p. 169.

~JACQUES~ (V.) AND ~STORMS~ (É.)

Notes sur l’Ethnologie de la Partie Orientale de l’Afrique Équatoriale. By V. Jacques and É. Storms. In. Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop. de Bruxelles. Tome V. Bruxelles; 1887.

~JAGOR~ (F.).

Die Badagas im Nilgiri-Gebirge. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, etc. Jahrgang 1876. p. 195.

Über die Hieroglyphen der Osterinsel und über Felseinritzungen in Chile. In Verhandl. der Berliner Gesellsch. für Anthrop., etc. Jahrgang 1876, pp. 16, 17, Figs. 2, 3.

(a) Verhandl. der Berliner Gesellsch. für Anthrop., etc., Jahrgang 1882, p. 170.

~JAMES~ (Dr. EDWIN).

See Tanner (John).

~JAMES’ LONG’S EXPEDITION.~

See Long (Major Stephen Harriman).

~JAPAN.~

Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Yokohama. * * * Tōkyō. 8^{o}.

~JEMISON~ (MARY).

See Seaver (James E.).

~JESUIT RELATIONS.~

Relations des Jésuites; contenant ce qui s’est passé de plus remarquable dans les Missions des pères de la Compagnie de Jésus, dans la Nouvelle France. Québec; 1858; 3 vols. 8^{o}.

(a) II, 1646, p. 48.

~JOHNSTON~ (H. H.).

The River Congo, from its mouth to Bolobo; with a general description of the natural history and anthropology of its western basin. By H. H. Johnston, F. F. S., F. R. G. S. * * * Second ed. London; 1884. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 420.

~JONES~ (A. D.).

Illinois and the West. By A. D. Jones. Boston; 1838. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 59.

~JONES~ (CHARLES C., jr.).

Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particularly of the Georgia Tribes. By Charles C. Jones, jr. New York, 1873. 8^{o}.

(a) pp. 377-379. (b) ib.

~JONES~ (Rev. PETER).

History of the Ojebway Indians. By Rev. Peter Jones. London; 1861. 12^{o}.

(a) p. 121. (b) p. 94.

~JONES~ (Capt. WILLIAM A.).

Report upon the Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming. By William A. Jones, U. S. A. Washington; 1875. 8^{o}.

(a) p. 268. (b) p. 269. (c) p. 207, fig. 33.

~KANE~ (PAUL).

Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America. * * * London; 1859.

(a) p. 393.

~KEATING’S LONG’S EXPEDITION.~

See Long (Major Stephen Harriman).

~KELLER~ (FRANZ).

The Amazon and Madeira Rivers. Sketches and descriptions from the note-book of an explorer. By Franz Keller, engineer. Philadelphia; 1875. Large 8^{o}.

(a) p. 65 et seq. (b) p. 159 et seq.

~KENDALL~ (EDWARD AUGUSTUS).

Travels through the northern parts of the United States, in the years 1807 and 1808. By Edward Augustus Kendall, Esq. New York; 1809. 3 vols. 8^o.

~KINGSBOROUGH~ (EDWARD KING, Lord).

Antiquities of Mexico: Containing fac-similes of Ancient Mexican Paintings and Hieroglyphics * * * together with the Monuments of New Spain, by M. Dupaix. London; 1831-’48. 9 vols. Imp. folio.

(a) Vol. VI, Codex Telleriano Remensis, p. 150 (vol. I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 33). (b) VI, Codex T. R., p. 135 (vol. I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 4). (c) VI, Codex T. R., p. 141 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 19). (d) VI, Codex T. R., p. 148 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 29). (e) VI, Codex T. R., p. 150 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 32). (f) VI, Coll. Mendoza, p. 74 (I, Coll. Mendoza, Pl. 67). (g) VI, Codex T. R., p. 136 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 7). (h) VI, Codex T. R., p. 141 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 20). (i) VI, Coll. Mend., p. 86 (I, Coll. Mend., Pl. 71, Fig. 30). (k) VI, Codex Vaticanus, p. 222 (II, Codex Vat., Pl. 75). (l) VI, Codex T. R., p. 136 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 7). (m) VI, Coll. Mend., p. 69 (I, Coll. Mend., Pl. 64, Fig. 5). (n) (II, Codex Vat., Pl. 100.) (o) VI, Codex T. R., p. 142 (I, Codex T. R., pt. 4, Pl. 22). (p) VI, Coll. Mend., p. 71 (I, Coll. Mend., Pl. 75).

In the above citations the double references, one in and one not in parentheses, are necessary because the text and the copies of paintings are in different volumes. The above references not in parentheses refer to the text alone. The several parts of the volumes containing the plates are mentioned because the pagination of those volumes is not continuous.

~KOHL~ (J. G.).

Kitchi-Gami. Wanderings round Lake Superior. By J. G. Kohl. London; 1860. 8^o.

(a) p. 18.

~LACOUPERIE~ (Prof. Dr. TERRIEN DE).

Beginnings of Writing in and around Thibet. In Journ. Royal Asiatic Society. New series, Vol. XVII, Pt. III. London; 1885.

(a) p. 442 et seq. (b) ib. (c) p. 443. (d) p. 424. (e) p. 428. (f) p. 459.

~LAFITAU~ (Père JOSEPH FRANÇOIS).

Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquaines, Comparées aux Mœurs des Premiers Temps. By le Père Lafitau. Paris; 1724. 2 vols. 4^o.

(a) II, p. 261. (b) II, p. 43. (c) ib. (d) ib., p. 266.

~LAHONTAN~ (Baron).

New Voyages to North America. Containing an Account of the Several Nations of that vast continent, etc. By the Baron Lahontan, Lord Lieutenant of the French Colony at Placentia in Newfoundland. * * * London; 1703. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 82. (b) ib., p. 84. (c) ib., p. 246. (d) ib., p. 225.

LAMOTHE. See Cadillac.

~LANDA~ (DIEGO de).

Relation des Choses de Yucatan de Diego de Landa; Texte Espagnol et Traduction Française en regard, comprenant les Signes du Calendrier et de l’Alphabet Hiéroglyphique de la Langue Maya, accompagné de documents divers historiques et chronologiques, avec une Grammaire et un Vocabulaire Abrégés Français-Maya, précédés d’un essai sur les sources de l’histoire primitive du Mexique et de l’Amérique Centrale, etc., d’après les monuments Égyptiens et de l’Histoire primitive de l’Égypte d’après les monuments Américains. Par l’Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Ancien Administrateur ecclésiastique des Indians de Rabinal (Guatemala), Membre de la Commission scientifique du Mexique, etc. Paris and Madrid; 1864. 8^o.

(a) p. 316. (b) ib.

~LANDRIN~ (ARMAND).

(a) Écriture figurative et Comptabilité en Bretagne; par Armand Landrin, Conservateur du Musée d’Ethn. In Revue d’Ethnographie. Tome premier, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. Paris; 1882.

~LANGEN~ (A.).

Key-Inseln und die dortigen Geistergrotten. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Sitzung vom 17. October 1885. 1885.

(a) pp. 407-409. Taf. XI.

~L’ANTHROPOLOGIE.~

L’Anthropologie. Paraissant tous les deux mois sous la direction de MM. Cartailhac, Hamy, Topinard. * * * Paris; 1890. 8^o. [The present journal is a consolidation of “Matériaux pour l’histoire de l’homme,” “Revue d’Anthropologie,” and “Revue d’Ethnographie.”]

(a) II, No. 6, p. 693. (b) I, No. 5, p. 566. (c) II. No. 2, 1891, p. 150. (d) II, No. 2, Mar.-Avr. 1891, p. 148.

~LA PLATA.~ See Museo de la Plata.

~LAUDONNIÈRE~ (Capt. RÉNÉ).

The Second voyage into Florida made and written by Captain Laudonnière, which fortified and inhabited there two summers and one whole winter. In Hakluyt’s Collection of the Early Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries of the English nation, q. v.

(a) III, pp. 384-419.

~LAWSON~ (A. C.).

Ancient Rock Inscriptions on the Lake of the Woods. In The American Naturalist, Vol. XIX, Philadelphia, 1885. pp. 654-657.

(a) Pl. XIX and Fig. 1.

~LAWSON~ (JOHN).

The History of Carolina, containing the exact Description and Natural History of that country, together with the Present State thereof and a Journal of a Thousand miles traveled through several Nations of Indians. Giving a particular Account of their Customs, Manners, etc. By John Lawson, Gent., Surveyor-General of North Carolina. London; 1714. 12^o.

(a) p. 190.

~LE CLERCQ~ (Père CHRÉTIEN).

Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie, qui contient les Mœurs & la Religion des Sauvages Gaspesiens Porte-Croix, adorateurs du Soleil, & d’autres Peuples de l’Amérique Septentrionale, dite le Canada. Dediée à Madame la Princesse d’Epinoy. Par le Père Chrétien Le Clercq, Missionnaire Recollet de la Province de Saint Antoine de Pade en Artois, & Guardian du Convent de Lens. Paris; 1691. 16^o.

(a) p. 139.

~LELAND~ (CHARLES G.).

The Algonquin Legends of New England. * * * By Charles G. Leland. Boston; 1884. 8^o.

(a) p. 40. (b) p. 44.

~LEMLY~ (Lieut. H. R.).

Who was El Dorado? By Lieut. H. R. Lemly, U. S. Army. In Century Magazine for October, 1891.

(a) p. 889.

~LE PAGE DU PRATZ.~

Histoire de la Louisiane. Contenant la Découverte de ce vaste Pays. Par M. Le Page du Pratz. Paris; 1758. 3 vols. 12^o.

(a) II, p. 432. (b) III, p. 241.

~LE PLONGEON~ (Dr. AUGUSTUS).

Vestiges of the Mayas; or, Facts tending to prove that communications and intimate relations must have existed in very remote times between the inhabitants of Mayab and those of Asia and Africa. By Augustus Le Plongeon, M. D. New York; 1881. 8^o.

(a) p. 29.

~LEWIS~ (Capt. MERIWETHER) AND ~CLARKE~ (Capt.).

Travels to the source of the Missouri River, etc., and across the American Continent to the Pacific Ocean, * * * in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. By Captains Lewis and Clarke. Published from the Official Report. * * * London; 1814. 8^o.

(a) p. 66. (b) p. 375. (c) p. 379.

~LEWIS~ (T. H.).

Incised Bowlders in the upper Minnesota Valley. In The American Naturalist for July, 1887.

(a) p. 642. (b) p. 639 et seq. (c) ib.

(d) Sculptured Rock at Trempeleau, Wisconsin. By T. H. Lewis. In The American Naturalist for September, 1889, pp. 782, 783.

~LONG~ (JOHN).

Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader, Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians; with an Account of the Posts situated on the river St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, etc. To which is added, A Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language. * * * By J. Long, London; 1791. 4^o.

(a) p. 47.

~LONG~ (Maj. STEPHEN HARRIMAN).

Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains in 1819 and 1829, under command of Major Stephen H. Long. Compiled by Edwin James. Phila.; 1823. 2 vols. 8^o. [Commonly known as James’ Long’s Expedition].

(b) I, p. 478. (c) ib., p. 287. (d) ib., p. 207. (f) ib., p. 125. (h) ib., p. 296. (i) ib., p. 208. (k) ib., p. 240.

Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter’s River, etc., performed in the year 1823 under the command of Stephen H. Long, Major U. S. T. E. Compiled by William H. Keating. Phila.; 1824. 2 vols. 8^o. [Commonly called Keating’s Long’s Expedition.]

(a) I, p. 217. (e) ib., p. 334. (g) ib., p. 226.

~LOSSING~ (BENSON J.).

The American Revolution and the war of 1812; or, Illustrations by pen and pencil of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of our wars with Great Britain. By Benson J. Lossing. New York Book Concern; 1875. 3 vols. Large 8^o.

(b) III, p. 55.

The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. * * * By Benson J. Lossing. New York; 1868.

(a) p. 191, footnote.

~LUBBOCK~ (Sir JOHN).

Prehistoric Times as illustrated by ancient remains and the manners and customs of modern savages. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M. P., etc. London; 1878. 8^o.

(a) p. 11.

~LYND~ (JAMES W.).

The Religion of the Dakotas. In Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. St. Paul; 1860. 3 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, pt. 2, pp. 79, 80. (b) ib., pp. 59, 60. (c) ib., p. 68. (d) ib., p. 80.

~MACKENZIE~ (Sir ALEXANDER).

Voyages from Montreal on the River St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. * * * By Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Philadelphia; 1802. 8^o.

(a) p. 236. (b) p. 33. (c) p. 173.

~MADISON~ (Rt. Rev. JAMES).

On the supposed fortifications of the western country. In Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, VI, pt. 1, 1804.

(a) pp. 141. 142.

~MAGNAT~ (CASIMIR).

Traité du Langage Symbolique, emblématique et religieux des Fleurs. Par Casimir Magnat. Paris; 1855. 8^o.

~MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.~

Collections of the Maine Historical Society. * * * Portland [and Bath;] 1831[-1876]. 7 vols. 8^o.

(a) VII, p. 393.

~MALLERY~ (Col. GARRICK).

See Bureau of Ethnology.

~MARCANO~ (Dr. G.).

Ethnographic Précolombienne du Vénézuéla. Région des Raudals de l’Orénoque. In Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris; 2^e Série, Tome Quatrième, Deuxième Fascicule. Paris; 1890. pp. 99-218.

(a) p. 197. (b) p. 203. (c) p. 199. (d) p. 210. Pl. XXX, Fig. 25. (e) p. 200. (f) p. 210.

~MARCOY~ (PAUL).

Travels in South America. By Paul Marcoy. New York; 1875. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 353. (b) ib.

~MARGRY~ (PIERRE).

Découvertes et établissements des Français dans l’ouest et dans le sud de l’Amérique septentrionale (1614-1754). Mémoires et documents originaux recuillis et publiés par Pierre Margry. Paris; 1875-1886. 6 vols. 8^o.

(a) VI, p. 518. (b) IV, p. 172. (c) III, p. 363. (d) I, p. 159. (e) II, p. 325. (f) V, p. 454. (g) I, p. 264.

~MARSHALL~ (FREDERIC).

Curiosities of Ceremonies. By Frederic Marshall. London; 1880. 8^o.

(a) p. 190. (b) p. 65.

~MARSHALL~ (Lieut.-Col. WILLIAM E.).

Travels amongst the Todas, or the Study of a Primitive Tribe in South India. By William E. Marshall, Lieutenant-Colonel of her Majesty’s Bengal Staff Corps. London; 1873. 8^o.

(a) p. 109. (b) p. 65.

~MARTYR~ (PETER).

The History of the West Indies, * * * By Peter Martyr. Benzoni’s trans. Basel; 1582.

(a) Lib. I, Chap. XXVI. (b) II, p. CCCX.

Histori von der Franzosen Zug in die Landschafft Floridam.

(c) Cap. III, Die Neue Welt, Basel; 1583.

~MASON~ (Prof. OTIS T.).

Basket-work of the North American aborigines. In Report of the Smithsonian Institution, for 1884. Washington; 1885. Pt. II, pp. 291-306.

(a) p. 296.

~MATÉRIAUX~ pour l’Histoire primitive et naturelle de l’Homme. Revue Mensuelle Illustrée dirigée par M. Émile Castailhac. Toulouse et Paris. 8^o.

~MATTHEWS~ (Dr. WASHINGTON, U. S. A.).

The Mountain Chant. A Navajo ceremony. By Dr. Washington Matthews, U. S. A. In the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 379-467.

~MAURAULT~ (Abbé J. A.).

Histoire des Abenaquis depuis 1605 jusqu’à nos jours. Par l’Abbé J. A. Maurault. Quebec. Gazette de Sorel; 1866. 8^o.

(a) p. 138.

~MAXIMILIAN~ (PRINCE OF WIED).

See Wied-Neuwied (Maximilian, Prince of).

~McADAMS~ (WM.).

Records of Ancient Races in the Mississippi Valley; being an account of some of the pictographs, sculptured hieroglyphics, symbolic devices, emblems, and traditions of the prehistoric races of America, with some suggestions as to their origin. * * * By Wm. McAdams. St. Louis; 1887. 8^o.

~McGUIRE~ (JOSEPH D.).

Materials, Apparatus, and Processes of the Aboriginal Lapidary. By Joseph B. McGuire. In The American Anthropologist, April, 1892, Vol. V, No. 2.

(a) p. 165.

~McKENNEY~ (THOMAS L.).

Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes; of the Character and Customs of the Chippeway Indians; and of the Incidents connected with the Treaty of Fond du Lac. By Thomas L. McKenney, of the Indian Department. * * * Baltimore; 1827. 8^o.

(a) p. 293.

~McLEAN~ (Rev. JOHN).

(a) The Blackfoot Sun Dance. By Rev. John McLean. Toronto; 1889. 8^o.

~MEMOIRES DE LA SOCIETE D’ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS.~

See Paris (Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de).

~MEXICO~ (ANALES DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE).

Anales del museo nacional de México. Mexico. Vol. I[-V] 1887 ? 4^o.

~MEXICO~ (DOCUMENTOS PARA LA HISTORIA DE).

Memorias para la Historia Natural de California; escritas por un religioso de la Provincia del Santo Evangelio de México. In Documentos para la Hist. de México; Tomo V, p. 220. Mexico; 1857. 8^o.

(a) p. 254.

~MEXIQUE~ (MISSION SCIENTIFIQUE AU.)

Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale. Publiée par ordre du Ministre de l’Instruction Publique [France]. Paris and Madrid; 1864. Folio.

~MILNE~ (Prof. JOHN).

Notes on stone implements from Utaru and Hakodate, with a few general remarks on the prehistoric remains of Japan. In Trans. of the Asiatic Society, Japan; VIII, Pt. I.

(a) p. 64.

~MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS.~ San Francisco, Cal.

(a) Nov. 29, 1880. p. 247.

~MONTAGU~ (Lady MARY WORTLEY).

The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu; edited by Lord Wharncliffe. London; 1837. 3 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 31.

~MORE~ (JAMES F.).

The History of Queen’s County, N.S. By James F. More, Esq. Halifax; 1873. 8^o.

(a) p. 213.

~MORENO~ (F. P.).

Esploracion Arqueologica de la Provincia de Catamarca. Estracto del informe anual correspondiente, Museo de la Plata, á 1890-’91. q. v.

(a) p. 8.

~MORSE~ (Prof. Edward S.).

Some recent Publications on Japanese Archeology. In the American Naturalist, September, 1880.

(a) p. 658.

~MORTILLET~ (GABRIEL de).

Le Signe de la Croix avant le Christianisme. By Gabriel de Mortillet. Paris; 1866. 8^o.

(a) p. 173.

~MÜLLER~ (F. MAX).

Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion. London and New York; 1879. 8^o. Hibbert Lectures for 1878.

~MURDOCH~ (JOHN).

Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. In Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

(a) p. 390. (b) p. 138.

~MUSEO DE LA PLATA.~

Revista del Museo de la Plata. Dirijida por Francisco P. Moreno, Fundador y Director del Museo. Tomo I. La Plata. Talleres de publicaciones del Museo. 1890-’91. Large 8^o.

~NATIONAL MUSEUM~ (PROCEEDINGS OF).

Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Vols. 1[-13], 1875[-1890]. Washington. 8^o.

~NATIONAL MUSEUM~ (REPORTS OF).

Report of the National Museum under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. With Ann. Reports Smithsonian Institution, 1881, pub. 1883[-1889, pub. 1891]. Washington. 8^o.

~NEBEL~ (Don CARLOS).

Viaje Pintoresco y Arqueolojico sobre la parte mas interesante de la República Mejicana, en los años transcurridos desde 1829 hasta 1834. Por el arquitecto Don Carlos Nebel. Paris y Mejico; 1840. Fol.

~NETTO~ (Dr. LADISLÁU).

Investigações sobre a Archeologia Brazileira. In Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro; Vol. VI, 1º, 2º, 3º, e 4º Trimestres, Correspondente a 1881, Consagrado a Exposição Anthropologica Brazileira, realisada no Museu Nacional a 29 de Julho de 1882. Rio de Janeiro; 1885. 4^o.

(a) p. 551. (b) p. 552. Pl. XIII. (c) p. 551. (d) p. 306.

~NEW YORK~ (THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE STATE OF).

See O’Callahan (E. B.).

~NEW YORK~ (DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF).

Albany; irregularly issued; 1853 to 1883. 14 vols. 8^o.

(a) IX, pp. 46 and 385. (b) XII, p. 49, and XIII, p. 398.

~NIBLACK~ (Ensign ALBERT P., U. S. N.).

The Coast Indians of Southern Alaska and Northern British Columbia. By Albert P. Niblack, Ensign, U. S. Navy. In Report of the U. S. Nat. Museum, 1887-’88, pp. 225-386. Washington; 1890. Pll. I-LXX.

(a) p. 321. (b) p. 272. (c) p. 278. (d) p. 324. (e) Pl. LV.

~NORDENSKJÖLD~ (ADOLF ERICK).

Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser. By A. E. Nordenskjöld. Stockholm; 1882-87. 5 vols. 8^o.

Contains:

Nordqvist (Oscar). Bidrag till Kännedomen om Tschuktscherna.

~NORDQVIST~ (OSCAR).

Bidrag till Kännedomen om Tschuktscherna. In Nordenskjöld (Adolf Erick). Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser.

(a) II, p. 241.

~NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA~ (THE).

Being results of recent ethnological researches from the Collections of the Royal Museums at Berlin; published by the Directors of the Ethnological department. Translated from the German. New York; 1884. Fol.

(a) Pl. 7, Fig. 3.

~O’CALLAGHAN~ (Dr. E. B.).

The Documentary History of the State of New York; arranged under the direction of the Hon. Christopher Morgan, Secretary of State. By E. B. O’Callaghan, M. D. Albany; 1849. 4 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, 1849, pp. 4, 5. (b) ibid., p. 7. (c) ib., p. 5. (d) ib., p. 78.

~OHIO STATE BOARD OF CENTENNIAL MANAGERS.~

Final Report of the Ohio State Board of Centennial Managers to the General Assembly of the State of Ohio. Columbus; 1877. 8^o.

~PACIFIC RAILROAD EXPEDITION.~

See Whipple (Lieut. A. W.).

~PARIS~ (MÉMOIRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ D’ANTHROPOLOGIE DE).

Paris; 1873-1892. Publié par la Société d’Anthropologie. 7 vols. in two series. Large 8^o.

Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Paris. 8^o. Publiés par fascicules trimestriels.

~PARKMAN~ (Dr. FRANCIS).

The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian war after the conquest of Canada. By Francis Parkman. Boston; 1883. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 265.

La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. By Francis Parkman. Twelfth edition. Boston; 1883. 8^o.

(a) p. 59.

~PATTIE~ (JAMES O.).

The personal narrative of James O. Pattie, of Kentucky, during an expedition from St. Louis through the vast regions between that place and the Pacific Ocean, and thence back through the City of Mexico to Vera Cruz, during journeyings of six years; in which he and his father, who accompanied him, suffered unheard-of hardships and dangers; had various conflicts with the Indians, and were made captives, in which captivity his father died. * * * Cincinnati; 1833. 12^o.

(a) pp. 15 and 22.

~PEET~ (Rev. S. D.).

(a) The Emblematic Mounds of Wisconsin; Animal effigies, their shapes and attitudes. [A paper read before the American Association for the Adv. of Science.] In Am. Antiquarian. Chicago; 1884. 8^o.

~PEIXOTO~ (ROCHA).

A tatuagem em Portugal. Por Rocha Peixoto. In Revista de Sciencias Naturales e Sociaes, Vol. II, No. 708. Porto; 1892. 8^o.

~PERROT~ (Père NICOLAS).

Mémoire sur les Mœurs, Coutumes et Religion des Sauvages de l’Amérique Septentrionale. Par Nicolas Perrot; publié pour la première fois par le R. P. J. Tailhau de la Compagnie de Jésus. Leipsig and Paris; 1864. [Bibliotheca Americana, Collection d’ouvrages inédits ou rares sur l’Amérique.]

(a) p. 172.

~PESCHEL~ (OSCAR).

The Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution. Translated from the German of Oscar Peschel. New York; 1876. 8^o.

(a) p. 175.

~PHILLIPS~ (HENRY, jr.).

(a) History of the Mexicans as told by their Paintings. In Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XXI, p. 616.

~PIKE~ (Maj. Z. M.).

An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi and through the Western Parts of Louisiana to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans., La Platte and Pierre Jaun Rivers. By Maj. Z. M. Pike. Philadelphia; 1810. 8^o.

(a) App. to Pt. I, p. 22.

~PINART~ (ALPHONSE L.).

Note sūr les Pétroglyphes et Antiquités des Grandes et Petites Antilles. Par A. L. Pinart. Paris; 1890. Folio. Fac-simile of MS.

(a) p. 3 et seq.

Aperçu sur l’Ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Pétroglyphes. Par A. L. Pinart. Paris; 1890. Folio. Fac-simile of MS.

(b) p. 1 et seq.

~PIPART~ (Abbé JULES).

Éléments Phonétiques dans les Écritures figuratives des Anciens Mexicains. In Compte Rendu du Cong. Inter. des Américanistes, 2^{me} Session; Paris; 1878. Vol. II.

(a) p. 551. (b) p. 349. (c) p. 359.

~PLENDERLEATH~ (Rev. W. C.).

The White Horses of the West of England, with notices of some other ancient Turf-monuments. By the Rev. W. C. Plenderleath, M. A., Rector of Cherhill, Wilts. London; (no year). 12^o.

(a) pp. 5-35. (b) pp. 7-17. (c) pp. 33-34. (d) pp. 35-36.

~POPOFF~ (M. LAZAR).

The origin of painting. In Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XL, No. 1, Nov., 1891. [Translated for the Popular Science Monthly from the Revue Scientifique.]

(a) p. 103.

~POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY~.

The Popular Science Monthly. Edited by W. J. Youmans, Vols. 1 [XLIII]. New York. 8^o.

~PORTER~ (EDWARD G.).

The Aborigines of Australia. In Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. New series, Vol. VI, pt. 3. Worcester; 1890.

(a) p. 320.

~POTANIN~ (G. N.).

Sketches of North Western Mongolia. In Ethnologic Material, No. 4. St. Petersburg; 1883. 8^o.

(a) Pl. I. (b) Pls. IV to XI.

~POTHERIE~ (BACQUEVILLE DE LA).

(a) Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale Divisée en Quatre Tomes. Tome Premier, contenant le Voyage du Fort de Nelson, dans la Baye d’Hudson, à l’Extrémité de l’Amérique. Par M. de Bacqueville de la Potherie, né à la Guadeloupe, dans l’Amérique Méridionale, Aide Major de la dite Isle. Paris; 1753. 4 vols. 16^o.

(b) III, p. 43. (c) IV, p. 174. (d) I, p. 129. (e) ib., p. 128.

~POWELL~ (Maj. J. W.).

(a) Outlines of the Philosophy of the North American Indians. By J. W. Powell. N. Y. 1877. 8^o.

~POWELL~ (Dr. J. W.).

Report on British Columbia. In Rep. of the Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs [Canada] for 1879. Ottawa. 8^o.

~POWERS~ (STEPHEN).

Tribes of California. By Stephen Powers. In Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. III. Washington; 1877.

(a) p. 244. (b) p. 321. (c) p. 20. (d) p. 166.

Northern Californian Indians. In Overland Monthly, San Francisco. Vol. VIII, 1872, and Vol. XII, 1874.

~PRATZ~ (LE PAGE DU).

See Le Page du Pratz.

~PUTNAM~ (A. W.).

History of Middle Tennessee; or Life and Times of Gen. James Robertson. By A. W. Putnam. Nashville; 1859. 8^o.

(a) p. 321.

~PUTNAM~ (Prof. F. W.).

The Serpent Mound of Ohio. In The Century Illus. Monthly Magazine, April, 1890. New York. 8^o.

(a) p. 871.

~RAFN~ (CHARLES CHRISTIAN).

Antiquitates Americanæ. Edidit Societas Regia Antiquariorum Septentrionalium. Studio et opera Charles Christian Rafn. Copenhagen; 1845. Folio.

(a) p. 359. (b) p. 360. (c) p. 397. (d) p. 401. (e) p. 357.

~RAND~ (Rev. SILAS).

A First Reading Book in the Micmac Language; comprising the Micmac numerals and the names of the different kinds of beasts, birds, fishes, trees, etc., of the maritime Provinces of Canada. Also some of the Indian names of places and many familiar words and phrases, translated literally into English. By Rev. Silas Rand. Halifax; 1875. 12^o.

(a) p. 91.

~RAU~ (Dr. CHARLES).

Observations on Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures in the Old World and in America. By Charles Rau. In Contributions to North American Ethnology. Vol. V. Washington; 1882; pp. 1-112. Figs. 1-161. 4^o.

(a) p. 60. (b) p. 65. (c) p. 64. (d) p. 9.

~REBER~ (Dr. FRANZ VON).

History of Ancient Art. By Dr. FRANZ VON Reber. Translated and augmented by Joseph Thacher Clarke. New York; 1882. 8^o.

~RECLUS~ (ÉLISÉE).

The Earth and its Inhabitants. By Élisée Reclus. Edited by A. H. Keane, B.A. New York; 1890. Large 8^o.

(a) Oceanica, p. 476. (b) ib. p. 134. (c) ib. p. 304.

~REISS~ (W.) AND ~STUBEL~ (A.).

Necropolis of Ancon in Peru. By W. Reiss and A. Stubel. London and Berlin. 1880-1887. Large folio.

(a) Pls. 33 and 33a.

~RENAN~ (ERNEST).

History of the People of Israel till the time of King David. By Ernest Renan. Boston; 1889. 8^o.

(a) p. 19.

~RENOUF~ (P. LE PAGE).

An Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language, in the hieroglyphic type. By P. Le Page Renouf, one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. London and Paris; date of dedication, 1875. [No publication date.]

(a) p. 2.

~REVISTA TRIMENSAL~ do Instituto Historico e Geographico Braziliero. Fundado no Rio de Janeiro. Debaixo da immediata protecção de S. M. I. O. Sr. D. Pedro II. Vols. I[-L]. Rio de Janeiro. 8^o.

~REVUE D’ETHNOGRAPHIE.~

Lately incorporated with two other serials and published under the title of L’Anthropologie, q.v.

(a) V, No. 2; 1886.

~REVUE GÉOGRAPHIQUE INTERNATIONALE.~

Journal mensuel illustré des sciences géographiques. Paris; 1884; 9^e année. Editorial notice of report made to the Société de Géographie de Tours, by General Colonieu.

(a) No. 110, p. 197.

~RIVERO~ (MARIANO EDWARD) AND VON ~TSCHUDI~ (JOHN JAMES).

Peruvian Antiquities. By Mariano Edward Rivero, * * * and John James von Tschudi. Translated into English, from the original Spanish, by Francis L. Hawkes, D. D. LL. D. New York and Cincinnati; 1855. 8^o.

(a) pp. 105-109.

~RIVETT-CARNAC~ (J. H.).

Archæological Notes on Ancient Sculpturings on Rocks in Kumaon, India, similar to those found on monoliths and rocks in Europe. By J. H. Rivett-Carnac, Esq., Bengal Civil Service. * * * Reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta; 1883.

(a) p. 1. (b) p. 15.

~ROCK INSCRIPTIONS.~

See Archaic Rock Inscriptions.

~ROEDIGER~ (FRITZ).

Prehistoric Sign Stones, as boundary stones, milestones, finger posts, and maps. In Verhandl. der Berlin. Gesellschaft für Anthrop.; 1890.

(a) p. 526.

~ROGERS~ (Rev. CHARLES).

Social Life in Scotland from early to recent times. By the Rev. Charles Rogers. Edinburgh; 1884. 3 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 35.

~ROSNY~ (LÉON DE).

Archives Paléographiques, * * * Par Léon de Rosny. Paris; 1870. 8^o.

(a) Tom. I, 2^{me} liv. Avril-juin, p. 93.

~ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.~

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Vols. I[-L?] London. 8^o.

(a) XXXII, 1862, p. 125.

~RUTHERFORD~ (DAVID GREIG).

(a) Notes on the People of Batanga, West Tropical Africa. In Jour. of Anthrop. Inst. G. B. & I., X, 1881, p. 466.

~SAGARD~ (GABRIEL).

Histoire du Canada et Voyages que les frères Mineurs recollet y ont faicts pour conversion des infidèles depuis l’an 1615. Par Gabriel Sagard Theodat, avec un dictionnaire de la langue Huronne. Nouvelle edition publiée par M. Edwin Tross. Paris; 1866. 4 vols. 8^o.

(a) III, p. 724. (b) II, p. 347.

~SAYCE~ (Prof. A. H.).

Address to the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Manchester. By Prof. A. H. Sayce. In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

(a) Nov., 1887, p. 169.

~SCHOOLCRAFT~ (HENRY R.).

Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, per act of Congress of March 3d, 1847. By Henry R. Schoolcraft. Illustrated by S. Eastman, Capt. U. S. Army. Published by authority of Congress. Philadelphia; 1851-1857. 6 vols. 4^o.

(a) I, p. 351. (b) IV, 119. (c) III, 73 et seq. (d) I, 409, Pl. 58, Fig. 67. (e) IV, 253, Pl. 32. (f) V, 649. (g) III, p. 306. (h) I, 336, Pl. 47, Fig. c. (i) I, Pl. 58, op. p. 408. (k) ib. (l) I, Pl. 59, Figs. 79 and 103, text on pp. 409, 410. (m) I, p. 356. (n) III, p. 306. (o) I, Pl. 54, Fig. 27. (p) III, p. 85. (q) I, Pl. 18, Fig. 21. (r) I, Pl. 56, Fig. 67. (s) I, Pls. 58, 59, Figs. 8, 9, and 98. (t) I, Pl. 58. (u) ib. (v) I, Pl. 59, No. 91. (w) I, Pl. 64. (x) II, p. 58. (y) I, p. 410, Pl. 59, Fig. 102. (z) VI, p. 610.

~SCHWATKA’S SEARCH.~

(See Gilder, Wm. H.)

~SCHWEINFURTH~ (GEORG).

The Heart of Africa. By Georg Schweinfurth. New York; 1874. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) II, p. 23.

~SEAVER~ (JAMES E.).

A Narrative of the life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, who was taken by the Indians in the year 1755, when only about twelve years of age, and has continued to reside amongst them to the present time. Carefully taken from her own words. Nov. 29, 1823. By James E. Seaver. London; 1826. 24^o.

(a) p. 70.

~SHEA~ (Dr. JOHN GILMARY).

First establishment of the Faith in New France. Now first translated by John Gilmary Shea. New York; 1881. 2 vols. 8^o. (See also Le Clercq (Père Chrétien).

(a) I. p. 19.

~SHRIFNER~ (ANTON).

Ethnographic Importance of Property Marks. In Scientific Treatises of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg; 1855. 8^o.

(a) p. 601. (b) ib.

~SHTUKIN~ (N. S.).

An Explanation of Certain Picture-writings on the Cliffs of the Yenesei River. In No. 4 of Quarterly Isvestia of the Imp. Geogr. Soc., St. Petersburg; 1882.

~SIMPSON~ (Lieut. JAMES H.).

Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country in 1849. By Lt. James H. Simpson, U. S. T. Engineers. Phila.; 1852. 8^o.

(a) Pl. 72.

~SIMPSON~ (Sir JAMES Y.).

On Ancient Sculpturings of Cups and Concentric Rings, * * * In Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Appendix to Volume VI. Edinburgh; 1867. pp. 1-147. Pls. I-XXXII.

~SIMPSON~ (THOMAS).

Narrative of the Discoveries of the North Coast of America; effected by the officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company during the years 1836-’39. By Thomas Simpson, Esq. London; 1843. 8^o.

~SMET~ (Père PETER DE).

Missions de l’Orégon et Voyages aux Montagnes Rocheuses, aux sources de la Colombie, de l’Athabasco et du Sascatschawin, en 1845-’46. Par le Père P. de Smet de la Société de Jésus. English translation, New York; 1847. 12^o.

(a) p. 288. (b) p. 320.

~SMITH~ (Capt. JOHN).

The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith, in Europe, Asia, Africke and America; beginning about the yeere 1593 and continued to this present 1629. From the London edition of 1629. Richmond; 1819. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 230.

~SMITHSONIAN REPORTS.~

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 1847[-1892]. Washington. 8^o.

~SOCIÉTÉ D’ANTHROPOLOGIE DE BRUXELLES.~

Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Bruxelles. Bruxelles. 8^o.

(a) V, 1886-’87, p. 109. (b) ib., p. 108.

~SOCIÉTÉ D’ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS.~

(See Paris.)

~SOUCHÉ~ (B.).

Notes sur quelques découvertes d’archéologie préhistorique aux environs de Pamproux. Niort; 1879. 8^o. Partly reported in Matériaux pour l’Histoire Prim., etc.

(a) 2^e série, xi. 1880, p. 147.

~SOUTH CAROLINA, DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF.~

Edited by P. C. J. Weston. London; 1856.

(a) p. 220.

~SPENCER~ (HERBERT).

The Principles of Sociology. By Herbert Spencer. New York; 1884. 2 vols. 12^o.

(a) II, p. 72 et seq.

~SPROAT~ (GILBERT MALCOMB).

Scenes and Studies of Savage Life. By Gilbert Malcomb Sproat. London; 1868. 8^o.

(a) p. 269.

~STANLEY~ (HENRY M.).

The Congo and the Founding of its Free State. A story of work and exploration. By Henry M. Stanley. New York; 1885. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 373.

~STARCKE~ (Dr. C. N.).

The Primitive Family in its origin and development. By Dr. C. N. Starcke. New York; 1889. 8^o. [International Scientific Series.]

(a) p. 42.

~STARR~ (Prof. FREDERICK).

Dress and Adornment. In Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XL, Nos. 1 and 2; 1891.

(a) p. 499.

~STEARNS~ (Prof. ROBERT E. C.).

Ethnoconchology; a Study of Primitive Money. In the Report of the U. S. National Museum; 1886-’87.

(a) p. 304.

~STEPHENSON~ (Dr. M. F.).

Geology and Mineralogy of Georgia. By Dr. M. F. Stephenson. Atlanta; 1871. 16^o.

(a) p. 199.

~STEVENSON~ (JAMES).

Ceremonial of Hasjelti Dailjis and Mythical Sand Painting of the Navajo Indians. By James Stevenson. In the Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1886-87, pp. 229-285. Washington; 1891.

~STRAHLENBERG~ (PHILIP JOHN VON).

(a) An Historico-Geographical Description of the north and eastern parts of Europe and Asia, but more particularly of Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary. By Philip John von Strahlenberg. London; 1738. 2 vols. 4^o.

~SUMMERS~ (JAMES).

A Handbook of the Chinese Language. By James Summers. Oxford; 1863. 8^o.

(a) Part I, p. 16.

~TANNER~ (JOHN).

Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner * * * during Thirty Years’ Residence among the Indians in the interior of North America. Prepared for the press by Edwin James, M. D. New York; 1830. 8^o.

(a) pp. 341-344. (b) p. 193. (c) p. 176. (d) p. 174. (e) pp. 176 and 314. (f) p. 367. (g) pp. 174 and 189.

~TAYLOR~ (Rev. RICHARD).

Te Ika a Maui; or New Zealand and its Inhabitants. By Rev. Richard Taylor. M. A., F. G. S. London; 1870. 8^o.

(a) p. 379. (b) Ib. (c) p. 320. (d) p. 209.

~TEN KATE~ (Dr. H. F. C.).

Some Ethnographic Observations in the California Peninsula and in Sonora. In Revue d’Ethnographie, Vol. II, 1888.

(a) p. 321. (b) p. 324.

~THOMAS~ (Prof. CYRUS).

Aids to the Study of the Maya Codices. In Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington; 1888. pp. 253-371. Figs. 359-388.

(b) p. 371. (c) p. 348.

Burial Mounds of the Northern Section of the United States. In Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington; 1888. pp. 3-119. Pll. I-VI, Figs. 1-49.

(a) p. 100.

~THOMAS~ (JULIAN).

Cannibals and Convicts in the Western Pacific. By Julian Thomas. London; 1886. 8^o.

(a) p. 37.

~THOMSON~ (Paymaster WILLIAM J., U. S. N.).

Te Pito Te Henua; or Easter Island. In Report U. S. National Museum for 1888-’89; Washington; 1891. pp. 447-552. Pls. XII-LX, Figs. 1-20. (a) p. 480. Pl. XXIII.

~THURN~ (EVERARD F. IM).

See im Thurn (E. F.).

~THRUSTON~ (GATES P.).

The Antiquities of Tennessee and the adjacent States, and the state of aboriginal society in the scale of civilization represented by them. By Gates P. Thruston. Cincinnati; 1890. 8^o.

(a) pp. 90-96.

~TOKYO~ (~Anthropological Society of.~)

The Bulletin of the Tōkyō Anthropological Society. Tōkyō Anthrop. Society office, Hongo, Tōkyō. Vols. I-[VII]. 8^o.

(a) VII. No. 67. Oct. 1891, p. 30.

~TREICHEL~ (A.).

Die Verbreitung des Schulzenstabes und verwandter Geräthe. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschafft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Sitzung vom 20. März 1886. Berlin; 1886. 8^o. p. 251.

~TRUMBULL~ (HENRY CLAY).

The Blood Covenant a Primitive Rite and its Bearings on Scripture. By H. Clay Trumbull. New York; 1885. 8^o.

(a) pp. 236-7. (b) p. 342.

~TSCHUDI~ (Dr. J. J. VON).

Travels in Peru. By Dr. J. J. von Tschudi. New York; 1847. 8^o.

(a) Pt. II, pp. 344, 345. (b) p. 284.

See also Rivero (Mariano Edward) and von Tschudi (Dr. J. J.).

~TURNER~ (GEORGE).

Samoa a hundred years ago and long before. By George Turner. London; 1884. 8^o.

(a) p. 302. (b) p. 88. (c) p. 185.

~TYLOR~ (Prof. EDWARD BURNETT).

Researches into the Early History of Mankind. By Edward Burnett Tylor. New York; 1878. 8^o.

(b) p. 103.

(a) Notes on Powhatan’s Mantle. In Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, I, 1888, p. 215.

~TYOUT ET DE MOGHAR~ (LES DESSINS DES ROCHES DE).

In Revue Géographique Internationale, 9^e année, Paris; décembre 1884. No. 110, p. 197. Editorial.

~UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.~

See National Museum.

~VETROMILE~ (Rev. EUGENE).

A Dictionary of the Abnaki Language. English-Abnaki and Abnaki-English. By the Rev. Eugene Vetromile. MS. in the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology. 3 vols. Folio.

~VICTORIA INSTITUTE.~

Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain. London; published by the Institute. Vols. I[-XXVI ?]. 8^o.

~VINING~ (EDWARD P.).

An Inglorious Columbus, or Evidence that Hwui Shan and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan discovered America in the Fifth Century A. D. By Edward P. Vining. New York; 1885. 8^o.

~WAKABAYASHIA~ (K.).

(a) Pictures on Dotaku or so-called Bronze Bell. By Mr. K. Wakabayashia. In Bulletin of the Tōkyō Anthropological Society, Vol. VII, No. 67, Oct., 1891, with illustrations continued in No. 69. Tōkyō. 8^o.

~WAKEFIELD~ (EDWARD JERNINGHAM).

Adventures in New Zealand from 1839 to 1844. By Edward Jerningham Wakefield. London; 1845. 2 vols. 8^o.

(a) I, p. 64.

~WAKEMAN~ (W. F.).

On the Earlier Forms of Inscribed Christian Crosses found in Ireland. In Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Vol. I, 5th ser. 1st quar. 1891. 8^o.

(a) p. 350.

~WALLACE~ (Prof. ALFRED R.).

A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro. * * * By Alfred R. Wallace. London; 1853. 8^o.

~WARREN~ (WM. F.).

Paradise Found; the Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole; a Study of the Prehistoric World. By Wm. F. Warren. Boston; 1885. 8^o.

~WARREN~ (W. W.).

Memoir of W. W. Warren; a History of the Ojibwa. In Coll. of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. V, St. Paul; 1885. 8^o.

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~WHIPPLE~ (Lieut. A. W.).

Report upon the Indian Tribes. By Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Thomas Ewbank, Esq., and Prof. Wm. W. Turner. Washington; 1855. Forms Pt. III of Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Washington; 1856. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 78. 33d Cong. 2d session.

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(a) VIII, 1876, p. 195.

INDEX.

[The names of authors and works which appear in the List of Works and Authors cited (pp. 777-808) are not included in this index.]

A.

Abacus, a mnemonic device of Chinese and Greeks, 226

Abiqui, New Mexico, petroglyphs near, 97

Abnaki Indians, study of pictographs of, XII petroglyphs of, 32 gods of, presiding over petroglyphs, 32 birch-bark pictographs of, 201, 213-214, 468-469 wikhegan, or birch-bark letter of, 330-331 notices of direction and time used by, 334 notice of condition used by, 347 masks worn as insignia of authority by women of, 425 designation of Queen Victoria by, 443

Absaroka or Crow Indians, tribal designations of, 380 sign for medicine man of, 466 war color of, 631 headdress of, 753-755

Abstract ideas expressed pictorially, 584-607 After, 585; age, 585-586; bad, 586; before, 586; big, 586-587; center, 587; deaf, 587; direction, 588; disease, 588-590; fast, 590; fear, 590-591; freshet, 591-592; good, 592; high, 592-593; lean, 593-594; little, 594-595; lone, 595-596; many, much, 596; obscure, 597; opposition, 597-598; possession, 598; prisoner, 598-600; short, 600; sight, 600-601; slow, 601; tall, 601-602; trade, 602; union, 602-603; whirlwind, 603-604; winter, cold, snow, 603-606.

Accounting, pictographic methods of, 259-264

Africa, petroglyphs in, 178-185 message of peace used in, 361 aroko or symbolic letters used in, 371-374 cowries of, 374-375 message of complaint for debt used in, 374-375 tattooing in, 415-416 scarification in, 417 property marks in, 442 mourning ceremony in, 630 war colors in, 633

After, pictographs for, 585

Age, pictographs for, 585-586

Ahuitzotzin, Mexican emperor, pictograph for, 134-135

Ainos, tattooing among, 412-413 inscriptions probably made by, 185-186

Alaskan Indians, petroglyphs of, 47 notices of hunt by, 332-333 notices of direction by, 333-334 notices of condition by, 350-353 tattoo of, 402-405 mythic drawings on ivory by, 476-477 shamanism of, 497-500 shaman’s lodge of, 507-508 votive offering to the dead by, 519 grave-posts of, 520-521 pictographic records of customs of, 541-542 biographic records of, 581-582 signal of discovery by, 645

Alfara, Anastasio, gold ornaments from Costa Rica donated by, XXII

Algeria, petroglyphs in, at Tyout and Moghar, 178-179

Algonquian bibliography, work on, XX-XXI

Algonquian Indians, petroglyphs by, 106, 109-110, 111, 112 wampum belts of, 228-229 military drill of, 258 insignia of military rank of, 258 pictographic notice of departure and return by, 330 declaration of war by, 358 invitation sticks of, 364-365 emblems of, 377 tribal designation of, 378-379 grave-posts of, 517-518 record of battle by, 554-555 record of victory by, 557-558 mourning color of, 629 colors of war and peace of, 631 petroglyphs of, 676-680 hair dressing of, 755

Alton, Illinois, petroglyphs near, 80

Amalecite Indians, birch-bark notice of trip by, 334-336 tribal emblem of, 379

Amazon, decorative body painting by Indians on the, 620

America, North, petroglyphs in, 37-140

American horse, winter count of, 269

Andaman islanders, head decoration of, 222 tattoo of, 418 decoration of head by, 621

Annamite tradition concerning tattoo, 413

Anthropological Institute of New York, pictographs published by, 106

Apache Indians, izze-cloth or medicine cord of, 225 time records of, 258-259 charms and amulets of, 502-503 hair dressing of women of, 755 drawings of, compared with German sketches, 740

Appointment, records of, 257-258

Appun, C. F., sculptured rock described by, 147-148

Arabs, tattooing among, 414

Arapaho Indians, tribal designation of, 381 gesture signs of, 643

Arch Spring, near Zuñi, New Mexico, petroglyphs at, 96

Arequipa, Peru, petroglyphs near, 157-159

Argentine republic, petroglyphs in, 157

Arikara or Ree Indians, pictographs on wood by, 214 decorating and coloring of skins by, 220 tribal designations of, 381-385 sign of achievement by, 436 property marks of, 441 hunting and other pictographs of, 537, 538 conventional device of, for dead man, 660

Arison, William, pictographs copied by, 111

Arizona, work in, XVII petroglyphs in, 48-51, 476, 512, 682-683

Armenia, inscriptions on tombstones in, 524 colors used for mourning in, 630

Aroko, or symbolic letters of West Africa, 371-374

Artificial objects, pictographs on, 215-217

Aruba island, West Indies, petroglyphs in, 139-140

Asheville, North Carolina, petroglyphs near, 99

Asia, petroglyphs in, 185-188

Assiniboin, Montana, rock pictures in, 33

Assiniboin tribal designation, 381

Athapascan dialects of Oregon, linguistic study of, XIX

Athapascan Indians, chart-making by, 341 practice of tattoo by, 395 emblem of, 612

Atosis, Abnaki myth of, 471

Australia, petroglyphs in, 161-165

Australian natives, decoration of body with feathers by, 207 pictographs on skins by, 219 songs and song writers of, 250 messengers and mode of invitation of, 368, 369 message sticks of, 369-371 scarification of, 416-417 messengers of vengeance (pinya) of, 433 mythic personages of, 489-490 charm of fetich of, 504

Australian natives, magic and initiation ceremonies of, 513-514 messenger of death of, 525 ceremonial use of color by, 628 mourning ceremony of, 630 war colors of, 633 conventional representations by, 652-653 wommeras and clubs of, 753

Authors and works cited, list of, 777-808

Ava, Illinois, petroglyphs near, 77

Aztec inscription, Mexico, 133-134

Azuza Canyon, California, rock paintings in, 69, 354-356

B.

Babylonians, significance of color among, 622

Bad, pictographs for, 586

Bahama islands, petroglyphs in, 137-139

Bailey, Vernon, petroglyphs reported by, 117

Bald Friar rock, Maryland, petroglyphs on, 83-86

Bandelier, A., petroglyphs reported and sketched by, 98, 131

Bantry bay, Australia, petroglyphs at, 164-165

Bark, pictographs on, 213

Barnes, Mr., petroglyphs reported by, 64

Barnesville Track rock, Ohio, 102-104

Barre, Wisconsin, petroglyphs at, 126

Barrés Indians of Brazil, dyes used by, 222

Barton, W. E., petroglyphs described by, 81

Battiste Good, Winter Count of, 268-269, 287-328 revelation of, 289-290

Baskets, pictographs on, 217

Basutoland, South Africa, petroglyphs in, 182-183

Battle records, 554-566 Iroquois and Algonkin, 554-555, 556 Ojibwa, 556-557 Algonkin, 557-558 French, from Indian account, 558 from Winter Counts, 561-563 of Little Bighorn, 563-566

Before, pictographs for, 589

Bella Coola Indians, ceremonial dress of, 431

Bendire, Capt. Charles, petroglyphs reported by, 122

Bengal, account sticks or strings used by natives of, 264

Benton, Owens Valley, Cal., petroglyphs near, 58

Big, pictographs for, 586-587

Big Indian Rock, Pennsylvania, 106-107

Big Road, Oglala chief, 420

Bilqula Indians, tattoo of, 407

Biography, pictographic forms of, 571-582 classification of, 571 continuous record, 571-575 particular events, 575-582

Birchbark pictographs, Abnaki, 201, 213-214, 468-469 Amalecite, 334-336

Blackfeet Indians, figures sketched by, 130

Black Rock spring, near Milford, Utah, petroglyphs at, 117

Blake, Lady Edith, petroglyphs described and sketched by, 137-139

Boas, Franz, work of, XXIII

Bone, pictographs on, 206

Book cliff canyon, Utah, petroglyphs in, 117

Borneo, mourning color used in, 630

Borrinqueños, ancient inhabitants of Puerto Rico, 137

Brazil, petroglyphs in, 150-157, 689, 691, 692 cup sculptures in, 195-196 tattoo in, 407

Brazilian petroglyphs, compared with Spanish petroglyphs, 690

British Columbia, petroglyphs in, 44-48

British Guiana, dyes used by Indians of, 222 petroglyphs in, 686-687

British islands, cup sculptures in, 189

Brittany, France, petroglyphs in, 176-177 methods of account-keeping in, 264

Broken leg, pictographic representation of, 716-717

Brown, C. Barrington, rock paintings mentioned by, 144

Brown, L. W., petroglyphs reported by, 111, 112

Brown, Mrs. Wallace myths related by, 468

Browns cave, La Crosse valley, Wisconsin, petroglyphs in, 126

Browns valley, Minnesota, petroglyphs in, 90

Browns valley, South Dakota, petroglyphs near, 114

Brulé Dakota, tribal designation of, 382 origin of, as pictographically recorded, 567

Burmah, tattooing in, 413

Bushmen, inscriptions by, 180-183

C.

Cachoeira do Riberão, Brazil, petroglyphs on, 150-151

Caïcara, Venezuela, sculptured rock near, 148

California, linguistic work in, XIV-XV, XVI-XVII petroglyphs in, 52-72 gesture signs in petroglyphs of, 637-639

California Indians, pictographs by, on feather blankets, 207 coloring matter used by, 221 method of keeping accounts of, 262-263 mode of challenge of, 362 mode of collecting debts by, 374 tattoo of, 406 face painting by, 619 emblems of royalty, of 633

Canada, linguistic work in, XVII petroglyphs in, 37-45

Canadian Indians, quill pictographs of, 207

Canary islands, pictographs of, compared with California petroglyphs, 58, 59 petroglyphs in, 183-185

Canyon de Chelly, New Mexico, petroglyphs in, 96

Canyon Segy, Arizona, petroglyphs in, 50

Cara Pintada, Mexico, 131

Cardinal points, colors attributed to, 623-626

Carisa plain, California, petroglyphs in, 68 Carson river, petroglyphs on, 92

Catlin, George, cited, 741

Cayuga Indians, tree-carvings by, 213

Cayuga lake, pictographs on, 213

Cayuse vocabulary obtained, XIV

Ceará, Brazil, petroglyphs in, 155-157

Center, pictographs for, 587

Central America, petroglyphs in, 141-142

Chaleur Bay, face decoration of Indian women of, 220

Challenge, pictographic form of, 362

Chalk grade, Owens valley, California, petroglyphs at, 58, 59

Chandeswar, India, cup sculptures at, 196

Charencey, Count de, cited on Mexican symbolic colors, 625

Charms and amulets, 501-505

Chasm island, Australia, petroglyphs at, 161

Chelan lake, Washington, petroglyphs at 33, 122-123

Cherokee Indians, linguistic work among, XV-XVI work on language of, XIX battle of, with Shawnees, 122 map made by, 341 symbolic use of colors by, 624-634 war color of, 631 alphabet of, 665

Cheyenne Indians, letter-writing by, 363-364 tribal designations of, 382-383

Chibcha Indians, symbols used by, 615-616

Chicagua rapids, Venezuela, petroglyphs at, 148-150

Chihuahua, Mexico, petroglyphs in, 131

Chikasa Indians, tattoo of, 394

Child, gesture signs for, 643-644

Chile, petroglyphs in, 159-160

Chilkat Indians, pictographs by, 217 cedar bark blankets made by, 217 ceremonial garments of, 429-430

China, petroglyphs in, 185

Chinese, mnemonic devices of 226, 227 topographic representations by, 344 ideographs by, for sickness, 590 ideographs for prisoners by, 600 symbolic writing of, 618 conventional characters of, 649-650 mourning colors of, 631 ideographs and gesture signs of, 637, 642, 643, 644, 645

Chinook Indians, medicine bag of, 504 burial vaults of, 523-524

Chippewa Indians, practice of tattoo by, 406-407 mourning color of, 630

Chiriqui, cup sculptures in, 193-194

Chiulee creek, Arizona, petroglyphs on, 51

Choctaw Indians, ancient notices of, 347 mode of divination of, 494-495

Christian art, significance of color in, 622-623

Chronology, pictographic, 265-328

Chukchis of Siberia, tattooing of, 414

Chumanas Indians of Brazil, dyes used by, 222

Ciguaner Indians, war colors of, 632-633

Claim or demand, mode of presenting, 374-375

Clarke, W. M., petroglyphs reported by, 115

Clarksville, Tennessee, petroglyphs near, 114

Clouds, signs and symbols for, 700-701

Cloud-Shield, Winter Count of, 269-523

Cold, pictographs for, 605-606

Color, significance of, 618-637 decorative use of, 619-622 ideocrasy of, 622-623 ceremonial use of, 623-629 relative to death and mourning, 629-631 for war and peace, 631-633 designating social status, 633-635 symbolic use of, in general, 635-636

Coloring matter and its application in pictography, 219-222

Colorado, petroglyphs in, 72-75

Colorado river, Utah, petroglyphs on, 118, 119, 120

Columbia River, Washington, petroglyphs on, 123

Comanche Indians, drawings on bone by, 206 gesture signs of, 645

Connecticut, petroglyphs in, 75-76

Controverted pictographs, 759-767

Conventional pictographic devices, 650-664 Peace, 650-651; war, 651-652; chief, 652-653; council, 653-654; plenty of food, 654-655; famine, 655-656; starvation, 656

Conventionalizing in pictography, 649-675 development of, 649-650

Copper, pictographs on, 212-213

Corados, pictured notices by, 357

Corbusier, William, petroglyphs reported by, 129-130 account of Dakota customs by, 265 religious ceremonies described by, 505-507

Coronel, A. F., ethnologic collection of, 71 cited, 72

Costa Rica, Anastasia Alfaro donates gold ornaments from, XXII

Costumes, weapons, and ornaments (distinctive), pictographs of, 749-756

Cree Indians, exploit marks of, 440 notice of death given by, 518

Criley, John, petroglyphs reported by, 77

Cross, pictographs, symbols, and significations of the, 724-735

Crow Indians, tribal designation of, 380

Cueva Pintada, petroglyph at, 98

Cult societies, pictographic devices of, 528-530

Cunningham, Charles W., petroglyphs reported by, 356-357

Cunninghams island, Lake Erie, petroglyphs on, 678

Cup sculptures, 189-200 classification of, 189-192

Curtin, Jeremiah, work of, XVI-XVII, XIX

Cushing, Frank Hamilton, Zuñi sand painting described by, 210-211

Customs, illustrated in pictographs, 528-550

D.

Dakota or Sioux Indians, gods of, 32-33 dye stuffs used by, 220

Dakota or Sioux Indians, notched sticks used by, for recording time, 227 system of chronology of, 265 Ojibwa name for, 272 tribal names of, 272 mythic records of, 290-293 Battiste Good’s record of, 293-328 topographic representation by, 344-345 tribal designations of, 383 gentile designations of, 389-390 superstition of, regarding tattoo, 395 devices of, for personal names, 442-443, 459-460 god Haokah of, 479-480 thunder birds of, 483-485 pictographs of, connected with thunder-bird myth, 486 shamanism or medicine-making of, 493-495 fetiches of, 501, 503 ceremonial colors of, 512 burial scaffolds of, 518-519 commemoration of dead by, 523 pictographs of, relating to customs, hunting, war, etc., 534-537, 539-540 games of, 547 records of expeditions by, 552-554 records of notable events by, 567-570 records in general by, 576, 578-581 ideographic records by, 585-605 mourning ceremony of, 629 war color of, 631 significant use of color by various tribes of, 633-634 pictographs for gesture signs of, 639-641 conventional devices of, for peace, war, chief, counsel, plenty of food, famine, starvation, horses, horse-stealing, kill and death, shot, 650-661 composite forms in pictographs of, 735-736 painted robes of, 747 distinctive dress, ornaments, and weapons of, 751-753 drawings of, 756

Dakota language, translation made from Teton dialect of, XIX work on, XIX

Davenport tablets, the, 764-765

Davidson, William C., vases donated by, XXI

Dayaks, tattooing among, 413

Dead mountain, Nevada, petroglyphs at, 95

Deaf, pictographs for, 587

Death valley, California, petroglyphs in, 60-61

Declaration of war pictographically represented, 358-359

Denison, James S., communication from, 105

Dellenbaugh, F. S., drawings by, 51

Departure and return, Algonquian pictographic notice of, 330

Depuch island, Australia, petroglyphs on, 162-163

Desgodins, Pere, Mo-so manuscript copied by, 673-674

Dighton rock, Massachusetts, descriptions of, 86-87, 762-764

Direction, pictographic notices of, 334

Direction indicated by drawing topographic features, 341-347

Director, report of, III-XXX

Disease, pictographic representation of, 588-590

Dorsey, J. Owen, work of, XVIII-XIX cited concerning Omaha names, 92 report by, on use of colors by Osage Indians, 221 explanation of Osage records by, 251 notes on Indian personal names by, 446

Douglas, Prof., remarks by, on cup sculptures, 198

Downing, Alfred, petroglyphs described by, 123

Drawing, instruments for, 219

Drums, magic, 514-517

Duck river, Tennessee, petroglyphs on, 114

Dutch, of Brazil, petroglyphs attributed to, 150

Dwellings, pictographs of, 719-722

E.

Eakins, D. W., customs of Muskoki Indians described by, 258

Earth, pictographs on, 210-212

Easter island, Oceanica, petroglyphs in, 169-171

Eclipse of the sun, pictographs of, 722

Effigy mounds, 212

Egypt, petroglyphs in, 179-180

Egyptians (ancient), symbols of deities of, 466 mourning ceremonies of, 631 symbolic color of, 634 symbolic characters of, 642, 643, 645

El Paso county, Texas, Indian map on rock in, 344

El Paso del Norte, Texas, petroglyphs near, 115

Emblems, use of, in early and modern times, 376-373 signification of, 610-611

Emmert, John W., work of, XI, XII

Enchanted mountain, Georgia, petroglyphs in, 76

England, turf monuments in, 172-173

Épone, France, petroglyphs in, 175-176

Escamela, Mexico, stone of the giants at, 133

Escondido, California, petroglyphs near, 62-63

Esopus, New York, petroglyphs at, 98

Espanola, New Mexico, petroglyphs near, 97

Esquimau tattooing, 392-396

Esselen vocabulary obtained, XV

Europe, petroglyphs in, 171-178

Expenditures during the year, XXX

Extra-limital petroglyphs, 161-188

F.

Face decoration by Indian women of Bay of Chaleur, 220

Fairy rocks, Kejimkoojik lake, Nova Scotia, inscriptions on, 38-42

Fancher, G. L., pottery donated by, XXI-XXII

Fast, pictograph for, 590

Fayette county, Pennsylvania, glyphs from Indian grave in, 112

Fear, pictograph for, 590-591

Feathers and quills, pictographs on, 207-208

Featherstonhaugh, Thomas, Indian relics donated by, XXII

Feet and tracks, human and animal, pictographs of, 715-716

Fictile fabrics, pictographs on, 215

Field work, X-XVII

Financial statement, XXX

Finke river, Australia, petroglyphs on, 162

Florida chief, Satouriona, tattoo of, 393

Florida Indians, declaration of war by, 359 decorative painting by, 619

Flower messages of Turks and Persians, 368

Fauna, delineation of, 749

Fool creek canyon, Utah, pictographs at, 117

Forsyth county, Georgia, petroglyphs in, 76

Fort Washakie, Wyoming, petroglyphs near, 129-130

Fort Wrangell, Alaska, petroglyphs near, 47

Fowke, Gerard, work of, XI

France, petroglyphs in, 175-177 emblems on tombstones in, 524 gambling pebbles from, 549-550

Fremont, Samuel, aid by, XVIII-XIX

French Acadians, story of, told by Louis Labrador, 42 defeat of, at Port Royal, 42

Freshet, pictograph for, 591-592

Frost, L. L., pictographs reported by, 69

Fulton, R. L., petroglyphs described by, 92-95

G.

Galibis, natives of South America, appointment notices of, 257

Games pictured, 547-550

Garden rock, Asheville, North Carolina, 99

Gaston, Oregon, petroglyphs, near, 105

Gatschet, Albert S., work of, XVII, XIX petroglyphs reported by, 105 report by, on coloring matter used by Klamath Indians, 221 on use of colors by Pueblos, 624

Geneva Picture rock, Pennsylvania, 111

Gentile and clan designations, 388-391

Georgia, petroglyphs in, 76

German swordmaker’s marks, 446

German sketches (mediaeval) compared with Apache drawings, 740

Gesture and posture signs depicted, 637-642

Giant bird Kaloo, myth of, 472-473

Giant petroglyph, England, 173

Gibbs, George, petroglyphs described by, 123

Gila river, Arizona, pictographs on, 49

Gila river valley, Arizona, petroglyphs in, 51

Gilbert, G. K., communication by, 48 petroglyphs described by, 50 drawings by, 77 inscriptions copied and described by, 116, 117 petroglyphs described by, 329

Gill, De Lancey W., aid by, XXI acknowledgment to, 30

Glooscap, hero-god of Abnaki, 469-470, 473

Gods of Abnaki presiding over petroglyphs, 32

Good, pictograph for, 592

Gourds, pictographs on, 208-209

Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa investigated, XIII

Grave Creek stone, the, 761-762

Grave posts, Algonquian, 517-518

Great Britain and Ireland, petroglyphs in, 171-173

Greek mnemonic device, 226

Greenland Innuit tattoo, 392

Greenland native map, 346

Guadeloupe, petroglyphs in, 139

Guatemala, petroglyphs in, 142

Guatemalan Indians, symbols used by, 614-615 mourning color of, 630 colors for social distinction of, 633 priest of, 431 gesture signs of, 647-648

Guiana, petroglyphs in, 144-147

Guiana Indians, superstition of, 146 appointment notices of, 257-258 name-system of, 444-445 painting of body by, 620

Gypsy notice of direction, 340

H.

Haida Indians, demon of, 47 basket work of, 217 pictographs by, 217 tattoo of, 396-405 myths of, 477-478, 479 thunder-birds of, 485 gambling sticks of, 547-548 totem post of, 684-685 composite forms in pictographs, 737

Haiti, religious and ceremonial use of color in, 628

Hamats, custom of biting among, 407

Handkerchief rock, Tazewell county, Virginia, 122

Hallock, Charles, cited, 33 pictographs reported by, 90 pictographs described by, 42, 43 petroglyphs reported by, 116

Harpeth river, Tennessee, petroglyphs on, 114, 115

Hawaii, account books used by natives of, 226-227

Healdsburg, California, petroglyphs near, 69

Henshaw, H. W., work of, XIV-XV, XVIII, XXI

Hewitt, J. N. B., work of, XVII, XX on etymology of Iroquoian word for war mattress, 555

Hidatsa Indians, instruments for pictography used by, 218, 219 paintings by, on robes or skins, 219 use of notched sticks by, for recording time, 227 tribal designation of, 384 pictographic notices by, 336-337 map made by, 342 individual designations of, 424

Hidatsa Indians, exploit marks of, 437-440 pictographs of hunting and fruit-gathering by, 533-534 record of chief of, 581

High, pictograph for, 592-593

Hill, Edwin A., petroglyphs reported by, 97

Hillers, J. K., work of, XXIII pictograph copied by, 353

Hindoo and Egyptian symbol, lotus flower, 618

Hindu women, superstition of, 196

Hindu pictographs in rice flour, 211

Hindustan, cup sculptures in, 196

Hinman, S. D., classification of pictography by, 204 pictorial roster obtained by, 420

History, pictographic methods of recording, 551-570

Hittite emblems of sound, 662-664

Hoddentin used by Zuñi Indians, 221

Hoffman, W. J., work of, XIII, XIV, XVIII acknowledgments to, 30 rock paintings reported and described by, 52-53, 56, 60, 64, 71-72, 99-100 petroglyphs described and copied by, 106, 109, 121, 127 report by, on Hualpai Indians, 221 report by, on Indian mnemonic devices, 223 information furnished by, 358 report by, on Ojibwa Grand Medicine Society, 626-627

Hog island, Maine, petroglyphs on, 83

Holman, Paul, report by, concerning pictographs, 49

Holmes, William H., work of, X, XXI petroglyphs copied and described by, 88-89 paper by, mentioned, 209, 211 rock sculptures described by, 475

Holston river, Tennessee, petroglyphs on, 115

Hopi Indians, game of, 548-549

Howitt, A. W., pictographs described by, 219

Hualpai Indians, decoration of body by, 226

Huaytara, Peru, petroglyphs in, 156

Hubbell collection of ancient Indian pottery examined and photographed, XVII

Hudson Bay Indians, significant use of color by, 634

Human body, pictographs on, 205

Human form, pictographs of, 703-716 Head and face, 707-711; hand, 711-715; feet, 715, 716.

Humboldt county, Nevada, petroglyphs in, 95

Huron Indians, wampum messages of, 229 method of recording used by, 257 declaration of war by, 358 tattooing of, 393-394 conventional war tokens of, 652

I.

Idaho, petroglyphs in, 77, 680

Ideography, 583-648 preliminary remarks on, 583-584 progressive stages of, 584

Illinois, petroglyphs in, 77-80

Illinois river, petroglyphs on, 79-80

Imitations and forced interpretations of pictographs, 764-767

Independence stone, Ohio, 102

India, petroglyphs in, 186 cup sculptures in, 196-198 declaration of war by natives of, 361 tattooing in, 413

Indian god rock, Pennsylvania, 109-110

Indian personal names, work on, XIX

Indian physiognomy, work on, XXIII

Individual designation, 419-460

Individual achievements, signs of, 433-441

Innuit Indians, instruments used by, for carving on bone, 218 method of keeping accounts of, 264 pictograph of whale hunting by, 531

Inscription rock, El Moro, New Mexico, 96

Insignia or tokens of authority, 419-433

Interpretation, means of, 745-758

Invitation sticks, 364-366

Iowa, petroglyphs in, 80

Iroquoian bibliography, work on, XX

Iroquois Indians, war post of, 227 use of wampum beads by, 228-230 tribal designations of, 377-378 tattoo designs of, 394 insignia of chiefs of, 419 record of battles by, 554-555 military terms of, 555 record of events by, 575-576 illustration of prisoner by, 600 conventional devices of, for dead men and death, 660-661

Instruments by which pictographs are made, 218-222

Ireland, petroglyphs in, 171 cup sculptures in, 194

Italy, petroglyphs in, 178

Itamaraca, rock of, Brazil, 151-152

J.

Japan, petroglyphs in, 185-186

Japanese, mnemonic devices of, 226 letter-writing of, 368 mourning colors of, 631

Java, symbolic colors of the cardinal points in, 625

Jebu messages of complaint, 374-375

Jĕssakkī'd curing disease, 254

Johnson, G. K., pottery donated by, XXI

Johnson, Willard D., pictographs reported by, 77

Jones, C. C., vessels donated by, XXI

K.

Kaibab (Arizona) Indians, personal names of, 444

Kaiowa Indians, tribal designations of, 384 gourd pictograph by, 208-209 emblem of, 613

Kalosh (Alaska) Indians, graves of, 524

Kanawha, West Virginia, petroglyphs at, 34

Kanawha river, West Virginia, petroglyphs on, 125

Kansas, petroglyphs in, 80-81

Karánkawa vocabulary obtained, XVII

Kauder, Christian, works of, in Micmac language, 667-670

Keam, Thomas V., rock drawings reported by, 50 on ceremonial use of colors by Moki Indians, 623

Keam’s Canyon, Arizona, rock drawings in, 50 ideographic petroglyphs in, 604, 605

Kei (or Arue) islands, Oceanica, petroglyphs in, 167-168

Kekeewin and kekeenowin, definition of, 35

Kentucky, petroglyphs in, 81

Kejimkoojik lake, Nova Scotia, work on pictographs at, XII inscribed rocks at, 38-42 mythic petroglyphs at, 468-487 drawings at, 740-749

Kickapoo Indians, mnemonic songs of, 250

Kickapoo (Shawnee) prophet, 508-509

Kinahan, G. H., cup sculptures described by, 194

Kítshi Man'idō, Ojibwa mythic personage, 255

Kiwach, myth of, 473

Klamath language, work on, XIX

Klamath Indians, coloring matter used by, 221 tattoo of, 406

Knotted cords and objects tied, 223-227

Ktá-i Tupákshi (Standing Rock), Oregon, 106

Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia, totemic carvings of, 391 tattoo of, 407 myth of, 479

L.

Labrador, ethnologic work in, XXIV

La Crosse, Wisconsin, copies made of pictographs near, XIV

La Flesche, Francis, petroglyphs described by, 91-92

Lake of the Woods, Manitoba, petroglyphs on, 43

Lake Superior, Wisconsin, petroglyphs on, 126 painting of body by Indians on, 620

Lake Tyrrell, Australia, pictograph on bark from, 222

Las Flechas, Mexico, petroglyph at, 181

Layton, Pennsylvania, petroglyphs at, 111

Lean, pictograph for, 593-594

Lean Wolf, a Hidatsa chief, drawings by, 342, 424

Leland, Charles G., communication from, 346

Lightning, gesture signs and symbols for, 701-702

Lisières, France, petroglyph in, 177

Little, pictograph for, 594-595

Little Bighorn, battle of, 563-566

Little Coal river, West Virginia, petroglyphs on, 125

Little Indian rock, Pennsylvania, 106, 107

Little Standing Buffalo, aid by, XIX

Lolos of China, written characters of, 674

Lone, pictograph for, 595-596

Lone Dog, Winter Count of, 266, 273-287

Lone Butte, Nevada, petroglyphs on, 92

Los Angeles, California, mnemonic devices of Indians of, 223

Los Letreros, Canary islands, petroglyphs of, 183-185

Lower California, rock paintings in, 131 petroglyphs in, 683

M.

MacDonnell, Australia, petroglyphs in, 161

Machias bay, Maine, rock inscriptions at, 34

Machiasport, Maine, petroglyphs in, 81-83

Madeira and Mamoré rivers, Brazil, petroglyphs on, 152-155

Magiguadavic river, Maine, rock carvings on, 32

Mahadeo, Hindu god, worship of, 196-198

Maine, work on pictographs in, XII petroglyphs in, 81-83

Malay natives, tattooing of, 412

Malecite Indians, birch-bark pictographs of, XII-XIII

Mallery, Garrick, work of, XII-XIII, XVIII notice and summary of paper on picture writing by, XXVI-XXX paper on picture writing of the American Indians by, 1-807

Mandan Indians, oracle stone of, 32 tribal designations of, 385 signs of exploit worn by warriors of, 436 decorative painting of body by, 619-620

Mangaia, tattooing in, 413

Manitoba, petroglyphs in, 43-44

Manti, Utah, petroglyphs at, 117-118

Maori Indians, genealogical board of, 228

Maryland, petroglyphs in, 83-86

Maco manuscript, 673-674

Many, pictograph for, 596

Mason, Charles S., drawings furnished by, 77

Massachusetts, petroglyphs in, 86-87

Materials by which pictographs are made, 218-222

Mato-Sapa (Black Bear), chart made by, 268

Matthews, Washington, cited, 210 on ceremonial use of colors by Navajo, 623

Maya Indians, gesture signs of, 645-647 symbolic characters of, 645 written characters of, 756

McCall’s Ferry, Pennsylvania, petroglyphs at, 108

McChesney, Charles E., account of battle of Little Bighorn by, 563

McWhorter, L. V., petroglyphs reported by, 126

Meath county, Ireland, cairn in, 171-172

Medicine-arrow, pictographs of, 503

Medicine-man, pictographs of, 463, 464, 466

Megaque’s last battle, 560-561

Menomoni Indians, myth of, 481 grave posts of, 521-522

Merriam, C. Hart, petroglyph photographed by, 61

Merriam, Col. Henry C., petroglyphs described by, 122-123

Message sticks, 369-371

Meteors, pictographs of, 722-724

Mexican Emperor Ahuitzotzin, pictograph for, 134-135

Mexican Indians, method of preparing accounts by, 264 military insignia of, 431-432 personal names of, 460 mythic figure of (Ahuitzotl), 488 superstition of, 500 customs of, pictographically illustrated, 542-547 hieroglyphic record of, 567 ideographic illustration of small-pox by, 589 ideographic illustration of snow by, 606 symbols of, 613-614, 644 symbolic colors for cardinal points, 625 color in the codices of, 636 conventional pictograph of, 656

Mexican and Central American pictorial writing, 665

Mexico, petroglyphs in, 131-136 Aztec inscription from, 133-134

Micmac Indians, work on pictographs of, XII birch-bark pictographs by, 201 rock scratchings of, imitated, 218 notice of direction by, 341 pictographs of fishing by, 530-531 tribal emblems of, 379 insignia dress and masks of, 424-429 medicine lodges of, 509-511 mourning colors of, 629 hieroglyphics of, 666-671 catechism of, 667-668 Lord’s prayer, as written by, 669 various printed words of, 670

Middleton, James D., work of, XI petroglyphs reported by, 80, 81

Midé lodges, ceremonies of, 508

Mide rites, birch-bark roll of, 202-203

Midē'wiwin, or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa, investigated, XIII ceremonial chant of, 232-246 migration record of, 566, 567

Millsboro, Pennsylvania, petroglyphs at, 110

Minabozho, tradition of, 252

Mindeleff, Cosmos, work of, XXII-XXIII

Mindeleff, Victor, work of, XVII, XXI, XXII description of Pueblo prayer ceremonies by, 511 on ceremonial use of colors by Pueblo Indians, 622

Minitari, Gros Ventre, or Hidatsa tribal designations, 384

Minneconjou myth, 482

Minnesota, petroglyphs in, 87-90

Minnesota valley, traditions concerning rock inscriptions in, 34

Mississippi river, signals of peace by Indians on, 361

Mnemonic picture writing, 223-264

Moghar, Algeria, petroglyphs at, 178-180

Modoc women, tattoo of, 406

Modoc war color, 631

Mojave desert, California, petroglyph in, 61

Mohave Indians, inscriptions by, 95 pigments used by, 221 tattoo of women of, 406 painting of body by, 620

Moki Indians, notices on rocks by, 329-330 mythic drawings by, 488, 506 ceremonial by priests of, 512 ceremonial use of colors by, 623-624, 628 conventional device of, for rain and symbol of Aloseka, 662 gesture signs of, 643 devices of, 746 748

Mongols, magic drums of, 514-517

Montana, pictured rocks in, 90

Mooney, James, work of, XV-XVI, XIX, XXI petroglyphs reported by, 99 pictograph described by, 208 on use of colors by Cherokees, 624, 634

Morgantown, West Virginia, petroglyphs near, 124-125

Mormons, petroglyph near Manti, Utah, as interpreted by, 118

Mortuary practices, 517-527

Mosher, Lieut., petroglyphs reported by, 51

Mosman, Mrs. A. T., clay articles loaned by, XXII

Mound canyon, Arizona, petroglyphs in, 51

Mound explorations, work in, X-XI, XXII

Much, pictograph for, 596

Muskhogean bibliography, work on, XX

Muskoki Indians, numeration marks of, 258

Myths and mythic animals pictured, 468-490

N.

Naqómqilis (Wakashan) Indians, pictographs by, 213

Najowe valley, California, petroglyphs in, 65-68

Nambé, New Mexico, petroglyph at, 98

Names, Indian personal, work on, XIX

Nasquapees of Labrador, notices of direction, etc. by, 340 birch bark, letter by, 341

Natchez Indians, method of recording appointment by, 257 declaration of war by, 358 ceremonial use of color by, 628

Navajo Indians, work among, XVIII sand paintings of, 210-211 ceremonial use of colors by, 623-624

Nebraska, petroglyphs in, 90-92

Negation, gesture sign for, 644

Nelson, E. W., petroglyphs described by, 60-61

Nevada, petroglyphs in, 92-96

Newark, Ohio, fraudulent inscribed stones from, 760

Newark Track rock, Ohio, 101-102

New Brunswick, work in, XII-XIII

New Caledonia, drawings from, 743

Newcombe, Cyrus F., petroglyphs reported by, 72

New Guinea, tattooing of Papuans in, 411-412 scarification in, 417 mourning colors used in, 630

New Hebrides, tattooing in, 418

New Mexico, petroglyphs in, 96-98, 353, 682

New York, petroglyphs in, 98-99

New Zealand, petroglyphs in, 165-167 tattooing in, 409-410 grave effigies in, 525-526 religious and ceremonial use of color in, 627-628 wood carvings in, 685-686

Nez Percé vocabulary obtained, XIV

Nicaragua, petroglyphs in, 141, 686

Nicobarese mortuary tablet, 527

Night, signs and symbols for, 699-700

Nikari-Karu Indians of Guiana, mnemonic device of, 226

Nipigon bay, Ontario, pictograph on, 42-43

Nootka or Aht Indians, at Vancouver island, British Columbia, 44 legend of, 44 tattoo of, 407

Normocs, tattoo of, 407

Norris, P. W., petroglyphs reported by, 87, 125 pictographs obtained by, 459

North America, petroglyphs in, 37-140 tattoo in, 392-407

North Carolina, linguistic work in, XV-XVI petroglyphs in, 99-101 war color of Indians in, 632

Notched or marked sticks, 227-228

Notices, pictographic forms of, 329-357

Nova Scotia, work on pictographs in, XII petroglyphs in, 37-42

Numeration, 258-259

Nye county, Nevada, inscribed rock in, 94

O.

Oakley spring, Arizona, petroglyphs at, 329-330

Obscure, pictograph for, 597

Oceanica, petroglyphs in, 165-171

Odanah, Ojibwa village, Wisconsin, 126

Oglala, Dakota, individual designation of, 424

Oglala roster, 420-424 description and history of, 420-421 pictographs from, 641, 642, 652

Ohio, petroglyphs in, 101-104

Ojibwa Indians, work among, XIII concentric circles used as symbols by, 199-200 hieroglyphic writing of, 202 pictographs on copper by, 212-213 birch-bark pictographs of, 213 instruments for birch-bark pictographs used by, 218 instruments for drawing on wood used by, 219 wampum belt of, 230 ceremonial songs of, 232-250 songs of Midēwiwin, 232-246 song for Metai or medicine hunting, 246-250 musical notation of, 250 Midē records of, 252-255 tradition of, concerning origin of Indians, 255-256 birch-bark record of treaty by, 256-257 notice of direction used by, 337-338 illustration of battlefield by, 342 topographic signs employed by, 345 notice of condition by, 347 notice of warning by, 353 declaration of peace by, 360 letter-writing by, 362-363 invitation sticks of, and ceremony of invitation and acceptance, 365-366 summons to Midē ceremony of, 367 tribal designation of, 385 tattooing of women of, 395 shamanism of, 466-467, 474, 475, 495-496 manidos, or spirits, illustrated by, 480 mythic wild cats illustrated by, 481-482 thunder-birds represented by, 487 hunting records of, 532, 538 records of battle by, 556-557, 559-660 record of migration of, 566-567 biographical record of, 577-578 ideographic illustrations by, 586-605 Bad, 586; sickness, 590; fear, 591; great, 596; see, 601; cold, snow, 605. ceremonial use of colors by, 626-627 conventional devices of, 653 devices of, for life and death, 660 tribal and national emblems of, 747 weapons of, 753 drawings of, 757-758

Ojo de Benado, New Mexico, petroglyphs at, 97-98

Ojo Pescado, New Mexico, petroglyphs near, 97

Oliver, Alice M., aid by, XVII

Omaha Indians, personal names of, list obtained, XIX tribal designations of, 385 tattoo designs of, 395 insignia worn by police of, 420 record of war expeditions by, 552 ceremonial colors used by, 625, 628

Onas, Mohawk name for William Penn, 443

Oneida, Idaho, petroglyphs in, 77

Onontio, Iroquois name for governor of Canada, 443

Ontario, petroglyphs in, 42-43

Opposition, pictograph for, 597-598

Oregon, petroglyphs in, 104-106

Origin of Indians, tradition of, 255-256

Orongo Indians of Easter island, houses of, 169

Osage Indians, coloring matter used by, 221 mythic tradition and chart of, 251-252 practice of tattoo by, 394 mourning custom of, 519 war color of, 632 colors used by, for social or military distinction, 633

Ottawa Indians, instruments used by, for birch-bark pictographs, 218 pictograph by, 529-530

Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians, pictographic notices by, 350

Owens valley, California, petroglyphs in, 56-60

P.

Pacific coast, tattoo on, 396-407

Passamaquoddy Indians, pictographs of, examined, XII shop accounts of, 259-262 pictographic notice of direction by, 339-340 pictographic notice of condition, or wikhegan by, 347-350 wikhegan, or message to the President from, 367 tribal emblem of, 378-379 birch-bark drawing by, 474 record of battle by, 560-561 conventional device of, 652

Painted caves, Crocket county, Texas, 116

Painted rock, Indian personal name, 35

Painting upon robes or skins, 219

Painting on the human body, 618-619

Paint rock, North Carolina, petroglyphs on, 99-101

Pai Ute Indians, in Owens valley, California, 60 topographic illustration by, 342, 343

Palestine, cup sculptures in, 198

Papuans, notice of warning by, 357 mourning colors of, 630

Parsons, F. H., aid by, XXI

Partridge creek, Arizona, petroglyphs on, 50

Passés Indians of Brazil, dyes used by, 222

Pawnee Indians, pictographs on wood by, 214 tribal designations of, 386 medicine arrow of, pictographically represented, 503

Pawnee Loup Indians, notice of war party by, 336

Peach Springs, Arizona, petroglyphs near, 50

Pedra Lavrada, Brazil, 157

Peace and friendship, profession of, pictographically represented, 359-362

Peale, A. C., aid by, XXI

Penn wampum belt, history of, 231

Pennsylvania, petroglyphs in, 106-113, 678

Penobscot Indians, pictographs by, examined, XII vocabulary of, obtained, XVII notice of direction by, 338-339 tribal emblem of, 379

Piasa rock, near Alton, Illinois, description of, 77-79 definition of name, 78

Pictorial tribal designations, 377-388

Pictographs of Abnaki and Micmac Indians examined, XII, XIII

Pictographs on stone, imitated, 218

Pictographs in alphabets, 674-675

Pictured cave near La Crosse, Wisconsin, copies made of pictographs at, XIV

Picture writing of the American Indians, notice and summary of paper on, XXVI-XXX paper by Garrick Mallery on, 1-807

Piedra Pintada (Painted rock) creek canyon, Colorado, petroglyphs in, 72

Piegan Indians, notice by, 356

Pilling, James C., work of, X, XX

Pinart, Alphonse, pictographs reported by, 62

Pipestone, Minnesota, petroglyphs copied at, XIII, 87-88

Piute Creek, California, pictographs at, 62

Piute map of Colorado river, 342

Plains tribes, notices by, 340

Plancarte, F., Indian relics donated by, XXII

Playsanos Indians of California, gravestones of, 519

Pokinsquss, myth of, 469-470

Polynesia, tattooing in, 408

Ponka Indians, personal names of, XIX tribal designations of, 386-387

Pontiac, wampum belt of, 230

Pope, George, petroglyphs described by, 117

Portsmouth, Rhode Island, petroglyphs at, 113

Possession, pictographic signs for, 598

Potomac river valley, work on pottery of, XXI

Pottawatomie Indians, mnemonic songs of, 250

Pottery of the Potomac valley, work on, XXI

Powell, J. W., work of, XVIII cited, concerning Indian personal names, 444

Powhatan tribes of Virginia, work on, XX

Powhatan, deerskin mantle of, 209

Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, petroglyphs near, 80

Prayer sticks, 508-509

Praying beads of Buddhists, 226

Prisoners, Indian treatment of, 552 ideographically represented, 598-600

Provo river, Utah, petroglyphs on, 117

Profession of peace and friendship, 359-362

Property, division of, among North American Indians, 441

Property marks, 441-442

Proudfit, S. V., pottery from the Potomac valley loaned by, XXII

Publications issued and distributed during the year, X

Pueblo architecture, work on, XXII models of, prepared, XXII-XXIII

Pueblo Indians of New Mexico map made by, 341 cosmology of, 467-468 prayer ceremonies of, 511 ceremonial use of colors by, 624 colors for war and peace used by, 631

Pueblo pottery, coloring of, 220

Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, sculptured rock near, 147-148

Puerto Rico, petroglyphs in, 136-137

Puget Sound, Washington, pictographs found on, 214

Pyramid lake, Nevada, petroglyphs at, 92

Q.

Quick, J. H., petroglyphs described by, 90-91

Quipu, a mnemonic device of Indians of Peru and Guiana, 224-226

R.

Rain, gesture signs and symbols for, 701

Rattlesnake rock, Mojave desert, California, 61

Record of expedition, battle, migration, and other notable events, 552-570

Red Cloud’s census, description and history of, 445-447 pictographs from, 390-391, 421-423, 463-465, 486, 494, 534-535, 585-598, 639-641, 652, 653, 657

Red Horse petroglyph, England, 173

Red lake, Minnesota, birch-bark record obtained at, XIII, 252

Religion, pictographs concerning, 461-527 general discussion and classification, 461-527

Religious ceremonies, 505-517

Reno, Nevada, petroglyphs in, 95

Reveillé, Nye county, Nevada, inscribed rocks in, 94

Reynolds, Henry L., work of, XI, XXII pottery from Potomac valley, loaned by, XXII

Rhode Island, petroglyphs in, 113

Riggs, S. R., editorial work on manuscript left by, XIX

Rio Mancos, Colorado, petroglyphs on, 73-74

Rio Negro, Brazil, petroglyphs on, 152

Roche Percé, Souris river, Manitoba, 43

Rock creek, Colorado, petroglyphs on, 72

Rock-paintings, Indian superstition concerning, 466-467

Rockhill, W. W., notice of Paul Vial’s work by, 674

Rocky Dell creek, New Mexico, rock paintings at, 96

Rock hill, California, petroglyphs on, 52

Rogers, Charles, remarks by, on cup sculptures, 200

Romans, custom of tattooing among, 408 emblems of, 525, 618 ceremonial use of color by, 628-629

Rowe canyon, Arizona, petroglyphs in, 356-357

Running Antelope, Dakota chief, biography by, 571-575

Russell, I. C., pictographs sketched by, 117

S.

Sac Indians, mourning ceremonies of, 518-629 conventional devices of, 658

Sacred rock paintings, 466-467

Salish Indians, work on language of, XXIII tattoo among, 407 funeral customs of, 524 mourning colors of, 630

Samoa, tattooing in, 410-411

Samoyed message of demand, 375

Sand, pictographs on, 210-212

San Antonio springs, New Mexico, petroglyphs at, 97

San Bernardino, California, pictographs reported near, 62

San Diego county, California, petroglyphs in, 63

San Francisco mountain, Arizona, petroglyphs near, 48-49

San Marcos pass, California, petroglyphs near, 64

San Juan river, Colorado, petroglyphs near, 73 petroglyphs on, 74-75

Santa Barbara, California, coloring matter of pictographs in, 221

Santa Lucia Cosumalhuapa, Guatemala, sculptures of, 226

Sapiel Selmo, Passamaquoddy chief, 338

Satsika (Blackfeet) Indians, insignia of Tail Bearer of, 429 societies of, 528-529

Sawyer, Wells M., acknowledgments to, 30

Scandinavian colors for war and peace, 635

Scarification, 416-418

Schoolcraft, Henry R., exaggerated accounts of Ojibwa pictographs by, 202

Scotland, cup sculptures in, 193

Scythian declaration of war, 362

Seeman, Berthold, remarks by, on cup sculptures, 193-194

Serpent, pictographs of, 476-477 emblematic use of, 617

Serrano Indians of California, property marks of, 441 face mark of, 621

Shafer, P. W., pictographs published by, 106-10

Shaman, definition of term, 490-499

Shamanism, 490-500

Shastika Indian women, face decoration of, 220

Shawnees, battle of, with Cherokees, 122

Shells, pictographs on, 209-210

Shinumo canyon, Arizona, petroglyphs in, 51-121

Short, pictographs for, 600

Shoshoni Indians, petroglyphs interpreted by, 128, 129 use of notched sticks by, for recording time, 227 pictographic notice of hunt by, 331 pictographic notice of guidance by, 353-354 tribal designations of, 387-388 biographical record of, 578 gesture signs of, for cold, 606 petroglyphs by, 680-682

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, notices by, 340

Siberia, use of knotted cords for mnemenic purposes in, 226 petroglyphs in, 186-188 tattooing in, 414

Siberian and Tartar inscriptions, 188

Sicasica, Peru, writings found at, 672

Sierra Leone, scarification in, 417

Sight, pictographs for, 600-601

Signs, symbols, and emblems, 607-618 classification of, 607-609

Simons, A. B., clay articles loaned by, XXII

Siouan dialects, work in, XIX

Siouan family, divisions of, 272

Sioux or Dakota Indians, paper prepared on camping circles of, XIX tribal designations of, 379-388 origin of name of, 272 message of, to Ojibwa, 360 exploit marks of, 433-435 sign of mourning of, 519 cult societies of, 528 record of battle by, 563-566 mourning color, 629-630 colors for victory used by, 632

Six Nations, deed from, to King of Great Britain, 378

Skins, pictographs on, 206-207

Slow, pictographs for, 601

Snanaimuq Indians, war paint of, 632

Snow, pictographs for, 605-606

Social and religious missives, 362-374

Songs, order of, 231-250 explanation of, 231-232

Sonora, Mexico, petroglyphs in, 131, 749

South Africa, petroglyphs in, 180-183

South America petroglyphs in, 142-160 tattoo in, 407

South Carolina, war color of Indians in, 632

South Dakota, petroglyphs in, 114

South Sea Islanders, mnemonic devices of, 224

Spain, petroglyphs in, 177-178

Spaniards, ceremonial use of color by, 629

Spanish and Brazilian petroglyphs, 690

Special comparisons, 676-744

Stephen. A. M., work of, XVII-XVIII

Stevenson, James notice of death and biographic sketch of, XXIV-XXV on ceremonial use of colors by Zuñi, 623 paper by, mentioned, 210

Stone of the Giants, Mexico, 138

Stone, pictographs on, 205-206

Strings used for mnemonic purposes, 223

Substances on which pictographs are made, 205-217

Supernatural, symbols of the, 462-468

Susanville, California, pictographs near, 69

Swan, James G., contribution by, on tattoo, 402

Sweden, petroglyphs in, 173-175

Symbolism, development of, 609-610

Symbols of the supernatural, 462-468

Syllabaries and alphabets, 664-675 development of, 664-665

Syrian symbols, 616-618

T.

Taboo, 504-505

Tall, pictograph for, 601-602

Tallies or notched sticks, in Great Britain, 228

Tamanaques Indians, legend of, 33

Tartars, use of notched sticks as records by, 228 notice of warning by, 357 magic drums of, 514-517

Tassin, A. G., drawing and explanation of petroglyphs by, 95

Tattoo, significance of, 391-419 use of, by ancient monarchs, 407-408 in ancient Rome, 408 among Arabs, 414 summary of studies on, 418-419

Taylor, H. R., sketch furnished and information communicated by, 82-83

Tazewell County Virginia, petroglyphs in, 121-122

Temple Creek canyon Utah, petroglyphs in, 116-117

Tennessee, petroglyphs in, 114-115

Tepumereme, Venezuela, sculptured rock of, 148

Teocuauhxicalli, Mexican sculptured stone, 135-136

Teton Dakota, translations made from dialect of, XIX insignia of police of, 419-420 shield device of, 436

Texas, petroglyphs in, 215-217

Textile fabrics, pictographs on, 215-217

The-Flame, winter count of, 268

The-Swan, winter count of, 268

Thlinkit (Tlinkit) Indians, shamanistic emblem of, 612-613 war colors of, 632

Thomas, Cyrus work of, X, XXI, XXII cited, 209 on Mexican and Maya symbolic colors, 625

Thompson, Gilbert, petroglyphs reported by, 92

Thunder bird, pictographs of, 58, 479, 483-487 Ojibwa, 58, 487; Kwakiutl, 479; Dakota, 483-485; Haida 485; Twana, 485; Micmac, 487; Venezuelan, 487; Haida, 399.

Tibeto-China, mode of declaring war in, 359

Time records of Apache Indians, 258-259

Tiverton, Rhode Island, petroglyphs in, 113

Tlalmanalco, Mexico, inscribed rock near, 132-133

Topography represented in pictographs, 341-347

Torres straits islanders, scarification of, 417

Totemic system, explanation of, 388-389

Totems, titles and names, 376-391

Trade, pictographs for, 602

Treaties, mnemonically recorded, 256-257

Trees, pictographs on, 213

Trempealeau, Wisconsin, petroglyphs at, 127, 128

Truckee river, Nevada, petroglyphs on, 93

Tsimshian Indians, pictograph by, 217 tattoo of, 407 secret societies and ceremonies of, 512

Tuálati Indians, tradition of, 105

Tule River agency, California, petroglyphs at, 52-56

Turf monuments in England, 172-173, 212

Turkish love letter, 368

Turner, Lucien M., work of, XXIV

Turner, H. W., petroglyphs described by, 52

Tusayan pueblos, work among, XVII-XVIII

Tuscarora Indians, legends obtained, XVII linguistic work among, XX

Twana Indians, thunder bird of, 485 war paint of, 632

Tyout, Algeria, petroglyphs at, 178, 179

U.

Umatilla vocabulary obtained, XIV

Unalaska, relics of art found in, 220

Uncpapa Dakota, personal name, 445

Union, pictographic signs for, 602, 603

Utah, petroglyphs in, 116-121, 681

Ute Indians, declaration of peace by, 360

United States, petroglyphs in, 45-130

United States of Colombia, petroglyphs in, 143, 144

V.

Vancouver island, British Columbia, petroglyphs on, 44-45

Venezuela, petroglyphs in, 147-150 cup-sculptures in, 195 mythic pictographs in, 487 color stamps used by Piaroas of, 621 petroglyphs in, compared with Ojibwa and Shoshonean types, 688

Voice and speech, pictographically illustrated, 717-719

Victory, pictographic record of, 557-558

Virginia, petroglyphs in, 121-122 tattooed figures on Indians of, 393

W.

Wakashan Indians, pictographs by, 215

Walker Lake, Nevada, petroglyphs near, 93

Wall, J. Sutton pictographs described by, 110, 111 pictographs copied by, 111

Wampum used in treaty, 231 forms and uses of, 228-231 significance of colors in, 229, 230

War, pictographic form of declaration of, 358, 359

Warning and guidance, pictographic notices of, 353-357

Washington, petroglyphs in, 122, 123

Washington, Pennsylvania, petroglyph near, 109

Washoe Indians in Nevada, 93

Water, gesture signs for, 642-643

Watterson’s ranch, Owens valley, Cal., petroglyphs at, 59

Weasel girls, myth of, 471-472

Webster, North Carolina, petroglyphs at, 99

Wellsville, Ohio, petroglyphs near, 104

West Indies, petroglyphs in, 136-140

West Virginia, petroglyphs in, 124-126, 475, 676-678

Whipple, Lieut., pictographs reported by, 61-62

Whirlwind, pictographs for, 603-604

White Earth reservation, Minnesota, work at, XIII Ojibwa Midē' ceremony at, 254

White Horse petroglyphs, England, 172

Whitney, Willard J., petroglyphs reported by, 62

Wichita Indians, practice of tattoo by, 375

Wikhegan, definition of, 35, 330

Wilkesboro, North Carolina, petroglyphs at, 99

Wind River valley, Wyoming, petroglyphs in, 128-129

Winnebago personal names, list obtained, XIX

Winnebago Indians, coloring matter used by, 221 pictographic notice by, 334 signs of exploit by, 440 mythic animal of, 482 record of battle by, 558-559 mourning color of, 630

Winslow, E., relation by, concerning Indian records, 250

Winter, pictographs for, 605-606

Winter counts of the Dakota Indians, 266-328 history and explanation of, 266-273 comparison of, 270 pictographs from, 273-328, 380-387, 447-465, 494-495, 503, 523, 535-538, 540, 547, 553-554, 561-562, 567-570, 578-581, 585-598, 600-605, 634-642, 650-661, 716-717, 721, 751

Wisconsin, petroglyphs in, 126-128

Wood, pictographs on, 213-214

Woodthorpe, Lieut.-Col., account of tribes in India by, 361

Wright, Charles D., petroglyphs described by, 72-73

Writing and drawing, original identity of, 664-665

Wyoming, petroglyphs in, 128-130, 678-680

Y.

Yampais spring, Arizona, petroglyphs at, 50

Yenesei river, Siberia, petroglyphs on, 186

Yokut Indians, pictographs on baskets by, 217

Young, William, cited, 378

Yuma Indians, map of Colorado river by, 342 religious ceremonies of, 505-507

Yuris Indians of Brazil, dyes used by, 222

Z.

Zulu tattoo marks, 415-416

Zuñi Indians, study of architecture of, XVII tally sticks of, 259 sand paintings of, 210-211 coloring materials used by, 221 symbols used by, 612 ceremonial use of color by, 623-624

Transcriber’s note

Illustrations have been moved next to the text to which they refer. Page numbers in the list of Illustrations may not match their locations in the eBook.

Plate headings have been standardised in the format: "BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY TENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. X"

The printed text used non-standard typography which could not be replicated entirely in the eBook. In particular:

on p. 171, "∩" represents an inverted U symbol printed in the text;

on p. 172, the capital S in "S-shaped curve" was rotated 90 degrees;

on p. 185, the text beginning "“The inscriptions are cut" was printed on a new line, but not indented;

on p. 252, the letter s in "Waↄiñʞa-ↄüʇse" and "uta¢a^nʇsi" was inverted;

on p. 417, "Λ" represents an inverted V symbol printed in the text;

on p. 708, the capital H in "The central H" was rotated 90 degrees.

The "remarks in smaller type" referred to on p. 232 are indented in the eBook.

"e.g." has been regularised to "e. g."

The following printing errors have been corrected:

p. xviii "corret spondence" changed to "correspondence"

p. xxi "earthern" changed to "earthen"

p. xxiv "Congress of the United State." changed to "Congress of the United States"

p. 6 "Petroglypps in Australia" changed to "Petroglyphs in Australia"

p. 11 "West Virgina" changed to "West Virginia"

p. 11 "dancers, bearing" changed to "dancers bearing"

p. 12 "San Marcos pass, California 62-67" changed to "San Marcos pass, California 62"

p. 12 "Washington, Pednsylvania" changed to "Washington, Pennsylvania"

p. 18 "Ah-ton-we-tuck" changed to "Ah-tón-we-tuck"

p. 18 "On-saw-kie" changed to "On-sáw-kie"

p. 18 "753. Scalped h ead. D akota" changed to "753. Scalped head. Dakota"

p. 21 "1071. Life and death. Obijwa" changed to "1071. Life and death. Ojibwa"

p. 27 "anthroplologic" changed to "anthropologic"

p. 39 "sharpely" changed to "sharply"

p. 42 "Mr Charles Hallock" changed to "Mr. Charles Hallock"

p. 55 "Fig. 14," changed to "Fig. 14."

p. 59 "Pls. VIII to IX" changed to "Pls. VIII to XI"

Plate VII "OWENS VALLEY CALIFORNIA." changed to "OWENS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA."

pp. 69-70 "sand stone" changed to "sandstone"

p. 86 "inscriptian" changed to "inscription"

p. 90 "t e shape" changed to "the shape"

p. 95 "in the library of the of the" changed to "in the library of the"

p. 98 "Nambe" changed to "Nambé"

p. 101 "Fig 63 is" changed to "Fig. 63 is"

p. 101 "Fig. 63.--Newark" changed to "FIG. 63.--Newark"

p. 107 "excellant" changed to "excellent"

p. 111 "as Fig. 75" changed to "as Fig. 75."

p. 118 "Colorado river, only only" changed to "Colorado river, only"

p. 122 "stangely painted" changed to "strangely painted"

p. 123 "history of a a" changed to "history of a"

p. 123 "more less distinctly" changed to "more or less distinctly"

p. 139 "numbers in Oruba" changed to "numbers in Aruba"

p. 142 "that the beginning" changed to "than the beginning"

p. 143 "Mr A. L Pinart" changed to "Mr. A. L. Pinart"

p. 145 "Fig 1104" changed to "Fig. 1104"

p. 147 "religous" changed to "religious"

p. 147 (Illustration) "Fig. 107.--Sculptured" changed to "FIG. 107.--Sculptured"

p. 148 "insignificent" changed to "insignificant"

p. 156 "Cracara" changed to "Cracará"

p. 157 (Illustration) "Fig. 123.--Petroglyphs" changed to "FIG. 123.--Petroglyphs"

p. 159 (Illustration) "Fig. 126.--Petroglyphs" changed to "FIG. 126.--Petroglyphs"

p. 165 "peculiarty" changed to "peculiarity"

p. 166 "FIG 133." changed to "FIG. 133."

p. 168 (Illustration) "Fig. 124.--Petroglyphs" changed to "FIG. 124.--Petroglyphs"

p. 168 (Illustration) "Fig. 125.--Inscribed" changed to "FIG. 125.--Inscribed"

p. 172 "to cairn" changed to "to a cairn"

p. 176 "crypt of the of the" changed to "crypt of the"

p. 186 "the Yenisei river" changed to "the Yenesei river"

p. 187 "Chandeshwar, India" changed to "Chandeshwar, India."

p. 188 "733" changed to "723"

p. 195 "serves at its pendant" changed to "serves as its pendant"

p. 208 "Fig. 683" changed to "Fig. 685"

p. 209 "Ashmoleon" changed to "Ashmolean"

p. 219 "suppleness," changed to "suppleness."

p. 220 "corsair aspect”" changed to "corsair aspect.”"

p. 235 "Midē friends" changed to "Midē friends"

p. 236 "When he went" changed to "when he went"

p. 236 "Still represented" changed to "still represented"

p. 237 "Manidō, the Thunderer" changed to "Manidō, the Thunderer"

p. 241 "symbol of the Mīdē" changed to "symbol of the Midē"

p. 247 (Illustration) "FIG. 165--Song" changed to "FIG. 165.--Song"

p. 254 (Illustration) "FIG. 170--Minabozho." changed to "FIG. 170.--Minabozho."

p. 256 "FIG. 174 is copy" changed to "Fig. 174 is copy"

p. 257 "the drum used used" changed to "the drum used"

p. 257 "Chap. x, Sec. 2." changed to "Chap. x, Sec. 2)."

p. 260 "X cr 10" changed to "X or 10"

p. 262 (Illustration) "FIG. 180.--Bookaccount." changed to "FIG. 180.--Book account."

p. 265 "life time. one old man." changed to "life time, one old man."

p. 271 "1811-’02." changed to "1801-’02."

p. 274 "distingushed" changed to "distinguished"

p. 276 "Crow Feather was their" changed to "Crow-Feather was their"

p. 276 "bird portruding" changed to "bird protruding"

p. 281 "Th Sans Arcs" changed to "The Sans Arcs"

p. 283 "1851-52." changed to "1851-’52."

Plate XXI "A 901-930" changed to "A 901-930."

p. 290 "shall live." changed to "shall live.”"

p. 295 "Fig. 267,1710-’11." changed to "Fig. 267, 1710-’11."

p. 296 "who-was eagle-hunting" changed to "who-was-eagle-hunting"

p. 299 "each others movements." changed to "each other’s movements."

p. 301 "lodge and said." changed to "lodge and said,"

p. 302 "Omaha-horses winter." changed to "Omaha-horses winter.”"

p. 302 "Ventre winter." changed to "Ventre winter.”"

p. 302 "reverance" changed to "reverence"

p. 302 "Killed-two-Assiniboines" changed to "Killed-two-Assiniboins"

p. 304 "Assiniboins-came" changed to "“Assiniboins-came"

p. 305 "beef winter." changed to "beef winter.”"

p. 309 "Fig.339" changed to "Fig. 339"

p. 309 "Fig.340" changed to "Fig. 340"

p. 309 (Illustration) "Fig. 342" changed to "Fig. 342."

p. 310 (Illustration) "Fig. 343" changed to "Fig. 343."

p. 313 "name Don’t Eat-Buffalo-Heart" changed to "name Don’t-Eat-Buffalo-Heart"

p. 317 "again-winter.”" changed to "again winter.”"

p. 317 "rotton-wood" changed to "rotten-wood"

p. 324 "the Blue-creek" changed to "the-Blue-creek"

p. 336 "topograpyh" changed to "topography"

p. 341 "winter quarters It" changed to "winter quarters. It"

p. 344 "topograpic features" changed to "topographic features"

p. 357 "Parauapanama" changed to "Paranapanama"

p. 359 "were supended" changed to "were suspended"

p. 359 "delare war" changed to "declare war"

p. 374 "Egyptain" changed to "Egyptian"

p. 374 "decribes" changed to "describes"

p. 377 "Ottowa" changed to "Ottawa"

p. 379 "familarly" changed to "familiarly"

p. 400 (Illustration) "Haida tattoo, dogfish" changed to "Haida tattoo, dogfish."

p. 404 "kahatta" changed to "kahátta"

p. 412 (Illustration) "Tattooed Paupan" changed to "Tattooed Papuan"

p. 418 "14 to inspire" changed to "14, to inspire"

p. 420 "Big Road and his" changed to "Big-Road and his"

p. 425 "549.--Micmac" changed to "FIG. 549.--Micmac"

p. 427 two lines "The designs show some marks suggesting the artistic devices used in / the Roman Catholic Church, though the figuration of the cross is by no" were printed in reverse order.

p. 433 "know-ng" changed to "knowing"

p. 435 "considered as Objibwas" changed to "considered as Ojibwas"

p. 442 (Illustration) "Fig. 579.--African" changed to "FIG. 579.--African"

p. 467 "misshappen" changed to "misshapen"

p. 476 "it seems, probable" changed to "it seems probable"

p. 478 "missionary." changed to "missionary.”"

p. 496 "medicines are used" changed to "medicines are used."

p. 496 "Sometimes the muzzin ne-neence" changed to "Sometimes the muzzin-ne-neence"

p. 502 "bags whieh are considered" changed to "bags which are considered"

p. 513 "Caramūlŭn is said" changed to "Daramūlŭn is said"

p. 513 "~(1)~ A piece" changed to "(1) A piece"

p. 515 "and a seive" changed to "and a sieve"

p. 519 "chaplet." changed to "chaplet.”"

p. 535 "the pole. American-Horses’" changed to "the pole. American-Horse’s"

p. 551 "Eugéne" changed to "Eugène"

p. 554 "and a a ditch" changed to "and a ditch"

p. 555 "an individul was distinguished" changed to "an individual was distinguished"

Illustration: "Plate XLV" changed to "Plate XLV."

p. 578 "Blackfeet Dakota indian" changed to "Blackfeet Dakota Indian"

p. 579 "the heroic indian" changed to "the heroic Indian"

Illustration: "PL. XLVII" changed to "PL. XLVII."

p. 582 "Kiatexamut" changed to "Kiatéxamut"

p. 588 "third figure show" changed to "third figure shows"

p. 590 "Objiwa." changed to "Ojibwa."

p. 592 "from the the mouth" changed to "from the mouth"

p. 592 (Illustration) "FIG. 892" changed to "FIG. 892."

p. 593 "The first,which" changed to "The first, which"

p. 593 "Fig.896" changed to "Fig. 896"

p. 593 "unaplatable" changed to "unpalatable"

p. 595 (Illustration) "Little-Moon," changed to "Little-Moon."

p. 596 (Illustration) "FIG. 918" changed to "FIG. 918."

p. 600 (Illustration) "FIG. 940" changed to "FIG. 940."

p. 601 (Illustration) "FIG. 946" changed to "FIG. 946."

p. 604 "Cloud Shield’s Winter Count" changed to "Cloud-Shield’s Winter Count"

p. 604 "given in Red Cloud’s" changed to "given in Red-Cloud’s"

pp. 604-5 "the Ho-be-bo" changed to "the Ho-bo-bo"

p. 614 "12 feet long" changed to "12 feet long."

Illustration: "Tenth Annual Report. Plate XLIX" changed to "Tenth Annual Report Plate XLIX."

p. 628 "chief annointed" changed to "chief anointed"

p. 640 "Fig. 988. The first" changed to "Fig. 988.--The first"

p. 640 "by the Minneonjou" changed to "by the Minneconjou"

p. 647 "sculpture in Guamatela" changed to "sculpture in Guatemala"

p. 647 "Apparrently" changed to "Apparently"

p. 647 "eplacing our letters" changed to "replacing our letters"

p. 652 "This isexplained" changed to "This is explained"

p. 652 "the human figureis" changed to "the human figure is"

p. 653 "this symbols" changed to "this symbol"

p. 665 "A.D. 1820" changed to "A. D. 1820"

p. 678 "Figs. 106" changed to "Figs. 70"

p. 681 "F. A Kimball" changed to "F. A. Kimball"

p. 682 "forms of thsee" changed to "forms of these"

p. 685 "grostesque wood" changed to "grotesque wood"

p. 687 "which is larger" changed to "which is larger."

p. 689 "indellible" changed to "indelible"

p. 698 "Coyotero" changed to "Coyotèro"

p. 704 "Bildebuch" changed to "Bilderbuch"

p. 708 "at Rio Janeiro" changed to "at Rio de Janeiro"

p. 712 "longtitude" changed to "longitude"

p. 715 "Hindu hands." changed to "Hindu hands.”"

p. 722 "Pedro de las Rios" changed to "Pedro de los Rios"

p. 729 "FIG. 1233. Crosses." changed to "FIG. 1233.--Crosses."

p. 723 "presented in Fig. 1223" changed to "presented in Fig. 1223."

p. 732 "the +.”" changed to "the +.””"

p. 738 "for drawing." changed to "for drawing.”"

p. 740 "psuedo-science" changed to "pseudo-science"

p. 742 "thenorthern Algonquian" changed to "the northern Algonquian"

p. 747 "purely arbirary" changed to "purely arbitrary"

p. 755 "marying some one" changed to "marrying some one"

p. 757 "carniverous" changed to "carnivorous"

p. 766 "Ojibway Nation." changed to "Ojibway Nation,"

p. 772 "among the petroglpyhs" changed to "among the petroglyphs"

p. 773 "by the aborignes" changed to "by the aborigines"

p. 779 "~AUSLAND~, Das" changed to "~AUSLAND~, Das."

p. 781 "and in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 8^o" changed to "and in Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 8^o."

p. 785 "(Sept. and Oct)" changed to "(Sept. and Oct.)"

p. 787 "(Commodore Charles." changed to "(Commodore Charles)."

p. 791 "Emil" changed to "EMIL"

p. 792 "(I Coll. Mend., Pl. 75)" changed to "(I, Coll. Mend., Pl. 75)"

p. 795 "591-306" changed to "291-306"

p. 795 "Toulouse et Paris. 8^o" changed to "Toulouse et Paris. 8^o."

p. 796 the entry beginning "~McGUIRE~ (JOSEPH D.)" was printed as one paragraph; the format has been regularised.

p. 796 "1857.80" changed to "1857. 8^o"

p. 799 "Kans, La Platte" changed to "Kans., La Platte"

p. 801 "Pedro II. Vols. 1" changed to "Pedro II. Vols. I"

p. 802 "59, Figs," changed to "59, Figs."

p. 809 "Abacu" changed to "Abacus"

p. 810 "near Zuni" changed to "near Zuñi"

p. 810 "color among" changed to "color among, 622"

p. 810 "213-214 468-469" changed to "213-214, 468-469"

p. 811 "Caicara" changed to "Caïcara"

p. 811 "Ceara" changed to "Ceará"

p. 811 "643, 644, 645." changed to "643, 644, 645"

p. 812 "118 119, 120" changed to "118, 119, 120"

p. 812 "starvation, 656." changed to "starvation, 656"

p. 812 the entries for "Corbusier" and "Corados" were printed out of order.

p. 812 "etc 534-537" changed to "etc., 534-537"

p. 813 "Easterisland" changed to "Easter island"

p. 813 "mediaevel" changed to "mediaeval"

p. 813 "Oregon, petrogyphs" changed to "Oregon, petroglyphs"

p. 814 "on Hualpa Indians" changed to "on Hualpai Indians"

p. 815 "Karankawa" changed to "Karánkawa"

p. 815 "Iroquois Indians." changed to "Iroquois Indians,"

p. 815 "Jessakkid" changed to "Jĕssakkīd"

p. 815 "Kitshi Manido" changed to "Kítshi Manidō"

p. 815 "Kta-i Tupakshi" changed to "Ktá-i Tupákshi"

p. 815 "Lisieres" changed to "Lisières"

p. 815 "707-702" changed to "701-702"

p. 816 "Mamore" changed to "Mamoré"

p. 816 "Mide" changed to "Midé"

p. 816 "Midewiwin" changed to "Midēwiwin"

p. 816 The sub-entry for "Migration record of" was printed as a separate entry.

p. 816 "178-176" changed to "178-180"

p. 817 "Naqomqilis" changed to "Naqómqilis"

p. 817 "New Mexico, petroplyphs" changed to "New Mexico, petroglyphs"

p. 818 "351-252" changed to "251-252"

p. 820 "colors by Zuni" changed to "colors by Zuñi"

p. 821 "work among, XVII-XVII" changed to "work among, XVII-XVIII"

p. 821 "Mide cermony" changed to "Midē ceremony"

p. 821 "Tualati" changed to "Tuálati"

The letters identifying the elements in Fig. 653, Fig. 719 and Fig. 936 were not clearly printed.

The following are used inconsistently in the text:

Ânishinabēg and Ânishinabég

archæologist and archeologists (and related words)

Arikara and Arickara

armpit and arm-pit

At-o-sis and Atosis

Baholikonga, Baho-li-kong-ya and Baho li-kong-ya

birchbark and birch-bark

boulder and bowlder

breechcloth and breech-cloth

Clément and Clement

crosspiece and cross-piece

débris and debris

demigods and demi-gods

dogfish and dog-fish

Easter island and Easter Island

extralimital and extra-limital

facsimile and fac-simile

folklore and folk-lore

footpath and foot-path

Góngora and Gongora

Good-Weasel and Good weasel

headdress and head-dress

Hindoo and Hindu

Hoofprints and Hoof-prints

Hopitu and Ho-pi-tu

horsetracks and horse-tracks

inclosures and enclosures

Lenâpé and Lenape

Makwa Manidō and Makwá Manidō

Mañaus and Manaus

Midē' and Midē

northeastern and north-eastern

Oglalas and Oglálas

Ojibway and Ojibwa

pipeclay and pipe-clay

pipestem and pipe-stem

Révue and Revue

right hand and right-hand

rockwriting and rock-writing

smallpox and small-pox

snowshoe and snow-shoe

SOCIÉTÉ and SOCIETE

subclan and sub-clan

subchief and sub-chief

Susbeca and Sus-be-ca

synecdoche and synechdoche

tatoo, tatto and tattoo (and derived forms)

thunder bird, thunder-bird and thunderbird

today and to-day

Wakan-Tanka and Wakan Tanka

warpath and war-path

wildcats and wild-cats

On p. 127 the text refers to two characters k; only one is shown in the illustration.

The following possible errors have not been changed:

On p. 206, several of the figures listed as "Alaskan and Eskimo carvings" appear unrelated.

p. 271 "having been selected"

p. 496 "figures of a man or women"

p. 558 "City of Monreal"

p. 727 incorrectly refers to Fig. 429 as representing petroglyphs at Oakley Springs, Arizona.

Inconsistent use of small capitals for volume numbers in the List of Works and Authors Cited has not been regularised.

The following were hyphenated at the end of lines:

p. 381 magpi-yato

p. 388 Kong-rat

p. 484 U-mi-ne

p. 567 Neta-wa-ya-sink

p. 567 Wikup'bi^n-mi^ns

p. 567 Shage'skike'-dawan'ga

p. 567 Ta'pakwe'-ĭkak

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