Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. 1 (of 8) Aboriginal America (part 7 of 9)

Appendix

I.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ABORIGINAL AMERICA.

By the Editor.

THE student will find a general survey of “Les Sources de l’histoire anté-Colombienne du nouveau monde, par Léon de Rosny,” in the Revue Orientale et Américaine (Mém. de la soc. d’ethnographie) session de 1877 (p. 139). Bancroft in his Native Races (v. 136) makes a similar grouping of the classes of sources relating to the primitive Americans.[1809] These classes are defined in Daniel G. Brinton’s Review of the data for the study of the prehistoric chronology of America (Salem, 1887), from the Proceedings of the Amer. Asso. for the Advancement of Science (vol. xxxvi.), as conveniently divided into groups pertaining to legendary, monumental, industrial, linguistic, physical, and geological phenomena.

There have been given in the Introduction of the present volume the titles of general bibliographies of American histories, most of which include more or less of the titles pertaining to aboriginal times. It is the purpose of the present brief essay to enumerate, in an approximately chronological order, the titles of some of those and of others which are useful to the archæologist. So far as they are of service to the student of the American languages, an extended list will be found prefixed to Pilling’s Proof-Sheets (p. xi).

The earliest American bibliography was that of Antonio de Leon, usually called Pinelo,—Epitome de la Biblioteca oriental y occidental náutica y Geográfica (Madrid, 1629),—but which is usually found in the edition of Gonzales de Barcía, “Añadido y enmendado nuevamente” (Paris, 1737-1738), in which the American titles, including numerous manuscripts, are given in the second volume.[1810]

The Bibliotheca Hispana Nova of Nicolás Antonio was first published at Rome in 1672, but in a second edition at Madrid in 1783-88.[1811]

Passing by the Bibliotheca Mexicana of Eguiara y Eguren,[1812] and the early edition of Beristain, we note the new edition of the latter, prepared not by Juan Evangelista Guadalajara, as Brasseur notes,[1813] but by another, as the title shows,—Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, ó catalogo y noticia de los Literatos que ó nacidos, ó educados, ó florecientes en la America Septentrional Española, han dado á luz algun escrito ó lo han dexado preparado para la prensa por José Mariano Beristain y Martin de Souza. Segunda edicion, por Fortino Hipólito Vera (Amecameca, 1883).

Dr. Robertson intimates that the lists of books which writers of the seventeenth century had been in the habit of prefixing to their books as evidence of their industry had come to be regarded as an ostentatious expression of their learning, and with some hesitancy he counted out to the reader his 717 titles; but Clavigero, as elsewhere pointed out,[1814] was richer in such resources. Humboldt, in his Vues,[1815] gives a list of the authors which he cites.

The class of dealers’ catalogues—we cite only such as have decided bibliographical value—begins to be conspicuous in Paul Trömel’s Bibliothèque Américaine (Leipzig, 1861), the best of the German ones, and in Charles Leclerc’s Bibliotheca Americana (Paris, 1867), much improved in his Bibliotheca Americana. Histoire, géographie, voyages, archéologie et linguistique des deux Amériques et des îles Philippines (Paris, 1878), with later supplements, constituting the best of the French catalogues, provided with an excellent index and a linguistic table, rendered necessary by the classified plan of the list.

The list formed by students in this field begins with the Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima of Harrisse (New York, 1866; additions, Paris, 1872), and includes the Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, précédée d’un coup d’œil sur les études américaines dans leurs rapports avec les études classiques, et suivie du tableau, par ordre alphabétique, des ouvrages de linguistique Américaine contenus dans le même volume (Paris, 1871) of the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, who at that time had been twenty-five years engaged in the studies and travels which led to the gathering of his collection. The library, almost entire, was later joined to that of Alphonse L. Pinart, and was included in the latter’s Catalogue de livres rares et précieux, manuscrits et imprimés (Paris, 1883).

In 1866, Icazbalceta published at Mexico his Apuntes para un Catálogo de Escritores en lenguas indígenas de América,[1816] but of his great bibliographical work only one volume has as yet appeared: Bibliografía Américana del Siglo xvi. Primera parte. Catálogo razonado de libros impresos en México de 1539 à 1600, con biografías de autores y otras ilustraciones, precedido de una noticia acerca de la introducción de la imprenta en México (México, 1886).

Bandelier has embodied some of the results of his study in his “Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America,” in the Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., n. s., i. pp. 82-118.

The catalogues of collections having special reference to aboriginal America are the following:—

Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de José Maria Andrade, 7,000 pièces et volumes, ayant rapport au Méxique ou imprimés dans ce pays (Leipzig, 1869).[1817]

Bibliotheca Mejicana: Books and manuscripts almost wholly relating to the history and literature of North and South America, particularly Mexico (London, 1869). This collection was formed by Augustin Fischer, chaplain to the Emperor Maximilian; but there were added to the catalogue some titles from the collection of Dr. C. H. Berendt.

Catalogue of the library of E. G. Squier, edited by Joseph Sabin (N. Y., 1876).

Bibliotheca Mexicana, or A Catalogue of the library of the rare books and important MSS. relating to Mexico and other parts of Spanish America, formed by the late Señor Don José Fernando Ramirez (London, 1880). This catalogue was edited by the Abbé Fischer.[1818]

The most useful guides to the literature of aboriginal America, however, are some compiled in this country. First, the comprehensive though not yet complete bibliography, Joseph Sabin’s Dictionary of books relating to America, now being continued since Sabin’s death, and with much skill, by Wilberforce Eames. Second, the voluminous Proof-sheets of a Bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians (Washington, 1885), prepared by James Constantine Pilling, tentatively, in a large quarto volume, distributed only to collaborators, and out of which, with emendations and additions, he is now publishing special sections of it, of which have already appeared those relating to the Eskimo and Siouan tongues. His enumeration so much exceeds the range of purely linguistic monographs that the treatises become in effect general bibliographies of aboriginal America.

Third, An Essay towards an Indian bibliography, being a Catalogue of books relating to the history, antiquities, languages, customs, religion, wars, literature and origin of the American Indians, in the library of Thos. W. Field, with bibliographical and historical notes and synopses of the contents of some of the works least known (N. Y., 1873). The sale of Mr. Field’s library took place in New York, May, 1875, from a Catalogue not so elaborate, but still of use. These books are not so accurately compiled as to be wholly trustworthy as final resorts.

Finally, the list prefixed to Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. i., and the references of his foot-notes, throughout his five volumes (condensed often in Short’s North Americans of Antiquity), are on the whole the most serviceable aids to the general student, but unfortunately the index of the set is of no use in searching for bibliographical detail.

The reader will remember that the bibliographies of sectional or partial import in the field of American archæology are referred to elsewhere in the present volume.

II.

THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATISES ON AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.

By the Editor.

AT the time when Bancroft published his Native Races (1875), he referred to John D. Baldwin’s Ancient America (N. Y., 1871) as the only preceding, comprehensive book on America before the Spaniards.[1819] It still remains a convenient book of small compass; but its absence of references to sources precludes its usefulness for purposes of study, and it is not altogether abreast of the latest views. To the popular element a moderate share of the indexical character, rendering the book passably serviceable to the average reader, has been added in the somewhat larger North Americans of Antiquity, their origin, migrations, and type of civilization considered, by John T. Short (N. Y., 1880,—somewhat improved in later editions), though it will be observed that the Peruvian and other South American antiquities have not come within his plan. The latest of these comprehensive books is the Marquis de Nadaillac’s (Jean F. A. du Pouget’s) L’Amérique préhistorique (Paris, 1883), which in an English version by N. D’Anvers was published with the author’s sanction in London in 1882. With revision and some modifications by W. H. Dall, which have not met the author’s sanction, it was republished as Prehistoric America (N. Y., 1884). It is a work of more theoretical tendency than the student wishes to find at the opening stage of his inquiry.

But as a compend of every department of archæological knowledge up to about fifteen years ago no advance has yet been made upon Bancroft’s Native Races as indicative of every channel of investigation which the student can pursue. Upon the monuments of the moundbuilders (iv. ch. 13) and the antiquities of Peru (iv. ch. 14) the treatment is condensed and without references, as occupying a field beyond his primary purpose of covering the Pacific slope of North America and the immediately adjacent regions. Mention is made elsewhere of Bancroft’s methods of compilation, and it may suffice to say that in the five volumes of his Native Races he has drawn and condensed his matter from the writings of about 1200 writers, whose titles he gives in a preliminary list.[1820] The method of arranging the departments of the work is perhaps too far geographical to be always satisfactory to the special student,[1821] and he seems to be aware of it (for instance, i. ch. 2); but it may be questioned if, while writing with, or engrafting upon, an encyclopædic system, what might pass for a continuous narrative, any more scientific plan would have been more successful. Bancroft’s opinions are not always as satisfactory as his material. The student who uses the Native Races for its groups and references will accordingly find a complemental service in Sir Daniel Wilson’s Prehistoric Man (London, 1876), in which the Toronto professor conducts his “researches into the origin of civilization in the old and the new world,” by primarily treating of the early American man, as the readiest way of understanding early man in Europe. His system is to connect man’s development topically in the directions induced by his habits, industries, dwellings, art, records, migrations, and physical characterizations.

Another and older book, in some respects embodying like purposes, and though produced at a time when archæological studies were much less advanced than at present, is Alexander W. Bradford’s American Antiquities and researches into the origin and history of the red race (N. Y., 1841).[1822] The first section of the book is strictly a record of results; but in the final portion the author indulges more in speculative inquiry. Even in this he has not transcended the bounds of legitimate hypothesis, though some of his postulates will hardly be accepted nowadays, as when he contends that the red Indians are the degraded descendants of the people who were connected with the so-called civilization of Central America.[1823]

The periodical literature of a comprehensive sort is not so extensive as treatments of special aspects; but the student will find Poole’s Index and Rhee’s Catalogue and Index of the Smithsonian publications serviceable.

III.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE INDUSTRIES AND TRADE OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES.

By the Editor.

WHILE we have a moderate list of works on the general subject of prehistoric art and industries,[1824] we lack any comprehensive survey of the subject as respects the American continent, and must depend on sectional and local treatment. Humboldt in the introduction to his Atlas of his Essai politique (Paris, 1813) was among the earliest to grasp the material which illustrates the origin and first progress of the arts in America. The arts of the southern regions and western coasts of North America are best followed in those portions of the chapters on the Wild Tribes, devoted to the subject, which make up the first volume of Bancroft’s Native Races,[1825] and for Mexican and Maya productions some chapters (ch. 15, 24) in the second volume. Prescott’s treatment of the more advanced peoples of this region is scant (Mexico, i., introd., ch. 5). The art in stone of the Pueblo Indians is beautifully illustrated in Putnam’s portion of Wheeler’s Report of his survey, and comparison may be made with Hayden’s Annual Rept. (1876) of the U. S. Geol. and Geographical Survey. The work of Putnam and his collaborators in the archæological volume (vii.) of Wheeler’s Survey is probably the most complete account of the implements, ornaments and utensils of any one people (those of Southern California) yet produced; and its illustrations have not been surpassed. Passing north, we shall get some help from E. L. Berthoud’s paper on the “Prehistoric human art from Wyoming and Colorado,” in his “Journal of a reconnaissance in Creek Valley, Col.,” published by the Colorado Acad. of Nat. Sciences (Proceedings, 1872, p. 46). In the Pacific Rail Road Reports (vol. iii. in 1856) there is a paper by Thomas Ewbank in “Illustrations of Indian antiquities and arts.” S. S. Haldeman has described the relics of human industry found in a rock shelter in southeastern Pennsylvania (Compte Rendu, Cong. des Amér., Luxembourg, ii. 319; and Transactions Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878). The best of all the more comprehensive monographs is Charles C. Abbott’s Primitive industry: or illustrations of the handiwork, in stone, bone and clay, of the native races of the Northern Atlantic seaboard of America (Salem, 1881). Morgan’s League of the Iroquois touches in some measure of the arts of that confederacy, his earliest study being in the Fifth Report of the Regents of the State of New York (1852).

For the Canada regions, the Annual Reports of the Canadian Institute, appended to the Reports of the Minister of Education, Ontario, contain accounts of the discovery of objects of stone, horn, and shell. (See particularly the sessions of 1886-87.) Dawson in his Fossil men (ch. 6) considers what he accounts the lost arts of the primitive races of North America. On the other hand, Professor Leidy found still in use among the present Shoshones split pebbles resembling the rudest stone implements of the palæolithic period (U. S. Geological Survey, 1872, p. 652).

Many archæologists have remarked on the uniform character of many prehistoric implements, wherever found, as precluding their being held as ethnical evidences. The system of quarrying[1826] for flint best fitted for the tool-maker’s art has been observed by Wilson (Prehistoric man, i. 68) both in the old and new world, and in his third chapter (vol. i.) we have a treatise on the ancient stone-worker’s art.[1827]

Treating the subject topically, we find the late Charles Rau making some special studies of the implements used in native agriculture[1828] in the Smithsonian Reports for 1863, 1868, and 1869.[1829] The agriculture of the Aztecs and Mayas is treated in Max Steffen’s Die Landwirtschaft bei den altamerikanischen Kulturvölkern (Leipzig, 1883).[1830]

The working of flint or obsidian into arrowpoints or cutting implements is a process by pressure that has not been wholly lost. Old workshops, or the chips of them, have been discovered, and they are found in numerous localities (Wilson’s Prehistoric Man, i. 75, 79; Abbott’s Primitive Industry, and Putnam in the Bull. Essex Institute), but Powell in his Report of Explorations of the Colorado of the West (1873) does not, as Wilson says he does, describe the present ways.[1831]

Wilson (Prehistoric Man, i. ch. 4 and 7) in an essay on the bone and ivory workers substitutes for the corresponding words usually employed in classifying stone implements the terms palæotechnic and neotechnic, as indicating periods of progress, in order that the art of making tools in horn, bone, shell, and ivory might have a better recognition, as of equal importance with that of making such in stone. Separate treatises are few. Morgan has a paper on the bone implements of the Arickarees in the 21st Rept. of the Regents of the University of the State of N. Y. (1871), and Rau’s monograph on Prehistoric fishing in Europe and North America, one of the Smithsonian Contributions (1884), involves the making of fish-hooks of bone. See also Putnam in the Peabody Museum Reports, and in Wheeler’s Survey, vol. vii.; Wyman’s contributions on the shell heaps, and the Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist. for such as have been found in the ash-pits of Madisonville. On shell-work there is a section in Foster’s Prehistoric Races (p. 234); a paper by W. H. Holmes in the Second Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology (p. 179); and one on American shell-work and its affinities by Miss Buckland in the Journal Anthropol. Inst., xvi. 155.

From the primitive materials of stone, bone, horn, or shell, we pass to metals; but as Wilson (i. p. 174) says, “if metal could be found capable of being wrought and fashioned without smelting or moulding, its use was perfectly compatible with the simple arts of the stone period, as a mere malleable stone;” and to the present day, he adds, the rude American race has no knowledge of working metal, except by pounding or grinding it cold.[1832] The story which Brereton tells in his account of Gosnold’s visit (1602) to New England, about the finding of abundant metal implements in use among the natives, is questioned (Baldwin’s Ancient America, p. 62). We have the evidences of the early mining[1833] of copper extending for over a hundred miles along the southern shores of Lake Superior and on Isle Royale, in the abandoned trenches and tools first discovered in 1847; and in one case there was found a mass of native copper (ten feet by three and two, and weighing over six tons) which had been elevated on a wooden frame prior to removal, and was discovered in this condition.[1834] There are also indications that the manufacture of copper tools was carried on in the neighborhood of the mines (Wilson, i. 213); and chemical tests have shown that a popular belief in the tempering of metal by these early peoples is without foundation.[1835]

It seems to be a fact that while in the use of metals an intermediate stage of pure copper, as coming between the use of bone and stone and the use of alloyed metals, was not until comparatively recently suspected in Great Britain, the “peculiar interest attaches to the metallurgy of the new world that there all the earlier stages are clearly defined: the pure native metal wrought by the hammer without the aid of fire; the melted and moulded copper; the alloyed bronze; and the smelting, soldering, graving, and other processes resulting from accumulating experience and matured skill” (Wilson, i. 230). It is in the regions extending from Mexico to Peru that the art of alloying introduces us to the American bronze age. Columbus in his fourth voyage found in a vessel which had come alongside from Yucatan crucibles to melt copper, as Herrera tells us; and Humboldt was among the earliest to discover tools alloyed of copper and tin, and many such alloys have since been recognized among Peruvian bronzes (Wilson, i. 239). In Mexico, metallurgic arts were carried perhaps even farther in casting and engraving, and not only the results but the evidences of their mining places have remained to our day (Ibid. i. 248). It seems evident, however, that experimenting with them had not carried them so near the perfect combination for tool-making (one part tin to nine parts copper) as the bronze people of Europe had reached, though they fell considerably short of the exact standard (Ibid. i. 234). Doubt has sometimes been expressed of Mexican mining for copper, as by Frederick von Hellwald (Compte Rendu, Cong. des Américanistes, 1877, i. 51); but Rau indicated the references[1836] to Short (p. 94), which forcibly led him to the conclusion that the Mexicans mined copper to turn into tools.[1837] Among the Mayas, Nadaillac (p. 269) contends that only copper and gold were in use. Bancroft (ii. 749) thinks the use of copper doubtful, and if used, that it must have been got from the north. He cites the evidences of the use of gold. William H. Holmes discusses The use of gold and other metals among the ancient inhabitants of Chiriqui, Isthmus of Darien (Washington, 1887). As to iron, that found in the Ohio mounds, only of late years, has been proved to be meteoric iron by Professor Putnam (Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Apr., 1883). Bancroft (i. 164) says iron was in use among the British Columbian tribes before contact with the whites, but it was probably derived through some indirect means from the whites. Though iron ore abounds in Peru, and the character of the Peruvian stone-cutting would seem to indicate its use, and though there is a native word for it, no iron implements have been found.[1838] There is not much recorded of the use of silver. It has been found by Putnam in the mounds in thin sheets, used as plating for other metals.[1839] He has also found native silver in masses, and in one case a small bit of hammered gold.

* * * * *

Wilson, in 1876, while regretting the dispersion of the William Bullock collection of pottery, the destruction of that formed by Stephens and Catherwood, and the transference to an English museum of most of the specimens gathered by Squier and Davis, lamented that no American collection[1840] had been yet formed adequate to the requirements of the students of American archæology and ethnology. Since that date, however, the collections in the National Museum (Smithsonian Institution) at Washington and in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge have largely grown; and especially for the fictile art and work in stone of Spanish North America the Museo Nacional in Mexico has assumed importance. The collection in the possession of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia,[1841] since transferred to the Philadelphia Academy, is also of value for the study of the pottery of middle America.

Rau has supplied a leading paper on American pottery in the Smithsonian Report, 1866; and E. A. Barber has touched the subject in papers at the Copenhagen, Luxembourg, and Madrid meetings of the Congrès des Américanistes, and in the American Antiquarian (viii. 76).[1842] W. H. Holmes has a paper on the origin and development of form and of ornament in ceramic art in the Fourth Report, Bureau of Ethnology, p. 437.

For local characters there are various monographs.[1843]

There is no satisfactory evidence that the potter’s wheel was known to any American tribe; but Wilson, in his chapter on ceramic art (Prehistoric Man, ii. ch. 16), feels convinced that the early potter employed some sort of mechanical process, giving a revolving motion to his clay.

Modelling in clay for other purposes than the making of vessels is also considered in this same seventeenth chapter of Wilson, and the subject runs, as respects masks, figurines, and general ornamentation, into the wide range of aboriginal art, which necessarily makes part of all comprehensive histories of art. W. H. Dall has a paper on Indian masks in the Third Report, Bureau of Ethnology, p. 73. The subject is further treated by Wilson in a paper on “The artistic faculty in the aboriginal races,” in the Proceedings (iii., 2d part, 67, 119) of the Royal Society of Canada, and again in a general way by Nadaillac on L’art préhistorique en Amérique (Paris, 1883), taken from the Revue des deux Mondes, Nov. 1, 1883.[1844]

* * * * *

As regards the textile art in prehistoric times, see for a general view W. H. Holmes in the American Antiquarian, viii. 261; and the same archæologist has treated the subject on the evidences of the impression of textures as preserved in pottery, in the Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 393. Cf. Sellers in Popular Science Journal, and Wyman in Peabody Museum Reports.

J. W. Foster first made (1838) the discovery of relics of textile fabrics of the moundbuilders; but he did not announce his discovery till at the Albany meeting (1851) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Transactions, 1852, vol. vi. p. 375). He tells the story in his Prehistoric Races, p. 222, and figures the implements, found in the mounds, supposed to be employed in the making their cloth with warp and woof. Putnam has since made similar discoveries (Peabody Museum Reports). The subject is also treated in the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The fabrics were preserved by being placed in contact with copper implements.

The Indians of New Mexico were found by the Spaniards in possession of the art of weaving. Cf. Washington Matthews on the Navajo weavers, in the Third Rept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 371, and Bancroft (i. 582), who also records the making of fabrics by the wild tribes of Central America (Ibid. i. 766-67). He also notes the references to the textile manufactures of the Nahuas and Mayas (ii. 484, 752). The richest accumulation of graphic data relative to the fabrics of Peru is contained in the great work on the Necropolis of Ancon.

Feather-work was an important industry in some parts of the continent. The subject is studied in Ferdinand Denis’ Arte plumaria: Les plumes, leur valeur et leur emploi dans les arts au Méxique, au Pérou, au Brésil et dans les Indes et dans l’Océanie (Paris, 1875).[1845]

Lewis H. Morgan’s Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines (Washington, 1881) is the completest study of the habitations of the early peoples; but it is written too exclusively in the light of universal communal custom, and this must be borne in mind in using it. The edifices of middle America and Peru have been given a bibliographical apparatus in another part of the present volume; but references may be made to Wilson’s Prehistoric Man (ii. ch. 16), Viollet le Duc’s Habitations of Man, translated by R. Bucknall (Boston, 1876), and to Bandelier’s Archæological Tour, 226, where he quotes as typical the description of a native house in 1583, drawn by Juan Bautista Pomar.

There is no good comprehensive account of American prehistoric trade. The T-shaped pieces of copper in use by the Mexicans came nearest to currency as we understand it, unless it be the wampum of the North American Indians, and the shell money in use on the Pacific coast; but it should be remembered that copper axes and copper plates served such a purpose with some tribes.[1846] The Peruvians used weights, but the Mexicans did not. The latter had, however, a system of measures of length.[1847] The canoe was a great intermediary in the practice of barter.[1848] The Peruvians alone understood the use of sails, and the earliest Spanish navigators on the Pacific were surprised at what they thought were civilized predecessors in those seas when they espied in the distance the large white sails of the Peruvian rafts of burden.[1849] The chief source of trade in such conditions was barter, and we know how the Mexican travelling merchants got information that was availed of by the Mexican marauders in their invasions. Bandelier[1850] gives us the references on the barter system, the traders, and the currency in that country, and we need to consult Dr. W. Behrnauer’s Essai sur le Commerce dans l’ancien Méxique et en Pérou, in the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France (n. s., vol. i.).

All the treatises on the mounds of the Ohio Valley derive illustrations of intertribal traffic from the shells of the coast, the copper of Lake Superior, the mica of the Alleghanies, the obsidian of the Rocky Mountains or of Mexico, and the unique figurines which the explorations of the mounds have disclosed. Charles Rau has a paper on this aboriginal trade in North America, published in the Archiv für Anthroplogie (Braunschweig, 1872, vol. iv.), which was republished in English in the Smithsonian Report, 1872, p. 249. Bancroft’s references under “Commerce” (v. p. 668) will help the student out in various particulars.

IV.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON AMERICAN LINGUISTICS.

By the Editor.

IT cannot be said that the study of American linguistics has advanced to a position wholly satisfactory. It is beset with all the difficulties belonging to a subject that has not been embraced in written records for long periods, and it is open to the hazards of articulation and hearing, acting without entire mutual confidence. And yet we may not dispute Max Müller’s belief,[1851] that it is the science of language which has given the first comprehensive impulse to the study of mankind.

Out of the twenty distinct sounds which it is said the voice of man can produce,[1852] there have been built up from roots and combinations a great diversity of vocabularies. Comparisons of these, as well as of the methods of forming sentences, have been much used in investigations of ethnical relations. Of these opposing methods, neither is sufficiently strong, it is probable, to be pressed without the aid of the other, though the belief of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington, under the influence of Major Powell, practically discards all tests but the vocabulary, in tracing ethnological relations. It is held that this one test of words satisfies, as to customs, myths, and other ethnological traits, more demands of classifications than any other. Granted that it does, there are questions yet unsolvable by it; and many ethnologists hold that there are still other tests, physiological, for instance,[1853] which cannot safely be neglected in settling such complex questions. The favorite claim of the Bureau is that its officers are studying man as a human being, and not as an animal; but it is by no means sure that the physical qualities of man are so disconnected with his mind and soul as to be unnecessary to his interpretation. Even if language be given the chief place in such studies, there is still the doubt if the vocabulary can in all ways be safely followed to the exclusion of the structure of the language; and it is not to be forgotten, as Haven recognized thirty years ago, that “one of the greatest obstacles to a successful and satisfactory comparison of Indian vocabularies is caused by the capricious and ever-varying orthography applied by writers of different nations.” This is a chance of error that cannot be eliminated when we have to deal with lists of words made in the past, by persons not to be communicated with, in whom both national and personal peculiarities of ear and vocal organs may exist to perplex. A part of the difficulty is of course removed by trained assistants acting in concert, though in different fields; but the individual sharpness or dulness of ear and purity and obscurity of articulation will still cause diversity of results,—to say nothing of corresponding differences in the persons questioned. There is still the problem, broader than all these divisionary tests, whether language is at all a safe test of race, and on this point there is room for different opinions, as is shown in the discussions of Sayce, Whitney, and others.[1854] “Any attempt,” says Max Müller, “at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily fail.”[1855] On the other hand, George Bancroft (Final revision, ii. 90) says that “the aspect of the red men was so uniform that there is no method of grouping them into families but by their languages.”

It is the wide margin for error, already indicated, that vitiates much that has already been done in philological comparisons, and the over-eager recognition at all times of what is thought to be the word-shunting of “Grimm’s Law” has doubtless been responsible for other confusions.[1856]

Most of the general philological treatises touch more or less intimately the question of language as a test of race,[1857] and all of them engage in tracing affinities, each with confidence in a method that others with equal assurance may belittle.[1858] Thus Bancroft,[1859] reflecting an opinion long prevalent, says that “positive grammatical rules carry with them much more weight than mere word likenesses,”[1860] while, on the contrary, Dawson[1861] says that “grammar is, after all, only the clothing of language. The science consists in its root-words; and multitudes of root-words are identical in the American languages over vast areas.” This last proposition is, as we have seen, the principle on which this inquiry is now conducted with governmental patronage. “Each American language,” says George Bancroft, in his chapter on the dialects of North America, “was competent of itself, without improvement of scholars, to exemplify every rule of the logician and give utterance to every passion.” In accordance with such perhaps extreme views, it has been usually said that the American languages are in development in advance of aboriginal progress in other respects. It is another common observation that while a certain resemblance runs through all the native tongues,[1862] there is no such general resemblance to the old-world languages;[1863] but at the same time the linguistic proof of the unity of the American race is not irrefragable,[1864] and it would take tens of thousands of years, as Brinton holds, if there had been a single source, for the eighty stocks of the North American and for the hundred South American speeches to have developed themselves in all their varieties.[1865] Proceeding beyond stocks to dialects, and counting varieties, Ludewig, in his Literature of the American Languages, gave 1,100 different American languages; but an alphabetical list given by H. W. Bates in his Central America, West Indies and South America (London, 1882, 2d ed.)[1866] affords 1,700 names of such. The number, of course, depends on how exclusive we are in grouping dialects. Squier, for instance, gives only 400 tongues for both North and South America; for, as Nadaillac says, “philology has no precise definition of what constitutes a language.”[1867]

The most comprehensive survey of the bibliography of American linguistics, excluding South America, is in Pilling’s Proof-sheets of a bibliography of the languages of the North American Indians (Washington, 1885), a tentative issue of the Bureau of Ethnology, already mentioned. Pilling also earlier catalogued the linguistic MSS. in the library of the Bureau of Ethnology, in Powell’s First Report of that Bureau (p. 553), in which that bibliographer also gave a sketch of the history of gathering such collections. A section of the Bibliotheca Americana of Charles Leclerc (Paris, 1878) is given to linguistics, and it affords by groups one of the best keys to the literature of the aboriginal languages which we yet have, and it has been supplemented by additional lists issued since by Maisonneuve of Paris. Ludewig’s Literature of American Aboriginal Languages, with additions by W. Turner (London, 1858), was up to date, thirty years ago, a good list of grammars and dictionaries, but the increase has been considerable in this field since then (Pilling’s Eskimo Languages, p. 62). The libraries of collectors of Spanish-American history, as enumerated elsewhere,[1868] have usually included much on the linguistic history, and the most important of the printed lists for Mexico and Central America is that of Brasseur de Bourbourg’s Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, précédée d’un coup d’œil sur les études américaines dans leurs rapports avec les études classiques, et suivi du tableau, par ordre alphabétique, des ouvrages de linguistique américaine contenus dans le même volume (Paris, 1871). This list is repeated with additions in the Catalogue de Alphonse L. Pinart et ... de Brasseur de Bourbourg (Paris, 1883). Field’s Indian Bibliography characterizes some of the leading books up to 1873; but the best source up to about the same date for a large part of North America is found in the notes in that section of Bancroft’s Native Races, vol. iii., given to linguistics.[1869] The several Comptes Rendus of the Congrès des Américanistes have sections on the same subject, and the second volume of the Contributions to North American Ethnology, published by the U. S. Geological Survey (Powell’s), has been kept back for the completion of the linguistic studies of the government officials, which will ultimately, under the care of A. S. Gatschet, compose that belated volume. Major Powell, in his conduct of ethnological investigations for the United States government, has found efficient helpers in James C. Pilling, J. Owen Dorsey, S. R. Riggs, A. S. Gatschet, not to name others. Powell outlined some of his own views in an address on the evolution of language before the Anthropological Society of Washington, of which there is an abstract in their Transactions (1881), while the paper can be found in perfected shape as “The evolution of language from a study of the Indian languages,” in the First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.

Among the earliest of the students of the native languages in the north were the Catholic missionaries in Canada and in the northwest, and there is much of interest in their observations as recorded in the Jesuit Relations. We find a Dictionnaire de la langue huronne in the Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons (Paris, 1632, etc.).

The most conspicuous of the English publications of the seventeenth century was the Natick rendering of the Bible for the Massachusetts Indians, undertaken by the Apostle John Eliot, as he was called, at the expense of the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Eliot also published a Grammar of the Massachusetts Indian Language (Cambridge, 1666), which, with notes by Peter S. Duponceau and an introduction by John Pickering, was printed for the Mass. Hist. Society in 1822, as was John Cotton’s Vocabulary of the Massachusetts Indian Language (Cambridge, 1830). Roger Williams’ Key into the language of America has been elsewhere referred to.[1870] The Rev. Jonathan Edwards wrote a paper on the language of the Mohegan Indians, which, with annotations by Pickering, was printed in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. in 1823, and is called by Haven (Archæol. U. S., 29) the earliest exposition of the radical connection of the American languages. Dr. James Hammond Trumbull, the most learned of the students of these eastern languages, has furnished various papers on them in the publications of the American Philological Association and of the American Antiquarian Society,[1871] and has summarized the literature of the subject, with references, in the Memorial Hist. of Boston (vol. i.).

In the eighteenth century there were several philological recorders among the missionaries. Sebastian Rasle made a Dictionary of the Abnake Language, now preserved in MS. in Harvard College library, which, edited by John Pickering, was published as a volume of the Memoirs of the Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1833. A grammatical sketch of the Abnake as outlined in Rasle’s Dictionary is given by M. C. O’Brien in the Maine Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. ix. The publications of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia have preserved for us the vocabularies and grammars of the Delaware language, collected and arranged by John Heckewelder[1872] and David Zeisberger, while the latter Moravian missionary collected a considerable MS. store of linguistic traces of the Indian tongues, a part of which is now preserved in Harvard College library.[1873] One of this last collection, an Indian Dictionary; English, German, Iroquois (the Onondaga), and Algonquin (the Delaware) (Cambridge, 1887,) has been carefully edited for the press by Eben Norton Horsford. Dr. John G. Shea published a Dictionnaire Français-Onontagué, édité d’après un manuscrit du 17^e siècle (N. Y., 1859), which is preserved in the Mazarin library in Paris.

There was no attempt made to treat the study of the American languages in what would now be termed a scientific spirit by any English scholar till towards the end of the eighteenth century. The whole question of the origin of the Indians had for a long time been the subject of discussion, and it had of necessity taken more or less of a philological turn from the beginning; but the inquiry had been simply a theoretical one, with efforts to substantiate preconceived beliefs rather than to formulate inductive ones, as in such works as—not to name others—Adair’s American Indians (London, 1775), where every trace was referable to the Jews, and Count de Gebelin’s Monde Primitif (Paris, 1781), where a comparison of American and European vocabularies is given.[1874]

A much closer student appeared in Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia, though he was not wholly emancipated from these same prevalent notions of connecting the Indian tongues with the old-world speeches. He says that he was instigated to the study by Pallas’ Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa (Petropolis, 1786, 1789), and the result was his New View of the Origin of the tribes and nations of America (Philad., 1797; again, 1798). He sets forth in his introduction his methods of study. Charlevoix had suggested that the linguistic test was the only one in studying the ethnological connections of these peoples; but Barton asserted that there were other manifestations, equally important, like the physical aspects, the modes of worship, and the myths. He examined forty different Indian languages, and thinks they show a common origin, and that remotely a connection existed between the old and new continents.

The most eminent American student[1875] of this field in the early half of this century was Albert Gallatin. He began his observations in 1823, at the instance of Humboldt, and two years later he took advantage of a representative convocation of Indian tribes, then held in Washington, to continue his studies of their speech. In 81 tribes brought under his notice he found what he thought to be 27 or 28 linguistic families. This was a wider survey than had before been made, and he regretted that he was not privileged to profit by the vocabularies collected by Lewis and Clark, which had unfortunately been lost. At the request of the Amer. Antiquarian Society, he wrote out and enlarged this study in the second volume of their Collections in 1836, and advanced views that he never materially changed, believing in a very remote Asiatic origin of the tongues, and without excepting the Eskimos from his conclusions. In 1845, in his Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico, his conclusions were much the same, but he made an exception in favor of the Otomis. At this time he counted more than a hundred languages, similar in structure but different in vocabularies, and he argued that a very long period was necessary thus to differentiate the tongues. At the age of eighty-seven Gallatin gave his final results in vol. ii. of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (1848). Gallatin published a review[1876] of the volume on Ethnography and Philology, which had been prepared by Horatio Hale as the seventh volume of the Publications of the Wilkes United States Exploring Expedition (1838-42), and Hale himself, then in the beginning of his reputation as a linguistic scholar,[1877] published some papers of his own in the same volume of the Transactions.[1878]

The two Americans who have done more than others, without the aid of the government, to organize aboriginal linguistic studies are Dr. John Gilmary Shea of Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton of Philadelphia. Of Shea’s Library of American Linguistics he has given an account in the Smithsonian Rept., 1861.[1879]

Dr. Brinton has set forth the purposes of his linguistic studies in an address before the Pennsylvania Historical Society, American Aboriginal Languages and why we should study them (Philad., 1885,—from the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 1885, p. 15). In starting his Library of Aboriginal American Literature, he announced his purpose to put within the reach of scholars authentic materials for the study of the languages and culture of the native races, each work to be the production of the native mind, and to be printed in the original tongue, with a translation and notes, and to have some intrinsic historical or ethnological importance.[1880]

The other considerable collections are both French. Alphonse L. Pinart published a _Bibliothèque de linguistique et d’ethnographie Américaines_ (Paris and San Francisco, 1875-82).[1881]

The publishing house of Maisonneuve et Compagnie of Paris, which has done more than any other business firm to advance these studies, has conducted a Collection linguistique Américaine, of much value to American philologists.[1882]

Other French studies have attracted attention. Pierre Etienne Duponceau published a Mémoire sur le système grammatical des langues de quelques nations indiennes de l’Amérique du Nord (Paris, 1838).[1883] He conducted a correspondence with the Rev. John Heckewelder respecting the American tongues, which is published in the Transactions of the Amer. Philosophical Society (Phil., 1819), and he translated Zeisberger’s Delaware Grammar.

The studies of the Abbé Jean André Cuoq have been upon the Algonquin dialects,[1884] and published mainly in the Actes de la Société philologique (Paris, 1869 and later). His monographic Etudes philologiques sur quelques langues sauvages de l’Amérique was printed at Montreal, 1866. It was the result of twenty years’ missionary work among the Iroquois and Algonquins, and besides a grammar contains a critical examination of the works of Duponceau and Schoolcraft. Lucien Adam has been very comprehensive in his researches, his studies being collected under the titles of Etudes sur six langues Américaines (Paris, 1878) and Examen grammatical comparé de seize langues Américaines (Paris, 1878).[1885]

The papers of the Count Hyacinthe de Charencey have been in the first instance for the most part printed in the Revue de Linguistique, the Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne, and the Mémoires de l’Académie de Caen, and have wholly pertained to the tongues south of New Mexico; but his principal studies are collected in his Mélanges de philologie et de paléographie Américaines (Paris, 1883).[1886]

The most distinguished German worker in this field, if we except the incidental labors of Alexander and William von Humboldt,[1887] is J. C. E. Buschmann, whose various linguistic labors cover the wide field of the west coast of North America from Alaska to the Isthmus, with some of the regions adjacent on the east. He published his papers in Berlin between 1853 and 1864, and many of them in the Mémoires de l’Académie de Berlin.[1888]

Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt has published his papers in Spanish, English, and German, and some of them will be found in the Smithsonian Reports, in the Berlin Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, and in the Revista de Mérida. Under the auspices of the American Ethnological Society, a fac-simile reproduction of his graphic Analytical Alphabet for the Mexican and Central American languages was published in 1869, the result of twelve years’ study in those countries.[1889]

* * * * *

The languages of what are called the civilized nations of the central regions of America deserve more particular attention.

In the Mexican empire the Aztec was largely predominant, but not exclusively spoken, for about twenty other tongues were more or less in vogue in different parts. Humboldt and others have found occasional traces in words of an earlier language than the Aztec or Nahua, but different from the Maya, which in Brasseur’s opinion was the language of the country in those pre-Nahua days. Bancroft, contrary to some recent philologists, holds the speech of the Toltec, Chichimec, and Aztec times to be one and the same.[1890] It was perhaps the most copious and most perfected of all the aboriginal tongues; and in proof of this are cited the opinions of the early Spanish scholars, the successes of the missionaries in the use of it in imparting the subtleties of their faith, and the literary use which was made of it by the native scholars, as soon as they had adapted the Roman alphabet to its vocabulary and forms.[1891]

The Maya has much the same prominence farther south that the Nahua has in the northerly parts of the territory of the Spanish conquest, and a dialect of it, the Tzendal, still spoken near Palenqué, is considered to be the oldest form of it, though probably this dialect was a departure from the original stock. It is one of the evidences that the early Mayas may have come by way of the West India islands that modern philologists say the native tongues of those islands were allied to the Maya. Bancroft (iii. 759, with other references, 760) refers to the list of spoken tongues given in Palacio’s Carta al Rey de España (1576) as the best enumeration of the early Spanish writers.[1892] For its literary value we must consult some of the authorities like Orozco y Berra, mentioned in connection with the Aztec. Squier published a Monograph of authors who have written on the languages of Central America, and collected vocabularies and composed works in the native dialects of that country (Albany, 1861,—100 copies), in which he mentions 110 such authors, and gives a list of their printed and MS. works. Those who have used these native tongues for written productions are named in Ludewig’s Literature of the Amer. Aborig. Languages (London, 1858) and in Brinton’s Aboriginal American Authors (Phila., 1883).[1893]

The philology of the South American peoples has not been so well compassed as that of the northern continent. The classified bibliographies show the range of it under such heads as Ande (or Campa), Araucanians (Chilena), Arrawak, Aymara, Brazil (the principal work being F. P. von Martius’s Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika’s, zumal Brasiliens, Leipzig, 1867, with a second part called Glossaria linguarum brasiliensium, Erlangen, 1863), Chama, Chibcha (or Muysca, Mosca), Cumanagota, Galibi, Goajira, Guarani, Kiriri (Kariri), Lule, Moxa, Paez, Quichua, Tehuelhet, Tonocote, Tupi, etc.

V.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE MYTHS AND RELIGIONS OF AMERICA.

By the Editor.

THE earliest scholarly examination of the whole subject, which has been produced by an American author, is Daniel G. Brinton’s Myths of the New World, a treatise on the symbolism and mythology of the Red Race of America (N. Y., 1868; 2d ed., 1876). It is a comparative study, “more for the thoughtful general reader than for the antiquary,” as the author says. “The task,” he adds, “bristles with difficulties. Carelessness, prepossessions, and ignorance have disfigured the subject with false colors and foreign additions without number” (p. 3). After describing the character of the written, graphic, or symbolic records, which the student of history has to deal with in tracing North American history back before the Conquest, he adds, while he deprives mythology of any historical value, that the myths, being kept fresh by repetition, were also nourished constantly by the manifestations of nature, which gave them birth. So while taking issue with those who find history buried in the myths, he warns us to remember that the American myths are not the reflections of history or heroes. In the treatment of his subject he considers the whole aboriginal people of America as a unit, with “its religion as the development of ideas common to all its members, and its myths as the garb thrown around those ideas by imaginations more or less fertile; but seeking everywhere to embody the same notions.”[1894] This unity of the American races is far from the opinion of other ethnologists.

Brinton gives a long bibliographical note on those who had written on the subject before him, in which he puts, as the first (1819) to take a philosophical survey, Dr. Samuel Farmer Jarvis in a Discourse on the religion of the Indian tribes of North America, printed in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. (1821). Jarvis confined himself to the tribes north of Mexico, and considered their condition, as he found it, one of deterioration from something formerly higher. There had been, of course, before this, amassers of material, like the Jesuits in Canada, as preserved in their Relations,[1895] sundry early French writers on the Indians,[1896] the English agents of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, and the Moravian missionaries in Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, to say nothing of the historians, like Loskiel (Geschichte der Mission, 1789), Vetromile (Abnakis and their History, New York, 1866), Cusick (Six Nations), not to mention local observers, like Col. Benjamin Hawkins, Sketch of the Creek Country (Georgia Hist. Soc. Collections, 1848, but written about 1800).

If the placing of Brinton’s book as the earliest scholarly contribution is to be contested, it would be for E. G. Squier’s Serpent Symbol in America (N. Y., 1851);[1897] but the book is not broadly based, except so far as such comprehensiveness can be deduced from his tendency to consider all myths as having some force of nature for their motive, and that all are traceable to an instinct that makes the worship of fire or of the sun the centre of a system.[1898] With this as the source of life, Squier allies the widespread phallic worship. In Bancroft’s Native Races (iii. p. 501) there is a summary of what is known of this American worship of the generative power. Brinton doubts (Myths, etc., 149) if anything like phallic worship really existed, apart from a wholly unreligious surrender to appetite.

Another view which Squier maintains is, that above all this and pervading all America’s religious views there was a sort of rudimentary monotheism.[1899]

When we add to this enumeration the somewhat callow and wholly unsatisfactory contributions of Schoolcraft in the great work on the Indian Tribes of the United States (1851-59), which the U. S. government in a headlong way sanctioned, we have included nearly all that had been done by American authors in this field when Bancroft published the third volume of his Native Races. This work constitutes the best mass of material for the student—who must not confound mythology and religion—to work with, the subject being presented under the successive heads of the origin of myths and of the world, physical and animal myths, gods, supernatural beings, worship and the future state; but of course, like all Bancroft’s volumes, it must be supplemented by special works pertaining to the more central and easterly parts of the United States, and to the regions south of Panama. The deficiency, however, is not so much as may be expected when we consider the universality of myths. “Unfortunately,” says this author, “the philologic and mythologic material for such an exhaustive synthesis of the origin and relations of the American creeds as Cox has given to the world in the Aryan legends in his Mythology of the Aryan Nations (London, 1870) is yet far from complete.”

In 1882 Brinton, after riper study, again recast his views of a leading feature of the subject in his American hero-myths; a study in the native religions of the western continent (Philad., 1882), in which he endeavored to present “in a critically correct light some of the fundamental conceptions in the native beliefs.” His purpose was to counteract what he held to be an erroneous view in the common practice of considering “American hero-gods as if they had been chiefs of tribes at some undetermined epoch,” and to show that myths of similar import, found among different peoples, were a “spontaneous production of the mind, and not a reminiscence of an historic event.” He further adds as one of the impediments in the study that he does “not know of a single instance on this continent of a thorough and intelligent study of a native religion made by a Protestant missionary.”[1900] After an introductory chapter on the American myths, Brinton in this volume takes up successively the consideration of the hero-gods of the Algonquins and Iroquois, the Aztecs, Mayas, and the Quichuas of Peru. These myths of national heroes, civilizers, and teachers are, as Brinton says, the fundamental beliefs of a very large number of American tribes, and on their recognition and interpretation depends the correct understanding of most of their mythology and religious life,—and this means, in Brinton’s view, that the stories connected with these heroes have no historic basis.[1901]

The best known of the comprehensive studies by a European writer is J. G. Müller’s Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen (Basle, 1855; again in 1867), in which he endeavors to work out the theory that at the south there is a worship of nature, with a sun-worship for a centre, contrasted at the north with fetichism and a dread of spirits, and these he considers the two fundamental divisions of the Indian worship. Bancroft finds him a chief dependence at times, but Brinton, charging him with quoting in some instances at second-hand, finds him of no authority whatever.

One of the most reputable of the German books on kindred subjects is the Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1862-66) of Theodor Waitz. Brinton’s view of it is that no more comprehensive, sound, and critical work on the American aborigines has been written; but he considers him astray on the religious phases, and that his views are neither new nor tenable when he endeavors to subject moral science to a realistic philosophy.[1902]

In speaking of the scope of the comprehensive work of H. H. Bancroft we mentioned that beyond the larger part of the great Athapascan stock of the northern Indians his treatment did not extend. Such other general works as Brinton’s Myths of the New World, the sections of his American Hero-Myths on the hero-gods of the Algonquins and Iroquois, and the not wholly satisfactory book of Ellen R. Emerson, Indian myths; or, Legends, traditions, and symbols of the aborigines of America, compared with those of other countries, including Hindostan, Egypt, Persia, Assyria, and China (Boston, 1884), with aid from such papers as Major J. W. Powell’s “Philosophy of the North American Indians” in the Journal of the Amer. Geographical Society (vol. viii. p. 251, 1876), and his “Mythology of the North American Indians” in the First Annual Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology (1881), and R. M. Dorman’s Origin of primitive superstition among the aborigines of America (Philad., 1881), must suffice in a general way to cover those great ethnic stocks of the more easterly part of North America, which comprise the Iroquois, centred in New York, and surrounded by the Algonquins, west of whom were the Dacotas, and south of whom were the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, sometimes classed together as Appalachians.[1903]

The mythology of the Aztecs is the richest mine, and Bancroft in his third volume finds the larger part of his space given to the Mexican religion.

Brinton (Amer. Hero Myths, 73, 78), referring to the “Historia de los Méxicanos por sus Pinturas” of Ramirez de Fuenleal, as printed in the Anales del Museo Nacional (ii. p. 86), says that in some respects it is to be considered the most valuable authority which we possess,[1904] as taken directly from the sacred books of the Aztecs, and as explained by the most competent survivors of the Conquest.[1905]

We must also look to Ixtlilxochitl and Sahagún as leading sources. From Sahagún we get the prayers which were addressed to the chief deity, of various names, but known best, perhaps, as Tezcatlipoca; and these invocations are translated for us in Bancroft (iii. 199, etc.), who supposes that, consciously or unconsciously, Sahagún has slipped into them a certain amount of “sophistication and adaptation to Christian ideas.” From the lofty side of Tezcatlipoca’s character, Bancroft (iii. ch. 7) passes to his meaner characteristics as the oppressor of Quetzalcoatl.

The most salient features of the mythology of the Aztecs arise from the long contest of Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, the story of which modified the religion of their followers, and, as Chavero claims, greatly affected their history.[1906] This struggle, according as the interpreters incline, stands for some historic or physical rivalry, or for one between St. Thomas and the heathen;[1907] but Brinton explains it on his general principles as one between the powers of Light and Darkness (Am. Hero Myths, 65).

The main original sources on the character and career of Quetzalcoatl are Motolinía, Mendieta, Sahagún, Ixtlilxochitl, and Torquemada, and these are all summarized in Bancroft (iii. ch. 7).

It has been a question with later writers whether there is a foundation of history in the legend or myth of Quetzalcoatl. Brinton (Myths of the New World, 180) has perhaps only a few to agree with him when he calls that hero-god a “pure creature of the fancy, and all his alleged history nothing but a myth,” and he thinks some confusion has arisen from the priests of Quetzalcoatl being called by his name.

Bandelier (Archæol. Tour) takes issue with Brinton in deeming Quetzalcoatl on the whole an historical person, whom Ixtlilxochitl connects with the pre-Toltec tribes of Olmeca and Xicalanca, and whom Torquemada says came in while the Toltecs occupied the country. Bandelier thinks it safe to say that Quetzalcoatl began his career in the present state of Hidalgo as a leader of a migration moving southward, with a principal sojourn at Cholula, introducing arts and a purer worship. This is substantially the view taken by J. G. Müller, Prescott, and Wuttke.

Bancroft (iii. 273) finds the Geschichte der Amer. Urreligionen (p. 577) of Müller to present a more thorough examination of the Quetzalcoatl myth than any other,[1908] but since then it has been studied at length by Bandelier in his Archæological Tour (p. 170 etc.), and by Brinton in his Amer. Hero Myths, ch. 3.[1909]

* * * * *

What Tylor (Primitive Culture, ii. 279) calls “the inexplicable compound, parthenogenetic deity, the hideous, gory Huitzilopochtli” (Huitziloputzli, Vitziliputzli), the god of war,[1910] the protector of the Mexicans, was considered by Boturini (Idea, p. 60) as a deified ancient war-chief. Bancroft in his narrative (iii. 289, 294; iv. 559) quotes the accounts in Sahagún and Torquemada, and (pp. 300-322) summarizes J. G. Müller’s monograph on this god, which he published in 1847, and which he enlarged when including it in his Urreligionen.

Acosta’s description of the Temple of Huitzilopochtli is translated in Bancroft (iii. 292). Solis follows Acosta, while Herrera copies Gomara, who was not, as Solis contends, so well informed.

As regards the Votan myth of Chiapas, Brinton tells us something in his American Hero Myths (212, with references, 215); but the prime source is the Tzendal manuscript used by Cabrera in his Teatro Critico-Americano.[1911] No complete translation has been made, and the abstracts are unsatisfactory. Bancroft aids us in this study of worship in Chiapas (iii. 458), as also in that of Oajaca (iii. 448), Michoacan[1912] (iii. 445), and Jalisco (iii. 447).

“The religion of the Mayas,” says Bancroft (iii. ch. 11), “was fundamentally the same as that of the Nahuas, though it differed somewhat in outward forms. Most of the gods were deified heroes.... Occasionally we find very distinct traces of an older sun-worship which has succumbed to later forms, introduced according to vague tradition from Anahuac.” The view of Tylor (Anahuac, 191) is that the “civilization,” and consequently the religions, of Mexico and Central America were originally independent, but that they came much into contact, and thus modified one another to no small extent.”

Modern scholars are not by any means so much inclined as Las Casas and the other Catholic fathers were to recognize the dogma of the Trinity and other Christian notions, which have been thought to be traceable in what the Maya people in their aboriginal condition held for faith.

The most popular of their deified heroes were Zamná and Cukulcan, not unlikely the same personage under two names, and quite likely both are correspondences of Quetzalcoatl. We can find various views and alternatives on this point among the elder and recent writers. The belief in community of attributes derives its strongest aid from the alleged disappearance of Quetzalcoatl in Goazacoalco just at the epoch when Cukulcan appeared in Yucatan. The centres of Maya worship were at Izamal, Chichen-Itza, and the island of Cozumel.

The hero-gods of the Mayas is the topic of Brinton’s fourth chapter in his American Hero Myths, with views of their historical relations of course at variance with those of Bancroft. As respects the material, he says that “most unfortunately very meagre sources of information are open to us. Only fragments of their legends and hints of their history have been saved, almost by accident, from the general wreck of their civilization.” The heroes are Itzamná, the leader of the first immigration from the east, through the ocean pathways; and Kukulcan, the conductor of the second from the west. For the first cycle of myths Brinton refers to Landa’s Relation, Cogolludo’s Yucatan, Las Casas’s Historia Apologética, involving the reports of the missionary Francisco Hernandez, and to Hieronimo Roman’s De la Republica de las Indias Occidentales.

The Kukulcan legends are considered by Brinton to be later in date and less natural in character, and Hernandez’s Report to Las Casas is the first record of them. Brinton’s theory of the myths does not allow him to identify the Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan hero-gods as one and the same, nor to show that the Aztec and Maya civilizations had more correspondence than occasional intercourse would produce; but he thinks the similarity of the statue of “Chac Mool,” unearthed by Le Plongeon at Chichen-Itza, to another found at Tlaxcala compels us to believe that some positive connection did exist in parts of the country (Anales del Museo Nacional, i. 270).[1913] “The Nahua impress,” says Bancroft (iii. 490), “noticeable in the languages and customs of Nicaragua, is still more strongly marked in the mythology. Instead of obliterating the older forms of worship, as it seems to have done in the northern parts of Central America, it has here and there passed by many of the distinct beliefs held by different tribes, and blended with the chief elements of a system which is traced to the Muyscas in South America.”

The main source of the Quiché myths and worship is the Popul Vuh, but Bancroft (iii. 474), who follows it, finds it difficult to make anything comprehensible out of its confusion of statement. But prominent among the deities seem to stand Tepeu or Gucumatz, whom it is the fashion to make the same with Quetzalcoatl, and Hurakan or Tohil, who indeed stands on a plane above Quetzalcoatl. Brinton (Myths, 156), on the contrary, connects Hurakan with Tlaloc, and seems to identify Tohil with Quetzalcoatl. Bancroft (iii. 477) says that tradition, name, and attributes connect Tohil and Hurakan, and identify them with Tlaloc.

Brinton’s Names of the gods in the Kiché myths, a monograph on Central American mythology (Philad. Am. Philos. Soc., 1881), is a special study of a part of the subject.

Brinton (Myths, etc., 184) considers the best authorities on the mythology of the Muyscas of the Bogota region to be Piedrahita’s Historia de las Conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada (1668, followed by Humboldt in his Vues) and Simm’s Noticias historiales de las Conquistas de Tierra Firme en el Nuevo Reyno de Granada, given in Kingsborough, vol. viii.

The mythology of the Quichuas in Peru makes the staple of chap. 5 of Brinton’s Amer. Hero-Myths. Here the corresponding hero-god was Viracocha. Brinton depends mainly on the Relacion Anónyma de los Costumbres Antiguos de los Naturales del Piru, 1615 (Madrid, 1879); on Christoval de Molina’s account of the fables and religious customs of the Incas, as translated by C. R. Markham in the Hakluyt Society volume, Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas (London, 1873); on the Comentarios reales of Garcilasso de la Vega; on the report made to the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, in 1571, of the responses to inquiries made in different parts of the country as to the old beliefs which appear in the “Informacion de las idolatras de los Incas é Indios,” printed in the Coleccion de documentos ineditos del archivo de Indias, xxi. 198; and in the Relacion de Antigüedades deste Reyno del Piru, by Juan de Santa Cruz Pachicuti.

Brinton dissents to D’Orbigny’s view in his L’homme Américaine, that the Quichua religion is mainly borrowed from the older mythology of the Aymaras.

Francisco de Avila’s “Errors and False Gods of the Indians of Huarochiri” (1608), edited by Markham for the Hakluyt Society in the volume called Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas, is a treatment of a part of the subject.

Adolf Bastian’s Ein Jahr auf Reisen—Kreuzfahrten zum Sammelbehuf aus Transatlantischen Feldern der Ethnologie, being the first volume of his Die Culturländer des Alten America (Berlin, 1878), has a section “Aus Religion and Sitte des Alten Peru.”

VI.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL MUSEUMS AND PERIODICALS.

By the Editor.

THE oldest of existing American societies dealing with the scientific aspects of knowledge is the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, whose Transactions began in 1769, and made six volumes to 1809. A second series was begun in 1818.[1914] What are called the Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee make two volumes (1819, 1838), the first of which contains contributions by Heckewelder and P. S. Duponceau on the history and linguistics of the Lenni Lenape. Its Proceedings began in 1838. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences was instituted at Boston in 1780, a part of its object being “to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America,”[1915] and its series of Memoirs began in 1783,[1916] and its Proceedings in 1846. These societies have only, as a rule, incidentally, and not often till of late years, illustrated in their publications the antiquities of the new world; but the American Antiquarian Society was founded in 1812 at Worcester, Mass., by Isaiah Thomas, with the express purpose of elucidating this department of American history. It began the Archæologia Americana in 1820, and some of the volumes are still valuable, though they chiefly stand for the early development by Atwater, Gallatin, and others of study in this direction. In the first volume is an account of the origin and design of the society, and this is also set forth in the memoir of Thomas prefixed to its reprint of his History of Printing in America, which is a part of the series. The Proceedings of the society were begun in 1849, and they have contained some valuable papers on Central American subjects. The Boston Society of Natural History[1917] published the Boston Journal of Natural History from 1834 to 1863, and in 1866 began its Memoirs. Col. Whittlesey gave in its first volume a paper on the weapons and military character of the race of the mounds, and subsequent volumes have had other papers of an archæological nature; but they have formed a small part of its contributions. Its Proceedings have of late years contained some of the best studies of palæolithic man. The American Ethnological Society, founded by Gallatin (New York), began its exclusive work in a series of Transactions (1845-53, vols. i., ii., and one number of vol. iii.), but it was not of long continuance, though it embraced among its contributors the conspicuous names of Gallatin, Schoolcraft, Catherwood, Squier, Rafn, S. G. Morton, J. R. Bartlett, and others. Its Bulletin was not continued beyond a single volume (1860-61).[1918] The society was suspended in 1871.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science began its publications with the Proceedings of its Philadelphia meeting in 1848. Questions of archæology formed, however, but a small portion of its inquiries[1919] till the formation of a section on Anthropology a few years ago.

The American Geographical Society has published a Bulletin (1852-56); Journal (or Transactions) (1859), etc., and Proceedings (1862-64). Some of the papers have been of archæological interest.

The Anthropological Institute of New York printed its transactions in a Journal (one vol. only, 1872-73).

The Archæological Institute of America was founded in Boston in 1879, and has given the larger part of its interest to classical archæology. The first report of its executive committee said respecting the field in the new world: “The study of American archæology relates, indeed, to the monuments of a race that never attained to a high degree of civilization, and that has left no trustworthy records of continuous history.... From what it was and what it did, nothing is to be learned that has any direct bearing on the progress of civilization. Such interest as attaches to it is that which it possesses in common with other early and undeveloped races of mankind.” Appended to this report was Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses of the American Aborigines, with suggestions for the exploration of the ruins in New Mexico,” etc.,—advancing his well-known views of the communal origin of the southern ruins. Under the auspices of the Institute, Mr. A. F. Bandelier, a disciple of Morgan, was sent to New Mexico for the study of the Pueblos, and his experiences are described in the second Report of the Institute. In their third Report (1882) the committee of the Institute say: “The vast work of American archæology and anthropology is only begun.... Other nations, with more or less of success, are trying to do our work on our soil. It is time that Americans bestir themselves in earnest upon a field which it would be a shame to abandon to the foreigner.” Still under the pay of the Institute, Mr. Bandelier, in 1881, devoted his studies to the remains at Mexico, Cholula, Mitla, and the ancient life of those regions. At the same time, Aymé, then American consul at Merida, was commissioned to explore certain regions of Yucatan, but the results were not fortunate.

The Institute began in 1881 the publication of an American Series of its Papers, the first number of which embodied Bandelier’s studies of the Pueblos, and the second covered his Mexican researches. In 1885 the American Journal of Archæology was started at Baltimore as the official organ of the Institute, and occasional papers on American subjects have been given in its pages. The editors were called upon to define more particularly their relations to archæology in America in the number for Sept., 1888. In this they say: “The archæology of America is busied with the life and work of a race or races of men in an inchoate, rudimentary, and unformed condition, who never raised themselves, even at their highest point, as in Mexico and Peru, above a low stage of civilization, and never showed the capacity of steadily progressive development.... These facts limit and lower the interest which attaches ... to crude and imperfect human life.... A comparison of their modes of life and thought with those of other races in a similar stage of development in other parts of the world, in ancient and modern times, is full of interest as exhibiting the close similarity of primitive man in all regions, resulting from the sameness of his first needs, in his early struggle for existence.” The editors rest their reasons for giving prominence to classical archæology upon the necessity of affording by such complemental studies the means of comparison in archæological results, which can but advance to a higher plane the methods and inductions of the prehistoric archæology of America.

The American Folk-Lore Society was founded in Jan., 1888, and The Journal of American Folk-Lore was immediately begun. A large share of its papers is likely to cover the popular tales of the American aborigines.

The Anthropological Society of Washington is favorably situated to avail itself of the museums and apparatus of the American government, and members of the Geological Survey and Ethnological Bureau have been among the chief contributors to its Transactions,[1920] which in January, 1888, were merged in a more general publication, The American Anthropologist. A National Geographic Society was organized in Washington in 1888.

There are numerous local societies throughout the United States whose purpose, more or less, is to cover questions of archæological import. Those that existed prior to 1876 are enumerated in Scudder’s Catalogue of Scientific Serials; but it was not easy always to draw the line between historical associations and those verging upon archæological methods.[1921]

The oldest of the scientific periodicals in the United States to devote space to questions of anthropology is Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Arts (1818, etc.). The American Naturalist, founded in 1867, also entered the field of archæology and anthropology. The same may be said in some degree of the Popular Science Monthly (1877, etc.), Science (1883), and the Kansas City Review. The chief repository of such contributions, however, since 1878, has been The American Antiquarian (Chicago), edited by Stephen D. Peet. Its papers are, unluckily, of very uneven value.[1922]

The best organized work has been done in the United States by the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, in Cambridge, Mass., and by certain departments of the Federal government at Washington.

The Peabody Museum resulted from a gift of George Peabody, an American banker living in London, who instituted it in 1866 as a part of Harvard University.[1923] It was fortunate in its first curator, Dr. Jeffries Wyman, who brought unusual powers of comprehensive scrutiny to its work.[1924] He died in 1874, and was succeeded by one of his and of Agassiz’s pupils, Frederick W. Putnam, who was also placed in the chair of archæology in the university in 1886. The Reports, now twenty-two in number, and the new series of Special Papers are among the best records of progress in archæological science.

The creation of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, under the bequest of an Englishman, James Smithson, and the devotion of a sum of about $31,000 a year at that time arising from that gift, first put the government of the United States in a position “to increase and diffuse knowledge among men.”[1925]

The second Report of the Regents in 1848 contains approvals of a manuscript by E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, which had been offered to the Institution for publication, and which had been commended by Albert Gallatin, Edward Robinson, John Russell Bartlett, W. W. Turner, S. G. Morton, and George P. Marsh. Thus an important archæological treatise, The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, comprising the results of extensive original surveys and explorations (Washington, 1848), became the first of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. The subsequent volumes of the series have contained other important treatises in similar fields. Foremost among them may be named those of Squier on the Aboriginal Monuments of New York (vol. ii., 1851); Col. Whittlesey on The Ancient Works in Ohio (vol. iii., 1852); S. R. Riggs’ Dakota Grammar and Dictionary (vol. iv., 1852); I. A. Lapham’s Antiquities of Wisconsin (vol. vii., 1855); S. F. Haven’s Archæology of the United States (vol. viii., 1856); Brantz Mayer’s Mexican History and Archæology (vol. ix., 1857); Whittlesey on Ancient Mining on Lake Superior (vol. xiii., 1863); Morgan’s Systems of Consanguinity of the human family (vol. xvii., 1871);—not to name lesser papers. To supplement this quarto series, another in octavo was begun in 1862, called Miscellaneous Collections; and in this form there have appeared J. M. Stanley’s Catalogue of portraits of No. Amer. Indians (vol. ii., 1862); a Catalogue of photographic portraits of the No. Amer. Indians (vol. xiv., 1878).

Of much more interest to the anthropologist has been the series of Annual Reports with their appended papers,—such as Squier on The Antiquities of Nicaragua (1851); W. W. Turner on Indian Philology (1852); S. S. Lyon on Antiquities from Kentucky (1858), and many others.

The sections of correspondence and minor papers in these reports soon began to include communications about the development of archæological research in various localities. They began to be more orderly arranged under the sub-heading of Ethnology in the Report for 1867, and this heading was changed to Anthropology in the Report for 1879. Charles Rau (d. 1887) had been a leading contributor in this department, and no. 440 of the Smithsonian publications was made up of his Articles on Anthropological Subjects, contributed from 1863 to 1877 (Washington, 1882). No. 421 is Geo. H. Boehmer’s Index to Anthropological Articles in the publications of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1881). Among the later papers those of O. T. Mason of the Anthropological Department of the National Museum are conspicuous.

The last series is the Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, placed by Congress in the charge of the Smithsonian. The Reports of the American Historical Association will soon be begun under the same auspices.

Major J. W. Powell, the director of the Bureau of Ethnology, said that its purpose was “to organize anthropologic research in America.”[1926] It published its first report in 1881, and this and the later reports have had for contents, beside the summary of work constituting the formal report, the following papers:—

Vol. i.: J. W. POWELL. The evolution of language.—Sketch of the mythology of the North American Indians.—Wyandot government.—On limitations to the use of some anthropologic data.—H. C. YARROW. A further contribution to the study of mortuary customs among the North American Indians.—E. S. HOLDEN. Studies in Central American picture-writing.—C. C. ROYCE. Cessions of land by Indian tribes to the United States: illustrated by those in Indiana.—G. MALLERY. Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes.—J. C. PILLING. Catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in the library.—Illustration of the method of recording Indian languages. From the manuscripts of J. O. Dorsey, A. S. Gatschet, and S. R. Riggs.

Vol. ii.: F. H. CUSHING. Zuñi fetiches.—Mrs. E. A. SMITH. Myths of the Iroquois.—H. W. HENSHAW. Animal carvings from mounds of the Mississippi Valley.—W. MATTHEWS. Navajo silversmiths.—W. H. HOLMES. Art in shell of the ancient Americans.—J. STEVENSON. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1879;—Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico in 1880.

Vol. iii.: CYRUS THOMAS. Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts.—W. (C.) H. DALL On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution.—J. O. DORSEY. Omaha sociology.—WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. Navajo weavers.—W. H. HOLMES. Prehistoric textile fabrics of the United States, derived from impressions on pottery;—Illustrated catalogue of a portion of the collections made by the Bureau of Ethnology during the field season of 1881.—JAMES STEVENSON. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Pueblos of Zuñi, New Mexico, and Wolpi, Arizona, in 1881.

Vol. iv.: GARRICK MALLERY. Pictographs of the North American Indians.—W. H. HOLMES. Pottery of the ancient Pueblos;—Ancient pottery of the Mississippi Valley;—Origin and development of form and ornament in ceramic art.—F. H. CUSHING.. A study of Pueblo pottery as illustrative of Zuñi culture growth.

Vol. v.: CYRUS THOMAS. Burial mounds of the northern sections of the United States.—C. C. ROYCE. The Cherokee nation of Indians.—WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. The Mountain Chant: a Navajo ceremony.—CLAY MACCAULEY. The Seminole Indians of Florida.—Mrs. TILLY E. STEVENSON. The religious life of the Zuñi child.

* * * * *

What is known as the United States National Museum is also in charge of the Smithsonian Institution,[1927] and here are deposited the objects of archæological and historical interest secured by the government explorations and by other means. The linguistic material is kept in the Bureau of Ethnology. The skulls and physiological material, illustrative of prehistoric times, are deposited in the Army Medical Museum, under the Surgeon-General’s charge.

Major Powell, while in charge of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, had earlier prepared five volumes of Contributions to Ethnology, all but the second of which have been published. The first volume (1877) contained W. H. Dall’s “Tribes of the Extreme Northwest” and George Gibbs’ “Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon.” The third (1877): Stephen Powers’ “Tribes of California.” The fourth (1881): Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses and house life of the American Aborigines.” The fifth (1882): Charles Rau’s “Lapidarian sculpture of the Old World and in America,” Robert Fletcher’s “Prehistoric trephining and cranial Amulets,” and Cyrus Thomas on the Troano Manuscript, with an introduction by D. G. Brinton.

Among the Reports of the geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the 100th meridian conducted by Capt. Geo. M. Wheeler, the seventh volume, Report on Archæological and Ethnological Collections from the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, and from ruined pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico and certain Interior Tribes (Washington, 1879), was edited by F. W. Putnam, and contains papers on the ethnology of Southern California, wood and stone implements, sculptures, musical instruments, beads, etc.; the Pueblos of New Mexico, their inhabitants, architecture, customs, cliff houses and other ruins, skeletons, etc.; with an Appendix on Linguistics, containing forty Vocabularies of Pueblo and other Western Indian Languages and their classification into seven families.

The Reports of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, under the charge of F. V. Hayden, brought to us in those of 1874-76 the knowledge of the cliff-dwellers, and they contain among the miscellaneous publications such papers as W. Matthews’ Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians and W. H. Jackson’s Descriptive Catalogue of photographs of No. Amer. Indians.

There are other governmental documents to be noted: The Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in 1852, by R. B. Marcy and G. B. McClellan (Washington, 1854), contains a vocabulary of the Comanches and Witchitas, with some general remarks by W. W. Turner. There is help to be derived from the geographical details, and from something on ethnology, in the Reports of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean (Washington, 1856-60, in 12 vols.); in W. H. Emory’s Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (Washington, 1857-58, in 2 vols.); J. H. Simpson’s Report of Explorations across the great basin of the territory of Utah in 1859 (Washington, 1876); J. N. Macomb’s Report of the Exploring Expedition from Santa Fé to the Junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the Great Colorado of the West in 1859 (Washington, 1876).

There were also published, under the auspices of the government, the conglomerate and very unequal work of Henry R. Schoolcraft, Historical and Statistical Information respecting the history, conditions, and prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Philad., 1851-57, in 6 vols., with a trade edition of the same date). An act of Congress (March 3, 1847) authorized its publication. As reissued it is called Archives of aboriginal knowledge, containing original papers laid before Congress, respecting the Indian tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1860, ’68, 6 vols.). It has the following divisions: General history.—Manners and customs.—Antiquities.—Geography.—Tribal organization, etc.—Intellectual capacity.—Topical history.—Physical type.—Language.—Art.—Religion and mythology.—Demonology, magic, etc.—Medical knowledge.—Condition and prospects.—Statistics and population.—Biography.—Literature.—Post-Columbian history.—Economy and statistics. An edition of vols. 1-5 (1856) is called Ethnological researches respecting the Red Men of America, Information respecting the history, etc. The sixth volume is in effect a summary of the preceding five.[1928]

At a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a committee was charged with preparing a memorial to Congress, urging action to insure the preservation of certain national monuments. There is a summary of their report in Science, xii. p. 101.

* * * * *

Of all European countries, the most has been done in France, by way of periodical system and corporate organizations, to advance the study of American anthropology, ethnology, and archæology. The Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire, traduits de toutes les langues Européennes; des relations originales, inédites,[1929] the publication of which was begun by Malte-Brun in 1808 and continued to 1814, and the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, begun in 1819 and continued with a slightly varying title till 1870, are sources occasionally of much importance. At a later day, Edouard Lartet and others have used the Annales des Sciences Naturelles as a medium for their publications. We hardly trace here, however, any corporate movement before the institution of the Société de Géographie de Paris in 1820. In 1824 it issued the first volume of its Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, which reached seven volumes in 1864, and had included (vol. ii.) an account of Palenqué and the researches of Warden on the antiquities of the United States. Since this society began the issue of its Bulletin in 1827, it has occasionally given assistance in the study of American archæology.

The earliest distinctive periodical on the subject was the Revue Américaine, of which, in 1826-27, three volumes, in monthly parts, were published in Paris.[1930] In 1857 a movement was inaugurated which engaged first and last the coöperation of some eminent scholars in these studies, like Aubin, Buschmann, V. A. Malte-Brun, Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Jomard, Alphonse Pinart, Cortambert, Léon de Rosny, Waldeck, Abbé Domenech, Charencey, etc. The active movers were first known as the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, and they issued an Annuaire (1863-67) and one volume, at least, of Actes (1865), as well as a collection of Mémoires sur l’archéologie Américaine (1865). This organization soon became known as the Société Américaine de France, and under the auspices of this name there has been a series of publications of varying designation.[1931] Its Annuaire began in 1868, and has been continued. The general name of Archives de la Société Américaine de France covers its other publications, which more or less coincide with the Revue Orientale et Américaine par Léon de Rosny, the first series of which appeared in Paris in 10 vols., in 1859-65, followed by a second, the first volume of which (vol. xi. of the whole) is called Revue Américaine, publié sous les auspices de la Société d’Ethnographie et du Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, and is at the same time the fourth volume of the Actes de la Société d’Ethnographie Américaine et Orientale. The whole series is sometimes cited as the Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie.[1932] The series, already referred to, of the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France is made up thus: Première série: vol. i., Revue Orientale et Américaine; ii., Revue Américaine; iii. and iv., Revue Orientale et Américaine.[1933] The nouvelle série has no sub-titles, and the three volumes bear date 1875, 1876, 1884.

The student of comparative anthropology will resort to the Materiaux pour l’histoire positive et philosophique (later primitive et naturelle) de l’homme, the publication of which was begun at Paris in 1864 by Gabriel de Mortillet, and has been continued by Trutot, Cartailhac, Chautre, and others. This publication has contained abstracts of the proceedings of an annual gathering in Paris, whose Comptes rendu have been printed at length as of the Congrès international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques (1865, etc.).[1934]

Léon de Rosny published but a single volume of a projected series, Archives paléographiques de l’Orient et de l’Amérique (Paris, 1870-71), which contains some papers on Mexican picture-writing. Rosny and others, who had been active in the movement begun by the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, were now instrumental in organizing the periodical gathering in different cities of Europe, which is known as the Congrès international des Américanistes. The first session was held at Nancy in 1875, and its Compte Rendu was published in two volumes (Nancy and Paris, 1876). The second meeting was at Luxembourg in 1877 (Compte Rendu, Paris, 1878, in 2 vols.); the third at Brussels in 1879 (Compte Rendu); the fourth at Madrid in 1881 (Congreso internacional de Américanistas. Cuarta reunion, Madrid, 1881); the fifth at Copenhagen (Compte Rendu, Copenhagen, 1884); and others at Chalons-sur-Marne, Turin, and Berlin. The papers are printed in the language in which they were read.

The Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie (founded in 1859) began to appear in 1881, and its third volume (1882) is entitled Les Documents écrits de l’Antiquité Américaine, compte rendu d’une mission scientifique en Espagne et en Portugal, par Léon de Rosny, avec une carte et 10 planches. The fourth volume is P. de Lucy-Fossarieu’s Ethnographie de l’Amérique Antarctique (Paris, 1884). In the second volume of a new series there is an account by V. Devaux of the work in American ethnology done by Lucien de Rosny as a preface to a posthumous work[1935] of Lucien de Rosny, Les Antilles, étude d’Ethnographie et d’Archéologique Américaines (Paris, 1886).

Latterly there has been a consolidation of interests among kindred societies under the name of Institution Ethnographique, whose initial Rapport annuel sur les récompenses et encouragements décernés en 1883 was published at Paris in 1883. This society now comprises the Société d’Ethnographie, Société Américaine de France, Athénée Oriental, and Société des Etudes Japonaises.

* * * * *

In England, organized efforts for the record of knowledge began with the creation of the Royal Society, though certain sporadic attempts had earlier been known. America was represented among its founders in the younger John Winthrop, and Cotton Mather was a contributor to its transactions, and there has occasionally been a paper in its publications of interest to American archæologists.[1936] The Society of Antiquaries began to print its Archæologia in 1779 and its Proceedings in 1848, and the American student finds some valuable papers in them. The British Association for the Advancement of Science began its Reports with the meeting of 1831, and it has had among its divisions a section of anthropology. In 1830 the Royal Geographical Society began its Journal with a preliminary issue (1830-31, in 2 vols.), though its regular series first came out in 1832. Its Proceedings appeared in 1855, and both publications are a conspicuous source in many ways relating to early American history.[1937] Closely connected with its interest has been the publication begun under the editing of C. R. Markham, and called successively Ocean Highways (1869-73, vol. i.-v.), with an added title of Geographical Review (1873-74), and lastly as The Geographical Magazine (vol. i.-iii., 1874-76).

The Ethnological Society published four volumes of a Journal[1938] between 1844 and 1856, and resuming published two more volumes in 1869-70. Its contents are mainly of interest in comparative study, though there are a few American papers, like D. Forbes’s on the Aymara Indians of Peru. This society’s Transactions was issued in two volumes, 1859-60; and again in seven volumes, 1861-69.

Meanwhile, some gentlemen, not content with the restricted field of the Ethnological Society, founded in London an Anthropological Society, which began the publication of Memoirs (1863-69, in 3 vols.); and in this publication Bollaert issued his papers on the population of the new world, on the astronomy of the red man, on American paleography, on Maya hieroglyphics, on the anthropology of the new world, on Peruvian graphic records,—not to name other papers by different writers. The Transactions and Journal of the society, as well as the Popular Magazine of Anthropology (1866), made part in one form or another of the Anthropological Review, begun in 1863, and discontinued in 1870, when the Journal of Anthropology succeeded, but ceased the next year. The Proceedings of the society make one volume, 1873-75, under the title of Anthropologia, and the society also maintained a series of translations of foreign treatises, the first of which was Theodor Waitz’s Introduction to Anthropology, ed. from the German by J. F. Collingwood (1863); and this was followed by a version by James Hunt, the president of the society, of Professor Carl Vogt’s Lectures on Man, his place in Creation and in the history of the Earth (1864), and by other works of Broca, Pouchet, Blumenbach, etc.

What is known as the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland united some of these separate endeavors and began its Journal in 1871. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society has also at times been the channel by which some of the leading anthropologists have published their views, and a few papers of archæological import have been given in the Transactions (1884, etc.) of the Royal Historical Society. Professedly broader relations belong to the Transactions (Comptes rendus) of the International Congress of prehistoric (anthropology and) archæology, which began its sessions in 1866.[1939] The latest summary is the Archæological Review, a journal of historic and prehistoric antiquities, edited by G. L. Gomme, of which the first number appeared in March, 1888, which has for a main feature a bibliographical record of past and current archæological literature.[1940]

It is, however, in the volumes of the Hakluyt Society’s publications, beginning in 1847, in the annotated reprint of the early writers on American nations and on the European contact with them, that the most signal service has been done in England to the study of the early history of the new world. They are often referred to in the present History.

* * * * *

In Germany a Magazin für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen was published at Zittau as early as 1788-1791.

Wagner published at Vienna, in 1794-96, two volumes of Beiträge zur philosophischen Anthropologie; and Heynig’s Psychologisches (zugleich Anthropologisches) Magazin was published at Altenburg in 1796-97.

The Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaft began its Abhandlungen in 1804, but it was not till long after that date that Buschmann and others used it as a channel of their views.

Vertuch’s Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik (Weimar, 1807) only reached a single number.

The Zeitschrift für physische Aerzte, which was published by Nasse, at Leipzig, 1818-22, was succeeded by the Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie (Leipzig, 1823-24), and this was followed by a single volume, Jahrbücher für Anthropologie (Leipzig, 1830).

Bran’s Ethnographisches Archiv was published at Jena from 1818 to 1829.

It was not till after 1860 that the new interest began to manifest itself, though Fechner’s Centralblatt für Naturwissenschaften und Anthropologie was published at Leipzig in 1853-54.

Ecker’s Archiv für Anthropologie was published at Braunschweig in 1866-68, which came in 1870 under the direction of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, which also began a Correspondenzblatt in 1870, and a series, Allgemeine Versammlung, in 1873. This is the most important of the German societies.

Bastian’s Zeitschrift für Ethnologie was begun at Berlin in 1869, and later added a Supplement.

The Anthropologische Gesellschaft of Vienna began its Mittheilungen in 1870; and in 1887 the Prähistorische Commission of the Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften at Vienna printed the first number of its Mittheilungen.

The Verein für Anthropologie in Leipzig published but a single number of a Bericht in 1871.

The Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte continued its Verhandlungen for 1871-72 only; and the Göttinger Anthropologischer Verein made but a bare beginning (1874) of its Mittheilungen.

The Bericht of the Museum für Völkerkunde was begun in Leipzig in 1874.

The Münchener Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte began the publication of Beiträge in 1876.

In all these publications there have been papers interesting to American archæologists, if only in a comparative way, and at times American subjects have been frequent, especially in later years. The publications of zoölogical and geographical societies have in some respects been at times of equal interest, but it has not been thought worth while to enumerate them.[1941]

The Königliche Museum at Berlin has a considerable collection of American antiquities, which has been fostered by Humboldt and others, and the ethnological department has made some important publications like those relating to Amerika’s Nordwestküste.[1942]

Waitz in his Anthropologie der Naturvölker (vol. iii.; Die Amerikaner, Th. i., Leipzig, 1862) has enumerated the literature of American anthropology upon which he depended.

* * * * *

The interest in most of the other European countries is more remotely American. The Museum of Ethnography at St. Petersburg is not without some objects of interest.[1943]

In Sweden the Antropologiska Sällskapet of Stockholm began a Tidsskrift in 1875; but it affords little assistance to the Americanist except in comparative study.[1944]

The student will find some suggestions in a little tract by J. J. A. Worsaae, De l’organisation des musées historico-archéologiques dans le Nord et ailleurs. Traduit par E. Beauvois (Copenhagen, 1885), which is extracted from the Mémoires de la société royale des antiquaires de Nord, 1885.

There has begun recently in Leyden an Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie. Herausg. von Krist. Bahnson, Guido Cora [etc.] (Leiden, 1888).

In Italy the Archivio per l’Antropologia et la Etnologia was begun at Florence in 1871, and was later made the organ of the Società Italiana di Antropologia di Etnologia. There is an occasional paper in the Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, published at Rome.

In Spain the Sociedad Antropológica Española began at Madrid the publication of its Revista de Antropologia in 1875.

The session of the Congrès des Américanistes at Madrid in 1881 gave a new life in Spain to the study of American archæology and history, and out of this impulse there was begun a Biblioteca de los Americanistas, publícala D. Justo Zaragoza; Editor D. Luis Navarro; and the series has been begun with the Recordacion florida, discurso del reino de Guatemala, an hitherto unpublished work (1690) of Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán, edited by Justo Zaragoza; and with the Historia de Venezuela, being a third edition of the work of José de Oviedo y Baños, edited by C. F. Duro.

The Museo Nacional in Mexico has grown to have a proper importance,[1945] since the Mexican government has prevented the further exportation of archæological relics. It was founded in 1824 by Fathers Icaza and Gondra, but it owes its creation largely to the skill of Professor Gumesindo Mendoza, its curator, by whose death it lost much.[1946] There is a tendency to draw to it other collections. There was a beginning made to publish illustrations of the relics in the museum sixty years ago, but it came to little,[1947] and it was not until recently the publication of Anales del Museo Nacional de Méjico was begun that there seemed to be a proper effort made. The periodicals Revista Mexicana (1835), and Museo Mexicano (1843-45) have done something to illustrate the subject,—not to name others of less importance. The principal periodical source farther south, the Registro Yucatéco, only ran to four volumes, published at Merida in 1845-46.

The most conspicuous archæological repository in South America is that of the National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, whose published Mémoires contain important contributions to Brazilian Archæology.

* * * * *

The editor must be understood as approaching the purely archæological side of the study of Aboriginal America, as a student of the literature pertaining to it, rather than as a critic of phenomena. He has not proceeded even in this course without consultation with Professors Putnam, Haynes, and Brinton, with Mr. Lucien Carr and with Señor Icazbalceta.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VAN DER, Voyagien, xxxv.

Abancay, 236.

Abbot, C. C., associates the rude implements of Trenton with Eskimos, 106, 366; his discoveries in the Delaware gravels considered, 330 et seq.; Implements in the river-drift at Trenton, 333; Supposed palæolithic implements from the valley of the Delaware, 334, 388; on the pre-Indian race, 336; importance of his discoveries, 356; on the origin of Americans, 369; on the tertiary man, 387; researches in the Trenton gravels, 388; finds a molar tooth, 388; and a human jaw, 388; Antiq. of Man in the Delaware Valley, 388; Evidences of the Antiq. of Man, 388; on archæological frauds, 403; Primitive Industry, 358, 416; on Atlantic coast pottery, 419.

Abbott, Brief Description, 109.

Abelin, J. P., Theatrum Europeum, xxxiii. See Gottfried, J. L.

Abenaki, 322.

Abert, J. W., Examination of New Mexico, 396.

Acagchemem, 328.

Acaltecs, 191.

Achilles Tatius, Isagoge, 8.

Acolhua, forms a confederacy, 147.

Acolhuacan conquered, 147.

Acoma, 396.

Acora, burial-tower at, 248; cut, 249.

Acosta, José de, in De Bry, xxxii; East and West Indies, 45, 262; Historia, 155, 262; corresponds with Tobar, 155; in Peru, 262; Concilium Limense, 268; Nueva Granada, 282.

Adair, Jas., Amer. Indians, 116, 320, 424; on the lost tribes, 116; on the mounds, 398.

Adam, Lucien, on Fousang, 80; opposes Irish connection with Mexico, 83; on the Eskimo language, 107; on the Quichua, 281; criticises Horatio Hale, 422; edits the Taensa grammar, 426; Le Taensa, 426; Etudes sur six langues, 425, 427; Lengua Chiquita, 425; Examen grammatical, 425.

Adam of Bremen on Vinland, 89; Hist. Eccles., 89, 94.

Adam, a race earlier than, 384.

Adams, Davenport, Beneath the Surface, 412.

Adelung, J. C., xxxv, 422.

Adhémer, Rev. de la Mer, 387.

Aelian, Varia Historia, 21, 40, 42.

Aeneas Silvius, 26.

Æschylus, Prometheus Bound, 13.

Africa, ancient views of its extension south of the equator, 7, 10; circumnavigated, 7; migrations from, to America, 116; its people in Yucatan, 370.

Agassiz, Alex., Cruises of the Blake, 17.

Agassiz, Louis, on the autochthonous American man, 373; portrait, 373; his views attacked, 374; on the earliest land above water, 384; Geol. Sketches, 384.

Agatharcides, Geography, 34.

Agnese map (1554), 53.

Agnew, S. A., 410.

Agriculture in pre-Spanish America, 173, 417; in Peru, 252.

Ahuitzotl, 148.

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty, 306.

Alabama, shell-heaps, 393; mounds, 410.

Alaguilac language, 428.

Alaska, 77; caves, 391; Indians, 328.

Albany, treaty at (1674), 304; (1684), 304.

Albinus, P., 370.

Albornoz, J. de, Lengua Chiapaneca, 425.

Albyn, Cornelis, Nieuwe Weerelt, xxv.

Alcavisa, 224.

Alcedo, Ant. de, Bibl. Amer., ii.

Alcobasa, 265.

Aleutian islands, as a route from Asia, 78; caves, 391; shell-heaps, 393.

Alexander, C. A., on the Royal Society, 442.

Algonquins, trace of the Northmen among, 99; hero-gods, 430; legends of, 431.

Allan, John, his library, xiii.

Allard, Latour, 192.

Allday, Jacob, 107.

Allen, Chas., Stockbridge Indians, 323.

Allen, Edw. G., iv.

Allen, F. A., 379; Polynesian Antiq., 82.

Allen, Harrison, 201.

Allen, Joel A., Works on the orders of Cete, etc., 107.

Allen, Zachariah, Condition of Indians, 323.

Allibone, S. A., xii.

Alligator mound, 409.

Allouez, reference to copper mines, 417.

Alloys of metals, 418.

Almaraz, R., Memoria, 182.

Alpacas, 213, 253.

Alsop, Richard, 328.

Alzate y Ramirez, J. A., Xochicalco, 180.

Amaquemecan, 139.

Amat de San Filippo, Pietro, Planisferio del 1436, 56.

Amautas, 223, 241.

Amegluno, F., La Antigüedad del Hombre en la Plata, 390.

America, early descriptions of, xix; early voyages to, xix; how far known to the ancients, 1, 15, 22, 29; held to be Atlantis, 16; to be the land of Meropes, 22; men supposed to reach Europe from, 26; early references to, 40; Egyptian visits, 41; Phœnician, 41; Tyrian, 41; Carthaginian, 41; Asiatic connection, 59, 76; Basques in, 75; early visits by drifting vessels, 75; voyage to Fousang, 78; maps of routes from Asia, 81; by the Polynesian islands, 81; state of culture reached in, 329; origin of man in, 369; climate, 370; autochthonous man in, 372; held to be, later than Europe, the home of man, 377; stone age in, references, 377; ethnological maps, 378; connections with Asia, 383; earliest land above water, 384; geological connection with Europe, 384; bibliog. of its aboriginal aspects, 413; comprehensive treatises on the antiquities, 415; arts in, 416. See Africa, Asia, Chinese, Jews, Madoc, Man, Northmen, Phœnician, Scythian, Tartar, Zeni, Vinland, etc.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 437.

American Antiq. Soc. Catal., xvii; founded, 371, 437; Archæologia Americana, 437.

American Anthropologist, 438.

American Antiquarian, 439.

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 437; would protect antiquities, 441.

American Ethnological Society, 320, 399, 437; its publications, 376.

American Folk-Lore Society, 438.

American Gazetteer, 321.

American Geographical Society, xvii, 437.

American Historical Association, 439.

American Journal of Archæology, 438.

American Journal of Science and Arts, 438.

American Naturalist, 438.

American Philosophical Society, their publications, 437.

American Traveller (1743), xxxv, 370.

Americana, i; bibliographies, i; dealers in, xiii.

Americanism, 160.

Ammianus Marcellinus, 42.

Ampère, Promenade en Amérique, 81.

Anáhuac, history of, 139; map of, in Clavigero, in facs., 144; its limits, 182; map, 182.

Anaxagoras, 3.

Anchorena, J. D., on the Quichua grammar, 280.

Ancients, their knowledge of America, 1.

Ancon, burials at, 276, 373; cut of mummy, 276; of cloth, 278.

Ancona, Eligio, Yucatan, 166.

Ande, 428.

Anderson, Rasmus B., translates Horn’s Lit. Scandin. North, 84; America not discovered by Columbus, 97; on Dighton Rock, 104.

Anderson, Winslow, on human bodies found in California, 138.

Andrade, J. M., 170; Catalogue, 414.

Andree, Richard, Ethnog. Parallelen, 105.

Andrews, Edmund B., on geological evidence from the great lakes, 382; on the Ohio mounds, 402, 407, 408.

Angliara, Johan von, xxi.

Angrand, L., on Waldeck, 194; Les Antiquités de Tiaguanaco, 273.

Anguilla island, 390.

Animal mounds, 400.

Animals, domestic, hardly known in pre-Spanish America, 173.

Animas River, ruins, 396.

Annales maritimos, xix.

Annales Archéologiques, 441.

Annals of Science, 418.

Antarctic continent, 10.

Anthropologia, 442.

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 443; Journal, 443.

Anthropological Institute of New York, 438.

Anthropological Review, 442.

Anthropological Society of Washington, 438.

Anthropology and its method, 378, 411; hist. of, 411.

Antichthones, 9.

Antilles, remnants of Atlantis, 44. See Antillia.

Antillia, island, 31, 48; bibliog. 48; in Bianco and Pizigani maps, 54.

Antipodes, ancient views of, 9, 31, 37.

Antiquarisk Tidsskrift, 94.

Antiquity of man. See Man.

Antisell, Thos., 78.

Antonio, Nic., Bibl. Hispaña nova, 413.

Apaches, 327.

Apalaches, 426, 431.

Apes, Wm., Kingdom of Christ, 116; Son of the Forest, 323.

Apianus’s map, xxi.

Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 35.

Apponyi, Libraries of San Francisco, xviii.

Aprositos, 48.

Arabian geographers, 48.

Arabic maps, 53.

Arabs, their knowledge of the Atlantic islands, 47.

Arana, D. B., Notas, vi.

Arana, Bibliog. de obras anon., xxiv.

Aratus, Phaenomena, 35.

Araucanians, 428.

Arcelin, 357.

Archæological Institute of America, 169, 438.

Archæological Review, 443.

Archer-Hind, Ed. Plato’s Timæus, 46.

Archimedes, his globe, 3.

Architecture of Middle America, 176, 177; in Peru, 247.

Archiv für Ethnographie, 444.

Archivo des Açores, xix.

Archivio per l’Anthropologia, 444.

Arctic peoples. See Eskimos.

Arequipa, 277.

Argillite, 417; spear-points, 359; commonness of the mineral, 363.

Argonauts, 6.

Argyle, Duke of, Primeval Man, 381.

Arica, 275.

Arickarees, 417.

Aristotle on the form of the earth, 2; Meteorologia, 7; De Mirab. Auscultationibus, 24; on the Atlantic, 28; his scientific treatises, 34; his influence in the West, 37.

Arizona, caves in, 391; ruins in, 397; map, 397.

Armin, Heutige Mexico, 178.

Armstrong, Col., 312.

Army Medical Museum, 440.

Arnold, Gov., his stone windmill at Newport, 105.

Arrawak, 428.

Arriaga, José de, 264; La Idolatria del Peru, 264.

Arrow-heads, art of making, 417.

Arroyo de la Cuesta, F., Mutsun language, 425.

Artaun, S. de, 262.

Arthur, King, in Iceland, 60.

Arthur von Dartzig, xxxiii; Hist. Ind. orient., xxxiii.

Arts in America, 416.

Arundel de Wardour, Lord, Plato’s Atlantis, 45.

Asguaws, 111.

Asher, David, 200.

Ashtabula Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Asia, emigration to America, 59, 76, 329, 371, 383; similarity of flora, 60; of physical appearance of peoples, 76; migration to Fousang, 78; maps of routes to America, 81; supported by Humboldt, 371; testimony of jade, 417; ancient views of its east coast, 7. See Fousang, Mongols, etc.

Aspinwall, Thomas, his library, iv; burned, iv; sold to S. L. M. Barlow, iv.

Assarigoa, 289.

Astley, Voyages, xxxv.

Astor Library, xvii.

Astrolabe, 37.

Astronomy among the Mexicans, 179.

Atahualpa, his portrait, 228; his palace, 231; meets Pizarro, 231.

Atenco, 139.

Atenco de Linia, 282.

Athenæ Rauricæ, xxvi.

Atlantic islands, ancient names attached to, 14; remnants of Atlantis, 21, 45; fabulous ones, 31, 46; in maps, 47, 48; known to the Arabs, 47 as mapped by Gaffarel (fac-simile), 52.

Atlantic Ocean, contour of its bottom, map, 17; depth of, 17; its plateaus, 21; dreaded by the ancients, 28; myths of, 31; soundings in, 44; Toscanelli’s ideas of, 51; early maps of, 53; Arabs on, 72.

Atlantis, story of, 15; in Plato, 16; interpretations of it, 16; held to be America, 16, 43; maps of, 18, 19, 20; merely a literary ornament, 21; interest in it on the revival of learning, 33; history of the belief, 41; various identifications, 42; the Atlantic islands remnants, 43; Gaffarel’s map of the remnants, 52; Dawson’s views, 382.

Atonaltzin, 148.

Attu, 78.

Atwater, Caleb, Indians of the N. W., 327; on the origin of Americans, 372; on the shell-heaps of the Muskingum, 392; Antiquities in the State of Ohio, 398; Writings, 398; Tour to Prairie du Chien, 298.

Aubin, his acc. of Boturini’s collection of MSS., 159; purchases what was left of it, 160; aids in establishing the Soc. Américaine de France, 161; describes his own collection, 162; list of his MSS., 162; Mém. sur la peinture didactique, 176, 200; Examen des anc. peintures fig. de l’anc. Méxique, 200; La langue Méxicaine, 427.

Aughey, Samuel, 348.

Autochthonous theory, 375. See Man.

Avallon, 32.

Avendaño, F. de, 280.

Avendaño, H. de, 264; Idolatrios de los Indios, 264.

Avienus, Ora maritima, 25; Descriptio orbis terræ, 36.

Avila, F. de, 264; his Indian mythology as translated by Markham, 436; his chapter on the Quichua, 274.

Aviles, Estavan, Guatemala, 168.

Axapusco, 173.

Axayacatl, 148.

Axelsen, Otto, 107.

Axon, W. E. A., on Trübner, xvi.

Aymara Indians, 226, 428, 442; language, 279, 428.

Aymé, L. H., on Mitla, 185.

Azangaro, 271.

Azatlan, Fort, 408.

Azcapuzalco, 146.

Azores, known to the Arabs, 47; on the early maps, 49; statue in, 49.

Aztecs, origin of, 135; traces of their tongue in the north, 138; their migration maps, 138; their cradle in the north, 137, 138; in the south, 139; arrive in Mexico, 142; Ranking’s map of their dominion, 144; divided into Mexicans and Tlatelulcas, 146; confederation formed, 147; laws and institutions, 153; Mappe Tlotzin, 163; their profiles, 193; the curve of the nose helped by an ornament, 193; their military dress, 193; picture-writing, 197 (see Hieroglyphics); Aubin’s studies of it, 200; their books described, 203; their paper, 203; music of, 420; language, 426; hero-gods, 430; alleged monotheism, 430; mythology, 431; prayers, 431; priesthood and festivals, 431; sacred buildings, 431; goddess of war, 435. See Mexico, Nahua.

Aztlan, 137; map of, 394; a myth, 138; its situation, 138; in the south, 139.

BABBITT, MISS F. E., Ancient Quartz Workers, 345; Glacial Man in Minnesota, 388.

Babel, dispersion of, 137.

Bachiller y Morales, on the Northmen, 94.

Bachman, John, Unity of the Human Race, 374.

Backer, Louis de, Saint Brandan, 48; Misc. Bibliog., 48.

Backofen, J. J., Mutterrecht, 380.

Bacqueville de la Potherie, Hist. de l’Amérique, 321, 324.

Baffin Land, 107.

Baguet, M. A., Races prim. des deux Amériques, 369.

Bahnson, K., 444.

Baily, John, Cent. America, 197; Guatemala, 168.

Baird, S. F., on shell-heaps, 392.

Bake, J., Posidonii reliquiæ, 34.

Balboa, M. C., Miscellanea Austral., 262.

Baldwin, Cornelius, on burial cists, 408.

Baldwin, C. C., 399; on the moundbuilders, 402; Relics of Moundbuilders, 403.

Baldwin, E., La Salle County, Ill., 408.

Baldwin, John D., Anc. America, 412, 415.

Ballesteros, Ordenanzas del Peru, 268.

Baltic Sea, early maps, 119, 124, 125, 126, 129.

Baltimore, libraries, xviii.

Bamps, L’homme blanc, 195.

Bancarel, Voyages, xxxvi.

Bancroft, Geo., his library, xvii; on the Northmen, 93; his map of Indian tribes, 321; on the origin of Americans, 375; believes in the unity of the race, 375.

Bancroft, H. H., aids to bibliog. of Indian languages, vii; buys the Squier MSS., viii, 272; his library, viii, ix; his Native Races, viii, 169, 415, 430; his lists and foot-note references, 414, 415; Literary Undertakings, viii; Works, viii; his Central America, ix; Early American Chroniclers, ix; criticised, ix; Essays and Miscellanies, ix; Hist. of the Pacific States, ix; Hist. of California, ix; on Mexican history, 150; on Sahagún, 157; on Clavigero, 158; on Maya history, 166; condenses the Popul Vuh, 166; on the anc. Mexican magnificence, 174; on their warfare, 175; attacks Morgan, 176; his estimate of Prescott, 269; on the moundbuilders, 401; on the general sources of aboriginal America, 413; his opinions, 415; on the aboriginal arts, 416; on American myths, 430.

Bandelier, A. F., on early Mexican chronology, 133, 155; on the Toltecs, 141; on the Aztec arrival, 142; on the Mexican confederacy, 147; on Torquemada, 157; on Ixtlilxochitl, 157; promises an ed. of the Codex Chimalpopoca, 158; On the Popul Vuh, 167; Sources of the Aborig. History of Spanish America, 167; Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans, 169, 175; Tenure of lands, 169; Mode of government, 169, 175; Archæological Tour in Mexico, 169, 180, 185; on the Mexican civilization, 173; Morgan’s pupil, 174, 175; his papers on Mexican life, 175; admiration for Morgan, 175; on calendars, 179; Studies about Cholula, 180; Archæolog. Notes on Mexico, 182; on Mitla, 185; on the Mexican paintings, 200; on the Pueblo ruins, 396; Sedentary Indians of New Mexico, 396; Ruins of Pecos, 396; his use of sources, 413; Bibliog. of Yucatan and Cent. America, 414; on American Monotheism, 430; Quetzalcoatl, 432; his labors in Mexico, 438.

Baradère, 192.

Barber, Hist. Coll. Mass., 104.

Barber, E. A., 395, 419; Les anciens pueblos, 397.

Barcia, annotates Garcia, 369.

Bardsen, Ivan, his sailing directions, 109.

Barentz, voyage, 36.

Baring-Gould, Sabine, Iceland, 84, 85.

Barlow, S. L. M., his library, iv, xviii; Rough List, iv; Bibl. Barlowiana, v.

Barnard, M. R., 85.

Barranca, J. S., Ollanta, 281.

Barrandt, A., 409.

Barrientos, Luis, Doct. Cristiana, 425.

Barrow, John, Voyages into the Polar Regions, xxxvi, 93.

Barry, Wm., 408.

Barter, See Trade, Traffic.

Bartlett, John R., edits the Murphy Catalogue, x; the Carter-Brown Catalogues, xii; Bibliog. Notices, xii; drawing of Dighton Rock, 101, 104; Personal Narrative, 139, 396; on rock inscriptions, 410.

Bartlett, S. C., on Dartmouth College, 322.

Bartoli, Essai sur l’Atlantide, 46.

Barton, Benj. Smith, New Views, 76, 371, 398, 424; on the Madoc voyage, 110; his linguistic studies, 424; on the location of Indian tribes, 321; portrait, 371; his career, 371; Amer. Antiq., 371; Observations, 398; thought the mounds built by the Toltecs, the descendants of the Danes, 398; on the Ohio mounds, 407; on affinities of Indian words, 437.

Bartram, John, Travels, 398, 410.

Bartram, Wm., Travels, 398, 410.

Basadre, Modesto, 214; Riquezas Peruanas, 244; on Tiahuanacu, 273.

Basalenque, San Augustin de Mechoacan, 168.

Basques in America, 74; their language, 75.

Bassett, F. S., Legends of the Sea, 46.

Bastian, Adolf, on Yucatan, 166; Geschichte des Alten Mexico, 172; Stein Sculpturen aus Guatemala, 197; Der Mensch in der Geschichte, 378; Ein Jahr auf Reisen, 436; on the religion of Peru, 436; Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 443; Culturländer, 443.

Bates, H. W., Ethnog. of America, 76; Cent. Amer., 76, 422.

Baylies, Francis, 104.

Beach, W. W., Indian Miscellany, 320.

Beamish, N. L., Disc. of Amer. by the Northmen, 96.

Bear Mound, in Kentucky, 409.

Beatty, Chas., Tour in America, 110, 116, 325; on the lost tribes, 116.

Beauchamp, A. de, Conquête du Pérou, 228.

Beauchamp, W. W., 323, 325.

Beaufoy, M., Mex. Illustrations, 180.

Beaumes Chaudes caves, 357.

Beauvois, Eugène, L’Elysée transatlantique, 31, 47; L’Eden, 33, 50; on St. Malo’s voyage, 48; on the Irish discovery of America, 83; Markland et Escociland, 83; Les relations des Gaels avec le Méxique, 83; Ancien Evêché du Nouveau Découvertes des Scandinaves, 96; Les derniers Vestiges du Christianisme dans le Markland, 97; Les Colonies Européennes du Markland, 97; Les Skrælings, 105.

Beccario, his map, 49.

Becher, H. C. R., Trip to Mexico, 170.

Becker, J. H., 403; Migrations des Nahuas, 139.

Beckwith, H. W., 327.

Becmann, I. C., Hist. Orbis terrarum, 43.

Bede, De Natura Rerum, 37.

Beéche, G., his books, xiii.

Behaim on the Seven Cities (island), 49; globe (1492), 58, 120.

Behring’s Straits, route by, 77; map of, 77; in quaternary times, 78; once land, 383.

Behrnauer, W., Commerce dans l’ancien Méxique, 420.

Belknap, Jeremy, on the Norse voyages, 92.

Bell, A. W., 397.

Bell, J. S., 184.

Bellegarde, Abbé, xxxv.

Belt, Th., Stone implements, 388.

Beltran de Santa Rosa, P., Idioma Maya, 427.

Beltrami, J. C., Pilgrimage, 369.

Beloit, Wisc., mounds, 409.

Belt, Thos., on the Trenton gravels, 337; finds a skull in Colorado, 349.

Bembo, Cardinal, his history of Venice, 26.

Benasconi, A., on Palenqué, 191.

Benavides, Alonso, Memorial, 395.

Bendyshe, T., 411.

Benes, J. B., 265.

Benincasa, Andreas, his map (1476), cut, 56; other maps, 56.

Bennet and Wijk, Nederl. Ontdekkingen, xxxvii; Zeereizen, xxxvii.

Benzoni, New World, xxxii; printed with Martyr, xxiii.

Beothuks, 321. See Newfoundland.

Berenger, Voyages, xxxvi.

Berendt, C. H., his Maya collection bought by Brinton, 164; memoir by Brinton, 164; on Guatemala docs., 166; Centres of Anc. Civilization, 176; notes on Central America, 196; his books, 414; his linguistic studies, 426; Analytical Alphabet, 426, 427; his papers, 426; memoir by Brinton, 426; on the Maya tongue, 427; Ancient Civilizations in Cent. America, 427.

Bergen, 68.

Berger, H., Fragmente des Hipparchus, 34; des Eratosthenes, 9, 34; Gesch. der Wiss. Erdkunde, 36; Geographie, 28.

Beristain de Souza, Bibl. Hisp.-Amer., ii, 413.

Berlin, A. F., 347.

Berlin, Akad. der Wissenschaft, 443; Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443; Königliche Museum, 443.

Berlin tablet, 404.

Berlioux, E. F., Les Atlantes, 43.

Bernard, Voiages, xxxv.

Bernhardy, G., Eratosthenica, 34.

Berniggerus, Questiones, 40.

Bernoulli, Dr., 200.

Berthelot, Antiq. Canariennes, 116.

Berthoud, E. L., 397; Natchez Indians, 326; on human relics in Wyoming, 389; Creek Valley, Colorado, 416.

Bertonio, L., his Aymara grammar, 279.

Bertran, Giacomo, map, 58.

Bertrand, Mémoires, 116.

Betanzos, J. J. de, Doctrina, 260; Suma y Narracion de los Incas, 260.

Betoner, Wm. (of Worcester), 50.

Beughem, C., Bibl. Hist., i.

Bianco, Andreas, his map (1436), 50, 53, 55, 56, 114; cut of, 54; (1448), 50, 53; Carta Nautica, 55; assists Fra Mauro, 117.

Biart, Lucien, Les Aztéques, 143, 172; The Aztecs, 172.

Bibliographies, Americana, i; Livres payés 1,000 francs et an dessus, xx.

Biblioteca de los Americanistas, 444.

Bibliothèque linguistique Amér., vii.

Biddle, Sebastian Cabot, 112; believed the Zeni story a fraud, 112.

Big Bone Lick, 388.

Bigelow, A., 409.

Bigelow, Natick, 322.

Bigmore, Bibliog. of Printing, xvi.

Billaine, Recueil de divers Voyages, xxxiv.

Bimini island, 47.

Birch, Robt. Boyle, 322.

Birchrod on Atlantis, 43.

Bird mounds, 409.

Biscayans in America, 75.

Bjarni Asbrandson, his voyage, 82.

Blackamoors found in Central America, 117.

Blackett, W. S., Lost Histories of America, 40, 43.

Blackmore collections, 399, 444.

Blade, J. F., L’Origine des Basques, 75.

Blake, C. C., on Peruvian skulls, 244.

Blake, John H., his Peruvian collection, 273.

Blenheim Library, xiii.

Blome, Jamaica, xxxiv.

Blondel, S., Recherches, 419.

Boas, Franz, on the Eskimos, 107; his papers, 107.

Boban, 179.

Bodfish, J. P., on the Northmen voyages, 104.

Bodleian Library, Codex Mendoza, 203.

Boehmer, Geo. H., Index to Anthropol. Articles, 439.

Bohn, H. G., xvi.

Bolivia, map, 209.

Bollaert, Wm., on the Mexican calendars, 179; on Amer. palæography, 201; Cent. Amer. hieroglyphics, 201; Antiq. Researches, 270; Anc. Peruvian graphic records, 270; Incas, 270; on Tiahuanacu, 273; Anthropol. of the New World, 270, 375; his publications, 442.

Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, 48.

Boncourt, F., 182.

Bone-workers, 417.

Bonneville, C. de, 370.

Boon, E. P., his library, xiii.

Bordone, B., his map of the Atlantic islands (1547), 57, 58; map of Scandinavia, 114, 126; had access to the Zeno map, 73.

Borgia, Cardinal, his museum, 205.

Bory de St. Vincent, J. B., Les Isles Fortunées, 19, 43; map, 19.

Boscana, G., Chinigchinich, 328.

Bossange, Hector, xvi.

Boston, private libraries, x; Public Library, its catalogues, xvii; as centre of study in American history, xvii; its libraries, xvii.

Boston Athenæum, its catal., xvii.

Boston Society of Natural History, 437.

Botanical arguments for the connection of Asia and America, 383.

Boturini, Beneduci, books on Indian tongues, vii; his collections in Mexican history, 159; its vicissitudes, 159; described by Aubin, 159; Idea de una nueva Hist., 159; facs. of title, 161; portraits, 160, 161; his catalogue, 159; his collection suffers in government hands, 162; contentions over it, 162.

Boucher de Perthes, his discoveries, 390; Antiq. Celtiques, 390; De l’homme antédiluvien, 390; Bibl. Univ., 93.

Boucher de la Richarderie, Bibl. Univ. des Voyages, ii.

Boudinot, Elias, Star in the West, 116.

Boué, A., on the floras of the earth, 44.

Bouquet, Col., secures captives from the Indians, 290.

Bourgeois, Abbé, on tertiary man, 387.

Bourke, J. G., Snake Dance, 429.

Bourne, Wm., Treasure for Travellers, 369.

Bovallius, K., Nicaraguan Antiq., 197.

Bowen, B. F., America discovered by the Welsh, 111.

Boyle, Fred., Ride across a Continent, 197.

Bracir (island). See Brazil.

Braddock, Gen., his march, 294, 296.

Bradford, A. W., Amer. Antiq., 376, 415.

Brahm, Ger. de, 116.

Brainerd, David, his Life, 431.

Bran, Ethnographisches Archiv, 443.

Bransford, J. F., Antiq. at Pantaleon, 197.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbé, his aids in linguistics, vii; his writings and career, vii, 170; Coll. de docs. dans les langues Amér., vii; his library, xiii; on Egyptian traces in America, 41, 167; on the Atlantis theory, 44, 172; on Fousang, 80; on the Northmen and their traces, 94, 99; on scattered traces of the Jews, 116; on the Votan myth, 134; on the Chichimecs, 136; on the Nahua migrations, 138; his easy credence, 139; begins Mexican hist. at B.C. 955, 155; on Sahagún, 157; Lettres au duc de Valmy, 158; on the Toltecs, 158; Nations civilisées du Méxique, 158, 171; chief sources of, 171; uses the Codex Chimalpopoca, 158; the Codex Gondra, 158; describes Aubin’s collection, 162; his own collection, 162; edits Landa’s Relation, 164, 165, 200; Mission scientifique au Méxique, 164, 170; on Yucatan history, 165; edits the Popul Vuh, 99, 166; Dissert. sur les mythes de l’Antiq. Amér., 166; his theory of cataclysms, 166; a Quiché MS., 167; translates Mem. Tecpan-Atitlan, 167; on Oajaca, 168; on Fuentes y Guzman, 168; portrait, 170; Hist. du Canada, 170; in Mexico, 170; Esquisses l’histoire, 170; Ruines de Mayapan, 170; Lettres pour servir l’introduction a l’histoire du Méxique, 171; helped by Aubin, 171; search for MSS., 171; Quatre Lettres, 171; bibliog., 171; his MS. Troano, 172, 200, 206, 207; Chronol. hist. des Méxicains, 179; on the ruins of Yucatan, 188; at Uxmal, 189; furnishes a text to Waldeck’s Monuments Anc. du Méxique, 194; Ruines de Palenqué, 171, 194; Lettre à Léon de Rosny, 200; Landa’s alphabet explained, 200; futile attempts at interpreting the hieroglyphics, 201; on the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 205; Système graphique des Mayas, 207; Dict. de la Langue Maya, 207, 427; his Rapport on the MS. Troano, 207; on the Codex Perezianus, 207; on the origin of Americans, 369; on the moundbuilders, 401; Bibl. Mex.-Guat., 172, 414, 423; on Mexican philology, 427; finds Greek roots, 427; La lengua Quiché, 427.

Brazil (country), rock inscriptions, 411.

Brazil (island), 31; bibliog., 49; origin of name, 50; on recent maps, 53; in Bianco and Pizigani maps, 54.

Brébœuf, the best observer of Indian traits, 317.

Breckenridge, H. H., on Indian populations, 437.

Breckenridge, Louisiana, 398.

Bredsdorff, T. H., on the Zeni, 112.

Breed, E. E., 409.

Brenden. See St. Brandan.

Brenner, Oskar, 98 Grönland, 85; his map of Olaus Magnus, 125; Die ächte Karte des O. Magnus, 125.

Brerewood, E., Enquiries, 369.

Bretschneider, E., Fusang, 80.

Bretton, Baron de, Origines des peuples de l’Amérique, 369.

Breusing, Nautik der Alten, 24.

Brevoort, James C., his likeness, x; his library, x, xviii; supt. of Astor Library, x; on Leclerc’s Bib. Am., xvi.

Briganti, A., xxix.

Brigham, W. T., Guatemala, 166, 197.

Brine, Lindesay, Ruined Cities of Cent. Amer., 176.

Brinley, Geo., his library, xii.

Brinton, D. G., Abor. Amer. Authors, vii, 426; on Algonquin legends, 99; on Aztlan, 138; considers the Toltecs merely a dynasty, 141; on the Votanic Empire, 152; owns Berendt’s collection, 164; portrait, 165; on Dr. Berendt, 164; on Central American MSS., 164; Books of Chilan Balam, 164; Chac-Xulub-Chen, 164; on editions of Landa, 165; on the Popul Vuh, 167; Names of the Gods in the Kiché myths, 167, 436; Annals of the Cakchiquels, 167, 425; on the ethnology of the Cakchiquels, 167; on Nicaraguan history, 169; on Brasseur, 171; on Landa’s alphabet, 200; Anc. Phonetic Alphabet of Yucatan, 201, 427; Graphic system of the Mayas, 201; Phonetic elements, 201; Ikonomic method, 201; on the MS. Troano, 207; on Peruvian myths and literature, 270; on the effect of missions on the Indians, 318; “Archæology corrects Geology”, 350; on Theo. Waitz, 378; on the Nicaragua footprints, 385; Floridian Peninsula, 391, 393; on shell heaps, 393; opposes Carr’s views on the moundbuilders, 402; his own views, 402; Rev. of data for the study of prehist. Chronology, 412, 413; Recent European Contributions, 412; Prehist. Archæology, 412; on the use of mica, 416; Lineal measures of Mexico, 420; Language of the palæolithic man, 421; Polysyntheism of Amer. languages, 422; Amer. Aborig. languages, 425; Chronicles of the Mayas, 164, 425; Gueguence, 425, 428; the Taensa Grammar, 426; Philos. Grammar of the Amer. languages, 426; Memoir of Berendt, 164, 426; Anc. Nahuatl Poetry, 426; Nahuatl language, 426; Cakchiquel language, 427; Xinca Indians, 427; Alaguilac language, 427; on the Nicaragua tongues, 428; Mangue dialect, 428; Lenape and their legends, 325; Nat. legend of the Chata-mus-ko-kee tribes, 326; on the Shawanees, 326; on the mental capacity of the Indian, 328; Myths of the New World, 429; on sun-worship, 429; on phallic worship, 429; American Hero-Myths, 430; on monotheism, 430; Religious sentiment, 430; Journey of the Soul, 431; on Quetzalcoatl, 432.

Bristol, Eng., sends out expeditions westward, 75.

Britain, the Island of the Blessed, 15.

British Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, Reports, 442.

British Columbia mounds, 410.

British Sailor’s Directory, 110.

Brixham cave, 390.

Broadhead, G. C., 409.

Brocard, Descriptio, xxi.

Brockhaus (Leipzig), Bibl. Amér., xvii.

Brocklehurst, T. U., Mexico To-day, 177, 182.

Brodbeck, J., 109.

Bronze Age in America, 418.

Brooks, C. T., Newport Mill, 105.

Brooks, Ch. W., on the emigrations to China, 81.

Broughton, Richard, Monasticon Brit., 83.

Brown, Dewi, 326.

Brown, D., on Georgia shell heaps, 393.

Brown, G. S., Yarmouth, 102.

Brown, John Carter, his library and its catalogues, xii.

Brown, J. Madison, on the ten lost tribes, 116.

Brown, Marie A., Icelandic Discoverers, 96.

Brown, Nathan, 81.

Brown, Dr. Robt., on the Eskimos, 107.

Brown, Thomas J., 407.

Browne, J. M., 328.

Browne, J. Ross, 328; Apache Country, 396.

Bruff, J. G., on rock inscriptions, 104, 410.

Brühl, Gustav, Culturvölker, 195, 411.

Brunet on De Bry, xxxii.

Brunn, Bibl. Danica, 40.

Brunner, D. B., Indians of Berks County, 325.

Brunson, Alfred, 408.

Bruyas, J., Radices Verborum Iroquæorum, 425.

Bryce, Geo., on Manitoba mounds, 410.

Brynjalfson, G., on Scandin. polar explorations, 62.

Buache, Philippe, 20; Antillia, 49; map of the route to Fousang, 79; on the Zeni, 112; Sur Frisland, 112.

Buchholtz, Die Homerische Realien, 13.

Büchner, L., Der Mensch, 383; Man, 381.

Buck, W. J., Lappawinzo, 325.

Buckland, Dr., Reliq. Diluvianæ, 390.

Buckland, Miss, 417.

Buckle, Hist. Civilization, 41.

Buddhist priest in Fousang, 78.

Buffon, Epoques de la Nat., 44; on stone implements, 387; on bones from the Big Bone Lick, 388.

Bull, Henry, 323.

Bull, Ole, and the statue of Leif Ericson, 98.

Bull, Mrs. Ole, on the Northmen, 98.

Bulletin Archéologique Français, 441.

Bullock, Wm., collection of pottery, 418.

Bullock, W. H., Six mos. in Mexico, 180.

Bumstead, Geo., xvi.

Bumstead, Jos. (Boston), xv.

Bunbury, E. H., Anc. Geog., 36; on Atlantis, 46.

Burder, Geo., Welsh Indians, 110.

Bureau of Ethnology, Reports, 439.

Burge, Lorenzo, Preglacial Man, 387.

Burgoa, F. de, Géog. Descripcion, 168.

Burkart, J., Reisen in Mexico, 183.

Burke, L., 46.

Burke, J., at Chichen-Itza, 190.

Burney, Jas., Chron. History of Discovery, xxxvi.

Burns, C. R., Missouri, 409.

Burr, R. T., 397.

Burton, R. F., Ultima Thule, 84, 85, 118.

Bus, land of, 47.

Buschmann, J. C. E., Die Spuren der Aztekischen Sprache, 138; Die Lautveränderung Aztek. Wörter, 138; his linguistic studies, vii, 425; Die Aztekischen Ortsnamen, 427; Die Völker Neu-Mexicos, 427.

Bussière, Th. de, Le Pérou, 275.

Bustamante, C. M. de, edits Leon y Gama’s Piedras, 159; Mañanas de la Alameda, 179.

Butler, Amos W., Sacrificial Stone, 183.

Butler, J. D., Prehistoric Wisconsin, 408; on copper implements, 418; Copper Age in Wisconsin, 418.

Butler County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Butterfield, C. W., 326; on the mounds, 407.

Buxton, Migrations of the Ancient Mexicans, 169.

Byles, Mather, xxviii.

CABOT, JOHN, xxviii, xxxiv; in De Bry, xxxii; bust of, 56.

Cabot, J. Elliot, on the Northmen, 96.

Cabot, Sebastian, in Bristol, 50.

Cabrera, Felix, Teatro Crit. Amer., 134, 191, 433.

Cacama, 149.

Cæsar, Julius (Englishman), xxiii.

Cahokia mound, 408.

Cakchiquels, in Guatemala, 150; their geog. position, 151; their ethnog. relations, 167; their dialect, 427.

Calancha, A. de la, Coronica Moralizada, etc., 264; Hist. Peruanæ, etc., 264.

Calaveras skull, 351, 352, 384; cut, 385.

Calaveras County (Cal.) cave, 390.

Calculiform characters, 201.

Calderon, J. A., on Palenqué, 191.

Calendar disks, 179; stone of Mexico, 159, 178.

California Acad. of Science, 438.

California, gold drift, 384; its Indians, 81, 328; an island in Sanson’s map, 18; alleged tertiary relics, 351; mounds, 409; the original home of the Nahuas, 137, 138; linguistic confusion in, 138; pottery, 419; shell heaps, 393.

Callender, John, Voyages, xxxvi.

Callières, 303.

Camargo, D. M., Tlaxcallan, 163.

Campa, 428.

Campanius on the Sagas, 92.

Campbell, John, Voyages, xxxiv.

Campbell, John, 322, 369; on the linguistic affiliations with Asia, 77; on traditions of Mexico and Peru, 81; on the Davenport tablet, 404.

Camus, A. G., De Bry, xxxii.

Canaanites, ancestors of the Americans, 371.

Canada, Indians, 321; their arts, 416; library of Parliament, xviii; mounds, 410.

Canadian Antiquarian, 438.

Canadian Institute, 438; Ann. Repts., 416.

Canadian Journal, 438.

Canadian Monthly, 438.

Canadian Naturalist, 438.

Canaries, called Ins. Fortunæ, 14, 27, 47; known to the Carthaginians, 25. See Fortunate Islands. Known to the Arabs, 47; island seen from, 48; Noticias by Viera y Clavijo, 48; in the Bianco map, 50, 54; in Sanuto’s map, 53; in Pizigani’s map, 54; relations with America, 116. See Guanches.

Canas, 226.

Candolle, De, Géog. botanique, 212.

Canepa map, 58.

Cañete, 275.

Canfield, W. H., Sauk County, 409.

Cannon, C. L., 397.

Canoes, 420; drifting, 78.

Canstadt, race of, 377.

Cantino map (1501-3), 53, 120.

Canto, Ernesto do, Archivo des Açores, xix; Os Corte-Reaes, xix.

Cape Cod, map of, 100; ancient hearth on, 105; map of shell heaps, 393.

Cape Prince of Wales, 77.

Cape de Verde islands known to the ancients, 14, 25.

Capel, Vorstellungen des Norden, xxxiv, 111.

Capella, Marcianus, De Nuptiis, etc., 36.

Caradoc, 109.

Cardiff giant a fraud, 41.

Carelloy Ancona C., La lengua Maya, 427.

Carette, E., Les temps antéhistoriques, 421.

Carey, Amer. Museum, 110.

Cari, 229.

Caribs, origin of, 117; descendants of the Chichimecs, 136.

Carignano map (xiv. cent.), 53.

Carleton, J. H., 397.

Carli, Count Carlo, Briefe über Amerika, 20; controverts DePauw, 370; Delle Lettere Amer., 43, 44, 370.

Carlson, F. F., 84.

Carolina, Indians of, 325. See North Carolina.

Carolus, J., map of Greenland, 131.

Carr, Lucien, 412; on the position of Indian women, 328; Crania of No. Amer. Indians, 356; on the study of skulls, 373; on the Trenton implements, 337, 388; Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, 402; on Virginia mounds, 410.

Carrasco, C., Ollanta, 281.

Carrenza, L., 282.

Carrera, F. de, Yunca Grammar, 274, 279, 280.

Carreri, G. F. G., Giro del Mondo, 138, 158; attacked by Robertson and defended by Clavigero, 158.

Carriedo, J. B., on Oajaca, 168; Los Palacios antiquos de Mitla, 184.

Carrillo, Canon (now Bishop), Crescencio, his collection of MSS., 163; on Zumárraga, 203; Yucatan, 164, 166; Geog. Maya, 188; La langua Maya, 164.

Carrington, Margaret J., Absaraka, 327.

Cartailhac, E., 411, 442; L’age de pierre, 387.

Carter-Brown. See Brown, J. C.

Carver, Jona., on the mounds, 398.

Carthaginian discoveries, 14, 25.

Casa Blanca, 395.

Casa Grande of the Gila Valley, 395, 397.

Casas Grandes, 395.

Caspari, Otto, Urgeschichte der Menschheit, 81, 383.

Caspi, Marquis de, 205.

Cass, Lewis, on Heckewelder, 398.

Casselius, De nav. fortuitis in Americam, 75.

Cassell, J. P., Observatio hist., 92.

Cassino, Standard Nat. History, 34, 412.

Castaing, Alphonse, Les fêtes dans l’antiq. peruvienne, 238; Système relig. dans l’antiq. peruvienne, 241.

Castañeda, drawings of Palenqué, 191, 192.

Castell, America, xxxiv.

Castelnau, F. de, Expédition, 271; on the antiquities of the Incas, 271.

Castillo, G., Dict. de Yucatan, 166.

Castillo y Orozco, E., Vocab. Paéz-Castellano, 425.

Cat, Edouard, Découvertes Maritimes, xxxvii.

Catalan map (1375), 49; cut, 55 (xiv. cent.), 53; carta nautica (1487), 58.

Catcott, A., Deluge, 370.

Catecismo de la doctrina Cristiana vii.

Catherwood, Frederick, Anc. Mts. in Cent. Amer., 176.

Catlin, Geo., on the Welsh Indians, iii; finds analogies to Hebrew customs in the Indians, 116; Lifted and subsided rocks, 46; Life among the Indians, 369; Last Rambles, 369; North American Indians, 320; bibliog., 320; his Indian Gallery, 320; Illustrations of the Manners, etc., 320; portraits, 320; map of the Indian tribes, 321.

Cauchis, 226.

Cavate dwellings, 395.

Cave-bear epoch, 377.

Cave man, 377, 390; held to be speechless, 377; represented to-day by the Eskimos, 377; drawings of, 382.

Cavendish, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi; in De Bry, xxxii; in Claesz, xxxiii.

Caves in America, 389.

Caxamarca, 231.

Cayaron, Chaumont, 321; Autobiographie, 321.

Celedon, R., Lengua gocejra, 425.

Cellarius, Notit. orb. antiq., 37, 45.

Céloron, 286, 310.

Cenecu, 394.

Central America, Scandinavians in, 99; map of, by Malte-Brun, 151; notes on the ruins, 176. See Yucatan, Guatemala, Nicaragua.

Central Ohio Scientific Assoc., 407.

Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, xvii.

Ceramic art. See Pottery.

Chac-Mool, statue, 180, 190, 434.

Chaca, 224; ruins, 224; described by Squier, 224.

Chaco Cañon, 395, 396.

Chadbourne, P. A., on shell heaps, 392.

Chahta, 402.

Chalcedony, 417.

Chalco conquered, 147.

Challenger ridge in the Atlantic, 44.

Chalmers, interpreting the geological record, 383.

Chama, 428.

Chamberlin, T. C., Our glacial drift, 332.

Champlain, his friendship with the Hurons, 285.

Chancas, 210, 227, 230.

Chanes, 135.

Changos, 275.

Chapultepec, Aztecs at, 142; sculptured likeness on its cliff, 148.

Charencey, H. de, Mélanges, vii; La langue Basque, 75; Mythe de Votan, 81; Djemschid et Quetzalcohuatl, 81; Myth d’Imos, 134; Civilisation du Méxique, 176; on the Maya hieroglyphics, 195; Fragment d’inscription palenquéens, 201; his linguistic studies, 425; Mélanges, 426, 427; Chrestomathie de la langue Maya, 427; Des mots en lengua Maya, 427; Le Déluge, 431.

Charlevoix, Nouv. France, ii; on Amer. linguistics, 424.

Charnay, Désiré, finds Buddhist traces in Mexico, 81; on the Toltecs, 141; Cités et Ruines Amér., 176, 186, 195; Le Méxique, 176; papers in No. Amer. Rev., 177; in Tour du Monde, 177; Les Anc. Villes, 177, 186, 195; Ancient Cities, 177; in Yucatan, 186; portrait, 187; his route in Yucatan, 188; at Chichen-Itza, 190; at Palenqué, 195.

Charton, Ed., Voyageurs, xxxvii.

Chase, A. W., 409.

Chata-mus-ko-kee tribes, 326.

Chatinos, 136.

Chautre, 442.

Chavanne, Lit. Polar Regions, 78.

Chavero, A., Sahagún, 157; México á través de los Siglos, 172; on the Calendar Stone, 179; his old view of Mexico, 182; La Piedra del Sol, 431.

Chaves, Francisco de, in Peru, 260.

Chekilli, 326.

Chellean period, 377.

Chelly, Cañon, cliff-houses, 395.

Cheney, T. A., 405.

Chenooks, 99. See Chinook.

Cherbonneau on Arab geographers, 48.

Cherokees, Timberlake on, 83; Enquiry into the origin, 370; held to be moundbuilders, 402; council-house, 402; sources of their history, 326; their case with Georgia, 326.

Cherry, P. P., 403.

Chert, 417.

Chesapeake Bay, shell heaps, 392.

Chevalier, Michel, Du Méxique avant et pendant la Conquête, 172, 176; Le Méxique, 172.

Chiapaneca language, 425.

Chiapas, 433; MS. concerning, 168; sources of its history, 168; map, 188; ruins in, 191.

Chibchas, 282, 428; their language, 425; origin of, 80; position of, 210.

Chicama, 276.

Chi-Chen, 186.

Chichimecs, barbarians or a tribe, 136; etymology, 136; in Mexico, 139; invade Anáhuac, 142; their stock, 142; adopt the Nahua tongue, 142; form alliances, 142; authorities, 147; anc. MS. on, 157; MS. annals, 162; genealogy of their chiefs, 162; their language, 426.

Chichen-Itza, 434; position of, 151, 188; Charnay at, 186; Le Plongeon at, 186, 190; accounts of, 190; ornaments, 190; statue of Chac-Mool, 190; wall paintings, 190; hieroglyphics at, 200.

Chiclayo, 276.

Chicomoztoc, 138.

Chil, Dr., on Atlantis, 46.

Chilca, 277.

Chillicothe, map, 406.

Chimalpain, Domingo, notes on Mexican history, 162.

Chimalpain, A. M., Crónica Méx., 164.

Chimborazo, 275.

Chimus, 227, 275; burial habits, 276; character of the people, 277.

Chinantecs, 136.

Chinchas, 227, 277.

Chinese emigration, 369; in Peru, 82. See Fousang.

Chinese Recorder, 80.

Chinook jargon and language, 422, 425.

Chippewas, 326.

Chiquimala, 168.

Chiquita language, 425.

Christianity introduced into Greenland, 62.

Christy collection, 444.

Chocope, 276.

Cholula, temple built by the Olmecs, 137; a shrine, 140; views, 177, 178; account of, 178; when built, 178; dimensions, 178; arms of, 178; restorations, 178; early mentions, 180; maps, 180; communal house at, 175.

Chontales, 136.

Chucuito, ruins at, 245.

Chumeto language, 426.

Chun-kal-cin, 187.

Chuquisaca, 278.

Churchhill’s Voyages, xxxiv.

Cibola, seven cities of, 138, 396; held to be Fousang, 80; map of, 394.

Cicero, 7; Tusculan Disputations, 9; Respublica, 9; on geog. questions, 36; dream of Scipio, 36.

Cicogna, Bibl. Veneziana, xxix.

Cicuye (Pecos), 396.

Cieza de Leon, P., as an authority on anc. Peruvian history, xxxv, 259.

Cimmerians, 13.

Cincinnati, Nat. Hist. Soc., 407, 438.

Cincinnati tablet, 404; cut, 404; mounds, 408.

Circleville, Ohio, mounds, 407.

Cisneros, Garcia de, 155, 276.

Cisternay du Fay, xxxii.

Ciudad Rodrigo, A. de, 155.

Civilization of the ancient nations of middle America, 173; bibliog., 176.

Claesz, C., coll. of voyages, xxxiii.

Clallam language, 425.

Clark, Gen. J. S., map of the Iroquois country, 323.

Clark, J. V. H., Onondaga, 325.

Clark, W. P., Indian Sign-language, 422.

Clarke, Hyde, Legend of Atlantis, 43, 383; Khita-Peruvian Epoch, 82; Researches, 369.

Clarke, P. D., Wyandotts, 327.

Clarke, Robt., his book-lists, xv; on the Cincinnati tablet, 404.

Clarke County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Claus, C., Den Grölandske Chronica, 85.

Clavigero, Storia del Messico, ii; his beginning of Mexican hist., 155; on the sources of Mexican history, 158; describes the material, 158; belittled by Robertson, 158; portrait, 159; his bibliog., 413.

Clavus, Claudius, his map, 114, 117; facs., 118, 119.

Clay, moulding in, 419; masks of, 419.

Claymont, Del., deposits, 342.

Cleomedes, 4.

Cleomedes, De sublimibus circulis, 8, 35.

Clermont, college of, ii.

Cliff-dwellers’ pottery, 419; their houses, 395.

Climate, influence on man, 372, 378; theories of changes in, 387.

Clint, Wm., 322.

Clinton, De Witt, on the Northmen remains, 102; on mounds, 398; Antiq. of Western N. Y., 414.

Clodd, Edw., 387; Childhood of the world, 412.

Cloth. See Textile arts.

Cluverius, 43; Introd. in univ. geog., 40.

Coahuila cave, 390.

Coate, B. H., Discourse, 369.

Cobo, B., Lima, 274.

Cochrane, J., 408.

Cocomes, 152.

Codex Chimalpopoca, 135; named by Brasseur, 158; acc. of, 158; copies, 158; Hist. de los Reynos de Colhuacan, 158; Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 158; owned by Aubin, 162.

Codex Cortesianus, 206, 207.

Codex Flatoyensis, 88, 92.

Codex Gondra, 158.

Codex Mendoza, 203.

Codex Mexicanus, 162, 207.

Codex Perezianus, 207; cut, 207.

Codex Troano, 205; ed. by Brasseur, 207.

Cogulludo, Yucathan, 165; Los tres Siglos en Yucatan, 165.

Cohn, Albert, xxxii.

Cohuixcas, 136.

Coins, Roman, found in America, 41.

Colaeus at Gades, 25.

Colden, Cadwallader, among the Mohawks, 289; Five Indian Nations, 324; editions, 324; his career, 324.

Colhuacan, founded, 139; seat of power, 139; its league, 140.

Colhuas, 136, 139; vassals of the Chichimecs, 142.

Colijn, M., Journalen, xxxiv.

Collahuaso, J., Inca Atahualpa, 268.

Collas, 226.

Collingwood, J. F., 443.

Colorado Cañon, explored by Powell, 396.

Colorado caves, 391.

Colorado, expeditions in, 395.

Columbia River Valley, centre of migrations, 381.

Columbus, Christopher, acc. of his voyages, xix, xxiv, xxxiv, xxxvi; believed he found Asia, 1; inherited the idea of the sphericity of the earth, 31; inspired by anc. writers, 40; his idea of the width of the Atlantic, 51; Toscanelli’s letter to him, 51; in Iceland, 61; Tratado de las cinco zonas, 61; supposed knowledge of the Norse discoveries, 96; efforts to canonize him, 96; attacks on his character, 96; meets a Maya vessel, 173; his Garden of Eden, 372.

Columbus, Ferd., his library, vi; life of C. Columbus, xxxiv.

Comanches, 327; vocabulary, 440.

Comfort, A. J., 409.

Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, its members, 441; Annuaire, 441; Actes, 441; Mémoires, 441.

Commelin, Isaac, Oost-Indische Compagnie, xxxiv.

Communal customs, 420; life, 175, 176.

Conant, A. J., 409; Footprints of a vanished race, 400.

Conant, H. S., 177.

Concacha, ruins, 220, 221.

Conchucus, 227.

Condamine, C. M. la, Voyage, 271; on Peruvian monuments, 271.

Congrès International des Américanistes, 442; its sessions and Comptes rendus, 442.

Congrès Internat. d’Anthropologie, 442.

Connecticut Acad. of Arts, etc., 438.

Connecticut Indians, 323.

Conover, G. S., on the Seneca burial mound, 405.

Contractus, H., De util. astrolabii, 37.

Conybeare, C. A. V., Place of Iceland, 85.

Cook, G. H., Reports, 388.

Cooke, J. J., his library, xii.

Cooley, W. D., Maritime Discovery, 72, 93.

Copan (ruins), 135; position of, 151; plan, 194; statues, 196; early accounts, 196; seen by Stephens, 196; plans, 197.

Copan (town), 196.

Cope, Edw. D., Mesozoic and Cænozoic of N. America, 353; on cave deposits, 390.

Copenhagen, Royal Soc. of Northern Antiquities, 93; its publications, 94.

Copper, mining, 417; tools of, 417, 418; moundbuilders’ use of, 408.

Copway, Geo., Ojibway nation, 327.

Cora, Guido, 444; Precursori di Colombo, 115.

Coras, 136.

Cordeiro, L., Les Portugais dans la découverte de l’Amérique, xix.

Cordoba, Andrés de, 155.

Cordova, H. de, first sees the Yucatan ruins, 173.

Cordova y Salinas, D. de, 264.

Coreal, François, Voyages, 145.

Corlear, 289.

Cornelius E., 410.

Cornell University, Sparks’s library at, vi.

Corni, C. M., 263.

Corroy, F., 193.

Cortambert, Richard, Voyages, xxxvii.

Cortereal, John Vas Costá, at Newfoundland, 75, 125.

Cortereal, Gasper, xix, xxxiv.

Cortereals, the, xix, xxxiv.

Cortés, his lost first letter, xxi; his letters, xxv; sought a passage to Asia, 1; arrives on the coast (1579), 149; hailed as Quetzalcoatl, 149; his statements about the native displays, 173; his knowledge of Palenqué, 191; sends feather work to Charles V, 420.

Coruña, Martin de, 155.

Corvo, equestrian statue, 49.

Coryat, Crudities, 32.

Cosmas, 30, 38.

Cosmogonists, 383.

Cosmology of the Middle Ages, 36.

Coursey, Col. Henry, 304.

Court, Dr. J., his library, xiii.

Cousin, on the So. Amer. coast, 76.

Cowles, Henry, Pentateuch, 374.

Cox, Mythology of the Aryan nations, 430.

Coxe, Daniel, Voyages, xxxv; Carolana, 326.

Cozumel, ruins in, 185, 188, 434.

Cozzen, Marvellous Country, 396.

Craniology, diversified in America, 356; science of, 373; capacity no sure guide to intelligence, 373; kinds of, 375; long-headed, or dolichocephalic, 375; short-headed, or brachycephalic, 375; medium, or mesocephalic, 375; Cro-magnon skull, 377, 389; Calaveras skull, 384, 385; Trenton gravel skulls, 388; Enghis skull, 389; Neanderthal skull, 389, 390; Hochelagan skull, 389; moundbuilders’ skulls, 399, 400, 403.

Crantor, commentator on Plato, 41.

Crantz, David, Grönland, 86; editions, 86; on Hans Egede, 108.

Crates of Mallus, 7; his globe, 9.

Crawford, Chas., Indians descended from the Ten Tribes, 116.

Crawford and Balcarres on De Bry, xxxiii.

Crawfordville, mounds, 400.

Cresson, H. T., finds palæolithic implements, 341; discoveries at Naaman’s Creek, Del., 363; finds piles, 364, 395; Aztec music, 420.

Crevaux, J. (with P. Sagot and L. Adam), Langues de la région des Guyanes, 425.

Croghan, Col. George, 318.

Croll, James, Climate and Cosmology, 383, 387; his theory of climatic changes, 387; Climate and Time, 387; controversy with Newcomb, 387.

Cro-magnon skull, 377, 389; cut of, 377; of the cave race, 377.

Cromlechs in Peru, 214.

Crook, G., on making arrow-heads, 417.

Crosby, Dr. Howard, on Geo. H. Moore, xii.

Cross, the, among the Mayas and Nahuas, 195; held to be a symbolized fire drill, 195; the symbol of life, 195.

Crow Indians, 327.

Crowninshield, E. A., his library, xii.

Ctesias, India, 39.

Cuella, Juan de, 265.

Cuesta, Fernandez, Enciclopedia de viajes, xxxvii.

Cuextecas, 136.

Cuitatecs, 136.

Cuitlahuac conquered, 147.

Cukulcan, 434.

Cumanagota, 428.

Cuming, F., Tour, 398.

Cumming, Thos., 306.

Cuoq, J. A., on the Algonquin dialects, 425; Etudes, 425; La langue Iroquoise, 425.

Currency. See Money.

Cuscatlan, 168.

Cushing, F. H., on the habitation of man as affected by surroundings, 378; on the Pueblo architecture, 395; on the Zuñi, 396; on N. Y. mounds, 405; Pueblo pottery, 419, 440; Zuñi fetiches, 440.

Cushites of Egypt, 41.

Cusick, David, Anc. History of the Six Nations, 325.

Cutler, Manasseh, on the Ohio mounds, 407.

Cutter, Chas. A., edits Sparks’s Catalogue, vii; on bibliog. of De Bry, xxxii.

Cutts, J. B., 409.

Cuvier opposes Lamarck, 383.

Cuyahoga Valley mounds, 408.

Cuzco, great wall in, 220; its fortress, 220; plans of, 229; old view, 229; zodiac of gold found at, 235; foundation of the city, 246.

D’ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, H., Litt. Celtique, 50; Litt. Epique d’Irlande, 50.

D’Autun, Honoré, Imago Mundi, 48.

D’Avalos y Figueroa, Diego, Miscelanea Austral, 280.

D’Avezac, Iles d’Afrique, 43, 47; Les iles de St. Brandan, 47; Les iles fantastiques, 43, 47; on the Laon globe, 56.

Da Gama, xxviii.

Dabry de Thiersant, Origine des Indiens, 77, 176.

Dacotahs, 327; bibliog., 424; mythology, 431; mounds, 409; linguistic connection with Asia, 77. See Sioux.

Dahlman, F. C., Dänemark, 84.

Dahlmann, Forschungen, 99.

Dalin, Olaf von, Svearikes Hist., 84.

Dall, W. H., on the peopling of America, 76, 77, 78; on the Polynesians, 82; on the Eskimos, 107, 437; Alaska, 107; on the origin of the Americans, 369; against the autochthonous theory, 375; on Alaska caves, 391; on shell heaps, 393; on Aleutian islands, 393; edits Nadaillac, 412, 415; on prehistoric man, 412; on Indian masks, 419; on the Alaska tribes, 328, 437.

Dallas, W. S., 383.

Dalrymple, Alex., Voyages, xxxv.

Dalrymple, Bibl. Amer., ii.

Daly, D., 432.

Damariscotta, Me., shell heap, 392.

Dammartin, La Pierre de Taunston, 104.

Danforth, Dr., on Dighton Rock, 103.

Danilsen, A. F., 410.

Danish peat beds, man of, 395.

Danmar, 31, 47, 49.

Dapper’s collection, xxxiv.

Daremburg and Saglio, Dict. de l’Antiq., 36.

Dartmouth College founded, 322.

Darwin, Chas., Descent of Man, 375; on the degeneracy of the savage, 381.

Darwinism, 383.

Dasent, G. W., Burnt Njal, 85; Norsemen in Iceland, 85; introd. to Vigfusson’s Icelandic Dict., 88.

Daux, A., Etudes préhistoriques, 416.

Davenport Academy of Sciences, 438.

Davenport tablets, 404; controversy, 404.

Davilla Padilla, Prov. de Santiago, 156; Varia hist., 156.

Davis, Asahel, Antiq. of Cent. Amer., 176.

Davis, A. C., 418.

Davis, And. McF., on Indian games, 328.

Davis, E. H. See Squier, E. G.

Davis, Horace, Japanese blood on our N. W. coast, 78.

Davis, John (navigator), xxxiv; in Davis Straits, 107.

Davis, John (Judge), on the Dighton Rock, 104.

Dawkins, W. B., on the Basques, 75; on the Eskimos, 105; on the tertiary man, 353; Early man in No. America, 353; Early man in Britain, 356; on prehistoric study, 376; on the antiquity of man, 383; on the Calaveras skull, 385; on man and extinct animals, 388; Cave Hunting, 390.

Dawson, Sir J. W., on the Skrælings, 105; on the early migrations, 138; follows Morgan in his communal theory, 176; on the unity of the human race, 374; believes the biblical account literally, 375; portrait, 380; on No. Amer. migrations, 381; Fossil Men, 382, 383, 416; advocates the theory of degeneracy, 382; Nature and the Bible, 382; Story of the Earth, 382, 386; Origin of the World, 382; on the Calaveras skull, 385; on the moundbuilders, 401.

Day, St. John V., Prehistoric Use of Iron, 41, 418.

Dayton, E. A., 410.

De Brosses, Hist. des Navigations, xxxv.

De Bry, Theodore, portrait, xxx; Voyages, xxxi; his heirs, xxxi; Collectiones peregrinationum, xxxi; bibliog., xxxii; Elenchus, xxxii; counterfeit eds., xxxii; his other publications, xxxiii; abridgments, xxxiii; original Wyth drawings, xxxiii.

De Bure on De Bry, xxxii.

De Candolle, Géog. botanique, 117. See Candolle.

De Costa, B. F., Pre-Columbian Discovery, 97; Notes on a Review, 97; Northmen in Maine, 97; Sailing Directions of Hudson, 97; Columbus and the geographers of the North, 97; on Dighton Rock, 104; on the Eskimos, 105; on the Zeni, 115.

De Courcy, Hist. Chh. in America, 69.

De Ferry, H., Le Maconnais préhistorique, 357.

De Forest, Indians of Conn., 323.

De Haas, W., Archæology of the Mississippi Valley, 437.

De Hart, J. D., 408.

De Hart, J. M., 409.

De la Porte, Abbé, Voyageur Français, xxxvi.

De Laet, on Madoc, 109; on the Zeni, 111. See Laet.

De Leyre, xxxv.

De Pauw, C., his depreciation of American products, 370; Recherches Philos., 370; editions, 370; Defenses, 370.

De Tocqueville on the Indians, 320.

Dean, C. K., 409.

Deane, Chas., his library, x; his likeness, xi; on James Lenox, xi; on E. A. Crowninshield, xiii; on the Northmen, 98.

Degrees, length of, 32.

Delafield, John, Antiq. of Amer., 372.

Delamar, island, 49.

Delaware River gravels, 360, 361, 388. See Trenton.

Delawares, in Penna., 306; in Pontiac’s conspiracy, 316; sources of their history, 325; their language, 423; their legends, 431.

Deluge, myths of the, 431.

Deman, island, 49.

Demmin, A., La Céramique, 419.

Demons, isles of, 32.

Denis, Ferd., Arte plumaria, 420.

Dennie, Portfolio, on the mounds, 398.

Denton, Desc. of N. Y., vi.

Derby, J. C., Fifty years, viii.

Desimoni, Cornelio, on the Atlantic islands, 47; Le carte nautiche del medio evo, 55; on the Zeni, 113.

Desjardins, Ernest, Rapport sur Harrisse, v; Pérou avant la conquête, 270.

Desnoyers on tertiary man, 387.

Desor, Ed., Palafittes, 395.

Deuber, F. X. A., Gesch. der Schiffahrt im Atl. Ozean, 60.

Deutsch, Manuel, xxvii.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443; Correspondenzblatt, 443; Allgemeine Versammlung, 443.

Devaux, V., 442.

Devereux on Arkansas pottery, 419.

Dewitt, S., 405.

Dexter, Henry M., his library, xvii; his bibliog. of Congregationalism, xvii.

Dhoulcarnain, 49.

Dialects, 422. See Linguistics.

Diaz, Bernal, his stories of regal pomp, 173; as a chronicler, 153; facs. of his MS., 154.

Dibden on De Bry, xxxii.

Didron, Aîné, Annales Archéologiques, 441.

Dieskau, Baron, on his Indian allies, 296.

Dighton Rock, held to be Phœnician, 41, 104; Rafn’s view of it, 101; various drafts of its inscription, 103; account of, 104; work of the Indians, 104; of Siberians, 104; of Northmen, 104; of Roman Catholics, 104.

Dille, I., 407, 410.

Diman, J. L., on the unhistoric quality of the sagas, 97.

Dimning, E. O., 408.

Dinwiddie, Gov., on the Indians as allies, 296.

Dionne, N. E., 317.

Diodorus Siculus, 14.

Diogenes Laertius, 3.

District Historical Soc., 407.

D’Orbigny, A., L’homme Americain, 412; on the religion of the Quichuas, 436.

Doddridge, Jos., Settlement and Indian wars, 319; his career, 319.

Dodge, David, 347.

Dodge, J. R., Red Man, 326.

Dodge, Wm. (Cincinnati), xv.

Dodsley, Voyages, xxxvi.

Dolfus, Montserrat and Pavie, Mémoires, 170.

Dolphin ridge in the Atlantic, 44.

Domenech, Abbé, Seven years’ residence, 80; Manuscrit pictographique, 163; on the American man, 369.

Donaldson, Thomas, Geo. Catlin’s Indian Gallery, 320.

Doncker, H., map of Greenland, 131.

Dongan, Gov., 304.

Donis, his Ptolemy map, 114; sketch of northern parts, 122.

Donnelly, Ignatius, Atlantis, 16, 45, 46.

Dorman, R. M., Primitive Superstition, 431.

Dörpfeld, Metrologie, 5.

Dorr, H. C., 327.

Dorsey, J. O., 423; on the Omahas, 327.

Douglass, A. E., 393.

Doutrelaine, Mitla, 170, 185.

Doyle, English in America, 325.

Drake, Daniel, Cincinnati, 398.

Drake, E. C., Voyages, xxxvi.

Drake, Sir Francis, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii; on De Bry, xxxii; on Claesz, xxxiii.

Drake, F. S., his deceptive Indian Tribes, 320, 441.

Drake, Samuel G., dealer in Americana, xv; dies, xv; his library, xv; sold to Conn. Hist. Soc., xv; sold coll. of school-books to the Brit. Mus. xv; his books on the Indians, 318; Aborig. Races of No. America, 318.

Draper, Intellectual development of Europe, 176.

Draudius, Bibl. Classica, i.

Dresden Codex, 204, 205; ed. by Förstemann, 205.

Drogeo, 72, 128.

D’Urban, 43.

Du Perier, Voyages, xxxv.

Du Pré, L. J., on a prehistoric threshing floor, 210.

Ducatel, J. T., on shell heaps, 392.

Duchateau, Julien, L’écriture calculiforme des Mayas, 201.

Dufossé, Americana, xvi.

Dunbar, Jas., Hist. of Markland, 398.

Dunbar, J. B., 327.

Dunbar, W., on the Indian sign language, 437.

Dunn, Oscar, 60.

Dunning, E. O., 410.

Dupaix, on Mitla and Palenqué, 192; Antiq. Méxicaines, 192; on the monuments of New Spain, 203.

Duponceau, P. E., 423; Mém. sur le système grammatical, 425.

Durán, Diego, Las Indias, 155.

Duro, C. F., 444.

Duro, Ferd., Disquis. Nauticas, 75.

Dury, John, 115.

Dussieux, L., Hist. de la Géog., 94.

Dutch, early, in Newfoundland, 75.

Dwight, Theo. F., xv.

EAMES, WILBERFORCE, vi; bibliog. of Ptolemy, 35; continues Sabin’s Dictionary, 414.

Earl, title of, 61.

Earth, spherical theory, 2; the ancients’ notion of its size, 4, 8; measured, 4; distribution of land and sea, 6; shape of the part known, 8; notions respecting the unknown parts, 8; a supposed southern continent, 9; size supposed in the Middle Ages, 30; rectangular map of, 30; sphericity taught in the Middle Ages, 31; the word “rotundus” as applied, 36; its sphericity ignored by the Church Fathers, 37; acknowledged by others, 37; theories respecting its form, 38; a plane in Homer, 39.

Easter Island, 81.

Eastman, Mrs. Mary, Dacotah, 327, 431.

Ebeling, Professor, his likeness, iii; library, iii; his own books on Amer. history, iii.

Ebn Sáyd, 47.

Ecker, Archiv, 443.

Ecuador, map, 200.

Eden, Richard, Decades, xxiii; Hist. of Travayle, xxiii.

Eden, Garden of, 372.

Edkins, J., 78.

Edrisi, Geography, 33, 48, 72; on Arab voyages on the Atlantic, 72; his map, 72.

Edwards, Jona., on the lost tribes, 116; on linguistic traces, 116; Muhhekaneew Indians, 116; on the Mohegan language, 423.

Effigy mounds, 408.

Egede, Hans, in Greenland, 69, 107; Grönland, 107; facs. of its title, 108; bibliog. 108; his map, 131.

Egede, Paul, in Greenland, 69; Grönland, 108, 131; his map in facs., 131; acc. of, 131.

Eggers, H. P. von, Om Grönlands österbygds, 108; Ueber die wahre Lage des Ostgrönlands, 108; on the Zeni, 111.

Egils saga, 88.

Eguiara y Eguren, Bibl. Mex. 413.

Egyptian migrations, 372; visits to America, 41; analogies in Mexico, 183; built the mounds, 405.

Eichthal, Gustave de, on Fousang, 80; Les origins Bouddhiques de la civilisation Amér., 80; Races océaniennes, 82.

El-Ghanam, 47.

Elephant mound, 409.

Eliot, John, apostle, on Jews in America, 115; his letters, 322; Brief Narration, 322; Grammar Mass. Indian Language, 423.

Eliot, Samuel, Early relations with the Indians, 323.

Eliot, Samuel A., iii.

Ellicott, Andrew, on mounds near Natchez, 398.

Elliott, C. W., New England, 96.

Elliott, E. T., 391.

Ellis, F. S., Americana, xvi.

Ellis, Geo. E., on Sparks, vii; “The Red Indian of North America”, 283; Red Man and White Man, 322; on the Indians of Mass., 323.

Ellis, Robt., Peruvia Scythica, 82, 241, 281.

Ellis and White, xvi.

Elton, C. A., Remains of Hesiod, 2.

Elysian Fields, 12, 13.

Emblematic mounds, 400 Emerson, Ellen R., Indian Myths, 431.

Emery, Geo. E., on the Zeno map, 115.

Emory, W. H., Mil. Reconnoissance, 327, 396; on the Mexican boundary survey, 396, 440.

Enciso, M. F. d’, Suma de Geog., 173.

Engel, E. B. d’, Essai, 370.

Enghis skull, 389.

England, archæological studies in, 442.

English colonists in North America, their treatment of the Indians, 283; compared with the French, 298; exceed the French in number, 299; number of, 310.

Engroneland, 72. See Greenland.

Engronelant sometimes made distinct from Greenland, 121, 122.

Enriques, Martin, tries to gather Mexican relics, 155.

Ens, Gasper, West-und-Ost Indischer Lustgart, xxxiii.

Eocene man, 387.

Epstein, I., 426.

Equinoxes, precession of, 387.

Eratosthenes, on the form of the earth, 3; measured it, 4; Hermes, 7; his view of the habitable earth, 9; and the western passage, 27; his age, 34.

Eric Upsi, Bishop, 65.

Eric the Red, his career, 61; saga, 85, 90, 94.

Erizzo, Le Scoperte Artiche, 127.

Erslef, Ed., on the Zeni, 114.

Erytheia, 14.

Escoma (Bolivia) ruins, 250.

Escudero, Chihuahua, 396.

Eskimos, their boats drift to Europe, 61; appear in Greenland, 68, 107; near Behring’s Straits, 78; described by La Peyrère, 86; known to the Northmen as Skrælings, 105; bibliog., 105, 108; their former southern range, 106, 336; their intellectual char., 106; their migrations, 106, 321; their skulls, 106, 377; bone implements, 106; their linguistic differences, 107, 425; missions among, 108; De Pauw on, 370; allied to the cave race of Europe, 377, 390; of the primitive race of America, 336, 367; their stone implements, 336.

Esparza, M. de, Informe, 183.

Espinosa, J. D., 427.

Essex Institute, 438.

Estes, L. C., 409.

Estete, M., 277.

Estienne, Jean d’, on Atlantis, 45.

Estotiland, 72, 128; identification of, 114; not America, 111, 115; was America, 114, 115.

Eten, 277.

Eternal Islands, 47.

Ethnographical collections, 412.

Ethnological Journal, 442.

Ethnological Society, Journal, 442; Transactions, 442.

Etowah valley mounds, 410.

Ettwein, Traditions of the Indians, 325.

Etzel, Anton von, Grönland, 107.

Eudoxus, 35.

Eumenius, 47.

Euphemus in the Atlantic, 26.

Euripides, Helena, 13; Hippolytus, 14.

Euseues, 22.

Euthymemes, 26.

Evans, John, Anc. stone implements, 384.

Evans, A. S., Our Sister Republic, 180.

Everett, Alex. H., in Spain, iii; on the Norse voyages, 94.

Everett, Edw., on the Norse voyages, 94.

Everett, Wm., on the Northmen, 98.

Evers, E., Archæology of Missouri, 419.

Ewbank, T., Rock-writing, 105; Indian Antiq. and Arts, 416.

Eyrbyggja Saga, 83.

FABRICIUS, Dissert. Crit., 372.

Fabulous islands, 46. See Atlantic islands.

Faidherbe, Gen., 25.

Fairfield County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Falb, R., Land der Inca, 275.

Falconer, Hugh, Palæontol. Memoirs, 384; Primeval Man, 390.

Falconer, Richard, Voyages, 318.

Faliès, L., Populations primitives de l’Amérique, 415.

Fall River, “Skeleton in Armor” found, 105.

Fancourt, C. G., Yucatan, 188.

Farcy, Ch., 192; Antiq. de l’Amérique, 77.

Faria y Sousa, Hist. Portuguezas, 49.

Faribault, G. B., Catalogue, iv.

Farnham, Luther, Private Libraries of Boston, x, xvii.

Farnum, Alex., Northmen in Rhode Island, 102.

Faroe Islands, 114.

Farquharson, R. J., 404.

Farrar, Families of Speech, 75.

Farrer, J. A., Primitive Manners, 379.

Favyn, Andre, Navarre, 75.

Fay, Jos. S., 99.

Fay, S. L., 403.

Feather work, 420.

Fechner, Centralblatt, 443.

Fegeux, Quemada, 183.

Fejérvary Codex, 205.

Fernandez, Melchior, 279.

Ferrer de Conto, José, La Marina real, xxxvii.

Feudal system in anc. Mexico, 173.

Feyerabend, Sigmund, portrait, xxxi.

Field, Thomas W., Ind. Bibliog., xiii, 414; his Catalogue, xiii, 414.

Field of Delight, 32.

Fifteenth-century maps, 53, 57.

Figueredo, J. de, 279.

Figuier, Louis, L’homme primitif, 388, 412; Human Race, 412; World before the Deluge, 375, 412.

Finæus, Orontius, his map, xxiv.

Finlay, J. B., Wyandotte Mission, 116.

Finley, E. B., 403.

Finley, I. J., Ross County, Ohio, 408.

Finns build the mounds, 405.

Fiorin, Nic., his map, 58.

Fischer, Abbé, edits Ramirez’s Catalogue, 414; Bibl. Mejicana, xiii, 414.

Fischer, Theobald, edits Ongania maps, 47.

Fischer, Origin des Américaines, 76.

Fish-hooks of bone, 417.

Fish-spears, 360.

Fish-weirs, 365.

Fiske, Moses, 371.

Fiske, Willard, Bibliog. Notices, 93.

Fitch, John, his map on the mounds, 398.

Fitzer, W., xxxi; Orient. Indian, xxxiii.

Five Nations. See Iroquois.

Flat-heads, 425.

Flath Inis, 32.

Flatoyensis Codex, 99.

Fleming, Abraham, Registre of Hystorie, 21.

Fletcher, Alice C., Indian Education and Civilization, 321; her studies on the Sioux, 327; Omaha Tribe, 327.

Fletcher, Robt., Prehist. trephining, 440.

Flint, Earl, on the Nicaragua footprints, 385; on Palenqué, 191.

Flint chips, 388. See Stone.

Flint folk, 416; in America, 417.

Flora, that of South America connected with Polynesia, 82.

Flores, I. J., La lengua del Regno Cakchiquel, 427.

Florida, calcareous conglomerate, reported human remains in, 389; migration from, to Mexico, 136; mounds, 410; pile-houses in, 393; pottery, 419; shell heaps, 393.

Flower, W. H., 106; on the study of skulls, 373.

Folsom, Geo., on the Northmen, 96; on the Zeni, 112.

Fondouce, C. de, Les temps préhistoriques, 390.

Fontaine, Edw., How the World was Peopled, 374; on the recent origin of man, 382.

Fontpertuis, A. F. de, Canaries, 116; on the mounds, 403.

Footprints in geological times, 385; cut of one, 386.

Forbes, D., 442.

Forbiger, Handbuch der Alten Geog., 4, 36.

Force, M. F., on the mounds, 402.

Force, Col. Peter, his library, vi, 171; dies, vi; tributes to, vii.

Forged relics made in Mexico, 180.

Formaleoni, Saggio sulla Nautica Ant. dei Veneziani, 47.

Forrey, Samuel, 374.

Forshey, C. G., 409.

Förstemann, Ed., edits the Dresden Codex, 205; Die Maya Handschrift, 205; Der Maya Apparat in Dresden, 205; Erläuterungen zur Mayahandschrift, 202, 205.

Forster, J. R., Geschichte der Entd. und Schifffahrten xxxvi; Entdeckungen im Norden, 92; on the Zeni, 111.

Fort Ancient, Ohio, 408.

Fort Chartres, last French flag at, 316.

Fort Duquesne, 310.

Fortia, 43.

Fortunate Islands, 15, 22, 27, 47, 48. See Canaries.

Fossey, M., Le Méxique, 180, 184.

Foster, G. E., Se-quo-yah, 326.

Foster, J. W., Prehistoric Races, 401, 412; on the moundbuilders, 401, 409; (with Whitney), Geology of Lake Superior, 418.

Four Worlds, doctrine of, 11.

Fourteenth-century maps, 55.

Fousang, in Buache’s map, 79; discussions on, 81; voyage to, 78.

Fox, A. L., on early navigation, 81.

Fox, Luke, on the Zeni, 111.

Fraggia, Coleccion de MSS., ii.

Frampton, John, translates Monardes, xxix.

France, archæological efforts in, 441; Congrès archéologique, 441; Société Américaine, 441; Annuaire, 441; Archives, 441; Revue Américaine, 441; Actes de la Soc. d’Ethnographie, 441.

Franciscans in Mexico, 154.

Franciscus, E., Ost- und West-Indischer Lustgarten, 370.

Francisque, Michel, Le Pays Basque, 75.

Franco, Alonzo, 162.

Franco, P., Indios de Veragua, 425.

Franklin, B., his papers in Henry Stevens’s hands, xv; on the Norse voyages, 92; on the mounds, 398.

Franklin Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Frantzius, A. von, San Salvador, etc., 196.

Fraser, W., 51.

Frassus, Regio, etc., ii.

Frauds, archæological, 403.

Frazier, J. G., 328.

French colonists in North America, their treatment of the Indians, 283, 297; compared with the English, 299; aim to possess the Western country, 301, 302; their forts along the lakes, 302; their use of Indian lands, 303; numbers, 310; the testimony of their early explorers, 318; their manœuvres to monopolize the fur trade, 324.

Fresnoy, Lenglet du, Méthode, xxxii.

Fréville, Cosmog. du Moyen Age, 38, 76; Commerce de Rouen, 76.

Frey, S. L., 405.

Frezier, A. F., Voyage, 243, 271.

Friederichsthal, Baron von, in Yucatan, 186.

Friends. See Quakers.

Frisch, E. F., Wikingzüge, 85.

Frisius, Laurentius, map, 114.

Frislanda, 72; name used by Columbus, 73; “Fixlanda”, 73; in maps, 73; in the Zeno map, 114; different identifications, 114, 115; in Stephanus’s map, 130.

Fritsch, J. G., Disputatio, 93, 371.

Frobisher, xxxiv; and the island of Bus, 51.

Frode, Are, 84.

Froebel, Seven Years’ Travel, 410.

Fry, J. B., Army Sacrifices, 319.

Fuenleal, Bishop, 155.

Fuensalida, Luis de, 155.

Fuentes y Guzman, F. A. de, Guatemala, 167, 196; Recordacion Florida, 168, 444.

Fuhlrott, Dr., 390.

Fur trade, 302.

Fusang. See Fousang.

Fustér, Bibl. Valenciana, ii.

GABRIAC, CTE. DE, Promenade à travers l’Amérique du Sud, 231.

Gacetas de Literatura, 180.

Gadé, G., on an ancient Norse ship, 62.

Gades (Cadiz), 13, 24.

Gaffarel, Paul, L’Atlantide, 16; Les isles fantastiques, 31, 47; Relations entre l’anc. monde et l’Amérique, 38, 60; Etude sur les rapports de l’Amérique, 40; Les Grecs ont-ils connu l’Amérique? 40; on the Phœnician visits to America, 41; on Roman inscriptions in America, 41; Rapports de l’Atlantis, 44, 46; his later studies of it, 44, 46; bibliog. of Atlantis, 46; Voyages de St. Brandan, 48; his map (fac-simile) of the Atlantic islands, 52; on the Arab voyages, 72; on Vinland, 97; on the Newport mill, 105; on the Zeno voyage, 115; on the lost tribes of Hebrews, 116; on blackamoors in America, 117.

Galapagos, 81.

Gale, G., Upper Mississippi, 327; his annotations on Lapham’s Antiq. of Wisconsin, 408.

Galibi, 428.

Galicia, F. C., 171.

Gallindo, J., 193.

Gallæus, Ph., Enchiridion, 129; map, in facs., 129.

Gallatin, Albert, on Polynesian connections of the American man, 82; on pre-Spanish migrations, 138; on the Toltecs, 141; Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico, 169, 424; Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, 320; his map of the Indian tribes,321; a student of ethnology, 376; on the pueblos, 396; on American languages, 320, 422, 424; review of Hale’s work on the Wilkes Exped., 424; on Teoyaomiqui, 435; founds the American Ethnological Society, 437; commends the work of Squier and Davis, 439.

Galloway, W. B., Science and Geology, 387.

Galvano, xxxvi; on the seven cities, 75.

Gannett, H., 397.

Gante, Pedro de, 156; Chronica Compend., 156.

Garcia y Cubas, Ensayo, 41; Atlas de la Republica Mejicana, 139; Pirámides, 183.

Garcia, Gregorio, Origen de los Indios, i, 116, 264, 369; his Monarquia de los Incas lost, 264.

Gardar, Cathedral, 108.

Garden beds, 410.

Garden of Eden, 372.

Gardner, Job, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Gardner, J. S., Eocenes of England, 44.

Garnier, Jules, Les migrations polynésiennes, 82.

Garnier, J. L., 172.

Garrigue and Christern, Livres curieux, xv.

Gass, Rev. J., 404.

Gatschet, A. S., on the Beothuks, 321; Migration legend of the Creeks, 326, 425, 426; his linguistic studies, 423, 426.

Gavarrete, Juan, 167.

Gavilan, A. R., Hist. de Copacabana, 264.

Gay, Sydney H., on the Norse voyages, 97.

Gebelin, Count, 104; Monde primitif, 41, 424.

Geiger, Lazarus, Development of the human race, 200.

Geijer, E. J., Hist. of Sweden, 84.

Geikie, A., Search for Atlantis, 45.

Geikie, Jas., Great Ice Age, 332, 386.

Gelcich, E., Fischgang des Gascogner, 75.

Geminus, Isagoge, 7; Elementa astron. or Isagoge, 35.

Gendron, Pays des Hurons, 321.

Genesis, a record of the Jews only, 372.

Genesis of Earth and Man, 373.

Geografisk Tidsskrift, 113.

Geographi Græci minores, 25.

Geographical Society of the Pacific, 438.

Geological Society, Quarterly Journal, 443.

Geology as controverting theology, 383.

George, Wm., xvi.

Georgia, case with the Cherokees, 326; mounds in, 410; Reck in, 326; shell heaps, 393.

Germany, archæological studies in, 443.

Gesner, W., 416.

Gesture-language, 422.

Ghetel, Henning, xx.

Gheysmer abridges Saxo, 92.

Giants in Mexico, 133; references, 133; their bones proved to be mastodon’s, 133; the Toltecs, 141.

Gibbs, Geo., 409, 422; on the Oregon tribes, 328; Chinook Dict., 423; his linguistic studies, 424; memoir of, 424; Vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi, 425; Chinook jargon, 425; Chinook language, 425.

Gila Valley, 395.

Gilbert, J. K., Niagara falls, 333.

Gillies, John, Hist. Collections, 322.

Gilliss, G. M., 275.

Gillman, H., Anc. men of the great lakes, 403; papers on the mounds, 408; Anc. works at Isle Royale, 418.

Giroldi map (1426), 53.

Gist, Christopher, 287.

Glacial age, how long ago, 333, 382, 386; in America, 332, 386; man in the, 343, 387.

Glacial gravels, 387. See Trenton.

Gladiatorial stone, 182.

Gladstone, W. E., Homer, 12, 39.

Glareanus, revised Strabo, 34; on early references to America, 40.

Glass in pre-Spanish times, 177.

Gleeson, Cath. Chh. in California, 409.

Gliddon, Geo. R. See Nott, J. C.

Glorias del segundo siglo de la compañia de Jesus, 317.

Goajira, 428.

Goajira language, 425.

Gobineau, Moral Diversity of Races, 374.

Godron, A., on Fousang, 80.

Godthaab, 69.

Gold found in the mounds, 418.

Goldsmidt, Edmund, 370.

Gomez, Estevan, his voyage, xxxvi.

Gomme, G. L., 443.

Gonçalvez de Mattos Corrêa, Descobertas, xix.

Gondra, Padre, 170, 444.

Gonino, J., 177.

Goodell, A. C., jr., on the Norse voyages, 98.

Gooding, Jos., 103, 104.

Goodnow, I. P., 390.

Goodrich, Aaron, The So-called Columbus, 97.

Goodrich, S. G., 328.

Goodson, Straits of Anian, 110.

Gookin, Daniel, 322.

Goranson, 92.

Gorgon islands, 13.

Gosnold found metal in use in New England, 417.

Gosse, L. A., Déformations du crane, 373.

Gosselin, P. F. J., Géog. des Grecs, 36; Recherches sur la géog., 36; Iles de l’océan, 46; on Atlantis, 46.

Gottfried, J. L., Neue Welt, xxxiii.

Göttingen, Anthropol. Verein, 443; Americana in, iii.

Götz, Dresdener Bibliothek, 205.

Goupil, René, 323.

Gowans, Wm., bookseller, vi; dealer in Americana, xv.

Graah, W. A., Reise till ostkysten af Gronland, 109.

Grammar as an ethnical test, 421, 422.

Granados y Galvez, J. J., Tardes Américanas, 172.

Grant, E. M., 410.

Gratacap, L. P., 177, 377.

Grave Creek mound, 403; alleged Scandinavian inscription in, 102, 403.

Gravier, Gabriel, Les Normands, 76, 97; Découverte de l’Amérique, 97; on Norse civilization among the Aztecs, 99; on the Dighton Rock, 104; Le Roc de Dighton, 104; on the Newport mill, 105.

Gray, Asa, on the flora of Japan, 44; in Darwiniana, 60; on Jeffries Wyman, 392.

Gray, D., 325.

Gray, Thomas, his copy of the Novus Orbis, xxv.

Greek allied to the Maya, 427.

Greeks, cosmography among, 2; in the Atlantic, 26.

Green, John, xxxv.

Green, Dr. S. A., 102.

Green rock (in the Atlantic), 51.

Greene, Albert G., his books, xiii.

Greenland, in the Ptolemy of 1482, xii; its name, 61; earliest people there, 61; its folk lore, 61; Norse visits in eighth century, 61; churches in, 63, 86; East and West Bygd, 63, 108; Norse occupation, 68; bishops of, 68; extinction of the colonists, 68, 69; efforts to learn their fate, 69; climatic changes, 69; its colonists perhaps merged in the Eskimos, 69; ancient bishopric, 85; its ruins, 85; bibliog., 85; runes in, 87; seals of the bishops, 87; voyages hence to Vinland, 87; Antiq. Amer., 94; map, 95; a prolongation of Europe, 99, 122, 125. See Eskimos. Sometimes confounded with Spitzbergen, 107; bibliog. of the lost colonies, 107; voyages to discover them, 107, 109; Hans Egede on, 107; sites of the colonies disputed, 108, 109; scant population on east coast, 109; the Zeni in, 114; cartography of, 117, 132; oldest map yet found, 117; in the Genovese portolano, 117; in the Tab. Reg. Sept., 117, 121; maps by Hans Egede, 108; by G. Fries, 108; by Paul Egede, 108; by Anderson, 108; by Rafn, 109; by Claudius Clavus, 117, 118; by Fra Mauro, 117; by Behaim, 120; by Sylvanus, 120; by Waldseemüller, 122; by Apian, 122; by Frisius, 122; by Olaus Magnus, 123, 125; by Münster, 126; by Bordone, 126; by Vopellio, 126; by Gallæus, 129; notions of Greenland in Columbus’ time, 120; in Portuguese chart (1503), 120; Ruysch made it a part of Asia, 120; made to stretch northerly from Europe, 125; to connect Europe with America, 126; called Labrador by Rotz, 126; severed from Europe in the alteration of the Zeno map (1561), 128, 129; made an island by Mercator and others, 129; earliest Scandinavian maps to illustrate the sagas, 129; maps of xvith cent., 130; Moll’s confusion, 131; maps by Hans Egede, 131; by Paul Egede, in facs., 131; by Jovis Carolus, 131; by H. Doncker, 131; by J. Meyer, 131; De la Martinière connects it with northern Asia, 132; La Peyrère’s map in facs., 132.

Greenwood, Dr. Isaac, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104.

Greg, R. P., Fret ornament, 176.

Gregg, Commerce des Prairies, 396.

Gregory IV., his bull, 61.

Grenville, Thos., Bibl. Grenvil., iv.

Griffis, W. E., Arent van Curler, 323.

Grijalva, Juan de, on the Mexican coast (1518), xxi, 149.

Grimm’s Law, 421.

Grinlandia. See Greenland.

Griswold, Almon W., his library, xiii.

Grocland, a geographical misapprehension, 129; on maps, 129.

Gronland, or Gronlandia. See Greenland.

Gros, Sur les Monuments de Mexico, 170.

Grossmann, F. E., 397.

Grote, A. R., 369; on the Eskimos, 105.

Grote, Greece, 28.

Grotius, Hugo, on Scandinavia blood in Central America, 99; De Origine Americanarum, 369; his controversies, 370.

Grotlandia. See Greenland.

Gruppe, Die Kosmischen Systeme der Griechen, 39.

Grynæus, Simon, portrait, xxiv; Novus Orbis, xxiv; Die neue Welt, xxv; map (1532), 114.

Guajiquero Indians, 169.

Guanches in the Canaries, 25, 116, 377.

Guano, 253.

Guaranis, 136.

Guarini language, 278.

Guatemala, linguistic evidence of Norse influence in, 99; early hist. of, 135, 150; the ethnological connection of its people in dispute, 150; native sources, 166; Popul Vuh, 166; Memorial de Tecpan Atitlan, 166; bibliog., 166. See Quichés, Cakchiquels.

Guatusos, 169.

Guaxtecas, 136.

Guazucupan, 168.

Gucumatz, 135, 435.

Gudmund, Jonas, his Vinland map, 130.

Gudrid, 65.

Guerrero, ruins in, 184.

Guerrero, Lobo, Constituciones Synodales, 268.

Guest, Dr., Origines Celticæ, 45.

Guest, W. E., 410.

Guignes, on the Arab voyages, 72; Les navigations des Chinois, 78.

Guillot, Paul, 93.

Guimet, Emile, Anc. peuples de Méxique, 81.

Guiyard, Géog. d’Abul-Fada, 47.

Gumilla, 75.

Gunnbiorn, his voyage, 61; his Skerries, 109.

Günther, Siegmund, Hypothèse, 37; Die Lehre von der Erdrundung, 38.

Gurnet Head, 102.

Gutierrez, Manuel, 183.

HAAS, WILLS DE, on the moundbuilders, 401, 403.

Habel, S., on sculptures in Guatemala, 197.

Haeckel, Hist. of Creation, 375; Natürl. Schöpfungsgesch., 383.

Hakluyt, Richard, edits Peter Martyr, xxiii; used by Lok, xxiii; Divers Voyages, xxix; Principall Navigations, xxix; on Madoc, 109; on the Zeni, 111.

Hakluyt Soc. publications, xxxvii, 443.

Haldeman, S. S., 437; discovers rude implements, 347; on a Rock shelter, in Penna., 416.

Hale, Capt. Chas. R., on the Dighton Rock, 102.

Hale, E. E., on the Madoc voyage, 111.

Hale, Horatio, Iroquois Book of Rites, 325, 425; on the tribes of the N. W. coast, 328; Origin of Language, 377, 421; on the Cherokees, 402; Primitive money, 420; Indian migrations, 403, 422; in Wilkes’ Exploring Exped., 423, 424; his linguistic studies, 424.

Hale, Nathan, 320.

Haliburton, R. G., on Bjarni’s voyage, 63; on the Norse voyages, 98.

Hall, Jacob, 107.

Hall, James, Indian Tribes, 320.

Hall, Joshua, 410.

Hamconius, Frisia, 75.

Hamlin, A. C., 102.

Hampstead, G. S. B., Portsmouth, Ohio, 408.

Hamor in De Bry, xxxii.

Hamy, E. T., on a Chinese inscription at Copan, 81; Crania Ethica, 373; Précis de paléontologie humaine, 383.

Hanno, on the coast of Africa, 25; Periplus, 34; his voyage, 45.

Hanson, Gardiner, Me., 322; Norridgewock, 322.

Happel, Thesaurus, 320.

Hardiman, Irish minstrelsy, 50.

Hardin Co., Ohio, mounds, 408.

Hardy, Michel, Les Scandinaves, 97.

Hariot, Virginia, xxxi.

Harrassowitz, Otto, xvi, xvii.

Harris, G. H., Lower Genesee County, 323.

Harris, John, Voyages, xxxiv.

Harris, T. M., on the mounds, 398; Tour, 405.

Harrison, Gen. W. H., on the mounds, 407.

Harrison, John Howard Payne, 326.

Harrisse, Henry, Bibl. Am. Vet., v, 414; Notes on Columbus, v; controversy with Henry Stevens, v; Sur la nouvelle France, v; Additions, v; La Colombine, v; Les Cortereal, xix; on Peter Martyr, xx; on early Basque voyages to America, 75.

Hartgers, Joost, Voyagien, xxxiv.

Hartman cave, 391.

Harvard College library, rich in Americana, iii; Sparks MSS. in, vii; its catalogue, xvii.

Hassaurek, F., Spanish Americans, 272.

Hassler, Buchdruckergeschichte Ulms, 118.

Hatfield, R. G., on the Newport mill, 105.

Hatun-runas, 226.

Haumonté, J. D., La Langue Taensa, 425.

Harard, V., 328.

Haven, S. F., on the Northmen, 96; portrait, 374; his Reports, 374; his career, 376; Archæology of the United States, 376; revises Lapham’s Antiq. of Wisconsin, 400; on mound exploration, 400; believes in their Indian origin, 400; Prehist. Amer. Civilization, 412.

Haven, S. F., jr., bibliography, ii.

Hawkins, Benj., Creek Country, 326, 429.

Hawkins, Voyage, xxxvi.

Hay, Texcoco, 170.

Hayden, F. V., Ethnography and Philology of the Missouri Valley, 424; Survey of the territories, 440; among the cliff houses, 395.

Hayes, I. I., Land of Desolation, 69, 98.

Haynes, H. W., on runic frauds, 97; on Vinland, 98; on the Monhegan runes, 102; “The prehistoric Archæology of North America”, 329; discovers rude implements in N. E., 347, 363; Bow and arrow unknown to the palæolithic man, 355; believes in interglacial man, 355; at Solutré, 357; on the Eng. trans. of Grotius, 370; on the Trenton implements, 388; Copper implements, 418; on the Taensa fraud, 426.

Hayti held to be Ophir, 82.

Haywood, John, Tennessee, 372.

Headlee, S. H., 409.

Heart, Maj. Jona., Ancient Mounds, 398, 410.

Heaviside, J. T. C., Amer. Antiquities, 41.

Hecatæus, 34.

Heckewelder, J., on Delaware names, 437; on the mounds, 398; on the Delaware language, 423; correspondence with Duponceau, 425.

Heer, Flora tert. Helv., 44; Urwelt der Schweitz, 44.

Hegewisch, Prof., iii.

Heidenheimer, H., Petrus Martyr, xx.

Heimskringla, 83.

Heller, C. B., on Uxmal, 189; Reisen, 189.

Helluland, 63, 130.

Hellwald, F. von, on Amer. migrations, 139; on the autochthonous theory, 375; Naturgeschichte des Menschen, 412; on Mexican mining, 418.

Helps, Sir Arthur, xii; gives the first English condensation of the Popul Vuh, 166; on Zumárraga, 203; Spanish Conquest, 269; on Peru, 269; Realmah, 379.

Henao, G. de, Antig. de Cantabria, 75.

Henderson, Ebenezer, Iceland, 93.

Henderson, Geo. F., The Republic of Mexico, 427.

Henotheism, 430.

Henry, Alex., Travels, 318; mentions copper mines, 417.

Henry, David, Voyages, xxxvi.

Henry, Joseph, 139; on Lake Superior mining, 418.

Henshaw, H. W., on the mounds, 401; Animal carvings, 404; on sinkers, 351, 417.

Herbert, Sir Thomas, Travaile into Africa, 109.

Herbrüger, E., Album de Mitla, 185.

Herckmann, Der Zeevaert, etc., xxxiv.

Hercules’ twelve labors, 13.

Heredra, J. M. de, ed. Bernal Diaz, 154.

Heremite, J. d’, Journael, 271.

Herjulfson, Bjarni, his voyage, 63.

Hermes, K. H., Entdeckung von America, 96.

Herodotus, 39.

Herr, Michael, Die neue Welt, xxv.

Herrera, H. A. de, Disputatio, xx.

Herrera in De Bry, xxxii; made use of the Relaciones descriptivas, 266; title-page of his fifth book, showing portraits of Incas, 267; Historia, 1, 155.

Hervai, ruins, 271, 277.

Hervas, L., Lenguas y naciones Americanas, 422; Catálogo de las Lenguas, 422.

Hervey de St. Denis, Fou-Sang, 80.

Hesiod, Theogony, 2; on the Elysian Fields, 13; Works and Days, 13.

Hesperides, 14.

Heve language, 425.

Heynig, Psychologisches Magazin, 443.

Hidatsa language, 425.

Hieroglyphics, invented, 152; of Yucatan, attempts to decipher, 195; by Charencey, 195; used by Spaniards in relig. instruction, 197; stages of, 197; color and forms, elements, 197; not easily read even by natives, 198; Mrs. Nuttall’s complemental signs, 198; phonetic scale, 198, 200; Landa’s Alphabet, 198; general references, 198; on a Yucatan statue, 199; early descriptions, 200; sculptured in wood, 200; inscription on the Palenqué tablet, 200; cut of the same, 201; comparative age of those on stone and in MS., 202; rebus character, 202; Codex Mendoza, 203; tribute rolls, 203, 205; Dresden Codex, plate of, 204; explained, 205; Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 205; Codex Vaticanus, 205; Fejérvary Codex, 205; other Maya MSS., 205; Codex Troano, 205, 207; Codex Cortesianus, 207; facs. of plate, 206; Codex Perezianus, 207.

Higginson, T. W., Larger Hist. U. S., 98, 176.

Higginson, Waldo, Memorials of Class of 1833, H. C., 439.

Highland County, Ohio, mounds, 408.

Hildebrand, H. O. H., Island, 85.

Hilder, F. F., 409.

Hildreth, Richard, on the Northmen, 96.

Hildreth, Dr. S. P., Pioneer History, 319; Pioneer Settlers, 319.

Hilgard, E. W., 386.

Hill, G. W., 408.

Hill, Horatio, iii.

Hill, Ira, Antiq. of America, 104, 415.

Hill, S. S., Peru and Mexico, 272.

Himilko on the ocean, 25.

Hindoos, migrations, 371, 372.

Hipkins, A. J., Musical instruments, 420.

Hipparchus, 34; on the form of the earth, 3; on the oceans, 7.

Hispanicarum rerum, Scriptores, xxix.

Historical societies, their libraries, xviii.

Hobbs, James, Wild life, 327.

Hochelagan skull, 377.

Hochstetter, F. von, Ueber Mex. Reliquien, 420.

Hodgson, Adam, Letters, 76.

Hoei Shin, 78, 80.

Hoffman, W. J., 347.

Holden, Edw. S., Cent. Amer. Picture-writing, 201, 202, 440.

Holden, Mrs. H. M., on Atlantis, 45.

Hole, the Norse Holl, 99.

Holguin, D. G., his grammar, 279.

Holm, Lieut., on the Greenland ruins, 86.

Holmberg, A. E., Nordbon, etc., 85.

Holmes, O. W., on Jeffries Wyman, 392.

Holmes, W. H., on the sacrificial stone of Teotihuacan, 183; on the cliff houses, 395; survey of the serpent mound, 401; on shell work, 417; Use of gold in Chiriqui, 418; on textile art, 419; Ceramic art, 419; on pottery in the Mississippi Valley, 419; Pueblo Pottery, 419, 440.

Homer, Arthur, Bibl. Amer., ii.

Homer, his World, 6; his ideas of the earth, 38; his geography, 39.

Hondt, F. de, xxxv.

Honduras Indians, 169.

Hooker, J. D., Botany of the Voyage of the Erebus, etc., 82; Flora of Tasmania, 82.

Hopkins, A. G., 323.

Hopkins, Samuel, Housatunnuk Indians, 323.

Horace, and Atlantic islands, 27.

Horn, F. W., Lit. of the Scandinavian North, 84, 98.

Horn (Hornius), Geo., Responsio ad diss. H. Grotii, 370; on the Zeni, 111; on Madoc, 109.

Hornstone, 417.

Horsford, E. N., Disc. of America by Northmen, 98; edits Zeisberger’s Dictionary, 424.

Hosea, L. M., 408.

Hospitality, laws of, 175.

Hotchkiss, T. P., 409.

Hotten, J. C., xvi.

Hough, F. B., on the N. Y. Indians, 325; on mound in N. Y. State, 405.

Houghton, Jacob, Copper mines of Lake Superior, 418.

Housatonics, 323.

Houses of the American aborigines, 420.

Howard, Lord, gov. of Virginia, 304.

Howe, Hist. Coll. Ohio, 407.

Howell, G. R., on Munsell, xv.

Howells, Jas., Fam. letters, 109.

Howgate polar exped., 106.

Howland, H. R., 408.

Howley, M. F., Eccles. Hist. Newfoundland, 69.

Howorth, H. H., Irish monks and Northmen, 61; Mammoth and the Flood, 45, 382; on Genesis, 384.

Hoy, P. R., 402; Copper implements, 418.

Hoyt, Epaphas, Antiq. Researches, 323.

Huacabamba, 276.

Huacrachucus, 227.

Hualli, 275.

Huamachuchus, 227.

Huanacauri hill, 224.

Huanaco, 213.

Huanapu, 275.

Huancas, 227; allies of the Chancas, 230.

Huanuco el viejo, 247.

Huaraz, ruins, 220.

Huarcu, 277.

Huarochiri, 277, 436.

Huascar, 231.

Huastecs, 136.

Huayna Ccapac, 231.

Hubbard, Bela, Mem. of half century, 408.

Hudson, Hendrick, voyage, xxxiv.

Hudson Bay connected with the Great Lakes, 79.

Hudson Bay Company, its relations with the Indians, 297.

Hudson Bay Indians, 321.

Hudson, Geog. vet. script. Græci minores, 34.

Hudson River Indians, 325.

Huebbe and Azuar, map of Yucatan, 188.

Huehue-Tlapallan, 136, 137.

Huemac, 140, 432.

Huerta, Alonso de, 279.

Huiñaque, ruins, 220.

Huitramannaland, 82.

Huitzillopochtli, 148, 432, 435.

Hulsius, bibliog., xii.

Hultsch, Metrologie, 4, 5.

Human sacrifices, 140, 145, 147, 148, 185; in Peru, 237, 238; in Mexico, 431.

Humboldt, Alex. von, his library, vi; Examen Critique, vi, 40; Crit. Untersuchungen, vi; Géog. du nouveau monde, vi; Cosmos, vi; his MSS., vi; on early mentions of America, 40; on Atlantis, 46; on the fabulous islands, 47; on the Arab voyages in the Atlantic, 72; on the Asiatic origin of Americans, 76; on the Icelandic sagas, 94; on the Norse discovery, 96; on the Dighton Rock, 104; on the Eskimos, 105; on the Zeni, 115; on the Aztec wanderings, 138; on their migration maps, 139; on Carreri, 158; buys some part of the Boturini collection, 160, 162; on the ruins of Middle America, 176; on the Cholula mound, 180; on Mitla, 184; describes Aztec MSS., 203; on the Codex Telleriano, 205; in South America, 270; Vues de Cordillères, 271, 371; Eng. transl., 271; Voyage au régions équinoxiales, 271; Ansichten der Natur, 271; Aspects of Nature, 271; Views of Nature, 271; on the Chibchas, 282; on the origin of Mexicans, 371; his bibliog. in his Vues, 413; on arts in America, 416; (with Bonpland) Voyage, 426.

Humboldt, Wm. von, his linguistic studies, 426.

Humphrey, D., Soc. for propagating the Gospel, 323.

Humphrey and Abbott, Physics of the Mississippi Valley, 393.

Hunt, Jas., 443.

Hurakan, 435.

Huron River, Ohio, mounds near, 408.

Hurons, 321; their language, 423.

Hutchinson, Thos., his library, i.

Hutchinson, T. J., on Peruvian skulls, 244; Two years in Peru, 272; Some fallacies about the Incas, 272.

Huttich, John, Novus Orbis, xxiv.

Huxley, on cataclysmic force, 382; Distribution of Races, 383; Man’s place in nature, 390.

Hygden maps (1350), 55, 117; Polychronicon, 117.

Hyginus, on the form of the earth, 3; Poeticon astron., 36.

Hyperboreans, 12.

Hyrcanian ocean, 382.

ICAZA, Father, 444.

Icazbalceta, J. G., on Indian languages, vii; Don Fray Zumárraga, 155, 156, 203; on Sahagún, 157; ed. Mendieta, 157; Apuntes, 157; portrait, 163; prints the_Hist. de los Méxicanos por sus Pinturas_, 164; defends Zumárraga, 203; Destruccion de Antigüedades, 203; Las bibliotecas de Eguiara y de Beristain, 413; Cat. de escritores en lenguas indígenas, 414; Bibl. Amér. del Siglo xvi., 157, 414, 426; his MSS., 427.

Iceland, visited by King Arthur, 60; by Irish, 60, 82; by the Norse, 83; bibliog., 84; millennial celebration, 85; books printed in, 93, 94; Antiq. Amer., 94; map, by Rafn, 95; by Claudius Clavus, 117, 118; other maps, 118; in Mauro’s map, 120; in map (1467), 121; in Martellus’ map, 122; Olaus Magnus, 123, 124, 125; Seb. Münster, 126; Zeno map, 127, 128; by Gallæus, 129.

Icelandic language, 66.

Icelandic sagas. See Saga.

Ideler, J. I., vi.

Idols still preserved in Mexico, 180.

Igh, 134.

Il genio vagante, xxxiv.

Illinois, Indians, 327; mounds, 408.

Ilustracion Mexicana, 184.

Imlay, G., Western Territory, 398.

Imox, 134.

Inca civilization. See Peru.

India, supposed westerly route to, 27.

Indian languages. See Linguistics.

Indian Ocean once dry land, 383.

Indian summer, origin of the term, 319.

Indians, variety of complexion among, 111, 370; Morgan on their houses, 175; their contact with the French and English, 283; their feuds, 284; acquire firearms, 285, 301; deed lands, 286, 296; trade with the whites, 286; lose skill with the bow, 287; adoption of prisoners, 287; sell them for ransoms, 287, 289; treatment of captives, 290; captives cling to them, 291; life of, 293; trails, 294; traders among, 294, 297; as allies, 295; treaties with the English, 300, 304, 305; French missionaries among, 301; fur-hunters, 301; attempts to christianize, 307; the French instigations, 313; number of souls, 315; bibliog., 316; character in war, 318; government publications on, 320, 321; their shifting locations, 321; reservations for, 321; life of, as depicted by Morgan, 325; tribal society, 328; position of women, 328; medicine, 328; mortuary rites, 328; their games, 328; their mental capacity, 328; myths, 429; non-pastoral, 379; map of tribes, 381; decay of tradition among them, 400; degraded descendants of the higher races of middle America, 415; industries and trade, 416; lost arts, 416; copper mining, 418; influence of missions, 430; belief in a future life, 431; scope of Schoolcraft’s work, 441.

Indiana, Geol. Report, 393; Indians, 327; mounds, 408.

Indianapolis Acad. of Sciences, 438.

Indio triste, statue, 183.

Industries of the Amer. aborigines, 416.

Ingersoll, Ernest, 440; Village Indians, 396; on Indian money, 420.

Ingolf in Iceland, 61.

Ingolfshofdi, 61.

Ingram, Robert, 115.

Institut Archéologique, Annales, 441.

Institution Ethnographique, 442; Rapport, 442.

Insulae Fortunatae, 14. See Fortunate Islands, Canaries.

Interglacial man, 334, 355.

International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Trans., 443.

Inwards, Richard, Temple of the Andes, 219, 273.

Iowa mounds, 409.

Ireland the Great, 61; references, 82; variously placed, 82, 83; Rafn’s map, 95.

Ireland, early map of, 118

Irish legends about the island Brazil, 50.

Irish in Iceland, 60, 61, 82.

Irland it Mikla, 82. See Ireland the Great.

Irminger, Admiral, on the Zeni, 114.

Iron, meteoric, found in the mounds, 418.

Iroquois, held to be Turks, 82; Sir Wm. Johnson breaks their league, 284, 300; attacked by the French, 300; extend their hunting grounds, 303; war against the Illinois, etc., 303; addicted to rum, 303; treaty with the English (1764), 304; sources of their history, 323; map of their country, 323; in Colden’s Five Nations, 324; their cession of western lands to the English in 1726, 324; sacrifice of the white dog, 325; build the mounds in New York, 402, 405; their arts, 416; hero-gods, 430; their monotheism, 430; myths, 431; language, 425.

Irving, Washington, on O. Rich, iii; on the Norse voyages, 93, 96.

Isla Verde, 31, 47, 51.

Islands of the Blest, 13, 15. See Canaries, Fortunate Islands.

Isle Royale, copper mines, 418.

Islenzkir Annáler, 83.

Israel, lost tribes. See Jews.

Italy, anthropological studies in, 444.

Itzamná, 434.

Itzcohuatl, 203.

Ivory workers, 417.

Ixtlilxochitl (ruler), 146.

Ixtlilxochitl (writer), 148; beginning of Mexican history, 155; gathers records, 157; his character, 157; his MS. material, 157; part secured by Aubin, 162; Hist. Chichimeca, 162; chief instigator of the feudal view of Mexican life, 173; his illusive character, 174.

Izalco, 168.

Izamal, 186, 188, 434.

Iztachnexuca, 139.

Iztcoatl, 146.

JACKER, E., 327, 328.

Jackson, C. T., Geol. Report, 418.

Jackson, Jas., Liste de bibliog. géog., i, xvii.

Jackson, W. H., among the cliff dwellings, 395; in the Chaco cañon, 396; Photographs of N. Am. Indians, 440.

Jacobs-Beeckmans, Les iles Atlantique, 53.

Jacobs, Praying Indians, 322.

Jacquet Island, 53.

Jade, 417; in Asia and America, 81.

Jadite, 417.

Jahrbücher für Anthropologie, 443.

Jalisco, 139, 433.

James, Capt. Thomas, his voyage, xxxv.

Japan discovered, 32; held to be Fusang, 78.

Jargons, 422.

Jarl, 61.

Jarvis, S. F., 381; Religion of the Indian Tribes, 429.

Jarz, K., on the Homeric islands, 40.

Jasper, 417.

Jaubert, trans. of Edrisi, 48.

Jay, John, early navigator, 50.

Jefferson, Thos., his anthropological collections, 371; on the mounds, 398; on Amer. linguistics, 424; his MSS. burned, 424; Notes on Va., ii.

Jeffreys, French Dominion, 326.

Jemez, 394.

Jeremias, Die Babylon.—Assyr. Vorstellungen, 13.

Jesuits, their Relations as a source of Indian history, 316; their bibliog., xii; their missions, 317; travels of their missionaries, 318; in Peru, 262.

Jewitt, J. R., Journal at Nootka Sound, 327.

Jews, Grave Creek tablet, 404; migrations to America, 115.

Jiménes de la Espada, Márcos, Biblioteca Hispano-ultramarina, 260; edits Santillan, 261; edits Montesinos, 263; edits the Relacion of the Anonymous Jesuit, 263; Coleccion de libros Españoles raros, 263; Tres Relaciones, 263; edits Salcamayhua, 266; edits the Informaciones por mandado de Don F. de Toledo, 268; his editorial labors, 274; edits Cieza de Léon, 274; edits Betanzos, 274; portrait, 274.

Jogues, the missionary, 323; sources, 323.

Johannes, Count. See Jones, George.

Johnson, Elias, Six Nations, 325.

Johnson, G. H. M., 325.

Johnson, Sir William, and the Iroquois, 284; on his influence among the Indians, 318.

Jolibois, Abbé, on the anc. Mexicans, 81.

Joly, L’homme avant métaux, 383; Man before metals, 383; on the moundbuilders, 403.

Jomard, Les Antiq. Amér., 80; Une pierre gravée, 404.

Jones, C. C., Tomo-chi-chi, 326; finds rude stone implements in Georgia, 344; Antiq. of No. Amer. Indians, 344; on the making of arrow-heads, 417; on the Georgia mounds, 410; Indian Remains, 410; Anc. tumuli, 410; Antiq. of Southern Indians, 293, 410; on effigy mounds, 410; on bird-shaped mounds, 410; on rock inscriptions, 411.

Jones, David, Two visits, 110, 326, 398.

Jones, Geo., Orig. Hist. of Ancient America, 41, 190.

Jones, H. G., on Madoc’s voyage, 110.

Jones, Jos., 419; on the mounds, 410.

Jones, J. M., on shell heaps, 392.

Jones, Morgan, on the Tuscaroras, 109.

Jones, Peter, Ojibway Indians, 327.

Jones, Oneida County, 323.

Jones, Stockbridge, 323.

Jónsson, Arngrimur, 84; Grönlandia, 85.

Jordan, Francis, Aboriginal Encampment at Rehoboth, Del., 393.

Jordan, Fr., jr., 419.

Jorell, Otto, Navires du Nord, 62.

Jotunheimer, 130.

Jourdain, A., Traductions d’Aristote, 37.

Jourdain, Ch., Influence d’Aristote, 37, 38.

Journal of American Folk Lore, 438.

Journal of Anthropology, 442.

Jowett, B., Dialogues of Plato, 46.

Joyce, Old Celtic Romances, 33, 50.

Juarros, Domingo, Guatemala, 168, 196.

Jubinal, Légendes de S. Brandaines, 48.

Julianehaab district, maps, 87, 89.

Junks, drifting of, 78.

Junquera, S. P., 115.

Justiniani, Dr. Pablo, 281.

KABAH, 188, 200.

Kabah-Zayi, 186.

Kakortok, 86, 88.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., his library, xviii.

Kalm, Peter, on the Norse voyages, 92; Travels, 325; on the mounds, 398; on the formation of soil, 361.

Kames, Lord, Hist. of Man, 380.

Kan-ay-ko, 394.

Kane, Paul, Wanderings, 321.

Kansas Academy of Sciences, 438.

Kansas City Review, 439.

Kansas mounds, 409.

Keane, A. H., 273, 410; Ethnology of America, 412, 422.

Keary, C. F., Dawn of History, 412, 415.

Keller, Dr., on the Swiss lake dwellings, 395.

Kelley, O. H., 409.

Kemp’s discovery in London, 388.

Kendall, E. A., 104; Travels, 104.

Kennebecs, 322.

Kennedy, James, Origin Amer. Indians, 117.

Kennedy, J., Probable origin of the Amer. Indians, 369; Essays, 369.

Kennett, White, Bibl. Amer. Prim., i; his library, i.

Kennon, B., 78.

Kentucky caves, 390.

Kentucky mounds, 409.

Keppel, Gestalt, Grösse, and Weltstellung der Erde, 39.

Kerr, Henry, Travels, 111.

Kerr, Robert, Voyages, xxxvi.

Keyport, N. Jersey, 363, 393.

Keyser, J. R., Private life of the old Northmen, 85; Religion of the Northmen, 85.

Keyser, K., Norges Hist., 85.

Kich-Moo, 187.

Kiché, Brinton’s spelling of Quiché, 167.

Kidder, F., 325.

King, Richard, 106.

Kingektorsoak stone, 66.

Kingsborough, Edward, Lord, his belief in the lost-tribe theory, 116; acc. of, 203; his MSS. in Rich’s hands, 203; in Sir Thomas Philipps’, 203; Antiq. of Mexico, 203; copies, 203; finds no MSS. in Spain, 203.

Kingsley, Chas., Lectures, 98.

Kingsley, J. S., Standard Nat. Hist., 356.

Kino, Padre, 396.

Kircher, A., Mundus Subterraneus, 9, 43; Œdipus Ægypticus, 204.

Kiriri, 428.

Kirkland, the missionary, on the mounds, 399.

Kitchen-middens. See Shell heaps.

Kittanning, 312.

Klaproth, J. H. von, Fousang, 78.

Klee, Le Déluge, 390.

Klemm, Allgem. Culturgesch. der Menschheit, 377, 431; Allgem. Culturwissenschaft, 377.

Kneeland, Samuel, Amer. in Iceland, 85; on the skeleton in armor, 105.

Kneip, C. H., iii.

Knight, Mrs. A. A., 45.

Knox, Robert, Races of Men, 369.

Knox, Voyages, xxxvi.

Koch and the Missouri mastodon, 388.

Kohl, J. G., on the Northmen voyages, 97; on Frislanda, 114; Kitchi-Gami, 327.

Kolaos, voyage, 40.

Kollmann, Dr., 384.

Kosmos, 438.

Koriaks, 77.

Kramer, J., ed. Strabo, 34.

Krarup, F., on the Zeni, 113.

Krause, E., Northwest Coast of America, 328.

Kristni Saga, 85.

Krossanes, 101, 102.

Kublai Khan, 82.

Kukulcan, 152. See Cukulcan.

Kumlein, L., Nat. Hist. Arctic America, 106.

Kunstmann, Mémoires, 53.

LA BORDE, Mer du Sud, 43; L’origine des Caraibes, xxxiv, 117.

La Harpe, Voyages, xxxvi.

La Mothe Cadillac at Detroit, 303.

La Peyrère, map of Greenland, 132; Relation du Groenland, 132.

La Roquette on the Zeni, 112.

La Salle and the Indians, 318.

Labarthe, Charles, La civilisation péruvienne, 275; Doc. inédits sur l’Empire des Incas, 275.

Labat, Nouveau Voyage, 117.

Labrador, name of, 31, 74.

Lacandons, 188.

Lacerda, José de, Doutor Livingstone, 114.

Lachmann, Sagenbibliothek, 91.

Lacustrine deposits, 347; habitations, 393.

Laet, Joannes de, Nieuwe Wereldt, i; Notæ ad diss. H. Grotii, 370; further controversy with Grotius, 370.

Lafieri, Geografia, 125.

Lafitau, on the Asiatic origin of Americans, 76; Mœurs des Sauvages, 317; on the Tartar origin of Americans, 371.

Lagerbring, Sven, 84.

Laguna, Col. de la, 184.

Laing, Ed., Heimskringla, 92; on the sagas, 99.

Lake Bonneville, 347.

Lake Lahontan, 347.

Lake Superior, copper mines, 417.

Lamarck, J. B. A., his transformation theory, 383; Philosophie Zool., 383.

Lambayeque, 275.

Lancaster, Pa., treaty at, 305.

Landa, Bishop, Relacion, 164, 200; edited by Brasseur, 164; by Rada y Delgado, 165; critical account of editions by Brinton, 165; his alphabet, 198; facs. of part of it, 198; exists only in a copy, 198; pronounced a fabrication, 200, 202; analysis of, 201; misleading, 202; his destruction of MSS., 203.

Landino, 35.

Landnamabók, 83; editions, 83.

Landry, S. F., Moundbuilder’s Brain, 403.

Lands, tenure of, 175.

Lang, A., 281.

Lang, J. D., Polynesian Nations, 82.

Langdon, F. W., 408.

Langebek, Jacobus, Scriptores rerum Danicarum, 83.

Langius, Med. Epist. Misc., 41.

Langlet du Fresnoy, Méthode, i.

Language, as a test of race, 421, 422; failed in the palæolithic man, 421. See Linguistics.

Laon globe (1486), 119; cut, 56.

Lapham, I. A., on the Indians of Wisconsin, 327; Antiq. of Wisconsin, 400, 408.

Lappawinzo, 325.

Larenaudière, Méxique, 190.

Larkin, F., Anc. man in America, 384, 405, 415.

Larrabure y Unanue, E., on the Ollantay drama, 282.

Larrainzar, M., Estudios sobre la hist. de America, 172, 195; on Palenqué, 195.

Lartet, Ed., Nouvelles Recherches, 388; Annales des Sciences, 441.

Lartet and Christy, Reliq. Aquitanicæ, 389.

Las Casas, Narratio, xxxiii; Apolog. hist., 155.

Latham, Nat. Hist. of Man, 374; Man and his migrations, 381.

Latreille, 16.

Latrobe, C. J., Rambles in Mexico, 180.

Laud, Archbp., 205.

Laurentian hills, 384.

Laurenziano-Gaddiano portolano, 55.

Law, A. E., 410.

Lawson, Carolina, xxxv.

L’Estrange, Sir H., Americans no Jewes, 115.

Le Beau, Voyage, 321.

Le Hon, H., Influence des lois Cosmiques, 387; L’homme fossile, 383.

Le Moyne, Florida, xxxii.

Le Noir on the Dresden Codex, 205.

Le Plongeon, Dr., on Atlantis, 44; on the connection of the Maya and Asiatic races, 81; on traces of the Guanches in Yucatan, 117; his studies in Yucatan, 166, 186; his discovery of the Chac-mool, 180, 181, 190; Sacred Mysteries, 180, 187; his over-confidence, 187, 200; controversies, 187; at Chichen-Itza, 187, 190; on the Maya tongue, 427.

Le Plongeon, Mrs. Alice, her studies on the Mayas, 166, 169, 187; Vestiges of the Mayas, 187; Here and There in Yucatan, 187.

Leardo, Giovanni, map (1448), 56; (1452), 53, 56, 115.

Leclerc, Ch., Bibl. Amer., vii, xvi, 413, 423.

Leclercq, Gaspésie, 321.

Leconte, J. L., on the California Indians, 437.

Lee, Arthur, on the mounds, 398.

Lee, J. C. Y., 397.

Lee, J. E., Lake dwellings of Switzerland, 395.

Leffler, O. P., 84.

Legendre, Napoleon, Races de l’Amérique, 369.

Legis-Glueckselig, Die Runen, 66.

Legrand d’Aussy, Image du monde, 37.

Leibnitz, Opera philol., 40.

Leidy, Jos., 374; discovers rude implements in lacustrine deposits, 347; on a mustang skull found in the California gravels, 353; Extinct mammalia, 388; on shell-heaps, 393; on the Hartman cave, 391.

Leif Ericson, his career, 62; his voyage to Vinland, 63; described, 90; statue in Boston, 98.

Leipzig, Museum für Völkerkunde, Bericht, 443; Verein für Anthropologie, 443.

Leland, Ch. G., C_alifornia and Mexico in the Fift. Cent._, 80; Fusang, 80; Mythology of the Algonquins, 99; Algonquin legends, 99, 431; on the Norse spirit in Algonquin myths, 99.

Lelewel, on the Arab voyages, 72; on Frislanda, 114.

Lemoine, J. M., on the Hurons, 321; on Indian mortuary rites, 328.

Lemuria, 383.

Lenape stone, 405.

Lenni Lenape, 325, 437. See Delawares.

Lenoir, A., on Egyptian traces in America, 41; compares Palenqué with Egyptian remains, 192.

Lenox Library, xi; its bibliographical contributions, xi.

Lenox, Jas., his library, xi; Recollections by Stevens, xi; his De Brys, xxxiii.

Léon y Gama, A. de, Desc. de las Dos Piedras, 159, 182; chronol. tables of Mexico, 133.

Léon y Pinelo, Epitome, i.

Leone, Giovan, Viaggio, xxix.

Lepsius, Das Stadium, 4.

Lesage, S., 317.

Lesley, J. P., Origin and Destiny of Man, 379, 383; his independent views, 384.

Lesson and Martinet, Les Polynésiens, 82.

Letheman on the Navajos, 327.

Letronne, on the size of the earth, 5; on the views of the extension of Africa, 7; Opinions Cosmog. des Pères, 38.

Levinus printed with Martyr, xxiii.

Lévy-Bing on the Grave Creek mound tablet, 404.

Lewis, Sir Geo. C., Astron. of the Ancients, 36.

Lewis, H. C., Geol. Survey of Penna., 388; Trenton gravels, 337, 388.

Lewis, T. H., on the mounds, 400, 403; on a snake mound, 401; on Iowa mounds, 409; on Kentucky mounds, 409; on Red River mounds, 410; on Rock inscriptions, 410.

Lewis and Clarke, on the Indians, 320; discover mounds, 409; their Indian vocabularies lost, 424.

Lexington, Ky., Indian fort, 437.

Li Yan Tcheou, 80.

Libraries, American, i; in New England, i; private, of Americana, vi.

Libretto de tutta la navigazione, etc., xix.

Libyan relic in America, 404.

Lick Creek mound, 408.

Lima, audience of, 211.

Linares on Teotihuacan, 182.

Lindenow, G., voyage to Greenland, 107.

Linguistics, American, bibliog. of, vii, 421, 423; affiliations with Asia, 77; with China, 81; used in studying ethnical relations, 421; number of stocks, 422, 424; dialects, 422; maps of America, by languages, 422; polysynthesis, 422; collections, 425; vocabularies in Wheeler’s Survey, 440.

Linschoten, xxxvii.

Lisbon Academy, Memorias da Litteratura, xix.

Little, Wm., Warren, 322.

Little Falls, Minn., 346.

Little Miami valley, mounds in, 403, 408.

Littlefield, Geo. E., xv.

Livermore, Geo., on Henry Stevens, xiv.

Lizana, B., 165.

Ljung, E. P., Dissertatio, 370.

Llamas of Peru, 213, 253; cut of, 213.

Llanos, Adolfo, Sahagún, 157.

Lloyd, Humphrey, Cambria, 109.

Lloyd, H. E., 108.

Lloyd, T. G. B., 321.

Loaysa, 162.

Locke, Caleb, Hist. de la navigation, xxxiv.

Locke, John, on the Wisconsin mounds, 400; Mineral Lands, 400.

Locket, S. H., 409.

Lockwood, Rev. Samuel, 363; collection, 393.

Lodge, Henry Cabot, review of Gravier’s Découverte par les Normands, 97.

Loess, 332, 348; of the Mississippi Valley, 388.

Loew, O., 394.

Löffler, E., on Vinland, 98.

Logan, James, his position in Penna., 308.

Logstown, 287.

London Anthropological Society, Memoirs, 442; Trans. and Journals, 442.

London Society of Antiquaries, Archæologia, 442.

Long, R. C., Anc. Arch. of America, 176.

Long, Bibl. Amer., ii.

Longfellow, H. W., Skeleton in Armor, 105.

Longperier, A. de, Notice des Monuments, 444; Bronzes Antiques, 26.

Loo-choo Islands, 80.

Lopez, V. F., on Quichua roots, 280; Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, 82, 241, 281; on the Ollantay drama, 282,

Lorente, S., Hist. Antiq. del Peru, 270; papers in the Revista Peruana, 270; Revista de Lima, 270.

Lorenzana, Hist. Nueva España, 203.

Lorillard, Pierre, 177.

Lorillard City, 177; situation, 188.

Lort, Michael, 104.

Loskiel, G. H., Mission, 371, 429.

Lothrop, S. K., Kirkland, 323.

Loudon, Archibald, Selection of narratives, 319.

Louisiana, missions in, 326; mounds, 409.

Löw, Conrad, Meer Buch, xxxiii.

Löwenstern, Le Méxique, 182.

Lowndes, the bibliographer, xvi.

Lubbock, Sir John, Origin of Civilization, 377, 380; as an anthropologist, 379; portrait, 379; Prehistoric Times, 379; on No. Amer. Archæology, 379; on the degeneracy of the savage, 381; Early Condition of Man, 381; Scientific Lectures, 387; on prehistoric archæology, 412.

Lucy-Fossarieu, P. de, Ethnographie de l’Amérique Antarctique, 442.

Ludewig, Hermann E., Amer. local History, v; Amer. Aborig. Linguistics, v; Lit. of Amer. Aborig. Language, vii, 423.

Lule, 428.

Lummi language, 425.

Lumnius, J. F., De Extremo Dei Judicio, 115.

Lunarejo, Dr., 280.

Lund, Dr., on caves in Brazil, 390.

Lurin, 277.

Lyctonia, 46.

Lydius, B., xxv.

Lyell, Sir Charles, on Atlantis, 44; Antiquity of Man, 384; eds., 384; Second Visit, 393; on the moundbuilders, 402.

Lykins, W. H. R., 409.

Lyman, Theodore, 3, 412.

Lyó-Baa, 184.

Lyon, G. F., Journal, 170; Mexico, 183.

Lyon, S. S., 410; Antiquities from Kentucky, 439.

Lyon, W. B., 397.

MACCAULEY, CLAY, on the Seminole Indians, 326.

Macedo, Dr., on Inca and Aztec civilizations, 275.

Machimus, 22.

Maciana library (Venice), vi.

Mackenna, B. V., his books, xiii.

Maclean, J. P., on Atlantis, 45; Mastodon, Mammoth and Man, 388; Moundbuilders, 401; on the serpent mound, 401; on the Grave Creek tablet, 404; mounds in Butler County, 408.

Maclovius, Bishop of Aleth, 48.

Macomb, J. N., Exploring Exped. from Santa Fé, 440.

Macrobius, 13, 31; Comm. in Somn. Scip., 9, 10, 11, 36; his maps, 10, 11, 12.

Madeira, 48; known to the ancients, 15, 25, 27; in the Bianco map, 50.

Madier de Montjau, Chronol. hiérog., 133; on Mexican MSS., 163; Chronol. des rois Aztéques, 200.

Madison, Bishop J., on the mounds, 398; on fortifications in the West, 437.

Madisonville, Ohio, Archæolog. Soc., 407; mounds, 408.

Madoc, Prince, his voyage, 71; bibliog., 109, 110, 111; linguistic traces of the Welsh in America, 109; English eagerness to substantiate his voyage, 109; some believe he went to Spain, 111; his people are the Mandans, 111; possible, but not probable, 111.

Madriga, P. de, 271; voyage to Peru, xxxiv.

Madrinanus, A., xx.

Maelduin, 33, 50.

Mag Mell, 32.

Magazin für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen, 443.

Magellan, xxviii, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii.

Magio, Ant., Lengua de los Indios Baures, 425.

Magnus, Olaus, Hist. of the Goths, 84; maps (1539), 123; (1555), 124; (1567), 125; Historia, 125; Von dem alten Goettenreich, 125.

Magnusen, Finn, 86, 96; on Scand. divisions of time, 99; an instance of his over-eagerness, 102.

Magnussen, Arne, 88.

Magrurin, 33.

Mahudel on stone implements, 387.

Mailduin, 33, 50.

Maillard, Abbé, Miconaque language, 425.

Maine Indians, 322; Indian missions, 322; shell heaps, 392.

Maisonneuve, Bibl. Amer., xiv, xvi; Collection linguistique, 425.

Maisonneuve. See Leclerc.

Maize in Peru, 213.

Major, R. H., on the Atlantic islands, 47; on Arab voyages in the Atlantic, 72; on the Northmen, 96; on the sites of the Greenland colonies, 109, 113; on the Madoc voyage, 111; advocates the Zeni story, 112; portrait, 112.

Mala, 277.

Malay emigration to America, 60.

Malay stock in America, 81, 82.

Mallery, Col. Garrick, on the Dighton Rock, 103; on Indian inscriptions, 104; on pictographs, 410; on gesture language, 422; Study of Sign language, 422, 440.

Mallet, P. H., Dannemark, 92; Northern Antiq., 84, 92.

Malte-Brun, Annales des Voyages, xxxvi, 441; Nouvelles Annales, xxxvi, 441; on the Arab voyagers, 72; on the sagas, 92; on the Zeni, 112; Précis de la géog., 112; map of Central America, 151; map of Yucatan, 188; L’époque des monumens de l’Ohio, 398; Nations et langues au Méxique, 427.

Mame-Huastèque language, 426.

Mamertinus, 47.

Mammoth, 388.

Man Satanaxio, 31, 47, 49, 54.

Man, origin and antiquity of, in America, 330, 369; bibliog., 369; plurality of origin, 372; autochthonous, in America, 372; references on, 375; prehistoric, 377; stages of prehistoric existence, 377; his progress from barbarism to civilization, 378; influenced by climate, 378; degenerate in the modern savage, 380; controversy on this point, 381; arguments against his antiquity, 382; for it, 383; English, French, and German schools of opinion, 383; original home in the Indian Ocean, 383; his geological remoteness in Europe, 330, 384; references on his antiquity in America, 384; in the Glacial age, 387; existence with extinct animals, 388; in American caves, 389; scarcity of human remains of the palæolithic era, 390; early man in So. America, 390; as lake dweller, 395; of the Danish peat beds, 395; general references on prehistoric man, 412, 415; as a speaking animal, 421; unity of the American race, 429; the thoughts of early man, 429. See Anthropology.

Manasseh Ben Israel, 115.

Manchester Geographical Society, Journal, 442.

Manco Ccapac, origin of, 225; at Cuzco, 224; portrait, 228.

Mancos River, 395.

Mandans, 111.

Mange, Padre, 396.

Mangue dialect, 428.

Mangues, 169.

Mani, 153; archives, 189.

Manilius, on the form of the earth, 3; Astronomicon, 36.

Manitoba Hist. Society, Trans., 410; mounds, 410.

Mapa de Cuauhtlantzinco, 180.

Marana, J. P., Turkish Spy, 110.

Marçay, De, Découvertes de l’Amérique, 45.

Marceau, E., Les anc. peuples d’Amérique, 412.

Marcel de Serre, Cosmog. de Moise, 41.

Marcellus, Ethiopic History, 41.

March y Labores, José, xxxvii.

Marcoy, Travels in So. Amer., 209; Voyage, 272.

Marcy, R. B., Border Reminiscences, 319; (with G. B. McClellan) Exploration of the Red River, 327, 440.

Margry, Pierre, Mémoires, 302, 317.

Maricheets, 321.

Marietta, mounds, plan of, by W. Sargent, 437; Harris, view of the mounds, 405; mounds at, discovered, 407.

Marinelli, G., Erdkunde bei den Kirchen-Vätern, 30, 38.

Marinus of Tyre, 34; on the size of the known earth, 8.

Markham, C. R., on the Eskimos, 107; “The Inca civilization in Peru”, 209; translates Report of Ondegardo, 261; Molina’s Rites of the Incas, 262, 436; translates Avila’s narrative, 264; edits Salcamayhua, 266; Cuzco and Lima, 271; Travels in Peru and India, 271; Peru, 271; portrait, 272; on Tiahuanacu, 273; his editorial work, 274; on the Quichua language, 280; Ollanta, 281; reply to Mitre, 282; Ocean Highways, 442; Geog. Review, 442; Geog. Mag., 442.

Markland, 63, 130.

Marmier, X., Island, 84.

Marmocchi, F. C., Viaggi, xxxvii, 163.

Marquesas islands, 81.

Marquez, P., Antichi mon. de Arch. Messicana, 180.

Marriott mound, 408.

Marryat’s Travels, 321.

Marsh, Geo. P., 84, 439.

Marsh, O. C., on the Newark mounds, 408.

Marshall, O. H., Hist. Writings, 323; on the Ohio Valley Indians, 326.

Marson, Arc, 82.

Martellus, H., Insularium illustratum, 114, 119; map sketched, 122.

Marten, Voyage to Greenland, xxxiv.

Martha’s Vineyard, tracts on the conversion of the Indians, 322.

Martin, Félix, Hurons et Iroquois, 321; Jogues, 323.

Martin, Gabriel, xxxii.

Martin, Henri, Dissertation sur l’Atlantide, 46; Timée de Platon, 46.

Martin, Luis, 184.

Martin, T. H., his astron. papers, 36; Cosmog. Grecque, 39; Sur le Timée, 42.

Martin of Valencia, 156.

Martinez, J., Quichua vocabulary, 279.

Martinière, map of Greenland, 132; Voyages, 132.

Martius, F. P. von, Sprachenkunde Amerikas, 428; Glossaria, 428; Beiträge, 136.

Martyr, Peter, bibliog., xx; his first decade, xx; Legatio Babylonica, xx; acc. by Harrisse, xx; by Schumacher, xx; by Heidenheimer, xx; Die Schiffung, xxi; Poemata, xxi; De Nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, xxi; facs. of title, xxii; De orbe novo, xxi; Extrait ou Recueil, xxi; De rebus oceanicis, xxiii; Summario, xxiii; joined with Oviedo, xxiii; Eden’s Decades, xxiii; Willes’ Hist. of Travayle, xxiii; edited by Hakluyt, xxiii; by Lok, xxiii; Opus Epistolarum, xxiv; on the Ethiopian origin of the tribes of Yucatan, 117; describes the Maya and Nahua picture-writings, 203.

Maryland, docs. in her Archives, xiv; Hist. Soc., xviii; Indians, 325.

Masks, Mexican, 419.

Mason, Geo. C., on the Newport mill, 105; Rem. of Newport, 105.

Mason, O. T., on the mounds, 402; bibliog. of anthropology, 411; on anthropology in the U. S., 411; his anthropolog. papers, 439.

Massachusetts Bay map, 100.

Massachusetts Hist. Soc., Library Catalogue, xvii; on the statue of Leif Ericson, 98; on Rafn’s over-confidence, 100.

Massachusetts Indians, 323.

Massachusetts Quart. Rev., 96.

Massachusetts State Library, xvii.

Massilia founded, 26.

Mastodon, carvings of, 405; mound, 409; remains of man associated with the, 388; how long disappeared, 389.

Materiaux pour l’histoire primitive, 411.

Mather, Cotton, on Dighton Rock, 103, 104; Wonderful works of God, 104; on Jews in New England, 115; on supposed remains of a giant, 389; and the Royal Society, 442.

Mather, Increase, his letter to Leusden, 322.

Mather, Saml., America known to the ancients, 40.

Mathers, their library, i.

Matienzo, Juan de, Gobierno de el Peru, 261.

Matlaltzinca, 148.

Matthews, W., Language of the Hidatsa, 425; Hidatsa Indians, 440.

Maudsley, A. P., Guatemala, 197.

Maurault, Abenakis, 322.

Maurer, Konrad, Altnord. Sprache, 84; Island, 85; Isländische Volkssagen, 85; on the Zeni, 113; Rechtgesch. des Nordens, 85.

Mauro, Fra, map (1457), 53, 117; facs. of northern parts, 120.

Maury, Alfred, 374.

Mavor, Voyages, xxxvi.

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, his library, viii.

Maximilian, Prince, Reise, 319; Travels, 392.

Maxtla, 146.

Maya d’Ahkuil-Chel, 426.

Mayapan, 152; deserted, 153.

Mayas, origin of, 134, 152; name first heard, 135; nations comprised, 135; acc. of, 152; hieroglyphics, 152, 426; Katunes, 152; calendar, 152; manuscripts, 162; Chilan Balam, 164; Popul Vuh, their sacred book, 166; their last pueblo, 175; picture-writing, 197; metals among, 418; languages of, 427; dialects, 427; allied to the Greek, 427; general references, 427; religion of, 433; hero-gods, 430, 434.

Mayberry, S. P., on Florida shell heaps, 393.

Mayda, 31, 47, 51, 53.

Mayer, Brantz, on Sparks, vii; Mexico, 170; Observations on Mex. hist., 184.

Mayhews, the Indian missionaries, 322.

Mayta, Ccapac, Inca, 229.

Mazahuas, 136.

Mazetecs, 136.

McAdams, W., 409; Anc. Races in the Mississippi Valley, 403, 410; Cahokia, 408.

McCaul, John, 99.

McCharles, A., 410.

McClellan, G. B., 440.

McClintock and Strong’s Cyclop. bibl. lit., 384.

McClure and Parish, Mem. of Wheeloch, 322.

McCoy, Isaac, Baptist Indian missions, 369.

McCulloh, James H., Researches on America, 169, 372; on the mounds, 399.

McCullough, John, captive to the Indians, 292, 319.

McElmo cañon, 395.

McFarland, R. W., 408.

McGee, W. J., 377; on glacial man, 330, 343; on the Columbia period, 343; his lacustrine explorations, 349; on Iowa mounds, 409.

McIntosh, John, Disc. of America, 372.

McKenney, T. L., Memoirs, 320; his career, 320; (with James Hall) Indian Tribes, 320.

McKinley, Wm., 410.

McKinney, W. A., 41.

McLennan, J. F., Primitive Marriage, 380; Studies in Anc. Hist., 380.

McMaster, S. Y., 111.

McParlin, J. A., 397.

McWhorter, T., 408.

Measures of length used by the Mexicans, 420.

Meddelelser om Grönland, 86.

Medel on the Mex. hieroglyphics, 200.

Megatherium, 389.

Megiser, H., Sept. Novantiquus, xxxiv, 111.

Meigs, J. A., on Morton’s collection, 372; Catal. human crania, 372; Obs. on the cranial forms, 374; Form of the occiput, 375.

Meineke, A., ed. Strabo, 34.

Mela, Pomponius, his views of the extension of Africa, 10; relations with Ptolemy, 10; on men supposed to be carried from America to Europe, 26; De Situ Orbis, 36.

Melgar, E. S. de, 279.

Melgar, J. M., De las Teogonias en los manuscritos Méxicanos, 431.

Melgar, Señor, 116.

Melkarth, 24.

Melo, Garcia de, 260.

Menana, 102.

Mendieta, Hist. Eçcles. Ind., 157.

Mendoza, Gumesindo, 155; curator of Museo Nacional in Mexico, 444.

Menendez, Geog. del Peru, 212.

Mengarini, G., Flat-head Grammar, 425.

Mentone caves, 390.

Menzel, Bibl. Hist., ii.

Menzies, Wm., his library and catalogue, xii.

Mer de l’Ouest, 79.

Mercator map (1538), 125.

Mercer, H. G., 405.

Mercurio Peruano, 276.

Meredith, a Welsh bard, 109.

Merian, M., xxxi.

Merida, 188.

Meridian, the first, where placed by the ancients, 8.

Merivale, C., Conversion of the Northern Nations, 85.

Merom, Ohio, 408.

Meropes, 22.

Merry Meeting Bay, 102.

Mesa, Alonso de, 260; Anales del Cuzco, 270.

Metal, use of, 418; working in Peru, 256; among the early Americans, 417.

Metz, Dr. C. L., finds palæolithic implements in Ohio, 340, 341; Prehist. Mts. Little Miami Valley, 408.

Meunier, V., Les ancêtres d’Adam, 383.

Mexia y Ocon, J. R., 279.

Mexico (country), linguistics of, viii; held to be Fousang, 78, 80, 81; correspondences in languages with Chinese, 81; with Sanskrit, 81; Asiatic origin of games, 81; jade ornaments in, 81; Asiatic origin, references on, 81; obscurities of its pre-Spanish history, 133; early race of giants, 133; chronologies, 133; the Toltecs arrive, 139; the confederacy growing, 147; its nature, 147; portraits of the kings, 148; sources of pre-Spanish history, 153; the early Spanish writers, 153; the courts and the natives, 160; MS. annals, 162; general accounts in English, 169; Archives de la Com. Scient. du Méxique, 270; ethnology of, 172; character of its civilization, 173, 176; the confederacy, 173; diverse views of the extent of the population, 174; disappearance of their architecture, 174; map by Santa Cruz, 174; mode of government, 174, 175; their palaces, 175, 176; notes on the ruins, 176; astronomy in, 179; idols still preserved, 180; superstitions for writings, 180; origin of the people, 375; copper, use of, 418; variety of tongues in, 426; culture, 329, 330. See Toltecs, Nahuas, Anahuac, Aztecs, Chichimecs.

Mexico (city), founded, 133, 144; Clavigero’s map in facs., 143; its lakes, 143; other maps, 143; facs. of the map in Coreal’s Voyages, 145; a native acc. of the capture, 162; calendar stone, 179; used to regulate market days, 179; Museo Nacional, 419, 444; its Anales, 444; view of, 180, 181; forgeries in, 180; no architectural remains, 182; the city gradually sinking, 182; relics still beneath the soil, 182; Bandelier’s notes, 182; old view of the city, 182; early descriptions, 182; its military aspect, 182; relics unearthed, 182; temple of (views), 433, 434.

Meye, Heinrich, Copan und Quiriguá, 196, 197.

Meyer, A. B., 417.

Meyer, J., map of Greenland, 131.

Mica, 416.

Michel, Francisque, Saint Brandan, 48.

Michigan mounds, 408.

Michinacas, 136.

Michoacan, 149, 433.

Micmacs, 321; language, 425; legends, 431; missions, 321; traditions of white comers among, 99.

Mictlan, 184, 435.

Mictlantecutli, 435.

Middle Ages, geographical notions, 30.

Miedna, 78.

Migration of nations in pre-Spanish times, 137, 139, 369; disputes over, 138; Gallatin’s view, 138; bibliog., 139; Dawson’s map of those in North America, 381; generally from the north, 381.

Mil, A., De origine Animalium, 370.

Milfort, a creek, 326.

Miller, J., Modocs, 327.

Miller, W. J., Wampanoags, 102.

Mindeleff, V., on Pueblo architecture, 395.

Minnesota mounds, 409.

Minutoli, J. H. von, on Palenqué, 191; Stadt in Guatemala, 195.

Miocene man, 387.

Miquitlan, 184.

Mirror of Literature, 110.

Mission Scientifique au Méxique, Ouvrages, 207.

Missions’ effect on the Indians, 318.

Mississippi Valley, loess of, 388; mounds, 410.

Missouri, mounds, 409; pottery, 419.

Missouri River, lacustrine age, 348.

Mitchell, S. L., on the Asiatic origin of the Americans, 76, 371; on the Northmen, 102.

Mitchell, A., 410.

Mitchell, W. S., on Atlantis, 44.

Mitchener, C. H., Ohio Annals, 407.

Mitla, ruins of, 184; plan, 184.

Mitre, Gen. B., Ollantay, 282.

Miztecs, 136; subjugated, 149.

Mochica language, 227, 275, 276.

Modocs, 327.

Mohawks put English arms on their castles, 304, 324.

Mohegan Indians, their language, 423.

Moke, H. T., Hist. des peuples Américains, 172.

Moletta (Moletius) on the Zeno map, 129.

Molina, Alonzo de, 156.

Molina, Christoval de, in Peru, 262; Fables and Rites of the Incas, 262; on the Incas, 436.

Molina, Vocabulario, viii; Arte de la lengua Méx., viii.

Möllhausen, Reisen, 396; Tagebuch, 396.

Moluccan migration to South America, 370.

Monardes, Dos Libros, xxix; Hist. Medicinal, xxix; likeness, xxix; Joyfull Newes, xxix.

Monboddo, Lord, on Irish linguistic traces in America, 83.

Moncacht-Ape, 77.

Money, 420.

Mongolian stock on the Pacific coast, 82.

Mongols in Peru, 82.

Monhegan, alleged runes on, 102.

Monogenism, 374.

Monotheism in America, 430.

Monro, R., Anc. Scotch lake dwelling, 393.

Montalboddo, Paesi Nov., xix.

Montana mounds, 409.

Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld, i; on the Zeni, 111; America, xxxiv; on the sagas, 92; on the Madoc voyage, 109.

Monte Alban, 184.

Montelius, O., Bibliog. de l’archéol. de la Suède, 444.

Montémont, A., Voyages, xxxvii.

Montesinos, F., in Peru, 263; Memorias antiguas, 82, 263; Anales, 263; Mémoire historique, 263; on Jews in Peru, 115; Mémoires, 273.

Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, 380.

Montezuma (hero-god), 147, 150.

Montezuma (first of the name), 146; in power, 147; various spelling of the name, 147; dies, 148.

Montezuma (the last of the name), 148; forebodings of his fall, 148; hears of the coming of the Spaniards, 149; his “Dinner”, 174, 175.

Montfaucon, Collectio, 30.

Montgomery, James, Greenland, 69.

Moore, Dr. Geo. H., at the Lenox Library, xii; account of, xii.

Moore, Martin, 322.

Moore, M. V., 41.

Moore, Thos., Hist. Ireland, 61.

Moosmüller, P. O., Europäer in America, 88, 90.

Moquegua, 277.

Moqui Indians, 397, 429; representatives of the cliff dwellers, 395.

Moravian missions, 308, 318.

Moravian Quarterly, 109.

Morellet, Arthur, Voyage, 194; Travels, 195.

Morgan, Col. Geo., 319.

Morgan, L. H., his Montezuma’s dinner, ix, 174; attacked by H. H. Bancroft, ix, 174; on the cradle of the Mexicans, 138; his exaggerated depreciation of the Mexican civilization, 173, 174; his relations with the Iroquois, 174; Houses and House life, 175, 420; Ancient Society, 175, 382; controverted, 380; his publications, 175; his death, 175; on Rau’s views as respects the Tablet of the Cross, 195; on centres of migrations, 381; on human progress, 382; on the Pueblo race, 395; on the ruins of the Chaco cañon, 396; on the ruins on the Animas River, 396; on the social condition of the Pueblos, 397; on the moundbuilders, 401; finds their life communal, 402; on their houses, 402; League of the Iroquois, 325, 416; on bone implements, 417; on linguistic divisions, 422; on Indian life, 325; Iroquois laws of descent, 437; Bestowing of Indian names, 437; Houses of American Aborigines, 437.

Morgan, Thomas, on Vinland, 98.

Morillot, Abbé, Esquimaux, 105.

Morisotus, C., Epist. Cent. duæ, 370.

Morlot, A., 395; on the Phœnicians in America, 41.

Mormon bible, its reference to the lost tribes, 116.

Morris, C., 403.

Morse, Abner, Anc. Northmen, 105.

Morse, Edw. S., Arrow Release, 69; on the tertiary man, 387; on prehistoric times, 412.

Morse, Jed., Report on Indian affairs, 320.

Mortillet, G. de, Le Signe de la Cross, 196; Antiq. de l’homme, 383; founds the Materiaux, etc., 411, 442; L’homme, 442; Dict. des Sciences Anthropologique, 442.

Morton, S. G., _Inquiry into the distinctive characteristics of the aborig. race_, 437; Crania Amer., 372; his collection of skulls, 372; Physical type of the American Indian, 372; Aboriginal Race of America, 372; Some observations, 372; on the moundbuilders’ skulls, 399, 403.

Morton, Thomas, New English Canaan, 369.

Mossi, H., on the Quichua language, 280.

Motolinía, Historia, 156.

Motupé, 276.

Moulton, J. W., New York, 93.

Moulton, M. W., 409.

Moundbuilders, connected with the Irish, 83; with the Welsh, 111; with the Jews, 116; with the later peoples of Mexico, 136, 137; Morgan on their houses, 175; Haynes’s views, 367; literature of, 397; early Spanish and French notices of, 398; accounts by travellers, 398, 402; held to be ancestors of the Aztecs and other southern peoples, 398; emblematic mounds, 400; the most ancient, 402; believed to be of the Indian race, 400, 401, 402; earliest advocates of this view, 400; vanished race view, 400, 401, 402; Great Serpent mound, 401; no clue to their language, 401; mounds in New York built by the Iroquois, 402; date of their living, 402; divisions of the United States by their characteristics, 402; held to be Cherokees, 402; agriculturalists, 402, 410; sun-worshippers, 402; age of, 403; contents of the mounds, 403; fraudulent relics, 403; geographical distribution of their works, 404; built by Finns, 405; by Egyptians, 405; maps, 406; use of copper, 408; pipes, 409; military character, 409; turned hunters, 410; their textile arts, 419; cloth found, 419; pottery, 419.

Movers, Die Phoenizier, 24.

Mowquas, 111.

Moxa, 428.

M’Quy, Dr., 191.

Mudge, B. F., 409.

Muellenhof, Alterthumskunde, 4.

Muhkekaneew Indians, 116.

Mühlenpfordt, E. L., Versuch, 184.

Muiscas. See Muyscas.

Mujica, M. A., 282.

Müller, C., Geog. Græci, 34.

Müller, F., Allgemeine Ethnographie, 375.

Müller, J. G., on the Peruvian religion, 270; Amer. Urreligionen, 380, 430; on Quetzalcoatl, 433.

Müller, J. W. von, Reisen, 185.

Müller, Max, on early Mexican history, 133; on Ixtlilxochitl, 157; on the Popul Vuh, 167; on E. B. Tylor, 377; on American monotheism, 430.

Müller, P. E., Icelandic Hist. Lit., 84; (with Velchow, J.) ed. Saxo Gram., 92; Sagenbibliothek, 85.

Müller, Handbuch des klas. Alterth., 5.

Muller, Frederik, xvi.

Mummies, in American caves, 391; of Incas, 234, 235; Peruvian, 276, 277.

Munch, P. A., Det Norske Folks Hist., 84; Olaf Tryggvesön, 90; Norges Konge-Sagaer, 90.

Munich, Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 443.

Muñoz, J. B., 191; Historia, ii; on the Norse voyages, 92.

Munsell, Frank, xv.

Munsell, Joel, xv; his publications, xv; sketch by G. R. Howell, xv.

Münster, Sebastian, his map, xxv; Cosmographia, xxv; likeness, xxvi, xxvii; Kosmograffia, xxviii; translations, xxviii; on the Greenland geography, 126.

Murphy, H. C., his library, ix; his Catalogue, ix; dies, ix.

Murray, Andrew, Geog. Distrib. Mammals, 82, 106.

Murray, Hugh, Travels, 93, 111; Disc. in No. America, 72; on the Northmen, 93.

Múrua, M. de, Hist. gen. del Peru, 264.

Museo Erudico, 276.

Museo Guatemalteco, 168.

Museo Mexicano, 444.

Music, 420.

Musical instruments, 420.

Mutsun language, 425.

Muyscas, myths of, 436; idol, 281; origin of, 80.

Myths, not the reflex of history, 429; literature of American, 429.

NAAMAN CREEK, rock shelter at, 365.

Nachan, 135.

Nadaillac, Marquis de, L’Amérique préhistorique, 369, 412, 415; Prehistoric America, 415; on the autochthonous theory, 375; De la période glaciaire, 388; Les prem. hommes, 369, 412; Mœurs des peuples préhistorique, 412; Les pipes et le tabac, 416; L’art préhist. en Amérique, 419.

Nahuas, origin of, 134; direction of their migration controverted, 134, 136, 137, 138; earliest comers, 137; from the N. W., 137; date disputed, 137; their governmental organizations, 174; places of their kings, 174; their buildings, 182; picture-writing, 197; myths, 431. See Aztecs, Mexico.

Narborough, Magellan Straits, xxxiv.

Narragansetts, 323.

Nasca, Peru, 271, 277.

Nasmyth, J., 50.

Natchez Indians, 326; supposed descendants of Votanites, 134.

Natchez, relics at, 389.

Natick language, 423.

National Geographic Society, 438.

Natural Hist. Soc. of Montreal, 438.

Nature, 443.

Naugatuck valley, 323.

Naulette cave, 377.

Nauset, 102.

Navajos, 327; expedition against, 396; weaving among, 420.

Neanderthal, race, 377; skull, 377, 389.

Nebel, Carlos, Viaje pintoresco, 179, 180.

Negro race, as primal stock, 373; of a stock earlier than Adam, 384.

Nehring, A., on animals found in Peruvian graves, 273.

Neill, E. D., on the Ojibways, 327.

Neolithic Age, 377; implements of, 377. See Stone Age.

Nepeña, 276.

Neue Berlinische Monatsschrift, 371.

Neumann, K. F., Amerika nach Chinesischen Quellen, 78, 80.

Névome language, 425.

New Brunswick shell heaps, 392.

New England Hist. Geneal. Society, xvii.

New England Indians, 322; mounds in, 404; visited by the Northmen, 94, 95, 96; shell heaps, 392.

New Grenada, map, 209; tribes of, 282.

New Hampshire, bibliog., xv; Indians, 322.

New Jersey, copies of docs. in her Archives, xiv; Indians, 325; shell heaps, 393.

New Mexico, map of ruins in, 397.

New Orleans, human skeleton found near, 389.

New York Acad. of Science, 438.

New York city, as a centre for the study of Amer. hist., xvii; its Hist. Soc. library, xvii; Astor Library, xvii; private libraries, x, xviii.

New York State, local history in, v; its library at Albany, xviii; the French import goods into, for the Indian trade, 311; its trade with the Indians, 311; Indians, 323; missions, 323; mounds, 404.

Newark, Ohio, map of mounds at, 407; described, 408.

Newcomb, Simon, opposes Croll’s theory, 387.

Newfoundland, early visited by the Basques, 75; in the early maps, 74; Eskimos in, 106; Indians of, 321.

Newman, J. B., Red Men, 46.

Newport stone tower claimed to be Norse, 105.

Nezahualcoyotl, 146, 147; dies, 148.

Nezahualpilli, 148.

Nicaragua, early footprint in, 385; explorers of, 197; mythology, 434; sources of its history, 169.

Nicholas V, alleged bull about Greenland, 69.

Nicholls and Taylor, Bristol, 50.

Nienhof, Brasil. Zee-en Lantreize, xxxiv.

Nijhoff, Martin, xvii.

Nilsson, Stone Age, 412.

Niza, Marco de, Quito, 268.

Noah, M. M., American Indians descendants of the Lost tribes, 116.

Nodal, J. F., on the Quichua tongue, 280; Ollanta, 281.

Nonohualcas, 136.

Nordenskjöld, A. E., Exped. till Grönland, 86; his belief in a colony on east coast of Greenland, 109; portrait, 113; on the Zeni, 114; Bröderna Zenos, 114; Trois Cartes précolumbiennes, 114, 117; Studienund Forschungen, 114; finds the oldest maps of Greenland, 117; his projected Atlas, 125; on the Olaus Magnus map (1567), 125.

Norman, B. M., Rambles in Yucatan, 186.

Norman sailors on the American coasts, 97.

Norris, P. W., 409.

Norse. See Northmen.

North Carolina, antiquities, 410; rock inscriptions, 411.

Northmen, cut of their ship, 62; plan of same, 63; ship discovered at Gokstad, 62; another at Tune, 62; one used as a house, 64; depicted in the Bayeux tapestry, 64; flags, 64; weapons, 64; characteristics, 67; in Greenland, 68; in Iceland, 83; alleged visits to America, 98; their voyages seldom recognized in the maps of the xvth cent., 117.

Northwest coast, the Berlin Museum’s Nordwest Küste, 76.

Nortmanus, R. C., De origine gent. Amer., 370.

Norton, Charles B., his Lit. Letter, xv.

Norumbega held to be a corruption of Norvegia, 98.

Norway, early map, 118; in Fra Mauro’s map, 120; in Olaus Magnus, 124, 125; by Bordone, 126; in Gallæus, 129.

Nott, J. C. (with Gliddon), Types of Mankind, 372; Physical Hist. of the Jews, 373; Indigenous Races, 374.

Nova Scotia, Indians, 321; shell-heaps, 392.

Nova Scotia Institute of Nat. Science, 438.

Novo y Colson, D. P. de, and Atlantis, 45.

Noyes, New England’s Duty, 322.

Noymlap, 275.

Numismatic and Antiq. Soc. of Philadelphia, 438.

Nuttall, Thomas, Arkansa Territory, 326.

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, on Mexican communal life, 175; on the so-called Sacrificial Stone, 185; on complemental signs in the Mexican graphic system, 198; on Mexican feather-work, 420; on terra cottas from Teotihuacan, 182.

Nyantics, 323.

O’BRIEN, M. C., grammatical sketch of the Abnake, 423.

O’Curry, Eugene, Anc. Irish history, 50.

O’Flaherty, Islands of Arran, 50; Ogygia, 51.

Oajaca, 149, 433; sources of its history, 168; ruins in, 184; teocalli at (view), 436.

Obando, Juan de, his Quichua dictionary, 279; grammar, 279.

Ober, F. A., Travels in Mexico, 170; Anc. Cities of America, 177.

Obsidian, 417; implements, 358.

Ocean, ancient views of the, 7; depth of, 383.

Ocean Highways, 442.

Ococingo, 135.

Odysseus, voyage of, 6; his wanderings, 40.

Ogallala Sioux, 327.

Ogilby, America, i, xxxiv.

Ogygia, 12, 13, 23.

Ohio Archæological and Hist. Quarterly, 407.

Ohio Land Company (1748), formation of the, 309.

Ohio, mounds in, 405; bibliog. and hist., 406; Centennial Report, 406; pictographs, 410; State Board of Centennial managers, Final Report, 407.

Ohio Valley, ancient man in, 341; ancient hearths in, 389; caves, 391; English attempts to occupy, 312; frontier life, 319; Indians, 326.

Ojeda, A. de, describes pile dwellings, 364.

Ojibways, 327.

Olaf, Tryggvesson, 62; saga, 90; editions, 90.

Olaus Magnus, 65; Hist. de Gentibus Septent, 67.

Olivarez, A. F., 282.

Ollantai or Ollantay, 425; drama, 274, 242, 281; different texts, 281; its age, 282.

Ollantay-tampu or tambo, ruins, 220, 221, 271.

Olmecs, migration of, 135; earliest comers, 135; overcame the giants, 137.

Olmos, A. de, 156, 276, 279.

Olosingo, 196.

Omahas, 327.

Onas, 289.

Ondegardo, Polo de, in Peru, 260, 261; Relaciones, 261.

Onderdonk, J. L., 412.

Ongania, Sammlung, 47, 53.

Onondaga language, 424.

Onontio, 289.

Ophir of Solomon, 82, 369; found in Palenqué, 191.

Orbigny, A. d’, L’homme Américain, 271; Voyages, 271; his ethnographical map of South America, 271.

Orcutt, S., Indians, 323; Stratford, 323.

Ordoñez, Ramon de, La Creacion del Cielo, etc., 168; Palenqué, 191.

Oré, L. G. de, Rituale, 227, 280.

Oregon, Indians, 328; mounds, 409; shell heaps, 393.

Orozco y Berra, helped by the collections of Icazbalceta and Ramirez, 163; Geog. de las lenguas de México, 135, 172, 427; Dic. Universal de Hist., 172; Mexico, 172; El Cuauhxicalli de Tizoc, 185; Códice Mendozino, 200.

Orrio, F. X. de, Solution, del gran problema, 76.

Ortega, C. F., ed. Veytia, 159.

Ortelius, on the Zeni, 111; holds Plutarch’s continent to be America, 40; believed Atlantis to be America, 43; map of the Atlantic Ocean (1587), 58; map of Scandia, 129; and the sagas, 92.

Otomis, 136, 424; their language, 81.

Otompan, 140.

Otté, E. C., 271.

Otumba, fight at, 175.

Ovid, Fasti, 3.

Oviedo y Baños, J. de, Venezuela, 444.

Oxford Voyages, xxxiv.

Oztotlan, 139.

PACCARI-TAMPU, 223.

Pachacamac, 234, 277.

Pachicuti, J. de S. C., Reyno del Piru, 436.

Pachacutec, Inca, 230, 277.

Pacific Ocean, great Japanese current, 78; its islands in geol. times, 383; long voyages upon, in canoes, 81.

Pacific Railroad surveys, 440.

Packard, A. S., on the Eskimos, 105.

Padoucas, 110.

Pæsi Novamente, xix; Newe unbek. landte, xx; fac-simile of title, xxi; Nye unbek. lande, xx; Itinerariū Portugal, xx; Sensuyt le nouveau monde, xx; Le nouv. monde, xxi.

Paez, 428.

Paéz-Castellano language, 425.

Page, J. R., 410.

Paijkull, C. W., Summer in Iceland, 83.

Paint Creek, map, 406.

Painter, C. C., Mission Indians, 328.

Palacio, Diego Garcia de, Carta, 168, 427.

Palacio, M., 281.

Palæolithic age, named by Lubbock, 377; its implements, 331; cut of, 331; man in America, 357, 358; could he talk? 421; developments towards the neolithic state, 365. See Stone Age.

Palenqué, position of, 151; ruins described, 191; first discovered, 191; age of, 191; restorations, 192; tablet, 193; sculptures from the Temple of the Cross, 193, 195; seen by Waldeck, 194; plans, 195; views, 195; statues, 196.

Palfrey, J. G., on the Northmen, 96; on the Newport tower, 105; on the Indians, 323.

Palin, Du, Study of hieroglyphics, 204.

Pallas, Vocab. comparativa, 424.

Palmer, Edw., 409; on a cave in Utah, 390.

Palmer, Geo., Migrations from Shinar, 374.

Palomino, 260.

Palos, Juan de, 155.

Palszky, F., 374.

Panchæa, 12.

Pandosy, M. C., Yahama language, 425.

Papabucos, 136.

Papantla, 178.

Paracelsus, Theoph., on the plurality of the human race, 372.

Paradise, position of, 31, 47.

Paraguay, 370.

Paravey, C. H. de, Fou-Sang, 80; Nouvelles preuves, 80; Plateau de Bogota, 80; replies to Jomard, 80.

Pareja, F., La Lengua Timuquana, 425.

Pareto, Bart. de, his map (1455), 56.

Paris, peace of (1763), 312, 313; Société de Géographie founded, 441; Recueil de Voyages, 441; Bulletin, 441.

Parkman, F., California and the Oregon trail, 327; France and England in North America, 316; on the Indian character, 317; La Salle, 318.

Parmenides, 3.

Parmentier, Col., 81.

Parmunca, 275.

Parsons, S. H., 437.

Parsons, Usher, on the Nyantics, 323.

Passamaquoddy legends, 431.

Patin, Ch., xxiv.

Pattison, S. R., Age of Man, 387; Earth and the Word, 383.

Patton, A., 408.

Pauw., De, Recherches, 173. See De Pauw.

Pawnees, 327.

Paynal, 432.

Payta, 275.

Pazos-kanki, V., his Quichua work, 280.

Peabody, Geo., 439.

Peabody Academy of Science, 438.

Peabody Institute (Balt.), xviii.

Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, 439; Reports, 439; Special Papers, 439.

Peale, T. R., 409, 410.

Pech, Nakuk, 164.

Peck, W. F., Rochester, 323.

Pecos, ruins, 396.

Pederson, Christiern, ed. of Saxo, 92.

Peet, S. D., The Pyramid in America, 177; on Pueblo architecture, 395; on the serpent symbol, 401; on the moundbuilders, 403, 408, 409; on mounds as totems, 408; on the Saint Louis mounds, 409; on early agriculture, 417; human faces in American art, 420; Religious beliefs of the Aborigines, 431; Animal worship and Sun worship, 431; Religion of the Moundbuilders, 431; edits Amer. Antiquarian, 439.

Pégot-Ogier, E., Archipel des Canaries, 48.

Peirce, C. S., on the Newport mill, 105.

Pelaez, Paula G., Guatemala, 168.

Pemicooks, 323.

Pemigewassets, 322.

Penafiel, Antonio, Nombres géog. de México, 427.

Penn, Wm., on Jews in America, 115.

Pennant, Tour of Wales, iii.

Pennock, B., 85.

Pennsylvania, Indians in, 306, 325; mounds, 405; settlers of, 307; their treatment of the Indians, 309.

Penobscots, 322; their legends, 431.

Pentland, J. B., map of Lake Titicaca, 246.

Pequods, 323.

Percy, Bishop, ed. Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, 91.

Perdita, island, 48.

Perez, José, 77, 117, 404; preserver of Maya MSS., 163.

Perez, Pio, Chron. Yucateca, 164; his notes, 164.

Periegetes, D., Periplus, 39.

Peringskiöld, ed. Heimskringla, 91.

Perizonius, 22, 40.

Perkins, Fred. B., his sketch of Gowans, xv; Scrope, xv.

Pernetty, D., controverts De Pauw, 370; Examen, 370; De l’Amérique, 370.

Perrine, T. M., 408.

Perrot, Nic., Mémoires, 429.

Pertuiset, E., Le Trésor des Incas, 272.

Pertz, G. H., Mon. Germ. Hist., 88.

Peru, Mongols in, 82; giants in, 82; the Ophir of Solomon, 82; Chinese in, 82; Jews in, 115; Votanites in, 134; civilization in, 209; evidences of it, 209; maps, 210, 211; bounds, 212; length of the settled condition of the Inca race, 212; plants and animals domesticated, 212; ancient burial-places, 214; pre-Inca people, 214; cyclopean remains, 220; water sacrifices, 221; deity of, 222; Pirua dynasty, 223, 225; its people, 227; Tampu Tocco, 223; Inca dynasty, 223; its duration, 225; list of the kings, 223; origin of the Incas, 223; their rise under Manco, 225; their original home, 226; their subjugation of the earlier peoples, 227; establish their power at Cuzco, 228; portraits of the Incas, 228, 267; picture of warriors, 230; Chanca war, 230; Inca Yupanqui, 230; war between Huascar and Atahualpa, 231, 262; names of the Incas, 231; succession of the Incas, 231, 232; their religion, 232; belief in a Supreme Being, 233; sun-worship, 233; plan of the Temple of the Sun, 234; religious ceremonials, 236, 240; astronomical knowledge, 236; their months, 236; festivals, 237; human sacrifices, 237, 238; learned men, 241; the Quichua language, 241; the court language, 241; references on the Inca civilization, 241; their bards, 242; dances, 242; musical instruments, 242; dramas, 242; quipus records, 242; healing art, 243; the central sovereign, 244; tributes, 245; the Inca insignia, 245; their architecture, 247; two stages of it, 247; their thatching, 247; ruins, 247; social polity, 249; the Inca family, 249; divisions of the empire, 249; provinces, 250; ruins of a village, 251; laborers, 251; bringing up of children, 251; land measure, 251; their agriculture, 252; hanging gardens, 252; irrigation, 253; peculiar products, 253; their flocks, 253; their roads, 254, 261; travelling, 254; map of roads, 254; colonial system, 255; military system, 255; arts, 255; metal-workers, 256; pottery, 256, 257, 258; weapons, 257; spinning, weaving, and dyeing, 257; cloth-making, 258; authorities on ancient Peruvian history, 259; the conquerors as authors, 260; lawyers and priests, 261; poetry, 262; chronology, 262; efforts to extirpate idolatry, 264; native writers, 265; Relaciones descriptivas filled out in Peru, 266; the Informaciones respecting the usurpation of the Incas, 268; pedigrees of the Incas, 268; ordinances, 268; works of travellers, 270, 272; origin of its civilization, 273; the great work of Raimondi, 273; on the geography, 273; editors of old works, 273; songs of the Incas, 274; ancient people of the coasts, 275; native language, 278; iron in, 418; cloths of, 420; mythology of, 436.

Peschel, O., Gesch. der Erdkunde, 36; Erd- und Völkerkunde, 48; on the Arab voyages, 72; Gesch. des Zeitalters der Entdeck., 96; portrait, 391; Abhandlungen, 391; acc. of, 391; on the Polynesians, 82; Races of Men, 381; on Orozco y Berra, 427.

Petavius, Dionysius, Uranologion, 6, 8, 35.

Peter, R., 410.

Peter of Ghent. See Gante.

Peters, Richard, on the lost tribes, 116.

Petersen, N. M., Danmarks Hist., 84.

Peterson, J. G., 84.

Peterson, Rhode Island, 105.

Petit Anse Island, basket-work discovered at, 348, 386.

Pettitot, P. E., Langue Dènè-Dindjie, 425; Vocab. Français-Esquimau, 425.

Petzholdt, Bibl. Bibliog., xvii.

Peyrère, Isaac de la, Groenland, 85; editions and translations, 86; Præadamitæ, 384; Man before Adam, 384.

Peyster, J. W. de, Miscellanies by an officer, 321.

Phallic symbols, 81, 195, 429.

Philadelphia libraries, xviii.

Philip, King, his war, 297; prisoners in, 289.

Phillips, H., jr., 155, 444; on the alleged Nova Scotia runes, 102.

Phillips, J. S., 372.

Phillipps, Sir. Thomas, 155; receives some of Kingsborough’s MSS., 203; Catalogue, 203; his copy of Kingsborough’s book, 203.

Philoponus, Nova typis transacta navigatio, 48.

Phœnicians and maritime discovery, 23, 29.

Photography of the Yucatan ruins, 186.

Picard, Peuples idolatres, xxxiii.

Pichardo, J. A., and the Boturini collection, 160.

Pickering, Chas., his ethnolog. map, 82; Races of Man, 374; Men and their geog. distribution, 381.

Pickering, John, 423.

Pickett, E., Testimony of the Rocks, 403, 409.

Pictographs, 105, 410.

Picture-writing, notes on, 197; that of the Aztecs and Mayas early confounded, 197, 205 (see Hieroglyphics); recent sales of MSS., 200; Maya method, 202; P. Martyr’s descriptions, 203; in Kingsborough’s work, 203.

Pidgeon, Wm., Traditions of De-coo-dah, 400; on Fort Azatlan, 408.

Piedrahita, Granada, 436.

Pierre, Henry, xxviii.

Pile dwellings, 364.

Pillars of Hercules, 25.

Pilling, Jas. C., Bibliog. Indian Languages, Proof-sheets, vii, 414, 423; on linguistic MSS., 423.

Pim, Bedford, Dottings, 197.

Pima language, 425.

Pimentel, Antonio, Relaciones, 164.

Pimentel, F., Lenguas indigenas de México, viii, 142, 425, 426.

Pinart, Alphonse, Les Aléoutes, 78; Catalogue, 414, 423, 425; Coleccion de linguistica, vii; Bibl. de linguistique Amér., 425.

Pinart-Brasseur Catalogue, vii, xiii.

Pindar on the Atlantic Ocean, 28.

Pinelo, Ant. de Léon, Biblioteca, 413; Barcia’s ed., 413.

Pinelo. See Léon y Pinelo.

Pinkerton, John, Voyages, xxxvi.

Pinzon’s voyages, acc. of, xxiv.

Pipart, Abbé J., 200; Astronomie des Méxicaines, 179.

Pipe-stone quarries, 416.

Piquet, Father, 308.

Pirinda-Othomi language, 426.

Piruas, 222.

Pisco, valley, 277; mummy from, 277.

Pissac, 236.

Pizarro, Pedro, 260.

Pizigani, Fr., map (1367), 50, 55; cut of, 54; (1373), 53, 55.

Plato, on the form of the earth, 3; Phaedo, 3; Timaeus, 3, 15, 42; on the Atlantis story, 15, 41; his works, 34; editions, 42.

Platzmann, Julius, Grammatiken, vii.

Pleistocene man in America, 329, 357. See Tertiary and Quaternary man.

Pliny on the form of the earth, 3; Nat. Hist., 15, 35, 42; his Atlantis, 42.

Pliocene man, 385. See Pleistocene.

Plummets, 417.

Plurality of races, 372.

Plutarch, De Placitis Philosophorum, 3; his Saturnian continent, 23; Moralia, 35; on Solon, 42.

Poinsett, J. R., Notes on Mexico, 180.

Poisson, J. B., Animadversiones, 370.

Polo, Marco, xxiv, xxviii, xxxv, xxxvi.