XX. THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR

XX. THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR

The Amsterdam Jewish Community--Its Wealth, Culture, and Honored Position--Zacuto Lusitano--Internal Dissensions--The Talmud Torah School--Saul Morteira, Isaac Aboab, and Manasseh ben Israel--The Portuguese Congregation in Hamburg--The First Synagogue--Lutheran Intolerance--John Miller--Jewish Colony in Brazil--The Chief Communities in Germany--Persecution in Frankfort--Dr. Chemnitz--The Vienna Congregation--Lipmann Heller--Ferdinand II's Zeal for the Conversion of Jews-- Influence of the Thirty Years' War on the Fortunes of the Jews.

1618-1648 C.E.

The Jewish race during its dispersion of nearly two thousand years may fitly be compared to a polyp. Though it was often wounded and cut to pieces, the parts severed from the whole did not die, but began an independent existence, developed organically, and formed a new rootstock. Driven from their original Palestinian home, the scattered members of this peculiar national organism assembled on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris and in the palm district of Arabia. Doomed to ruin there, they emigrated to Spain with the Arabs, the most cultured people of the Middle Ages, and became the teachers of Europe, then plunged in barbarism. Expelled thence, weakened in heart and numbers, they proceeded eastwards, and, as again they found no resting-place, they settled in the north, always following advancing civilization. The admission of Jews to Holland was the first quivering dawn of a bright day after dense gloom. Amsterdam, the northern Venice, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, had become a new center for Jews; they rightly named it their new, great Jerusalem. In time this city became an ark of refuge for the Jewish race in the new deluge. With every trial conducted by the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal on account of the Judaizing practices of the Marranos, with every burning pile set ablaze for convicted or suspected persons, the numbers of the Amsterdam community increased, as if the fanatics aimed at depopulating and impoverishing the Catholic countries to render the heretical states of the Netherlands populous and wealthy. The Amsterdam Portuguese community, consisting of more than four hundred members, already possessed three hundred stately houses and palaces in this city, raised by them to a flourishing seat of commerce. Their capital enabled them to carry on trade, for the most part on a large scale, and they were interested in the East and West India Companies, or conducted banking houses. But to usury, which made the Jews of other countries so hated, they were sworn foes. The synagogue dues imposed upon themselves give an approximate idea of the extent of their capital and trade. For every pound of goods exported or imported by them they were accustomed to pay a doit, and these taxes, exclusive of those on the receipts of merchants interested in trading companies, amounted to 12,000 francs annually.

Not on account of their wealth alone did they occupy a distinguished position in the new Batavian seat of commerce. The immigrant Marranos belonged for the most part to the educated class; in Spain or Portugal, their unnatural mother country, they had occupied positions as physicians, lawyers, government officials, officers, or clergymen, and were familiar with the Latin language and literature no less than with belles-lettres, and were accustomed to the usages of society. In the Netherlands, then the most civilized part of Europe, humanistic culture was in itself a recommendation. Hence, in Holland, cultivated Jews had intercourse with educated Christians on terms of equality, and obliterated the prejudices against the Jewish race. Some of them obtained a European reputation, and were connected with personages of high rank. Abraham Zacuto Lusitano (born 1576, died 1642), great-grandson of Zacuto, the historian and astronomer, was one of the most celebrated physicians of his time. He corresponded with Frederick, prince of the Palatinate, and his learned wife, the unfortunate couple that occupied the throne of Bohemia for a brief space, and was the cause of the Thirty Years' War. Zacuto's praise was sounded in poetry and prose by Christian as well as Jewish professional brethren. The Stadtholders of the Netherlands, princes of the house of Orange-Nassau, Maurice, Henry, and William II, like the founder of their race, William I, were well disposed towards Jews, and treated them as citizens with full rights. Even the Spanish and Portuguese kings, the persecutors of the Marranos in their own countries, condescended to show respect to the descendants of their hunted victims, to confer appointments upon them, and to intrust them with consular functions for their states.

The attachment of the Amsterdam Jews to their re-adopted religion, purchased with so many dangers, was deep, and was renewed at every accession of fresh fugitives, and every report of the martyrdom of their brethren on the burning pile of the Inquisition. This devotedness was reflected in their conduct, and embodied in verses composed in the language of their persecutors.

Paul de Pina, or Rëuel Jesurun, the poet, who had once been on the point of becoming a monk, composed for a sacred festival part songs in Portuguese, performed by seven youths to do honor to the first synagogue (Beth-Jacob) in 1624. The mountains of the Holy Land, Sinai, Hor, Nebo, Gerisim, Carmel, and Zethim (Mount of Olives), in melodious verses celebrated the excellence of the Jewish religion, the Jewish Law, and the Jewish people. They praised the thousand merciful ways in which God had led His people from the earliest times to the present. The unity of God, the holiness of the Law, and the expectations of the Messianic age of grace, the more deeply felt by the Sephardic Marranos because they were newly acquired and dearly gained convictions--these were the inexhaustible themes of their poetry. But in the background of the splendid picture there always lowered the dreadful dungeon, the priests of Moloch, and the blazing flames of the Inquisition.

In this mood, exalted by the recollection of sufferings and torture endured, the members of the Amsterdam community, with full heart and bountiful hand, founded benevolent institutions of every description, orphan asylums, benevolent societies (brotherhoods), and hospitals, such as were not in existence in any of the older communities. They had the means and the disposition. Their piety was shown in charity and generosity. But, exalted though their mood was, they were men with passions, and dissensions arose in the young community. Many members, born and brought up in Catholicism, brought with them and retained their Catholic views and customs; they thought that they could combine them with Judaism. "Can one carry coals in his bosom without singeing his clothes?" From childhood the Marranos had heard and seen that one is allowed to sin, if from time to time he is reconciled with the church. Catholic priests of all ranks were at hand to effect the reconciliation, and by ecclesiastical means ward off future punishment from the sinner. In the eyes of most Marranos, the rites and ceremonies of Judaism took the place of the Catholic sacraments, and the rabbis of father-confessors. They believed that he who conscientiously observes Jewish rites, and in addition does a few other things, may yield to his desires without forfeiting his soul's welfare. At any rate, the rabbis could give him absolution. Hence the Marranos led a life far from perfect, especially in point of chastity. The first two rabbis of the Amsterdam community, Joseph Pardo and Judah Vega, in consideration of the circumstances were indulgent to these weaknesses and shortcomings. But the third, Isaac Uziel, did not restrain himself; with inexorable rigor he scourged the evil habits of semi-Jews and semi-Catholics from the pulpit. This severity wounded the attacked, but, instead of mending their ways, they were angry with the preacher, and several left the community and the synagogue, and combined to found a new one (the third) in 1618. At the head of the seceders was David Osorio; possibly he felt most deeply wounded by Uziel's severe sermons. For the new synagogue (Beth Israel) which the seceders erected, they chose David Pardo, the son of Joseph Pardo, as rabbi and preacher. He defended the acceptance of this office in the new body, founded to some extent in defiance of Isaac Uziel, by alleging that he wished to lessen dissension. However, the tension lasted for twenty years (1618-1639).

Meanwhile German Jews, whom the ravages of the Thirty Years' War had driven out of their Ghettos, sought the asylum of Amsterdam, and were admitted to its shelter. If the Amsterdam Council had at first merely connived at the immigration and settlement of Jews, at a later period it decidedly furthered their admission, because it perceived the important advantage which they brought the state. The immigrant German Jews naturally could not unite closely with the Portuguese community, because they differed, not only in language, but also in demeanor and manners. A wide chasm divided the Portuguese and the Germans of the same race and religion from each other. The former haughtily looked down upon the latter as semi-barbarians, and the latter did not regard the former as genuine Jews. As soon as a sufficient number had assembled, the German Jews formed a synagogue, with a rabbi of their own. Their first chief was Moses Weil. The breach within the Portuguese community was painfully felt. Jacob Curiel, a distinguished man, afterwards resident of the Portuguese court in Hamburg, by the greatest exertions brought about a reconciliation, and not till the union of the three synagogues in one single corporate body, in April, 1639, did the Portuguese community, by the harmonious co-operation of its powers, stand forth in all its splendor, and surpass all its elder sisters in the three divisions of the globe. The Amsterdam community in some points resembled the ancient Alexandrian Jewish congregation. Like the latter, it possessed great wealth, cultivation, and a certain distinction of character; but, like it, suffered from insufficient knowledge of Jewish religious and scientific literature. Nearly all Marrano members had to commence to learn Hebrew in advanced age!

On uniting the three communities, for which statutes were passed, the representatives took pains to obviate this ignorance of Hebrew. They founded an institute (Talmud Torah) in which children and youths might have instruction in the useful branches of Jewish theology. It was, perhaps, the first graded institution of the kind among Jews. It consisted, at first, of seven classes. Students could be conducted from the lowest step, the Hebrew alphabet, to the highest rung of the Talmud. It was at once an elementary school and a college for higher studies. Thorough Hebrew philology, elocution, and modern Hebrew poetry were also taught there, which was not usual in other Jewish schools. In the highest departments, the first rabbis, or Chachamim, at that time Saul Morteira and Isaac Aboab, gave instruction. These two men, with Manasseh ben Israel and David Pardo, formed the first rabbinical college. This richly endowed institute became a nursery for the training of rabbis for the Amsterdam community and its daughters in Europe and America. From it pupils went forth who labored in wider spheres; among whom may be mentioned, for the sake of contrast, the confused Kabbalist Moses Zacuto and the clear-headed Baruch Spinoza.

It was a misfortune for the Amsterdam community that its first spiritual guides, who exercised remarkable influence, were possessed of only mediocre talents, in some degree lacked mental poise. With the vast resources which this first Dutch community had at command, with the fund of culture characterizing its members, and their devotion to Judaism, its leaders might have brought about remarkable results, if they had possessed more independence, profounder intellect, and greater genius. The first Amsterdam rabbinical college had nothing of all this. David Pardo appears to have been of very little importance. Saul Levi Morteira (born about 1596, died 1660) was not even a distinguished preacher; his colleagues, Aboab and Manasseh ben Israel, far outshone him. His sermons, the only printed productions of his literary activity, have a philosophical complexion, but no depth of thought. Morteira followed the broad, beaten paths, repeating what had been thought and pointed out before him. Even in rabbinical learning he had no mastery, and was not considered an authority by contemporary Talmudists. His colleague, Isaac Aboab de Fonseca (born 1606, died 1693), was even less distinguished. He, also, was a Portuguese by descent, and, it seems, came to Amsterdam as a child with his mother, who was fifty years old at his birth. He was trained under Isaac Uziel, and acquired from him pulpit eloquence, if that can be learnt. Aboab became an excellent and beloved preacher. His style of speaking has been very well described by Antonio Vieira of Lisbon, a wise Jesuit, possessed of goodwill towards Jews. When once in Amsterdam, he heard Aboab and Manasseh ben Israel preach, and when asked how he liked them, he replied: "The one (Manasseh) says what he knows, and the other knows what he says." But a well-arranged, impressive, attractive sermon is not always the fruit of solid knowledge and clear conviction. At any rate, it was not with Aboab. In character he was vacillating, submissive to the influence of others, open to flattery, hence not independent. To this man was given the control of the Amsterdam community for nearly seventy years. Aboab was superstitious like the multitude, and, instead of leading, was led.

Far more distinguished was Manasseh ben Israel (born 1604, died 1657), a child of the Amsterdam community, to which his father had come broken down by the torture of the Inquisition, and robbed of all his property. Young Manasseh, eager for learning, was trained under Isaac Uziel, and while his knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud did not attain to perfect mastery, it was extensive and ready. Directed by his personal circumstances to the study of ten languages--including Portuguese as his mother tongue, and Latin as the literary language --Manasseh learnt to express himself in speech and writing with more or less perfection in all these languages and in an elevated style. A ready speaker by nature, he educated himself as a preacher, displaying all the lights and shadows of his profession. He became a prolific writer, and, though he died young, performed incomparably more than his colleagues. In the case of this amiable man, who rendered essential service to Judaism, we should not take the part of severe critics, nor inquire how large a share enthusiasm and a certain vanity had in his work. But history is a stern judge. What his contemporaries admired in Manasseh was not his profound intellect, nor his overpowering, far-reaching greatness, but his quiet, yielding, modest behavior, and his simple nature. He correctly and briefly described himself without under- or over-estimation: "I rejoice in the modest though happy talent of being able to describe, with a certain degree of order, the objects that the will presents to the mind." He brought no great and fruitful thoughts into the world, but fostered the intellectual offspring of others, treating them as his own. He knew rather than thought much. Although familiar with profane literature and Christian theology, he clung firmly not only to traditional Judaism, as represented by the rabbinical system, but also to the Kabbala, and, like his less educated colleagues, regarded every word in the Talmud and the Zohar as a profound truth. Like others, Manasseh ben Israel was subject to superstitions, which had a strong influence over him, and spurred on his will.

Such was the character of the men called to guide and instruct the young, ignorant, catholicizing, and tractable Amsterdam community. Great power was in their hand. Important affairs were discussed and decided at the public sittings of the rabbis (Maamad) with the trustees elected by the members. In religious matters the Chachamim alone decided, because the laity did not trust their own judgment. The decisions of the rabbis were binding on the members. Nobody might oppose them, because the government had a despotic character. The authorities allowed the board of trustees and the college of rabbis full liberty to inflict spiritual penalties on disobedient members. Of this liberty and this power the leaders made only too extensive a use. They had brought from Spain mischievous zeal in maintaining the faith pure and uprooting heresy. The Amsterdam rabbis introduced the innovation of bringing religious opinions and convictions before their judgment-seat, of constituting themselves a sort of inquisitional tribunal, and instituting autos-da-fé, which, even if bloodless, were not less painful to the sufferers. The character and organization of the largest Portuguese community in Europe had a powerful influence on the course of Jewish history. Branch communities were formed, which took for their model not only the organization, dignity, devoted piety, and benevolence, but also the follies and perversities, of their mother. The second community on Dutch soil was gradually formed at Rotterdam. Two brothers, as pious as wealthy, Abraham and David Pinto, laid the foundation of this community, and elected as Chacham and principal of the institute which they founded (Jesiba de los Pintos), a young man, Josiah Pardo, son of David Pardo, and son-in-law of Morteira, who, however, did not distinguish himself.

In Haarlem, also, the Jews were on the point of obtaining permission to settle. The Humanists and favorers of toleration, like Joseph Scaliger, the prince of philologists, were already rejoicing; but, in the end, intolerance prevailed, and nothing came of the movement. Instead, Portuguese communities arose in North Germany beyond the sea, and gradually in other cities of the Netherlands.

In Hamburg an important colony of the Amsterdam community was next formed. But there were difficulties in overcoming German prejudices and German pedantry. Against the advantages arising from the settlement of wealthy and intelligent Jews, which the Amsterdam people had quickly comprehended, the Hamburg citizens struggled hand and foot. For the fierce Lutherans it was an abomination to have Jews in their midst. A Jewish jeweler named Isaac, from Salzuflen, in Lippe, with twelve of his co-religionists, who were compelled to go in search of a new home, made an attempt to settle in Hamburg. He presented a petition to the senate to receive them for twelve years, offering the sum of 9,000 marks and a yearly tax of 400 marks. The negotiator, Isaac, exhaustively set forth all possible reasons for the reception of Jews, and declared that they were willing to submit to any conditions. He adduced that Jews were tolerated not only in Catholic, but also in evangelical countries, both in the West, at Frankfort and Worms, and in northern Germany, in Hanover, Minden, Hildesheim, Göttingen, Norden, Dortmund, Hamm, Lippe, and Emden. All was in vain. Hamburg, then delighting in popish quarreling about orthodoxy and heresy, refused a home to Jews.

It is curious that Hamburg, at the very time when it so strongly opposed the temporary admission of Jews, harbored some in its midst without being aware of it. With these, under the mask of Portuguese papists, orthodox Christians had daily intercourse. Marrano fugitives had escaped from the Inquisition, settled in the North German free Hanse town, and passed as Portuguese "traders." Hearing that their brethren in Amsterdam, with whom they were in communication, openly professed Judaism, and were tolerated, they also lifted their mask, and wished to be recognized as Jews, but continued to have their children baptized. The strict Lutheran citizens raised a loud outcry, and demanded of the senate that the wealthy Jews who had been driven from Portugal and other places should be got rid of, and not be tolerated. But to this the senate did not like to accede; they felt shame at treating these Portuguese of noble demeanor and intelligent character as vagrants or Jews. To the secret Jews of Hamburg there belonged at that time the beloved and much-sought physician, Rodrigo de Castro (born about 1560 at Lisbon, died 1627 or 1628), who, in the violence of the pestilence, hastened with self-sacrifice to the bedsides of those stricken by the plague, and saved the lives of many. De Castro was also a skillful physician for women, and won the favor of the weaker sex, strong in sympathy and antipathy. Able physicians were not numerous, especially not in North Germany. Other "Portuguese," as the disguised Marranos in Hamburg called themselves, and were called, possessed capital, or, as agents, conducted important business for Spanish or Portuguese houses. In short, it did not seem practicable to send these Portuguese away. The senate, therefore, at first put off the citizens with an official denial that there were Jews among them; and afterwards admitted the presence of a smaller number than was correct--about seven Portuguese Jews "who have fire and smoke here," i.e., households. But the Lutheran clergy in Hamburg behaved most intolerantly, excited people against the Portuguese Jews, and charged the senate with neglect of duty. That body, which guarded only the commercial interests, did not care to dispense with the Jews, but being unwilling to burden its conscience, or rather to incur the reproach of unchristian feeling, turned from the Hamburg clergy--the ministry--to a higher court, the theological faculties of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Jena. The theological grounds of which the senate availed itself for the toleration of Jews are very ridiculous, and prove the ossification of Lutheranism at that time. The judgment of the Frankfort faculty proceeds upon these grounds, and indulges the hope that the Portuguese Jews--who for the sake of their convictions had given up honors, fortune, and a beloved home--would be converted to Christianity in Hamburg. The decision of the Jena faculty looks as if a professor of Dominican theology of a century before, in the time of Hoogstraten, had written it, and as if the index on the dial of history had stood still. Like the intolerant papists, the Lutheran theological faculty wished to compel Jews to listen to Christian preaching.

The senate, sufficiently protected on the ecclesiastical side by these two judgments, in February, 1612, with restrictions growing out of the German spirit or the German narrow-mindedness of that time, granted the Portuguese Jews free residence in Hamburg, avoiding a consideration of the consequences on both sides with pedantic scrupulousness. They really became protected Jews (Schutz-juden), who had to pay an annual charge or protection fee of 1,000 marks. They were not allowed to have synagogues, or private religious service according to Jewish customs, or to practice circumcision, but they might bury their dead in a cemetery of their own at Altona. There were then in Hamburg 125 adults of Marrano descent, among whom were ten capitalists, two physicians, and three artisans. It was an important article in the agreement that new-comers might obtain admission, "if the high and wise council found their qualifications of such a nature that it had no objection to take them under its protection." Thus the young, semi-tolerated Hamburg community grew from year to year, and within a decade several capitalists were added. The increase of the community through the accession of such settlers, admitted openly as Jews, no longer disguised as Portuguese, in 1617 rendered necessary a fresh agreement with the senate, enlarging their privileges in commercial respects, but diminishing them in point of citizenship. They could not possess houses or land, and had to dispose of any they might own. Exception was made in favor of the physician, Rodrigo de Castro, in consideration of his faithful services of many years, but even he could not bequeath his house to an heir.

The more the Portuguese Jews, by their capital and business connections, gained weight with commercial men in the senate, the more they broke through the boundaries drawn by narrow-minded legislation. When the bank at Hamburg, to which this city owed its commercial prosperity, was founded (1619-1623), no less than twelve Jewish capitalists supported it with their funds and efforts, as the Amsterdam Portuguese had done at the formation of the Dutch companies trading beyond the sea. The Portuguese Jewish settlers alone founded the important trade of Hamburg with Spain and Portugal. Hence they might assume that the senate, which held the reins of government, would connive at violations of the articles. They were especially anxious to be permitted to assemble for public worship, and this was directly forbidden. Relying on their indispensability, they quietly erected a synagogue in about 1626. It was Elihu Aboab Cardozo who risked this venture. They named it Talmud Torah, and appointed as Chacham, Isaac Athias, of Amsterdam, a disciple of Isaac Uziel.

This probably simple synagogue, consisting of two large rooms, caused wide dissension, and produced much bitterness. Emperor Ferdinand II, the terror of the Protestants, indignant that the arch-Lutheran city on the Elbe would not allow Catholics to build a church, sent a threatening letter to the senate, July 28th, 1627, because for the sake of trade a synagogue was openly permitted to Jews, while Roman Catholics were forbidden the exercise of their religion. Nothing more was needed to excite the Lutheran fanatics. If free exercise of their religion was granted to Jews, it must also be granted to Catholics, and even to Calvinists, they said. A frightful consequence indeed! When the ministry, or spiritual assembly, which had great power in Hamburg, reproached the senate on account of the violation of articles in the agreement with the Jews, and that body in turn arraigned the Jews, the latter declared that they had no synagogue, merely a place of meeting to read the Law of Moses, the Psalms, the Prophets, and other books of the Old Testament; if they prayed there, it was only for the welfare of the city and the government. The senate proceeded no further, because the Jews threatened that, in case they were denied the worship of God, they would leave Hamburg in a body, and transfer their capital and business connections to a neighboring place. That argument prevailed. But the clergy demanded nothing less than that a Christian rabbi be appointed to preach Christianity to Jews in the synagogue, or elsewhere. The physicians also viewed with indignation the popularity of their Jewish colleagues, and sought to bring not only them, but Jews generally, under suspicion, and stirred up the people against them.

But the community grew in prosperity from year to year, and the senate gladly received those who came with capital and business connections. Even if the descriptions by John Miller, the arch-foe of the Jews, appear exaggerated, yet an idea may be gathered from them of the wealth of the Portuguese Jews of Hamburg. "They strut along adorned with gold and silver, costly pearls, and precious stones. At their weddings they eat and drink from silver ware, and drive in such carriages as become only persons of exalted rank, and, moreover, have outriders and a large following." The extremely rich Texeira family, settled in Hamburg, lived in princely luxury. The founder of this banking house, Diego Texeira de Mattos, was called in Hamburg, like Joseph of Naxos in Constantinople, "the rich Jew." He was of Portuguese descent, bore a title of high nobility, and had previously been Spanish resident in Flanders. Over seventy years of age, he underwent the operation of circumcision in order to become a Jew in reality. By means of his wealth, and his connections with both the nobility and capitalists, Diego Texeira could play the aristocrat. He drove in a carriage lined with satin, and had liveried servants.

The Portuguese Jews already had three synagogues, the second built by Abraham Aboab Falero, the third by David de Lima. A German community, also, had gradually assembled at Hamburg, and built a house of prayer. And were the faithful followers of Luther to behold it calmly, although almost on his death-bed he had ordered the Jews to be treated as gypsies, and the tongues of the rabbis to be cut out? The Hamburg pastors could not endure it, they pressed the senate, and stirred up the citizens to withdraw even this small amount of religious toleration. Among them stood forth an arch-bigot, John Miller, senior at St. Peter's church, a Protestant inquisitor and chief persecutor, an abusive man given to scandal, who cast aspersions upon his reverend brethren from the pulpit and in libelous writings. With this virulent pastor, who considered himself a pillar of Lutheran orthodoxy, it was a matter of conscience thoroughly to hate and humiliate the Jews. In writing and in talking, in the pulpit and in the circle of his disciples, in private conversation and in official addresses, his favorite theme was the Jews and their humiliation. Everything in the Jews vexed him: their joy and feasting on Purim, their mourning on the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple, their dress, their friendship with Christians, and their funerals. The bigot was not wrong on some points, as, for instance, his censure of the hereditary failing of the Portuguese Marranos, as illustrated in their misconduct with Christian women, and of the way in which some of them challenged Christianity. A Jewish author (Jacob Jehuda Leon?) had composed a work entitled "Colloquium Middelburgense," a Latin dialogue between a rabbi and a Christian on the value or worthlessness of Christian doctrines, the gospels, and the ecclesiastical writings, in which the weak points of Christianity were laid bare. Miller composed a defense, or rather a libel, entitled, Judaism, or the Jewish Doctrine, a full account of the Jewish people's unbelief, blindness, and obduracy (1644). This was dictated neither by the Holy Ghost nor by Christian love. Luther's virulent language against Jews seemed an undeniable revelation to the pastor. Out of it spoke Lutheranism, pure and unadulterated, which had as little heart as the popery attacked by it, and the essence of which consisted of dry formulas of belief. Miller's absurdity and uncharitableness are not his own; they are part and parcel of the corrupt Lutheran church of the time. Three theological faculties, the arch-Lutheran faculty of Wittenberg, and those of Strasburg and Rostock, in reply to Miller's inquiry, decided that Jewish physicians should never be admitted to Christian patients. Thus, in the face of the seventeenth century, when the Thirty Years' War was teaching toleration with an iron rod, the leaders of Lutheranism were issuing a new edition of the decrees of the Visigothic councils against Jews. But, after all, times had changed. Christian IV, king of Denmark, Schleswig and Holstein, next to Gustavus Adolphus the champion of the Protestants, to whom Miller dedicated his book, had appointed Benjamin Musaphia, a Jewish physician, his medical attendant.

Even in Hamburg Miller's fanatical zeal did not meet with great success. The citizens gradually got accustomed to Jews, and learnt to respect them. Some of them were appointed business agents or residents even by high Catholic potentates. The king of Portugal first appointed Duarte Nuñes da Costa, and then Jacob Curiel, as his agents, and his Catholic majesty, Philip IV, elevated Immanuel Rosales, a Jewish author of Portuguese descent, to the dignity of count palatine. The Portuguese Jews, in general more favorably situated than their German brethren, felt so happy at Hamburg, that they called it their "little Jerusalem."

A colony of the Amsterdam mother-community was formed in Brazil, South America, discovered and peopled by Portuguese, and a number settled in the town of Pernambuco. Thither the Portuguese government had often transported Jewish offenders, i.e., Marranos, whom it did not wish to deliver to the burning-pile, together with prostitutes, and other rabble. These disgraced Marranos assisted the Dutch in conquering Brazil, which became a Dutch colony, with a Stadtholder of its own, the intelligent John Maurice, of Nassau (1624-1636). Connections were immediately established between the Amsterdam and the Brazilian community, which threw off the mask of Christianity, and was almost spoilt by the favor of the Dutch. The Jews at Recife, near Pernambuco, called themselves "the holy community" (Kahal Kados), and had a governing body consisting of David Senior Coronel, Abraham de Moncado, Jacob Mucate, and Isaac Cathunho. Several hundred Amsterdam Portuguese, either by invitation, or of their own accord, sailed to Brazil to form business connections with the colony, and took with them the Chacham Isaac Aboab. He was the first Brazilian rabbi, settling probably at Recife. At Tamarica a community was formed, which had its own Chacham, Jacob Lagarto, the first Talmudical author in South America. Of course, the Brazilian Jews enjoyed perfect equality of rights with other citizens, for they rendered the Dutch essential services as advisers and warriors. When the native Portuguese, who bore the yoke of the Dutch impatiently, formed a conspiracy to get rid of the Dutch authorities at a banquet in the capital, and attack the colony bereft of government, a Jew gave warning, and saved the colony from certain destruction. Later, in 1646, when open war broke out between the Portuguese and the Dutch, and the garrison of Recife, exhausted by famine, was on the point of surrendering unconditionally, the Jews encouraged the governor to brave resistance.

A fanatical war of race and religion between the Portuguese and the Dutch devastated fair Brazil, and a famine ensued. The Jews vied with the Dutch in suffering and bravery. Isaac Aboab, the Chacham of the Brazil community, paints the sufferings of the war, which he himself endured, in lurid colors:

Volumes would not suffice to relate our miseries. The enemy spread over field and wood, seeking here for booty and there for life. Many of us died, sword in hand, others from want; they now rest in cold earth. We survivors were exposed to death in every form; those accustomed to luxuries were glad to seize mouldy bread to stay their hunger.

At last, the States-General were compelled by European wars to surrender the colony to the Portuguese. The devoted zeal of the Jews for the political welfare of the Dutch was a firm bond, never afterwards dissolved, between them and the republic. The toleration and equal position of Jews in the Netherlands were ensured for ever.

Whilst the first ray of a better time glimmered in Holland, the rest of Europe was still full of darkness for Jews. In Germany especially, the Jew even in the seventeenth century continued to be an outcast for whom there was no sympathy. He was pelted with mud, his beard was singed, and he was treated almost worse than a dog. There were only three or four important communities in Germany: Frankfort-on-the-Main, with over 4,000 souls; Worms, with 1,400; Prague, with 10,000 at most; and Vienna, with 3,000: the rest did not number many. Hamburg was still a young community. In the West German free cities of Frankfort and Worms, almost stronger antipathy to Jews prevailed than in Hamburg, having its root in the narrow-mindedness of the Philistine citizens and the guilds rather than in religious antipathy. Both cities treated the Jews within their walls as their "servi cameræ," and appealed in all seriousness to a deed of Emperor Charles IV, declaring that they had been sold to them in person and property. When Portuguese Marranos, wishing to remove from the Netherlands to Frankfort, and raise it to a commercial center of the first rank, like Amsterdam and Hamburg, asked permission to build a house of prayer there, the council roundly refused. The Jewish capitalists then addressed themselves to the lord of Hanau, and obtained very favorable terms.

The bitterness of the people of Frankfort against their Jewish neighbors was crystallized in a most revolting and absurd legislative enactment, entitled "the permissive residence of Jews" (Judenstättigkeit), and defining under what conditions or restrictions Jews might breathe the Frankfort air, or rather the pestilential atmosphere of the Jewish quarter. The city, chiefly Protestant, retained all the canonical restrictions introduced by the papacy for the purpose of branding Jews, such as, prohibiting them from having Christian servants or nurses, and requiring them to wear an opprobrious badge. They were treated exactly like criminals. Jews might not go outside their quarter except for necessary business, and two might not walk together, certainly not in the neighborhood of the town-hall, and especially not during Christian festivals or weddings, or if princes were staying in the city. They were also required to observe silence in their Ghetto, avoid offending Christian ears with any shrill sound, and see that strange Jews visiting them went to bed in good time. In fact, they might not harbor any strangers without the knowledge of the magistracy, nor even admit a patient into their hospital. They might not purchase food in the market at the same time as Christians. Though their business was jealously restricted, they were forced to pay more taxes than the Christian inhabitants. As they were obliged to wear special badges on their clothes, so they were required to have on their houses shields, with strange figures and names, such as "the garlic," "the ass," "the green or white shield," "red shield," "black shield." After these shield figures the inhabitants were named, "The Jew N of the ass," "the Jew N of the dragon." On the admission of a Jew, he was obliged to promise on oath to obey these stupid and heartless directions. Even this wretched existence depended on the favor of the magistrate, for in one paragraph the council reserved the power of depriving a Jew at any time of the right of residence. In such case the individual or family had to leave the city within a fixed space of time.

As the magistrate was empowered to deprive a single Jew of the right of residence, he could banish all from the city. This was inferred and demanded by the citizens or the guilds at variance with the council. They aimed at enlarging their liberties by limiting the aristocratic power of patricians in the magistracy, and they began with the Jews. The reason was that the councilors, in return for the substantial gratitude of the Jews, were indulgent in the administration of the laws issued against them; else they would not have been able to exist under the pressure of opprobrium and the "permissive residence." But this indulgence of the magistracy towards Jews was doubly hateful to the guilds. Hence they strove by all possible means to bring about the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfort. The Jews had obtained assurance of their safety as a community by charter from the emperor, but the decrees and threats of the emperor were little heeded at that time. At the head of the discontented guild-members stood the pastry-cook, Vincent Fettmilch, who, with his workpeople, belonged to the Reformers, a sect excluded from civic honors, and who sought to sate his fury against the Lutheran authorities by taking vengeance on the Jews. He was a daring man, who kept the councilors in awe, and openly called himself "the new Haman of the Jews." He was chosen by the citizens as their spokesman and ringleader, and deserved this leadership, for he executed his plans with much circumspection.

On an appointed day (27 Ellul == September, 1614, new style), while the community was assembled in the house of prayer, blow followed upon blow and thrust upon thrust, mingled with furious shouting, on the door of the Jewish quarter. Thereupon followed cries of anguish on the part of the Jews, who rushed hither and thither in despair and distracted flight. Bold youths and men seized weapons to ward off assaults or die manfully. On both sides fell the wounded and dead, until the superiority of numbers and the daring of the Fettmilch party decided the victory. Then all through the night until the next day followed plundering, desecration, and destruction of sacred places with brutal fury. The imperial commissioners could do nothing to check the riot; they were even compelled to put up a notice that the murderous band was not liable to punishment. Most of the Jews not sheltered by philanthropic citizens awaited death in trembling at the burial-ground, crouching together, many of them in shrouds. The rabble purposely left them in uncertainty as to the fate to which they were destined--life, death, or banishment--so that the Jews regarded it as a mercy from God when the fisherman's gate was opened in the afternoon of August 24th (new style), and they were allowed to depart, 1,380 in number, but without property of any kind. The advance of humanity, compared with earlier ages, is seen in the circumstance that compassionate Christians gave bread and other provisions to those who departed utterly destitute, and the smaller towns and villages sheltered them, though Fettmilch and the foes of the Jews had warned them against receiving the exiles.

It was long before the Frankfort Jews obtained satisfaction for these atrocious injuries. The magistracy and Emperor Matthias were equally impotent. Fettmilch's rabble for a whole year so tyrannized over the council that it could do nothing for the Jews. Some of the law faculties defended the robbers, by issuing an opinion that their attacks on the property of the Jews could not be regarded as theft, since they had occurred in the daytime or by torchlight. It was only by similar events at Worms that the end of the Frankfort troubles was hastened.

There the bitterness against one of the oldest German-Jewish communities, arising out of hatred of Jews and trade jealousy, took a different course. Not the guilds, but some members of the magistracy urged the banishment of the Jews, and the chief enemy of the Jews, instead of being a brutal but straightforward workman, was a crafty advocate and perverter of the law. Here, as in Frankfort, the chief motive was opposition to the magistracy, but the guild-members acted with more resolution and unanimity. The leader, adviser, and director of the committee of citizens was a learned lawyer, Dr. Chemnitz (Chemnitius), who thought that by lawyers' tricks he would be able to effect the banishment of the Jews with less danger than the Frankfort people had incurred by brutal violence. At first chicanery and insults of every sort were employed. The committee did not care to use violence, but strove to wear them out. It closed the outlets of the city against them, hindered them from purchasing food, drove their cattle from the meadows, and would not permit milk for Jewish children to be brought to the Jewish quarter.

After various movements, the Worms guilds, by Chemnitz's advice, assembled unarmed in the market place to take counsel, and sent a deputation to the Jews, ordering them "to retire from the city with bag and baggage" within an hour. The deputation reproached them with having caused the citizens to be suspected by the emperor, with having excited his hatred against them, and deprived them of every means of obtaining justice. The magistrates protested, but without effect, and so nothing remained for the Jews but to depart on the last day but one of the Passover (April 20th, 1615, new style). Fanaticism could not refrain from venting its fury on the holy places of the Jews, from devastating the synagogue which had stood for a thousand years, desecrating the burial-ground, and breaking to pieces several hundred tombstones, some of which gave evidence of the high antiquity of the community. The archbishop of Mayence and Count Louis of Darmstadt granted residence to the exiles in small towns and villages, and thus some of the exiles met their suffering brethren of Frankfort.

But the rejoicing of the foes of the Jews in Worms did not last long. The council, humiliated by the committee of citizens, secretly negotiated with Frederick, elector palatine, and, about ten days after the expulsion of the Jews, he moved infantry, cavalry, and cannon into the town, under the unavailing protest of the committee, and this soon brought the disorder to an end. Still it was nearly nine months before the Worms Jews were re-admitted by order of the elector palatine and the bishop of Speyer (January 19th, 1616, new style). Two months afterwards, the Jews of Frankfort were led back, as in triumph, with the sound of trumpets, and blowing of horns, by the commissioners of the electorate of Mayence and Darmstadt (Adar 20th == March 10th). Here the rioters were more severely punished than at Worms, because they had caused destruction, plundering, and bloodshed. Vincent Fettmilch, the pastry-cook, the Frankfort Haman, was hanged, and quartered, his house razed to the ground, and his family banished. The city was fined 175,919 florins by the emperor as compensation for the depredations committed on Jewish property. In memory of this extraordinary deliverance and honorable restoration, not an every-day occurrence in the German Empire, the Frankfort community appointed the day of their return (Adar 20th) to be observed as a feast-day, named Purim-Vincent, the day before being kept as a fast in memory of their sufferings.

The old "permissive residence" of the Jews in Worms and Frankfort was abolished by Matthias, who introduced a new regulation, recommended by the commissioners in 1617. This new arrangement still bore the impress of the Middle Ages. The old restrictions of the Jews, as to dress, occupation and movement, were retained, and, if possible, made more severe in some respects. The Jews were still considered outcasts, even by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and his councilors. "As they are privileged by the emperor, the council is to protect them, and no longer has the power to banish those who have obtained 'permissive residence.'" The Frankfort Jews, re-admitted at that time, did not need to renew their right of residence every three years as before, and transmitted it to their descendants. On the other hand, the number of Jews was fixed at 500. Not more than six new families a year could be granted "permissive residence," and only twelve couples a year could get married. A further restriction was that the Jews should not be called citizens of Frankfort; they were only hereditary protected dependents of the council. In addition to the old protection fee, there was a marriage and an inheritance tax. The restrictions in the new Jewish ordinance for Worms proved, if possible, still more oppressive.

The banishment of the Jews from two cities of western Germany, and their restoration had a favorable result for the German Jews. It was an advantage to all German communities that the emperor had emphatically insisted on, and by force of arms confirmed, the safety of the Jews. Emperor Ferdinand II, though a pupil of the Jesuits and a destroyer of Protestants, confirmed the inviolability of the Jews throughout the whole empire, especially in Frankfort and Worms, when the citizens of these places again thought of persecuting them. Hence it came about, that the destructive, cruel Thirty Years' War did not affect the Jews in Germany so severely as might have been expected. Of course, they did not fail to share the sufferings of the German nation, which, divided into two camps, drew the sword against its own breast, and made havoc of its own land. The Jews, like the rest of the population, had to submit to the plunderings and ravagings which leaders of armies, such as Mansfeld, Tilly, and Wallenstein, one after the other, brought upon flourishing cities.

Many a Jewish community was destroyed by the fury of war. But at least the Jews had nothing to fear from the internal foe, and, in the seclusion of their Ghettos, were perfectly secure from all attacks. The Catholic generals had orders from the emperor to spare the life and property of Jews, so that many a Protestant could lodge, and save his property, in the Jewish quarter. Before Wallenstein made the discovery that war is supported by war, and that a large army can obtain means for itself, the war carried on by Ferdinand II against the Protestant half of Germany required much money, and the imperial treasury had always been poor. But ready money was chiefly in the iron chests of Jewish capitalists. Hence, the financial springs, the Jews, had to be protected, if the war was to be carried on successfully. Consequently, the emperor, acting with careful consideration, impressed upon his generals to spare the Jews from all the hardships of war, including the quartering of troops. How dearly this tender treatment cost the communities is not known. The Bohemian Jews paid a considerable sum, and bound themselves to contribute 40,000 florins a year towards defraying the expenses of the war.

The court of Vienna invented another means of making Jews contribute to the war. It appointed Jewish capitalists as court Jews, granted them most extensive freedom of trade, freed them from the restrictions to which other Jews were subjected, even from wearing the yellow badge, in a word, afforded them and their families an exceptionally favored position.

The Jewish community of Vienna enjoyed great consideration during, or perhaps on account of, this war. Through the indifference of Spain, the center of Catholicism was transferred at that time from the Manzanares to the Danube, from Madrid to Vienna. The Jews, who by degrees re-assembled in Vienna, in spite of repeated banishment by the emperors, came into close relations with important European affairs. Court Jews and Jewish physicians repaired to Vienna with their retinue, i.e., persons depending, or pretending to be dependent, upon them. The Viennese Jews at that time were considered to be exceedingly rich. As they lived scattered in various quarters of the city, they felt the necessity of assembling and having a common place for prayer. They applied to the emperor, and he granted them a site in what is now Leopoldstadt, released them from the jurisdiction of the municipal authorities, and even excused them from wearing the badge. At the very time when Protestant Hamburg citizens were jealously on the watch that no synagogue be granted to the Portuguese Jews, the arch-Catholic emperor allowed them to build in his capital a new synagogue with all its appurtenances (December, 1624). His "liberated," i.e., privileged Jews were not required to quarter troops, or to contribute to the expenses of the war. The magistrates, of course, raised objections to the favor shown to Jews, and wished to turn the whole "swarm of Jews" out of the city. The court councilors, who desired to extort money, gave the citizens to understand that, for 20,000 florins, they might enjoy the satisfaction of seeing the Jews banished; but at the same time, they whispered to the Jews, that if they anticipated the payment of this sum, they might remain in Vienna. Probably the Jews prevailed.

The united and prosperous community looked about for a rabbinical leader, and, in February, 1625, made happy choice of Lipmann Heller, an amiable and learned man, at that time rabbi of Nikolsburg. He was no brilliant personage, but his talents stand out conspicuously from the dark background of the time. He forms an exception to the rabbis of that age, at least to those in Germany and Poland. He not only occupied himself with Talmudic learning, but was acquainted with branches of knowledge outside the rabbinical field. For instance, Heller had studied other than Jewish literature, and understood mathematics well. In the Talmudical department he could not compare with contemporary Poles of distinction, with Samuel Edles at Ostrog, Joshua Falk at Lemberg, Joel Serkes at Cracow, and many others. But if he was inferior to them in acuteness, more properly, subtlety, he surpassed them in profundity and lucidity.

Heller (born 1579, died 1654) possessed a mild nature, an attractive presence, and skill in speech, and could, therefore, frequent Christian circles. Far from the conceit which brooks no contradiction--a failing of most representatives of rabbinical learning in Poland-- he prepossessed every one in his favor, and won all hearts by his modesty. He is one of those whom we involuntarily pity for having lived in such barbarous times. In a better age they might have labored with more success for Judaism. In his thirtieth year, at the same age as Maimuni, he completed a gigantic work, a comprehensive commentary on the Mishna (Tossafoth Yom-Tob, 1614-1617). This involved a much greater amount of work than his great predecessor, or Obadiah di Bertinoro, had been forced to devote to it, if we take into account how much the materials to be considered, examined, and tested, had increased in the interval.

Having been summoned to Vienna to the post of rabbi, he labored usefully for this young community. He drew up its constitution, and for the short time of his official career there was esteemed and beloved. With his peaceful disposition he should have remained at Vienna instead of allowing himself to be attracted by the seemingly superior qualities of the Prague community, where vulgarity and baseness, envy and malice, still prevailed. For this circle Heller was most unfit, but he was attracted to the Bohemian capital, where there was incomparably more study of the Talmud, and where he could hope to enjoy interchange of thought. Only too soon he had occasion to regret his acceptance of this office. As acting rabbi, Heller was president of the commission which had the thankless task of distributing the large yearly war tax of 40,000 thalers among the members of the Prague community and those of the country communities. With Heller's upright and pure character it may be assumed that he acted with the utmost conscientiousness, and that he did not knowingly overburden anyone. Nevertheless, some members complained of improper allotment, raised a quarrel in the community, and collected a large following, who threatened the commission with accusations. In vain did Heller raise his warning voice against the prevailing dissension, speaking from the pulpit, now in mild, now in severe terms. Contumacy combined with envy, and the discontented party accused him and the elders of the commission before the civil authorities of having with partiality spared the rich, and laid the burden of the tax on the shoulders of those with less means, compelling payment of the share imposed by threats of excommunication, imprisonment, and other punishments. The accusations against Heller must have been of a still more hateful nature. The drift was that in one of his works he had used offensive expressions against Christianity. To give emphasis to their calumny, they reported to a person close to the emperor, who prided himself much on his theological knowledge, that Heller had boasted in the hearing of the Stadtholder of Prague that he had beaten him in a disputation. At the same time the slanderers hinted that the accused rabbi was in possession of much property, which would fall to the imperial treasury in case he was found guilty. To gratify their revenge or their malicious spirit, the informers quite overlooked the fact that by this means they might bring on a persecution, not only of Prague Jews, but of all German Jews.

Their slander met with only too ready a hearing. A formal command from the emperor reached the Stadtholder of Prague to have Rabbi Lipmann Heller sent in chains to Vienna. In view of the military severity customary during the Thirty Years' War even the innocent had the worst to fear. However, Heller was so highly esteemed even by Christian officials, that the head of police, who was charged with his custody, behaved with extraordinary indulgence towards him, and he was allowed to travel to Vienna merely on bail. On arriving he waited on the chancellor, in order to learn particulars with regard to the accusation brought against him. The chancellor sternly alleged what led Heller to fear the worst--that he had written against the Christian religion. Thereupon Heller was put into prison, confined with criminal offenders, and a commission of clergy appointed to establish his guilt as a blasphemer. The sentence was that Heller properly deserved death, but that the emperor was willing to exercise mercy and allow the punishment of death to be commuted to a fine of 12,000 thalers, to be paid immediately, and that the incriminated writings were to be destroyed. The Prague slanderers who were not pleased with the sentence, did not rest till the emperor deprived Heller of the office of rabbi at Prague, and declared him unworthy to fill the rabbinical office wherever the emperor's scepter held sway. At last, after a confinement of forty days, he was liberated, with the loss of his office and his property, and without any prospect of an appointment elsewhere. The maligning of Lipmann Heller was not altogether without consequences to the Jews. The bigoted emperor and many of the clergy who had been led to notice the bearing of Jews towards Christianity conceived the idea of introducing in Vienna Pope Gregory XIII's plan of preaching sermons for the conversion of Jews. The emperor issued a decree in February, 1630, that Jews be compelled to listen to conversion sermons every Saturday morning between eight and nine, at least 200 members of both sexes in equal numbers to be present, among them forty young Jews, of from fifteen to twenty years of age. Every one summoned to hear the preachers was to be fined a thaler in case of absence, and a higher sum if the offense was repeated. Sleeping and talking during the sermon were punished. The fines were to be used in support of converted Jews. The conversion of Jews was a matter that the emperor had at heart, and he hoped much from these compulsory measures. However, this plan was not easily carried out. The court councilors, to whom the emperor committed the matter, were not proof against bribery, and followed the Jesuits, who laid less stress on catching Jewish souls than on the oppression of Protestants and the increasing of their own power.

The annals of the Thirty Years' War contain no record of special sufferings of the Jewish race. It seems almost as if Jews were better treated than Christians. At least, in Mayence, the Swedes, who resided there more than four years, from the end of 1631 to 1636, behaved more kindly to them than to others. They were not greatly impoverished, for they were able, three years after the departure of the Swedes, to build a synagogue at Mayence, and thus extend their community, a favor which it had not been in their power to enjoy for more than 150 years. The Thirty Years' War ended, as is well known, at Prague, on the very stage where it had begun. The Swedish general besieged the city on the Moldau, and had already captured one quarter. But the inhabitants resisted bravely, and the Jews were not behind the others, if not with arms, yet with labor, in the trenches, and with extinguishing apparatus. It was a Jew who brought intelligence to the emperor from the besieged city in order to obtain relieving forces. On account of their attachment to the imperial family, the Bohemian Jews obtained from Ferdinand III an extension of their rights, which consisted in the privilege of residing in all royal cities and domains, and in not being expelled without the knowledge of the emperor. It may be assumed that the Jews did not lose very much by the devastating war. While the Christian population was thoroughly impoverished, and had to contend with want--the chief circumstance which induced the rulers to conclude the Peace of Westphalia--the Jews had saved something. The booty of many cities went through their hands, and, even if they were exorbitantly taxed, and forced to pay heavy sums, they still derived some gain. Hence it came about that directly after the close of the Thirty Years' War, when great numbers of their fugitive brethren came from Poland through Germany, they could be supported in a brotherly way by the German communities; for the Jews of Poland, for the first time, were visited with a long-continued, bloody persecution. The cup of suffering was not to pass them by.

END OF VOL. IV.

INDEX.

Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder, fixes the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi, Karaite philosopher, 95.

Abadia, de, Juan, plots against Arbues, 329-331.

Abba-Mari ben Moses (Astruc En-Duran), leader of obscurantists, 27-32, 36-42, 50. and the Tibbonides, 39-42.

Abenacar, Isaac (Manuel Pimentel), Marrano in Holland, 672.

Abenhuacar. See Ibn-Wakar, Samuel.

Abi-Ayub, Jacob, physician, 553.

Abner of Burgos. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Aboab, Isaac, rabbi at Toledo, 341. death, 366. intercedes for Spanish exiles, 352, 365.

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca, rabbi at Amsterdam, 681, 682-683. in Brazil, 693. quoted, 694.

Aboget, supposed manufacturer of Black Death poison, 102.

Abrabanel, Isaac ben Judah, 409. and the edict of banishment, 348. and Yechiel of Pisa, 287. as commentator, 341-343. countenances Messianic speculations, 482. in Castile, 336-337, 341, 343-344. in Corfu and Sicily, 384. in Naples, 359-360. in Portugal, 337-339, 341. in Venice, 385, 386. opposes free thought, 479. protects the Jews, 339-340. quoted, 338, 388-389.

Abrabanel, Isaac, son of the preceding, physician, 340, 385.

Abrabanel, Judah Leon (Medigo), son of Isaac Abrabanel I, 340, 341, 409. and Gonsalvo de Cordova, 384-385. as author, 480-481. flees to Naples, 360-361.

Abrabanel, Samuel (Juan de Seville), 337. accepts baptism, 169. ambassador to Martin V, 219. appointed to a state office, 138. efforts for the culture of Castilian Jews, 139-140. intercedes for the Spanish Marranos, 322-323.

Abrabanel, Samuel, son of Isaac Abrabanel I, 340, 385, 543. at Ferrara, 544. at Naples, 409. promotes Jewish learning, 410.

Abrabanela, Benvenida, wife of the preceding, 409-410. honors David Reubeni, 493. saves the Neapolitan Jews from the Inquisition, 543-544.

Abraham, copyist, 74.

Abraham, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 150.

Abraham ben Chiya, astronomer, 120.

Abraham of Granada, Kabbalist, 196-197.

Abudiel, Moses, officer at the Castilian court, 84, 85, 86.

Abulafia, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, 313, 317.

Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel, Kabbalist, 4-8, 10, 11, 14, 19, 622, 625. his school accepts the Zohar, 20.

Abulafia, Joseph, Kabbalist, 2.

Abulafia, Levi, Kabbalist, 2.

Abulafia, Meïr, Maimuni's adversary, alluded to, 2.

Abulafia-Halevi, prominent family of Toledo, 113, 116.

Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr, (Allavi), privado of Pedro the Cruel, 116-121, 354. builds synagogues, 119-120. charged with peculation, 121.

Abulafia-Halevi, Todros ben Joseph, Kabbalist, 1-3, 52.

Abulhassan, of Morocco, makes war upon Castile, 84.

Abumelik, Moorish general, 85.

Accusation of child-murder, 223, 261-262, 276-279, 298-307, 343-344, 372, 440, 544-546, 642. against Christians, 546. by Eck, 547. forbidden in Portugal, 372. See also Blood-accusation.

Accusation of host desecration, 164-165, 223, 261, 277, 306, 439-440.

Accusation of well-poisoning, 57-58, 101-106.

Achmed I, sultan, alluded to, 629, 630.

Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt, conspires, 395-396.

Adolph of Nassau, emperor, 35, 36.

Adrianople, Karaites settle in, 269. Spanish exiles settle in, 405.

Afia, Aaron, scholar, 405.

Africa, a refuge for Jewish exiles, 197, 318, 352, 389-392.

Agada, not authoritative, 214. quoted, 242.

Agen, Jews of, massacred, 56.

Aguilar, Jews of, annihilated, 125.

Aix, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Akrish, Isaac ben Abraham, Spanish exile, 386.

Alami, Solomon, quoted, 154-155, 204.

Alagon, de, Blasco, plots against Arbues, 329.

Alashkar, Moses ben Isaac, Talmudist, 391-392, 393.

Albalag, Isaac, philosopher, alluded to, 24, 342.

Albassi, Jacob, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Albert II, emperor, 263. imprisons Jews, 223-224, 249.

Albert, duke of Bavaria, hostile to Jews, 258.

Albert, of Brandenburg, influenced against the Jews, 463-464.

Albert, of Munich, alluded to, 428.

Albi, Jews of, annihilated, 57.

Albo, Joseph, philosopher, 239, 243. at the Tortosa disputation, 208, 214, 215. author of controversial works, 233. his work, 239-243.

Alboacin. See Abulhassan.

Albrecht, emperor, 35, 37. and the Jews, 36. asserts authority over the French Jews, 47.

Alcala, academy at, 145. Jews of, mocked at, 181.

Alcaldes appointed by the Jews of Castile, 116.

Alcañiz, Jews of, converted, 214.

Alcantara, Order of, 85-86.

Alcolea, Jews of, converted, 214.

Aldobrandini protects the Jews of Ferrara, 660-661.

Aleman, Jochanan, Kabbalist, 291.

Alenu, prayer, maligned, 178.

Alexander, convert, accuses the Jews of blasphemy, 591.

Alexander, of Poland, hostile to Jews, 419.

Alexander VI, pope, 434. and Bonet de Lates, 407. censures the Roman Jews, 363. favorable to Portuguese Marranos, 378-379. opposes the Spanish Inquisition, 319.

Alfarda, strangers' tax, 344.

Alfonsine Tables, author of, 367.

Alfonso Burgensis (Abner-Alfonso, Alfonso of Valladolid), apostate, 81-83, 213, 342.

Alfonso de Cartagena, counselor of Eugenius IV, 249-250.

Alfonso, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, 517.

Alfonso, of Aragon, archbishop, protects Marranos, 330.

Alfonso X, of Castile (the Wise), anti-Jewish laws of, 194-195.

Alfonso XI, of Castile, and Alfonso Burgensis, 83. death, 113. favorable to Jews, 75-76, 85, 86. guardians, 52. Jewish favorites, 79-81. law of, renewed, 193. war with Abulhassan, 84-85.

Alfonso XII, of Castile, brother of Henry IV, 278, 279.

Alfonso II, of Ferrara, alluded to, 660.

Alfonso II, of Naples, employs Isaac Abrabanel, 360, 383-384.

Alfonso V, of Portugal, alluded to, 340. employs Jews, 337-339.

Alfonso of Valladolid. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Algiers, Jews in, 390-391. Jews settle in, 197-199. Spanish exiles flee to, 361.

Alguades, Meïr, physician and rabbi, 185, 190. executed, 195-196. translator of Aristotle's Ethics, 193.

Alkabez, Solomon, Kabbalist, 538.

Allatif. See Ibn-Latif, Isaac.

Allavi. See Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr.

Allegorizing of the Scriptures, 23-24.

Allorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

Almosnino, Moses, historian, 405, 607-608.

Almoxarif, minister of finance, 75, 79, 138, 160.

Alsace, Jews of, outlawed or burnt, 107.

Altona, Jewish cemetery at, 688.

Alva imprisons Jews, 662. in the Netherlands, 601.

Alvalensi, Samuel, favorite in Morocco, 390, 392.

Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino, satirist, 181.

Amadeus, of Savoy, imprisons Jews, 103.

Amazia, Jews of, persecuted, 553.

Amos, prophet, quoted, 177.

Amshel of Ratisbon, opponent of Israel Bruna, 302.

Amsterdam, German Jews settle in, 680-681. Hebrew education, 681-682. Hebrew printing-press, 675. Jews in, 665-685. Jews under restrictions, 673-674. morality of Jews, 679-680. Portuguese Marranos settle in, 665-666. powers of rabbis, 684-685. synagogues, 667, 671, 680. wealth and culture of Jews, 677-678.

Anatoli, Jacob, Maimunist, 32. defended, 41. his sermons read and proscribed, 39, 40.

Ancona, a refuge for Jews and Marranos, 408, 544.

Ancona, Marranos of, imprisoned, 568. persecuted, 570-571.

Angiel, Kabbalistic term, 17.

"Annals of Persecution," by Joseph Cohen, 590.

"Annals of the Kings of France and of the House of Othman, The," by Joseph Cohen, 556.

Antiochus Epiphanes, alluded to, 655.

Anti-Trinitarians, 541-542, 647-648.

Anusim, converts to Christianity, 179-180. See Marranos, and Conversions to Christianity.

Antwerp, Jews settle in, 662.

Aquet, charged with the manufacture of poison, 104.

Aquinas, Thomas, alluded to, 183.

Aragon and the Inquisition, 319, 328-329.

Aragon, Jews of, buy protection, 172. enjoy peace, 274-275. loyal to their faith, 215. persecuted, 77, 102-103, 170. suffer through Ferrer, 206.

Aragon, Marranos of, 309.

Arama, Isaac, quoted, 332.

Aranda, counts of, oppose the Inquisition, 329.

Aranda, de, bishop, expelled, 333.

Arbues, Pedro, inquisitor, 326. plot against, 329-331.

Argentière, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Arias, Juan, bishop, instigates a persecution, 279.

Aristotle, 66, 82, 93, 146, 232, 243, 290. Ethics of, in Hebrew, 146. studied by Polish Jews, 633.

Arles, Jews of, protected, 177.

Armleder, persecutors of the Jews, 97-98.

Arnheim, counselor of Alva, 62.

Arnoldists, party of Jew-haters, 456.

Ar-Rabbi Mor, chief rabbi of Portuguese Jews, 158-159, 380.

Arta, Jewish exiles in, 406.

Arzilla, Jewish slaves made at, 286, 339, 381.

Ascalona, Jews of, annihilated, 170.

Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri), rabbi of Toledo, 34-35, 37, 53, 86. author of a Talmudic code, 51. his descendants victims of persecution, 169-170. his family visited by the Black Death, 113. partisan of Abba-Mari, 37-38, 50. relaxes Talmudic laws, 37. sons of. See Jacob ben Asheri, and Jehuda Asheri.

Asher, of Udine, convert, denounces Jewish works, 584-585.

Asheri. See Asher ben Yechiel, Jacob ben Asher, and Jehuda Asheri.

Ashkenazi, Solomon ben Nathan, statesman, 602-607, 627-629. agent of Mahomet Sokolli, 602-603. and the Polish election, 604-605, 642. and Venice, 605-606, 608. rescues the Venetian Jews, 606-607. supplants Joseph Nassi, 627. widow of, 630.

Asia Minor, Spanish exiles in, 405-406.

Askaloni, Joseph, Hebrew publisher, 628.

Astorga, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Astruc En-Duran. See Abba-Mari ben Moses.

Athias, editor of the Spanish Bible translation, 576.

Athias, Isaac, rabbi at Hamburg, 689.

Aubriot, Hugues, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, 151.

Auditeurs des Juifs, superintendents over French Jews, 54.

"Augenspiegel," work by Reuchlin, 446-448, 450, 457. approved, 455. condemned by the University of Paris, 460.

Augsburg, bishop of, desires to possess Jews, 127-128.

Augsburg, Jews of, escape the Rindfleisch persecution, 36. exiled, 249. imprisoned, 163. persecuted, 110.

Austria, Jews of, accused as poisoners, 110. expelled, 585-586, 652. persecuted, 36, 98, 223-224.

Auto-da-fé, the first in Spain, 317.

Averroes, alluded to, 82, 93, 94, 232, 290.

Avignon, Jews of, expelled, 592. protected, 177. side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Avila, Jews of, baptized, 205. Kabbalistic center, 8-10. law of, 229. religious discussion at, 140-141.

Avila, de, bishop, expelled, 333.

Avis, Grand Master of, 160, 161.

Ayllon, home of a Kabbalist, 8.

Azael, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Azriel, Kabbalist, 14.

Baal ha-Turim. See Jacob ben Asheri.

Badajoz attacked by Spanish Marranos, 498.

Baffa, sultana, favors Esther Kiera, 629.

Bajazet (Bajasid) II, sultan, and Jews, 356, 364, 400.

Balmes, de, Abraham, physician and author, 411. instructs Christians, 473.

Bamberg, council of, decrees Jew badges, 555.

Ban against science, 39, 40.

Bandito, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

Baptista, John (Solomon Romano), denounces the Talmud, 564.

Barbaro, Mark Antonio, Venetian consul, 605.

Barbastro, conversions in, 214.

Barcelona, ban against science in, 40. Jews of, persecuted, 103, 171-172. opposes the Inquisition, 332.

Barfat. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat, and Crescas Barfat.

Barfat, Zarak, poet, 140.

Baruch, Kabbalist, 481.

Bashyasi, Menachem and Moses, Karaites, 269.

Basle, authorities of, defend the Jews, 105-107.

Basle, council of, 248, 249, 250, 251. laws of the, and Casimir IV, 264. proscribes the Jews, 245-246.

Basle, Jews of, burnt, 107.

"Bastard, A, the Son of an Outcast," anti-Christian work, 590.

Bathori, Stephen, of Poland, friendly to Jews, 642.

"Battles of the Lord, The," work by Gersonides, 92-93.

Bavaria, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 545-546. persecuted, 36, 98-99, 110, 225, 253-254.

Beatrice (Brites), Infanta of Portugal, and the succession in Castile, 158.

Beatrice, of Castile, and David Negro, 161.

Bechinath ha-Dath, work by Elias del Medigo, 293.

Bechinath Olam, poem by Yedaya Bedaresi, 49.

Bedaresi, Abraham, poet, 42.

Bedaresi, Yedaya En-Bonet ben Abraham (Penini), poet, 26, 42-45, 49. espouses the Tibbonide cause, 42-44. works by, 43, 49.

Behaim, Martin, astronomer, 367.

Bekashoth ha-Memin, poem by Yedaya Bedaresi, 43.

Belgium, Jews of, persecuted, 112.

Bellieta, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

Belmonte, Jacob Israel, Marrano poet, 665.

Belvedere, the Nassi palace, 597. printing-press at, 628.

Ben Adret. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

Benavente, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Benedict XII, pope, friendly to Jews, 99.

Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), anti-pope, 200, 228, 239, 655. at Peñiscola, 217. at the Tortosa disputation, 210-213. favors Paul Burgensis, 184, 190. issues a bull against the Jews, 215-216. plans the conversion of the Jews, 207.

Benevento, Inquisition at, 385.

Benfelden, council of, declares Jews outlaws, 107.

Benjamin, friend of Immanuel Romi, 68.

Benjamin, of Tudela, alluded to, 127.

Benveniste, Abraham, Senior (Coronel), tithe-collector, accepts Christianity, 351. convenes a synod, 229. friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 341. holds office in Castile, 228. negotiates a royal marriage, 280.

Benveniste, Judah, center of the Salonica community, 405.

Benveniste, family of Gracia Mendesia, 571.

Berab, Jacob, rabbi in northern Africa, 390, 393, 418. revives ordination, 531-536.

Berber princes, tolerance of, 197.

Berlin, Jews of, persecuted, 652.

Bernaldez, Andreas, quoted, 349.

Bernard, of Siena, master of John of Capistrano, 257.

Bernardinus, of Feltre, hostile to Jews, 295-299.

Bernardo instigates Lisbon against Marranos, 487.

Berne, Jews of, tortured, 104-105.

Berthold, bishop, hostile to Jews, 107.

Beth Israel, third synagogue in Amsterdam, 680.

Beth Jacob, first synagogue in Amsterdam, 667, 671.

Beya, de, Abraham, Portuguese traveler, 368.

Béziers, Jews of, expelled, 48.

Bibago, Abraham, employed by John II, of Aragon, 275.

Bible, the, allegorized, 23. Christian doctrines in, 141-142. commentary on, 70. concordance of, 234-235. Karaite interpretation of, 269. polyglot, 651. slandered, 547. studied by Portuguese Marranos, 485. studied in Spain, 91, 231. study of, cultivated, 474-476. translations of, 475, 576, 647. translations not authoritative, 237.

Black Death, the, alluded to, 111, 112, 113, 127, 133, 135, 172. attributed to the Jews, 100-106.

Black Prince, the, and the civil war in Castile, 124, 125.

Blanis, de, Judah (Laudadeus), physician at Perugia, 411.

Blanche de Bourbon, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 116-117, 121, 122.

Blandrata, religious reformer, 647.

Blood-accusation, 223, 227, 261-262, 298, 642. by Eck, 547. forbidden in Poland, 264-265. See also Accusation of child-murder.

Boabdil, last king of Granada, 345.

Bohemia, Jews of, banished, 544-545. pay a war-tax, 703. persecuted, 98, 165-166. privileges of, extended, 707.

Boleslav Pius, duke of Kalish, friendly to Jews, 111, 263.

Bologna, Jewish printing-house in, 289. Jews of, tried, 590-591. synod held at, 218, 219.

Bomberg, Daniel, of Antwerp, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, 468. the Old Testament, 476.

Bonafoux, Vidal, partisan of Abba-Mari, 28.

Bonastruc, Isaac, and Jewish immigrants in Algiers, 199.

Bonfed. See Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.

Boniface VIII, pope, alluded to, 144.

Boniface IX, pope, forbids forcible conversions, 173.

Bordeaux, Jews of, perish, 56.

Borgia, cardinal. See Alexander VI.

Botarel, Moses, Messianic pretensions of, 197.

"Bow and Buckler," controversial work, 238.

Brahe, de, Tycho, alluded to, 638.

Brandenburg, Jews of, accused, 439-440. persecuted, 652.

Brazil, Jews settle in, 693.

Breslau, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 261-263. annihilated, 109.

Broussa, Spanish exiles in, 405.

Bruna, Israel, rabbi of Ratisbon, 300, 302-304.

Brunetta, of Trent, 297, 298.

Brünn, Jews of, banished, 263.

Brunswick, Jews of, expelled, 652.

Brussels, Jews of, killed, 112. Jews settle in, 662.

Budny, Simon, founder of a Christian sect, 647.

Buen-Giorno, David Bonet, and Profiat Duran, 188-190.

Bugia, Spanish exiles flee to, 361.

Buja, Jews settle in, 197.

Bull (papal) against Jewish emigration to Palestine, 274. based on Innocent IV's, 165. by Benedict XIII, 215-216. by Clement VI, 173. by Clement VII, 507-508, 515, 516. by Clement VIII, 671. by Eugenius IV, 250-252. by Gregory XIII, 654. by Julius III, 565. by Martin V, 219-220, 226-227. by Nicholas V, 253, 254, 287. by Paul III, 516, 520, 526. by Paul V, 566. by Pius IV, 588, 589. by Pius V, 591-592. by Sixtus IV, 311, 319, 321, 322, 323. by Sixtus V, 655-656, 658.

Burgos, cortes of, hostile to Jews, 52, 124, 229.

Burgos, Jews of, and Pedro the Cruel, 123, 124. baptized, 205. persecuted, 170.

Burgos, religious disputation at, 140.

Busche, von, Hermann, alluded to, 456.

Byron, quoted, 127.

Byzantine Empire, rottenness of, 267. toleration of, 285.

Caballeria, de, Alfonso, opposes the Inquisition, 329.

Cabrera, governor of the Alcazar of Segovia, 283.

Cadiz, Marrano victims of the Inquisition in, 317. Marranos take refuge in, 313. siege of, 665.

Cairo, Jews of, attacked, 396. Karaite stronghold, 71.

Calabrese, Chayim Vital, Kabbalist, 618, 623. Messianic claims of, 625.

Calatayud, conversions in, 214.

Calatrava, Grand Master of, executed, 118.

Calixtus, pope, alluded to, 275.

"Calumniator, The," sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa Fé, 217.

Campanton, Isaac ben Jacob, Talmudist, 230.

Campeggio, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 514-515.

Candia, Spanish exiles in, 363-364, 406.

Cantori, dei, Joshua, hostile to the Talmud, 583.

Capistrano. See John of Capistrano.

Capnion. See Reuchlin, John.

Capron, Ruy, alluded to, 278.

Caraffa, Pietro. See Paul IV.

Çarça, Samuel, quoted, 137. writes a commentary, 144.

Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, 689.

Caro, Isaac ben Joseph, victim of Portuguese persecution, 378.

Carpentras, Jews of, protected, 177.

Carrion, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Casimir III, of Poland (the Great), favors the Jews, 111-112, 263.

Casimir IV, of Poland, bestows privileges upon the Jews, 263-265, 419. revokes the privileges of the Jews, 266.

Caspe, Jews of, converted, 214.

Castel-Branco, de, João Rodrigo. See Lusitanus, Amatus.

Castile, center of Jewish culture, 75. civil war in, 118-119, 123-126. cortes of, hostile to Jews, 229. deficient in Jewish scholars, 86, 139-140.

Castile, Jews of, accused of proselytizing, 157. admitted to public employment, 228-229. appoint their own alcaldes, 116. attached to Pedro the Cruel, 114, 123, 124, 125, 137. baptized, 137, 205. deprived of criminal jurisdiction, 157. enjoy peace, 53, 113, 274-275. hated, 138-139. invested with criminal jurisdiction, 155. partisans of Maria de Padilla, 117. prominent at court, 51-53, 75-76, 84, 115-116, 138. suffer during the civil war, 125, 136-137. take part in debates, 140. threatened, 84-86. under Alfonso XI, 75-76. under Henry III, 193. under Juan II, 194, 251-253. under Maria de Molina, 52. under restrictions, 52, 139, 158, 203-204, 250, 278. usurers, 80. See also Spain.

Castile, Marranos of, 309.

Castro, de, Abraham, master of the Egyptian mint, 393, 395.

Castro, de, Moses, rabbi at Jerusalem, 534, 535.

Castro, de, Rodrigo, Marrano physician, 686-687, 688.

Catalina, of Castile, 217, 228, 275. lays restrictions upon the Jews, 203-204. relaxes the anti-Jewish laws, 205.

Catalina, of Lancaster, regent for Juan II, of Castile, 193-194.

Catalonia, Jews of, invested with criminal jurisdiction, 155. loyal to their faith, 215. persecuted, 102-103, 112-113, 172.

"Catalonian grandees," 153.

Catechumens maintained by Jews, 566.

Catherine de Medici, and the Polish election, 604. alluded to, 598.

Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to Marranos, 489.

Catholic reaction, the, 650-651.

Cathunho, Isaac, Jewish official at Recife, 693.

Censorship of the press, 562-563.

Censorship of the Talmud, 658, 659-660.

Cervera, Jews of, attacked, 94, 103.

Cesis, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 514-515.

Chabib, Levi ben Jacob, rabbi of Jerusalem, 378, 532-536. and Jacob Berab, 533-536.

Chacon, of Vitoria, employed by Henry IV of Castile, 275.

"Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 616.

Chaldee, language of the Zohar, 12.

Chambéry, center for the supposed Black Death poisoners, 102.

Chanceller, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, 159.

Chanina, Ishmael, rabbi of Bologna, 591.

Charisi, as a character in Immanuel Romi's works, 67. translator of Maimuni, 61.

Charles IV, emperor, 164, 695. and the Jews of Nuremberg, 110. and the Jews of Worms, 108. grants "servi cameræ" to electors, 128. protects Jews, 106. punishes murderers of Jews, 109.

Charles V, emperor, and Clement VII, 492. and Luther, 469. and the Jews of Naples, 543-544. and the Jews of the Netherlands, 661-662. and the Portuguese Inquisition, 507, 509, 517-518. crowned emperor of Rome, 503. favored by Humanists, 468. has Molcho burnt, 510-511. hostile to Marranos, 484. in debt to the Mendes family, 572. opposes Paul III, 526. opposes Reuchlin, 464. renews the privileges of the Jews, 547.

Charles IV, of France, alluded to, 77.

Charles V, of France, 150. and the Jews, 129, 131, 132, 133.

Charles VI, of France, and the Jews, 174, 176.

Charles VII, of France, 373. protects the Jews, 152.

Charles VIII, of France, alluded to, 360.

Charles IX, of France, alluded to, 604.

Charles III, of Navarre, alluded to, 184.

Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas, philosopher, 145-147, 149, 172, 208, 230, 239, 342. appealed to, 150, 153. articles of faith by, 193. attacked by Paul Burgensis, 185. describes the persecution of 1391, 172. his view of life, 240. imprisoned, 150, 155. independence of, 146, 192. philosophical work of, translated, 235. philosophy of, 191-193. treats of Christian doctrines, 187-188.

Chasdaï ben Solomon, 162. denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, 149.

Chastelard, Jews of, tortured, 104.

Chatel, Jews of, imprisoned, 103-104.

Chayim ben Gallipapa, rabbi, 148-150.

Chayim, of Landshut, appoints Judenmeister, 227.

Chayyat, Judah ben Jacob, Kabbalist, 481. describes the sufferings of the Portuguese exiles, 369-370.

Chemnitz, Dr., and the Jews of Worms, 698-699.

Chendali, Elias, husband of Esther Kiera, 629.

Chesheb-Efod, history by Profiat Duran, 191.

Chiddush, Talmudic term, 641.

Chillon, Jews of, imprisoned, 103-104. confessions of, 108.

Chilluk, Talmudic term, 641.

Chinon, college of, dispersed, 48. Jews of, persecuted, 57-58.

Christian IV, of Denmark, and the Jews, 675, 692.

Chronologies used by Jews, 394-395.

Clement VI, pope, and Gersonides, 94, 103. forbids forcible conversions, 173. protects the Jews, 103, 105.

Clement VII, pope, 407. and Molcho, 503, 507. and the Portuguese Inquisition, 507-509, 513-514. death, 515. permits Marranos at Ancona, 500. quoted, 513-514. receives David Reubeni, 492-493.

Clement VIII, pope, and Portuguese Marranos, 528, 671. expels the Jews, 659.

Clemente, Philip, opposes the Inquisition, 329.

Cleve, von, Eberhard, in the Reuchlin quarrel, 465-466.

Closener, of Strasburg, historian, quoted, 106.

Cohen, Aaron, describes the sufferings of French exiles, 49.

Cohen, Daniel, scholar, 405.

Cohen, Gershon (Soncinus), printer at Prague, 418.

Cohen, Joseph ben Joshua, of Genoa, historian, 555-557, 608. his chronicle, 555, 556, 557, 561. on Molcho, 511.

Cohen, Joshua Falk, president of the Polish synod, 645, 703.

Cohen, Moses, de Tordesillas, controversialist, 141-142.

Cohen, Perachyah, physician, 405.

Cohen, Saul (Ashkenasi), disciple of Elias del Medigo, 293, 386. Hebrew style of, 389.

Cohen, Saul Astruc, physician, 198, 199.

Coimbra, Inquisition at, 508.

Colleges, Jewish, in France, 48. See also Educational institutions.

"Collegium Germanicum," propagandist seminary, 654.

"Colloquium Middelburgense," controversial work, 691.

Colmar, Jews of, banished, 416.

Cologne, authorities of, defend the Jews, 105-106, 108. Jews of, expelled, 227, 413. seat of Dominicans, 424. See Chapter XIV.

Columbus, alluded to, 368.

"Concerning the Jews and their Lies," pamphlet by Luther, 548-549.

Confiscation of Hebrew books, 437-438, 439, 441, 444. advised by Luther, 550. by Pfefferkorn, 429-431. in Cremona, 582-583. in Prague, 584-585. in the Papal States, 565, 567. under Gregory XIII, 654. under Sixtus V, 657-658.

"Conflict of Duties," controversial work, 238.

Conrad of Wintertur, defends the Jews, 106, 108.

Conservateur, protector of the French Jews, 130.

"Consolation for the Sorrows of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 558-561.

Constance, Jews of, persecuted, 105.

Constance, council of, 215, 218, 248. condemns Vincent Ferrer, 217. deposes Benedict XIII, 216. elects Martin V pope, 219. sentences Huss, 221.

Constantine, Jews settle in, 197.

Constantine, emperor, alluded to, 267.

Constantine Dragosses, alluded to, 267.

Constantinople, fall of, 267. Jews of, 402-404. Jews permitted in, 268. Karaites settle in, 269. Karaite stronghold, 69. rabbis of, issue a ban against Paul IV, 580.

"Constitutions," Inquisition code, 326, 328. in Portugal, 508.

Conti, Vincent, publisher, 583-584.

Contra-Remonstrants, religious sect in Holland, 673-674.

"Contrasts and Greatness of Constantinople," by Moses Almosnino, 608.

Controversial literature, 231-238.

Conversions to Christianity, 48, 56, 107, 111, 126, 137, 150, 169, 171, 172, 175, 177, 179, 191, 205, 206, 214, 215, 224, 232-233, 245-246, 247, 254, 262, 288, 298, 301, 334-335, 361, 375-378, 380, 440, 570, 706.

Conversions, forcible, forbidden by popes, 165, 173.

Cordova, Inquisition at, 325. Jews of, persecuted, 169. Marranos in, 484. Marranos massacred in, 281-282.

Corfu, Spanish exiles in, 363, 364, 384.

Coronel. See Benveniste, Abraham.

Coronel, David, Senior, official at Recife, 693.

Costa, da, Emanuel, Marrano, 520-521.

"Correction of the False Teacher," controversial work, 234.

Costnitz. See Constance.

"Counsels and Lessons," poem by Santob de Carrion, 115.

Court Jews at Vienna, 702.

Coutinho, Ferdinand, bishop, defends Marranos, 500. opposes forced conversions, 375. quoted, 376.

Cracow, Jews of, massacred, 111. second Jewish community in Poland, 632.

Creation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Cremona, Jews of, expelled, 660. Talmudic center, 582.

Crescas Barfat, imprisoned, 150.

Crescas, Chasdaï. See Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas.

Crescas Vidal, partisan of Abba-Mari, 28-29.

Cretensis, Elias. See Del Medigo, Elias.

"Crown of Israel," Toledo, 136.

Curiel, Jacob, Portuguese agent, 681, 692.

Cusa, de, Nicholas, cardinal, hostile to Jews, 255.

Cyprus, conquest of, 600-601.

Czechowic, Martin, Unitarian, 648.

Dafiera, Solomon, poet, 230.

Dalburg, bishop, alluded to, 454.

Damascus, exiles settle in, 399-400.

Daniel, book of, commented, 482. interpretation of, 120. prophecies of, 149.

Daniel, friend of Immanuel Romi, 66.

Dante compared with Immanuel Romi, 65, 66, 67. quoted, 325.

Daroca, conversions in, 206, 214.

Daud (David), physician, hostile to Joseph Nassi, 598-599.

Dauphiné, Jews protected in, 177.

David, king, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

David, an immigrant, urges Jews to go to Turkey, 271.

"Day of Hosannas" in Lurya's system, 626.

Deckendorf (Deggendorf), Jews of, massacred, 98-99.

Del Barco, Juan Lopez, Spanish inquisitor, 312.

Del Medigo, Elias, classical scholar, 290-293, 386, 406. relation to Judah Menz, 295.

Delmedigo, Judah, rabbi, 406.

Della Rovere, Francesco Maria, duke of Urbino, 501, 657.

Della Ruvere, Marco, nuncio, 514.

Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, 246.

Desmaëstre, Bonastruc, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, 208.

Deutz, Cologne Jews settle at, 227.

Deza, second inquisitor-general of Spain, 356, 483-484.

Dias, André, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 490.

"Dialogues of Love," work by Judah Abrabanel, 480-481.

Diego de Valencia, convert, 181.

Diokna Kadisha, holy likeness, 538.

Divorces among Kabbalists, 626-627.

Dominicans denounce Jews and Hussites, 222, 226. in the Reuchlin-Pfefferkorn quarrel. See Chapter XIV. plot to expel the Marranos from Portugal, 486-488.

Doria, Andrea, doge, 555. protects the Jews of Genoa, 554.

Doria, Giannettino, alluded to, 555.

"Doubts of the Religion of Jesus," controversial work, 235.

Duran. See Profiat Duran, Simon ben Zemach Duran, Solomon Duran, and Simon Duran II.

Du Guesclin, Bertrand, captain of the "white company," 123, 124, 126, 137.

"Eben Bochan," controversial work, 142, 143.

Ecija, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Eck, Dr. John, and the Jews, 546-547.

Edict of Banishment from Spain, 347-348.

Edict of Grace, 315.

Edles, Samuel, Talmudist, 703.

Edom, Christendom, 18, 506.

Educational institutions (Hebrew), 48, 133, 145, 410, 681, 685.

Efodi (Ephodæus). See Profiat Duran.

Efrati, Amram, alluded to, 162.

Egidio de Viterbo, cardinal, 564, 583. and the Kabbala, 481. disciple of Elias Levita, 472. opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 507. quoted, 457.

Egypt, Jews in, 392-396.

Eisenach, Jews of, slaughtered, 109.

Eleazar ben Joseph, martyr, 49.

Eliano Vittorio, grandson of Elias Levita, convert, 564. editor of the Cremona Zohar, 584. hostile to the Talmud, 583.

Elias Levita, Hebrew grammarian, 471, 473. grandsons of, 564. invited into France, 473-474.

Elizabeth, of England, alluded to, 664.

Emden, Marranos in, 665.

Emek ha-Bacha, work by Joseph Cohen, 590, 608.

"Emunoth," Kabbalistic work, 197.

En-Sof, Kabbalistic term, 14.

En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa, rabbi, 155.

"Enemy of the Jews, The," second pamphlet by Pfefferkorn, 427.

England at war with Castile, 142.

Enns, Jews of, charged with host-desecration, 223.

Enoch, book of, source for the Kabbala, 17.

"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum," a satire, 461-462.

Erasmus, humanist, 432, 433. quoted, 462-463.

Erfurt, Jews of, perish, 109.

Eschenloer, quoted, 262.

Escrivão, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, 159.

Eski-Crim, Karaite stronghold, 71.

Esperaindo, de, Juan, assassin of Arbues, 330.

Estella, Jews of, persecuted, 77-78.

Esther (Esterka), wife of Casimir the Great, 112.

Esther, book of, Spanish translation of, 148.

Etampes, d', Count, protector of the French Jews, 130, 132.

Eugenius IV, pope, 253, 275. approves of John of Capistrano, 257-258. confirms the privileges of the Jews, 249. hostile to Jews, 229, 249, 250-252.

Evora, Inquisition at, 508.

Ezekiel, prophet, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

"Ezer ha-Emuna," controversial work, 141.

Fagius, Paulus, establishes a Hebrew press, 474.

Falaquera, Shem-Tob, philosopher, 24.

Falcos, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Falero, Abraham Aboab, builds a synagogue at Hamburg, 691.

Farnese, Alexander, cardinal, protects the Jews, 567.

Faro, count of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338.

Farissol, Abraham, geographer, and controversialist, 411-413.

Father, Kabbalistic term, 19.

Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, and Isaac Abrabanel, 343. appoint an inquisitor-general, 324. blamed for expulsion of the Jews, 356. censured by Sixtus IV, 318-319. decree the expulsion of the Jews, 346-348. protect and employ Jews, 336. treaty with Boabdil, 345. See also Ferdinand II of Aragon, and Isabella, of Castile.

Ferdinand I, emperor, and Joseph Nassi, 597, 601. banishes Jews from Bohemia, 544-545. expels Jews from Austria and Bohemia, 585-586.

Ferdinand II, emperor, and the Hamburg Jews, 689. introduces conversion sermons, 706. levies a war-tax upon Jews, 701-702.

Ferdinand III, emperor, extends the privileges of the Bohemian Jews, 707.

Ferdinand I, of Aragon (Infante of Castile), regent of Castile, 194. authorizes a disputation, 207. lays restrictions upon the Jews of Castile, 203-204. made king of Aragon, 205, 206.

Ferdinand II, of Aragon, V, of Castile (the Catholic), 284, 309, 384, 385. approves of the Inquisition, 310-311. his greed, 325-326. his marriage, 280. obtains the Inquisition for Aragon, 319. threatens Navarre, 357. See also Ferdinand and Isabella, and Isabella, of Castile, 340-341.

Ferdinand, of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338, 340-341.

Ferdinand IV, of Castile, advised by Jews, 51.

Ferdinand I, of Naples, 287, 383. receives Jewish exiles, 358-360.

Ferdinand, of Portugal, Jews under, 158-159.

Ferdinand, of Tuscany, receives exiled Jews, 659.

Ferrara, Jewish printing houses in, 289. Jews of, endangered, 660-661. Jews settle in, 544. Marranos of, unfortunate, 581.

Ferrer. See Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste.

Ferrer, Vincent, 233, 239, 246, 296. converts Jews, 214-215. his character, 200-202. in Aragon, 205-206. opposed by João I, of Portugal, 218. preaches against Benedict XIII, 216-217. preaches Christianity in synagogues, 204-205.

Ferrus, Pero, convert, ridicules Jews, 181.

Fettmilch, Vincent, and the Jews of Frankfort, 696-700.

Fez, Jews in, 390. Marranos emigrate to, 179. Spanish exiles settle in, 361.

Firme-Fé. See Nunes, Henrique.

Fiesco's conspiracy, alluded to, 555.

Flagellants persecute Jews, 111, 112.

Florence, commerce of, 285. Jews of, protected, 297.

Foligno, di, Ananel, convert, denounces the Talmud, 564.

Forli, synod held at, 218, 219.

Formation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

"Fortalitium Fidei," work by Alfonso de Spina, 277, 415.

"Fortress, The," controversial work, 234.

Fraga, conversions in, 214.

France and Joseph Nassi, 597-599.

France, Jews of, and lepers, 57. and the ban against science, 40. banished, 46, 48, 175-177. claimed as "servi cameræ," 47. fix the conditions of their return, 53-54, 129-131. hardships of the, 48-50. impoverished, 128-129. massacred by the Shepherds, 55-57. persecuted, 57-58, 151-152. privileges extended, 54, 131-132, 150. protest against Meïr Halevi, 152-153. Talmudical studies, 133. usurers, 174. wear badges, 131.

France, southern (Provence), clergy of, hostile to Jews, 132. Jews of, persecuted, 53, 102-103, 173. philosophers in, 87. See also Provence.

Francis I, of France, patron of Hebrew learning, 473-474.

Franco, Christoval (Mordecai) Mendes, Portuguese Marrano in Holland, 667.

Franco, Nicolo, papal nuncio, 310.

Franconia, Jews of, expelled, 259-260. seat of the Rindfleisch persecution, 35-36.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, confiscation of Hebrew books at, 429-431, 437-438, 439.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jews of, burn themselves, 109. expelled, 698. in the seventeenth century, 694-695. mocked at, 299. persecuted, 696-699. threatened, 417, 463-464. under restrictions, 700.

Frederick, elector of Saxony, protector of Luther, 469.

Frederick, elector palatine, alluded to, 678.

Frederick III, emperor, 249, 416. and the Jews of Ratisbon, 303-306. Jewish favorite of, 224. Jews under, 293, 294. protects Jews, 413-414.

Frederick, the Valiant, archduke of Austria, friendly to Jews, 111.

Freiburg, Jews of, 105-107.

Frohbach, alluded to, 638.

Funes, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Furin al-Mizrayim, Cairo Purim, 396.

Galatino, and the Kabbala, 481, 583.

Galilee, Kabbalistic center, 617.

Gallaico, Elisha, indicts Azarya deï Rossi, 616.

Gama, da, Vasco, alluded to, 367.

Gans, David, historian, 638-639.

Gaon of Castile, 230.

Garcilaso, Spanish ambassador, 379.

Gardien, protector of the French Jews, 130.

Gascogne, Jews of, perish, 56.

Gematria, Kabbalistic term, 5.

Gemmingen, von, Uriel, elector and archbishop, addresses Maximilian I, 431. appointed to examine Hebrew books, 441. imperial commissioner, 437. interferes in the Reuchlin trial, 452. opposes Pfefferkorn, 430, 431. See Chapter XIV.

Geneva (lake), scene of a Jewish persecution, 103-104, 105.

Genoa, commerce of, 285. Jews of, banished, 554. Spanish exiles in, 362-363.

German language cultivated by Polish Jews, 421.

Germans in the Middle Ages, 422-423.

Germany, cities of, re-admit Jews, 127-128.

Germany, Jews of, and the ban against science, 40. and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 438. in the seventeenth century, 694-702. intellectual decay among the, 96, 133-135, 227. observe a fast day, 225-226. oppose Pfefferkorn, 427. persecuted, 96, 97, 98, 218. poll-tax imposed on, 96-97, 166. privileges confirmed, 219. protected by emperors, 36, 98. speak a jargon, 388-389. under Emperor Frederick III, 293-294. See also cities of Germany.

Germany, North, Jews of, few in number, 111.

Germany, southern, Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, 227. treated with hostility, 258.

George, elector of Bavaria, and Reuchlin, 454-455.

Gerlach, archbishop, obtains "servi cameræ," 128.

Gerona, seat of the Kabbala, 1. Jews of, massacred, 172.

Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), convert, 200, 231, 232, 234, 238, 256. and the Tortosa disputation, 207, 208-209. as the censor of the Talmud, 213. called "The Calumniator," 217. employed as a conversionist, 206, 207.

Gersonides. See Levi ben Gerson.

Gerundensis, Moses, alluded to, 442.

Gerundi. See Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben.

Gerundi, En-Vidal Ephraim, alluded to, 162, 171.

Gesereth ha-Roïm, massacre of the Shepherds, 55-57.

Gesereth Mezoraim, the leper persecutions, 57-58.

Ghent, Jews settle in, 662.

Ghinucci, de, Geronimo, cardinal, opposes the Inquisition, 507, 520.

Gibraltar demanded by Marranos as a refuge, 282-283.

Gil-Nunjoz, bishop, imprisons Jews of Palma, 246.

Glogau, Jews of, massacred, 111.

God-flesh (Dios-Carne), Francisco (Astruc Raimuch), conversionist, 182.

Godfrey, of Würzburg, bishop, expels Jews, 259-260.

"Golden Bull" promulgated at Nuremberg, 128.

Gomez, archbishop, presides over a religious discussion, 140.

Gomez, Duarte (Solomon Usque), poet, alluded to, 558.

Gonsalvo de Cordova, 666. favorable to Jews, 384-385.

Gonzaga, Ludovico, duke of Mantua, alluded to, 287.

Gonzago, Vicenzo, duke of Mantua, enforces regulations against the Talmud, 659.

Gonzalez, Luis, secretary in Aragon, and the Inquisition, 329.

Gonzalo de Santa Maria, son of Solomon Levi, 216, 217.

Gospels, Four, in Hebrew, 143.

Gotha, Jews of, slaughtered, 109.

Gracian, Solomon, partisan of Ben Adret, 45.

Granada, a refuge for Spanish Marranos, 318. ally of Pedro the Cruel, 125. Jews of, Arabic scholars, 60. makes Jews prisoners, 126. Marranos emigrate to, 179. negotiates with Martinez, 86. war in, 344-346.

Graes, de, Ortuin (Ortuinus Gratius), Jew hater, 424-425, 450.

Gratiño, Ezra, author of a commentary, 144.

Gratius, Ortuinus (Ortuin de Graes), Jew hater, 424-425, 450.

"Great Defender," Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, 414.

Gregory XIII, pope, attempts to convert Jews, 654-655. prohibits the employment of Jewish physicians, 653-654.

Grimani, Dominico, cardinal, summons Hoogstraten, 458.

Groede, first Jewish burial place in Holland, 672.

Grönigen, von, Martin, translates the "Augenspiegel," 460.

"Guide of the Perplexed," 479. and the Roman Jews, 60. attacked by Aaron ben Elia, 95. Latin translation of, 474. neglected, 143. studied by Moses Isserles, 638.

Guido Ubaldo, duke of Urbino, and the Marranos, 569, 578-582.

Guienne, lepers in, poison the water, 57.

Guilds opposed to Jews, 696-699.

Gunther, of Schwarzburg, and Emperor Charles IV, 109, 110.

Gustavus Adolphus, alluded to, 692.

Guttenstein, count, alluded to, 424.

Halevi, Elias, influences Karaites to Rabbinism, 270.

Halevi, Moses Uri, adviser of Portuguese Marranos in the Netherlands, 665, 666, 671.

Halevi, Samuel, ambassador to Pope Martin V, 219.

Halevi, Serachya, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, 208, 212.

Hamburg, 686-693. clergy of, opposes Jews, 687-688, 689-690. first synagogue in, 689. German Jews settle in, 691. Portuguese Jews granted residence in, 688.

Hamon, Isaac, physician in Granada, 344.

Hamon, Joseph, physician to Sultan Selim I, 401.

Hamon, Moses, physician to Sultan Solyman I, 401, 402. intercedes for Gracia Mendesia, 575. protects Turkish Jews, 553.

Hanau, Portuguese Marranos in, 695.

"Handspiegel," work by Pfefferkorn, 446.

Hanover, Jews of, persecuted by the flagellants, 111.

Haquinet, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 150.

"Harmony of Heaven," work by Judah Abrabanel, 480.

Hartmann von Deggenburg, persecutor of the Jews, 98.

Hebrew at the universities, 471, 473, 474.

"Hebrew Physician, The," work by David de Pomis, 656-657.

Hebrew studies among Christians, 433-434, 471, 473, 651.

Hebron, occupations of inhabitants of, 75.

"Hell of the Jews," Spain, 308.

Heller, Lipmann, rabbi at Vienna and Prague, 703-706.

Henrique, bishop, burns Portuguese Marranos, 499.

Henrique, Infante of Portugal, grand inquisitor, 521, 523.

Henry, bishop of Ratisbon, hostile to Jews, 301-302, 303, 304.

Henry II, of Castile de Trastamare, son of Alfonso XI, 114, 120, 169. and the Jews, 124, 125, 137, 139, 140. appoints Jews to offices, 138, 156. his war with Pedro the Cruel, 122-126.

Henry II, of Castile, and Paul Burgensis, 185, 194, 196. favorable to Jews, 190, 193.

Henry IV, of Castile, and the Jews, 274, 275-276, 279-281. deposed, 278. opposed to the Inquisition, 310. plot against, 283.

Henry II, of France, 411. and Joseph Nassi, 595-596, 597-599. friendly to Jews, 544. repudiates his debt to the Mendes family, 574.

Henry III, of France (Henry of Anjou), candidate for the Polish throne, 604-605.

Henry IV, of France, alluded to, 672.

Henry, of Orange, favorable to Jews, 678.

Henry Julius, of Brunswick, expels the Jews, 652.

Hercules d'Este I, of Ferrara, patron of Abraham Farissol, 412-413.

Hercules d'Este II, of Ferrara, friendly to Jews, 544. protects Gracia Mendesia, 575.

Hermandad, the, proscribes Jews, 251.

Herrera, Marrano martyr, 494.

Herrera, de, Alonso (Abraham), Spanish resident in Cadiz, 665-666.

Herrera, de, Pedio, Marrano, 282-283.

Hess, Hermann, appointed to direct the confiscation of Hebrew books, 437-438.

Hillel of Verona introduces a scientific method among Italian Jews, 59.

Hinderbach, bishop, hostile to Jews, 298-299.

Historical studies promoted by persecution, 554-555.

"History of the Jews" by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 616.

Hochmeister, rabbis in Franconia, 259.

Hochstraten. See Hoogstraten, Jacob.

Holland, Jews plan to emigrate to, 283. See also the Netherlands.

Holy Land. See Palestine.

Holy Roman Empire. See Germany.

Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, alluded to, 272, 274.

Homem, Gaspar Lopes, Portuguese Marrano, 664.

Homem, Mayor Rodrigues, Portuguese Marrano, emigrates to Holland, 667. sends her family to Holland, 664-665.

Hoogstraten, Jacob, Dominican general, 424. appeals to Leo X, 455-456. appointed to examine into Hebrew books, 441, 444. summoned to Rome, 458. summons Reuchlin as a heretic, 450-452. See Chapter XIV.

Hosiander, supposed author of "Little Book about the Jews," 545.

"House of Jacob," first synagogue in Amsterdam, 667, 671.

Hubmaier, Balthasar, enemy of the Jews, 542-543.

Huete, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Hungary, Jews of, emigrate, 111. threatened by Turks, 268.

Huss, John, 221-222.

Hussite war against Catholicism, 222, 224-226.

Hussites aided by Jews, 222. and the Jews of Ratisbon, 301.

Hutten, von, Ulrich, 468. ally of Reuchlin, 456-457. and the Dominicans, 465. Jewish advocate at the imperial court, 431. quoted, 462.

Ibbur, Kabbalistic term, 620.

Ibn-Abi Zimra, David, Kabbalist, 481. rabbi of Cairo, 393, 394-395.

Ibn-Albilla, David, philosopher, 91.

Ibn-Alfual, Joseph, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Ibn-Almali, Nathaniel, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Ibn-Askara, Chananel, Kabbalist, 74.

Ibn-Benveniste Halevi, Joseph ben Abraham. See Joseph of Ecija.

Ibn-Chabib, Jacob, Talmudist, 405.

Ibn-Ezra, Abraham, 442, 476. commented upon by Profiat Duran, 191. studied by Jews of Spain, 143-144.

Ibn-Ezra, Moses, poems of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Ibn-Gaon, Shem Tob ben Abraham, Kabbalist, 74.

Ibn-Gebirol, Solomon, 67, 230. hymns of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste (Ferrer), neo-Hebraic poet, 230. at Tortosa, 207-208, 211, 214, 215. translator of Aristotle, 193. work by, 233-234.

Ibn-Latif, Isaac, Kabbalist, 3-4, 10.

Ibn-Musa, Chayim, controversial writer, 235-237.

Ibn-Nagrela, Samuel, alluded to, 337.

Ibn-Nuñez, Jacob, physician of Henry IV of Castile, 275.

Ibn-Said, Isaac (Zag), publishes the Alfonsine Tables, 367.

Ibn-Shaprut, Chasdaï, alluded to, 119.

Ibn-Shem Tob, Joseph ben Shem Tob, controversial writer, 235. holds office in Castile, 228-229. philosopher, 243-244.

Ibn-Shem Tob, Shem Tob ben Joseph, father of the preceding, Kabbalist, 196, 197, 239.

Ibn-Shoshan, Abraham, rabbi in Egypt, 393.

Ibn-Shoshan family visited by Black Death, 113.

Ibn-Sid, Samuel, scholar, 392.

Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel, translator of Maimuni's works, 32, 60.

Ibn-Verga, Joseph, historian, 557.

Ibn-Verga, Judah, Kabbalist and historian, 335, 336, 556.

Ibn-Verga, Solomon, Marrano historian, 556-557.

Ibn-Wakar, Jehuda ben Isaac, treasurer under Juan Emanuel, 52-53.

Ibn-Wakar, Samuel (Abenhuacar), physician of Alfonso XI, 76, 79, 80, 84. offices of, 80, 81.

Ibn-Yachya, David, rabbi of Naples, Talmudist, 410.

Ibn-Yachya family, 159, 609.

Ibn-Yachya, Gedalya, patron of learning, 609.

Ibn-Yachya, Gedalya, grandson of the preceding, historian, 592, 609, 615-617.

Ibn-Yachya, Joseph, delegate at Tortosa, 208.

Ibn-Yachya, Joseph, intercedes for the Spanish exiles in Portugal, 366.

Ibn-Yachya, Moses, philanthropist, 609.

Ibn-Yachya Negro, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, 339.

Ibn-Yachya Negro, Judah, counselor of João I, of Portugal, 218.

Ibn-Yaish, officer at the court of Castile, 84.

Ibn-Zachin, martyr, 576.

Ibn-Zarzal, Abraham, physician of Pedro the Cruel, 116, 121.

Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's work, 558, 559.

Ikkarim, work by Joseph Albo, 239.

Ilhas perdidas, Jewish children at the, 371.

Immanuel ben Solomon Romi, poet, 63-69, 230, 289. a representative of the Roman congregation, 60. compared with Dante, 65, 66, 67. language and style, 63-64, 67, 68.

"In Praise and Honor of Emperor Maximilian," pamphlet by Pfefferkorn, 430.

Index expurgatorius includes the Zohar, 584.

Innocent III, pope, alluded to, 244, 562.

Innocent IV, pope, deprecates forcible baptism, 165.

Innocent VII, pope, 368. opposed to the expulsion of Jews from Spain, 346.

Inquisition, the, in Aragon, 319, 328-329. in the Netherlands, 662. resisted in Navarre, 357. under Pope Paul IV, 568-571.

Inquisition, the Portuguese, 499-500, 505, 513-528. described, 522-523. sanctioned, 518-519, 526-527.

Inquisition, the Spanish, and the Marranos, 483-485. at Benevento, 385. at Seville, 312-314. code, 326-328. desired, 310. first germs of, 256. first Marrano victims of, 316-318. judge of appeals appointed, 320. statute ratified, 312. tribunals multiplied, 325. unpopular, 313.

"Investigation of Religion, The," work by Elias del Medigo, 293.

Isaac ben Jacob Campanton, Talmudist, Gaon of Castile, 230.

Isaac ben Kalonymos (Isaac Nathan), controversial writer, and author of a Bible concordance, 234-235.

Isaac ben Moses. See Profiat Duran.

Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash), philosopher, 145-146, 147-150. appealed to, 150, 153. attacked by Simon Duran, 199. imprisoned, 150, 155. quarrel with Chayim ben Gallipapa, 148. rabbi of northern Africa, 198-199.

Isaac ben Todros, Kabbalist, 74.

Isaac de Leon, last Toledan rabbi, 392.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, 20.

Isaac of Salzuflen attempts to settle in Holland, 685-686.

Isaac the Blind, supposed originator of the Kabbala, 21.

Isaac Tyrnau compiles Jewish customs, 134-135. his rigidity, 227.

Isabella, of Castile, 309. favors Marranas, 311. influenced by Torquemada, 310. marriage, 280. party of, 279. piety, 310. queen of Spain, 284. See also Ferdinand and Isabella, and Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Isabella of Castile, wife of Manoel, of Portugal, 374, 381. cruelty, 376, 379-380. unfriendly to Jews, 373-374.

Isaiah, prophet, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67. prophecies of, 149. quoted, 211.

Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, 162. appoints his relatives to rabbinates, 153. invested with authority over French Jews, 152.

Ishmael, the Mahometan world, 18.

Isny, Hebrew press at, 474.

Israeli II, Isaac ben Joseph, astronomer, 51.

Isserlein, Israel, partisan of Israel Bruna, 302, 303.

Isserles, Moses, ben Israel, Talmudist, 634, 637-638.

Israel of Enns accused of host desecration, 223.

Italy, refuge for Marranos, 318.

Italy, Jews of, culture of, 288-289. hold synods, 218. number of, 653. petition Pope Martin V, 219. under restrictions, 251, 253.

Italy, Jews settle in, 352, 407-413. toleration of, 285-286.

Ivan IV, of Russia (the Cruel), and the Polish election, 603. hostile to Jews, 633.

Jaabez, Joseph, opponent of free thought, 343, 479.

Jacob ben Asheri, son of Asher ben Yechiel, Talmudist, 87-90. his code commented upon by Karo, 537.

Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil), rabbi, 227. arranges the ritual, 225. compiles Jewish customs, 135.

Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profatius), scientist, 30-31, 48. and the ban against science, 42. his ban against the proscribers of science, 40-41.

Jacob, of Belzyce, controversialist, 648.

Jacob, of Navarre, executed, 357-358.

Jacob, of Segovia, Kabbalist, 2.

Jacob Tam, alluded to, 609.

Jacopo, Flavio, poet, quoted, 610.

Jaen, Inquisition at, 325. Jews of, imprisoned, 126.

Jafa, Mordecai, president of the Polish synods, 645.

Jäger, Johann (Crotus Rubianus), author of the "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum," 456, 461.

Jargon, 388-389.

Jaroslaw, meeting-place of Talmudists, 640. of the Polish synods, 644.

Jehuda ben Asheri, son of Asher ben Yechiel, Talmudist, rabbi of Toledo, 87-88, 90, 144.

Jehuda ben Asher II, heroism of, 170.

Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel, (Leone Romano), scholar, 60, 68-69, 289.

Jehuda Halevi, 67. poems of, in the Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Jerome, Church Father, alluded to, 83, 342, 433, 435, 552.

Jerusalem, growth of, 396-397. Jews of, build a synagogue, 273-274. of the Occident, 136. occupations of inhabitants of, 74. pilgrims visit, 73. Spanish exiles settle in, 396-398.

Jesiba de los Pintos, Hebrew institute at Rotterdam, 685.

Jesuits, order of, 524-525.

Jesurun, Rëuel, (Rohel Jesurun, Paul de Pina), poet, 669-670, 678-679.

Jesurun, David, poet, quoted, 669.

Jesus in the Old Testament, 141, 212, 256.

Jew badges, abolished by Pius IV, 588. decreed by popes, 216, 250, 566, 590. enforced, 54, 131, 138-139, 150, 255, 258, 266, 278, 519, 543, 545, 696, 702.

Jewish colleges in France dispersed, 48.

Jewish congregations autonomous, 40.

Jew quarters decreed by popes, 250, 566, 590. in Spain, 203, 335-336. in Venice, 408.

Jews aid Hussites, 222. and Marranos, 334-335. and the Black Death, 101-114. and the Dutch in Brazil, 693-694. and the Reformation, 470. as artisans, 74-75. as physicians, 275, 287, 407-408, 411, 653-654, 692. as printers, 289, 581. declared outlaws, 107. divided into national groups, 478. emigrate to Turkey, 273. granted to electors, 128. hated by Luther, 547-552. in the fourteenth century, 127. in the Peasant War, 542-543. in the Thirty Years' War, 701-702, 707-708. indispensable to Christians, 127, 137, 263, 353. maintain catechumens, 566. persecuted by the clergy, 163-164. proscribed by the Council of Basle, 245-246. protected by Charles IV, 106. scientific inquiry among, 479. spiritual condition of, in the Middle Ages, 477-479. under Emperor Sigismund, 248. wanderings of, 676. See also the various countries, etc.

Jikatilla, Joseph ben Abraham, Kabbalist, 3, 6, 10, 466.

Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, persecutes the Jews, 440.

Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, alluded to, 652.

João, Infante of Portugal, and Leonora, 160.

João I, of Portugal, protects new-Christians, 217-218.

João II, of Portugal, 340, 373. and Isaac Abrabanel, 341. and Judah Abrabanel, 361. and the Spanish exiles, 352, 365-366, 370-371. lays restrictions upon Marranos, 368. summons an astronomical congress, 367. transports Jewish children, 371.

João III, of Portugal, and David Reubeni, 493. institutes a Jew badge, 519. plans the Inquisition, 488-491, 499-500.

Joanna, of Castile, alluded to, 373.

Joanna, of Naples, hostile to Jews, 258.

Job, book of, paraphrased, 140. poem by Belmonte, 665.

Jochanan, son of Matathiah Provenci, rabbi, 152, 153, 162.

John II, duke of Brabant, and the Jews, 112.

John II, of Aragon, Jews under, 274, 275.

John Albert, of Poland, hostile to Jews, 419.

John George, elector of Brandenburg, alluded to, 652.

John Maurice, of Nassau, stadtholder of Brazil, 693.

John of Capistrano, 249, 257-268, 276, 277, 296, 418, 419. arouses hatred against Jews, 258-263, 266-268. employed by Nicholas V, 253. in Poland, 265. in Silesia, 260-263. in southern Germany, 258-260.

John, of France, permits Jews to return to France, 128-129, 133.

John XXII, pope, exiles Jews, 61. opposed to a crusade, 55.

John XXIII, pope, character of, 201.

John of Valladolid, apostate, 140-141, 209.

Jonah, rabbi of Vienna, 110.

Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives (Joshua Allorqui), opponent of Paul Burgensis, 186-187.

Joshua, father of Narboni, 94.

José ben José, Hebrew poet, 67.

Joseph, son of Manessier de Vesoul, convert, 150.

Joseph ben Abraham Ibn-Benveniste Halevi. See Joseph of Ecija.

Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, 3, 6, 10, 466.

Joseph ben Israel, father of Manasseh ben Israel, 671.

Joseph de Avila discovers the spuriousness of the Zohar, 20.

Joseph, duke of Mantua, banishes rabbis, 295.

Joseph, Karaite, 269.

Joseph of Arli, Kabbalist, 511-512.

Joseph of Ecija (Joseph ben Abraham Ibn-Benveniste Halevi), treasurer of Alfonso XI, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84.

Josephus, 614. work of, translated, 608.

Joslin of Rosheim. See Loans, Joseph ben Gershon.

Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque, minister of Pedro the Cruel, 115, 117.

Juan de España (Juan the Old), convert, 233.

Juan de Lucena, executes the edict of banishment, 348-349, 355.

Juan de Seville. See Abrabanel, Samuel (I).

Juan Emanuel, regent of Castile, favors Jews, 52-53.

Juan I, of Aragon, character of, 170.

Juan I, of Castile, and the Jews, 157, 158. and the regent of Portugal, 160. crowned, 156. regent of Portugal, 161-162.

Juan II, of Castile, 193, 275, 277. and the Jews, 228-229, 251, 252. complains of the Marranos, 256. permits a synod to be held, 229. restrictions laid upon Jews under, 203-204.

Judah, treasurer of Ferdinand of Portugal, 159, 160, 161, 162.

Judah ben Baba, alluded to, 536.

Judah ben Moses Tibbon, opponent of Abba Mari, 32.

Judah ben Yechiel (Messer Leon), rabbi in Mantua, 289-290. attainments and works, 289. feud with Joseph Kolon, 295. hostility to, 293.

Judah, Siciliano, poet, 60, 68.

"Judah's Rod of Correction," history by the Ibn-Vergas, 557-558.

Judaism and the Reformation, 471-476.

"Judaism, or the Jewish Doctrine," by John Miller, 692.

Judenmeister, three rabbis in Germany, 227.

"Judenstättigkeit" residence of Jews in Frankfort and Worms, 695-696. abolished, 700.

Juderia, Jew quarter, 169.

Juglar, Gaspar, inquisitor, 326.

Julian, the Apostate alluded to, 267.

Julius II, pope, alluded to, 407, 408.

Julius III, pope, and the Portuguese Marranos, 528. and the Talmud, 565.

Justiniani, Augustin, Hebrew scholar, 473-474.

Kabbala, the, 1-23, 91, 196. and Pope Sixtus IV, 292. and Reuchlin, 466-467, 481. Christian dogmas in, 291-292. compared with the Talmud, 19. Elias del Medigo on, 292. in the East, 617-627. studied by Pico di Mirandola, 291-292, 443.

Kabbalistic centers, 1, 2, 399, 405, 538.

Kabbalistic customs, 5-6.

Kabbalistic terms, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 572, 619, 620.

Kabbalistic works, 6, 10, 196, 197. the Zohar, 11-24. translated, 443.

Kabbalists, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, 21, 74, 196, 197, 291, 335, 369, 381, 399, 405, 466, 481, 511, 538, 556, 618, 623, 625.

Kahal Kados, the Recife Jewish community, 693.

Kahiya, advocate of Turkish Jews, 404.

Kalish, Jews of, massacred, 111.

Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, satirist, 61-63, 68.

Kalonymos ben Todros, partisan of Abba-Mari, 34, 38, 39.

Kalmann, of Ratisbon, convert, 288.

Kalmann, an immigrant, urges Jews to go to Turkey, 271.

Kapsali, Elias ben Elkanah, historian, 406-407, 557.

Kapsali, Eliezer, influences Karaites to Rabbinism, 270.

Kapsali, Elkanah, aids Spanish exiles in Candia, 364.

Kapsali, Moses, chief rabbi of Turkey, 268-269, 402. aids Spanish exiles, 364. and Karaites, 270, 271.

Karaism and Shemarya Ikriti, 69.

Karaites, calendar, 70, 270. converted to Rabbinism, 72. dissensions among, 269-270. establish pilgrim prayers, 73-74. feud with Elias Mizrachi, 403-404. instructed by Rabbanites, 269-271. marriage laws, 70.

Karben, von, Victor, convert, 424-425. appointed to examine into Hebrew books, 441, 444.

Kara, Avigedor, friend of Emperor Wenceslaus, 166.

Karo, Joseph, 580, 599, 637. and Molcho, 511, 537. converted to Kabbalism, 496-497, 537. his code, 539, 612, 613. his Maggid, 497, 537-539. opposes Dei Rossi, 616. ordained, 536, 537.

Kartiel, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Kaspi, Joseph, philosopher, 87, 91.

Kelifa (Kelifoth), Kabbalistic term, 17, 620.

Kepler, alluded to, 638.

Khataib, Spanish synagogue at Damascus, 400.

Kiera, Esther, Turkish court Jewess, 629-630. patroness of Jewish learning, 608, 630.

Kimchi, David, alluded to, 476.

Kimchi, Moses, grammarian, 474.

Kimchis, the, alluded to, 442.

King, Kabbalistic term, 18.

Klausner, Abraham, compiles Jewish customs, 134.

Klonowicz, Polish poet, 643.

Kodesh ha-Kodashim, work by Ibn-Labi Ferrer, 234.

Kolon, Joseph ben Solomon, rabbi of Mantua, 294-295.

Königsberg, Jews of, burnt, 110-111.

Krems, Jews of, commit suicide, 110.

Kunigunde, influences Emperor Maximilian against the Jews, 428-429, 437, 440.

La Asumção, de, Diogo, convert to Judaism, 668-669, 670.

La Caballeria, de, Pedro, apostate, 231.

Ladislaus, of Bohemia, and the Ratisbon Jews, 303.

Ladislaus, of Hungary, and the Jews of Bohemia, 417. and the Jews of Breslau, 262-263.

La Fuente, de, Juan, inquisitor, 484.

Lagarto, Jacob, first American Talmudical author, 693.

La Guardia, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 343.

Lämmlein, Asher, forerunner of the Messiah, 482-483.

Languedoc, Jews of, and the ban against science, 40. protected by the governor, 132.

Lansac, de, French ambassador, 577.

Larta, Jewish exiles in, 406.

Lateran Council (Fourth) and the Reuchlin quarrel, 464.

Lates, de, Bonet, physician to popes, 407-408. aids Reuchlin, 453-454.

Leather-arms. See Armleder.

Lecha Dodi, Sabbath song, 538.

Lemberg, meeting-place of Talmudists, 640.

Leo X, pope, 407, 408, 592. and Reuchlin, 452-453, 465. encourages the printing of the Talmud, 468, 565.

Leo of Crema, alluded to, 287.

Leo Medigo. See Abrabanel, Judah Leon.

Leo the Hebrew. See Levi ben Gerson.

Leon de Bagnols. See Levi ben Gerson.

Leon, Jacob Jehuda, controversial author, 691.

Leon, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Leon, (Messer). See Judah ben Yechiel.

Leonora d'Este, and Jews, 660.

Leonora de Guzman, mistress of Alfonso XI, saves the Jews, 85, 113.

Leonora, of Portugal, regent, plots against Juan I of Castile, 161. removes Jews from office, 160.

Lenoora, of Tuscany, and Benvenida Abrabanela, 410, 544.

Lepers accuse Jews, 57.

Lerida, Jews of, converted, 214. massacred, 172.

Lerida opposes the Inquisition, 332.

"Letter of Aristas" translated by Deï Rossi, 615.

"Letter of Warning," by Solomon Alami, 154.

"Letters of Obscurantists," a satire, 461-462.

Levi, Abraham, Kabbalist, 481.

Levi, Astruc, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, 208, 214, 215.

Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim, chief of the allegorists, 24-25, 91. takes refuge with Sulami, 28-29.

Levi ben Gerson (Gersonides, Leo the Hebrew, Leon de Bagnols), philosopher, 87, 91-94, 146, 147, 197, 342, 442, 476. and Pope Clement VI, 94, 103. astronomer, and physician, 91-92. author of a methodology of the Mishna, 92. predicts the Messianic redemption, 120.

Levi ben Shem Tob, convert, 375.

Levi of Villefranche. See Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim.

Levi, Solomon, (Paul Burgensis, Paul de Santa Maria), convert, 182-190, 231, 256, 342. favored by Pope Benedict XIII, 184, 190. lays restrictions upon the Jews of Castile, 203-204. revives anti-Jewish laws, 194-195. work by, 233.

Levita, Elias. See Elias Levita.

"Light of the Eyes," work by Deï Rossi, 615, 616.

Lima, de, David, builds the third Hamburg synagogue, 691.

Limpo, Balthasar, bishop, and Pope Paul III, 525-526.

Lindau, Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, 227. persecuted, 105.

Lipmann of Mühlhausen (Tab-Yomi), scholar, 178.

Lippold, physician, tortured, 652.

Lisbon, port for exiles, 374, 376. council of, hostile to the Jews, 160. Inquisition at, 508. Marranos massacred in, 487.

Lithuania, Jews of, enjoy peace, 418, 420. the Reformation in, 646-648.

"Little Book about the Jews," pamphlet, 545-546, 547.

Liturgy Kabbalistic, 481.

Loans, Jacob ben Yechiel, physician to Frederick III, 413-414. teacher of Reuchlin, 433.

Loans, Joseph ben Gershon, and Molcho, 510. representative of Jews, 414.

Lodi, Jews of, expelled, 660.

Logroño, Jews of, persecuted, 170.

Longo, Saadio, Hebrew poet, 609.

Lopes de Almeida, Portuguese ambassador to Rome, 340.

Lopez, Pedro, poet and chronicler, quoted, 121, 122.

Lorqui, Joseph. See Geronimo de Santa Fé.

Lost Islands, Jewish children at the, 371. Louis, duke of Bavaria, and the Jews of Ratisbon, 301-302, 303.

Louis, duke of Landshut (the Rich), persecutes Jews, 253-254.

Louis, emperor (the Bavarian), and the Jews, 96, 98. sons of, favor the persecution of the Jews, 110.

Louis, of Brandenburg, orders the persecution of Jews, 110-111.

Louis, of Darmstadt, protects Jews, 699.

Louis X, of France, recalls the Jews, 53, 54.

Louis XII, of France, and Reuchlin, 459.

Louis, of Hungary, and the Jews, 111.

Louis, regent of France, extends the privileges of Jews, 150.

Loyola, Ignatius, 525, 562.

Lublin, meeting-place of Talmudists, 640. of the Polish synods, 644.

Lublin, third Jewish community in Poland, 632.

Lucero, Diego Rodriguez, hangman in Cordova, 484, 489.

Luna, de, Alvaro, minister of Juan II, of Castile, 228, 251, 256.

Luna, de, Pedro. See Benedict XIII.

Lünel, Jews of, accused of desecrating Christian symbols, 55. expelled, 48. side with Abba-Mari, 33.

Lusitano, Abraham Zacuto, physician, 678.

Lusitanus, Amatus (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician of Pope Julius III, 569-570. death, 610. leaves Pesaro, 581.

Luther, Martin, reformer, 467. advises confiscation of Hebrew books, 550. and the Jews, 547-552. at Worms, 469. maligns the Talmud, 549-550. quoted, 470.

Lutherans and the Spanish Inquisition, 485.

Lurya, Isaac, Kabbalist, 618, 623-627. and Chayim Vital Calabrese, 623-624. effect of his teaching, 625-627. his Messianic claims, 622, 624. his system, 617-622.

Lurya, Solomon, Talmudist, 634-637. criticism of Jewish society, 635-636.

Luzk, Karaites of, well treated by Casimir IV, 265.

Lyra, de, Nicholas, 232, 342, 442. admires Rashi, 185. refuted, 237.

Maamad, rabbinical councils at Amsterdam, 684.

"Maasé Efod," Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, 191.

Maccabees, the, and the biblical prophecies, 149.

Machault, Denys, convert, 175.

Madrid, cortes of, and usurers, 80.

Maella, Jews of, converted, 214.

Magdeburg, Jews of, banished, 416. persecuted, 111.

Maggid, dream-prompter, 496, 537-538.

Maharil. See Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.

Mahomet II, sultan, and the Jews, 267-269.

Mahomet IV, sultan, alluded to, 629.

Maillotins, rising of the, 152.

Maimi, Simon, martyr, 380-381.

Maimonides. See Maimuni, Moses.

Maimuni, Abraham II, and the Karaites, 72.

Maimuni, David, Nagid, 72.

Maimuni, Moses, 67, 93, 94, 146, 147, 192, 197, 239, 243, 290. articles of faith by, 193, 240. attacked by Aaron II, 95. code of, 86, 88, 89. defended, 41, 42, 43, 44, 392. on Ordination, 530-531. rationalizes the Scriptures, 23. studied by Polish Jews, 633.

Maimuni's works and the Roman Jews, 60. commented, 191. neglected, 143. proscribed, 40.

Maiora, martyr, 570.

Majorca, French exiles settle on, 49, 50. Inquisition on, 332.

Majorca, Jews of, persecuted, 171, 246-247. seek refuge in Africa, 197.

Mallo, inquisitor, 521.

Malmed, Jacob Anatoli's sermons, 32, 39, 40.

Malta, Order of, hostile to Jews, 592, 656. Mamson, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

Manasseh ben Israel, rabbi at Amsterdam, 682-684.

Manessier de Vesoul, receiver general, 130, 132. and the Jews of France, 129, 131-132. sons of, 150, 151, 152.

Manoel, the Great, of Portugal, and the Marranos, 485, 486, 488. converts Jews by force, 375-377. friendly to Jews, 372-374. issues an amnesty, 379.

Manrique, Inigo, inquisition judge of appeals, 320.

Mansfield, general, alluded to, 701.

Mantin, Jacob, physician and philosopher, 411, 515. denounces Molcho, 506-507. instructs Christians, 473.

"Mappa," by Moses Isserles, 637.

"Mar Mar Jesu," anti-Christian work, 215.

Marcellus II, pope, alluded to, 566.

Margaritha, Anton, convert, maligns Jews, 551.

Maria de Medici, alluded to, 673.

Maria de Molina, regent of Castile, 2, 52, 53.

Maria de Padilla, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 116, 117, 122-123.

Maria of the Netherlands, alluded to, 572.

Maroli, Menachem, Karaite, 269.

Marranos, (new-Christians, Anusim) forced converts, 179-181. and David Reubeni, 494-495. and Jews, 334-335. and the Inquisition, 310-313. attacked in Castile, 280-283. catechism of, 311. conspire against Arbues, 329-331. excluded from church offices, 321, 582. flee to Navarre, 357-358. help the Spanish exiles, 354-355. injure Judaism, 181. of Ancona, 408, 500. of Ferrara, 581. of Pesaro, 578-582. petition Alexander VI, 378-380. protected by João I, 218. signs of, 315-316. sufferings of, 483-490. troublesome to the church, 255-257. under Henry IV, of Castile, 276. victims of the Inquisition, 314, 316-318, 323-325, 350, 351.

Marranos, Portuguese, and Clement VII, 509. and Paul III, 516-517, 519-520. and Paul IV, 568. as physicians, 488. burnt, 499. culture of, 674. emigrate, 485-486. forbidden to emigrate, 508-509. imprisoned, 670-671. in Hamburg, 686-693. in the Netherlands, 662-675. informed against, 489-490. keep an agent at Rome, 512-513. massacred in Lisbon, 487. persecuted, 521-522. refused by Frankfort, 695. settle in Italy, 568-571. sufferings of, 528. under restrictions, 368. useful citizens, 527-528.

Marseilles, Jews of, protected, 177.

Martin V, pope, 229, 249, 253. and the Jews, 219-220, 226-227.

Martinez (Martin), Fernan, and Joseph Pichon, 156-157, 193, 335.

Martinez, Gonzalo, favorite of Alfonso XI, 83-86.

Mascarenhas, John Rodrigo, Marrano tax farmer, 486.

Masserano, Bezalel, pleads for the Talmud, 658.

Matathiah ben Joseph Provenci, chief rabbi, 133, 152.

Matronita, Kabbalistic term, 18, 19.

Matthias, emperor, abolishes Judenstättigkeit, 700.

Maurice, of Orange, favorable to Jews, 674, 678.

Maximilian I, emperor, and Jews, 414-415, 423-429. and the German Jews, 463-464. and the Nuremberg Jews, 415-416. and the Pfefferkorn-Reuchlin case, 429, 437, 441, 458-459.

Maximilian II, emperor, 587. and the Polish election, 603.

Mayence, decisions of, 135. exiles from, 294, 295.

Mayence, Jews of, banished, 413. massacred, 109.

Medeïros, Francisco (Isaac) Mendes, Marrano, 667, 671.

Medici, family of, alluded to, 289, 291.

Medicine, study of, allowed, 40.

Medigo, Leon. See Abrabanel, Judah Leon.

Medina del Campo, cortes of, and the Inquisition, 310, 313. Jews of, burnt, 278.

Medina-Sidonia, Marranos take refuge in, 313.

Medina-Sidonia, duke of, and Marranos, 282, 283.

Megadef, sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa Fé, 217.

Meïl Zedek. See Menachem of Merseburg.

Meïr ben Baruch Halevi, rabbi, and the French Jews, 152-153. compiles Jewish customs, 134.

Meïr ben Gabbai, Kabbalist, 481.

Meïr of Rothenburg, 34, 37, 74.

Meïr, son-in-law of Abraham Benveniste, 351.

Meïri, rabbi of Perpignan, 26-27.

Meïron, Simon bar Yochaï buried in, 623.

Meles, Moses Iskafat, partisan of Ben Adret, 44.

Meliza, poetical prose, 65.

Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach, rabbi of Toledo, 77, 144-145.

Menachem of Merseburg, Talmudist, 227-228.

Mendes, Diogo, banker at Antwerp, 572, 573.

Mendes, Francisco, husband of Gracia Mendesia, 571, 572.

Mendes, Manuel, Marrano, 516.

Mendes, Portuguese family in Holland, 667.

Mendesia, Gracia (Beatrice), Marrano philanthropist, 571, 578. at Antwerp, 572-573. at Constantinople, 577. at Ferrara, 575-577. at Venice, 574-575. eulogized by Samuel Usque, 575-576. protects the Ancona Marranos, 578, 579-580.

Mendeza, archbishop, prepares a catechism for Marranos, 311.

Menz, Abraham, head of the Padua college, 410.

Menz, Judah, Talmudist, 294, 406, 410. and Elias del Medigo, 295.

Menz, Moses, Talmudist, in Posen, 294.

Merlo, de, Diego, member of the Inquisition commission, 312.

Messianic pretenders, 7, 197, 482-483.

Messianic prophets, 8-10.

Messianic speculations, 7, 8-10, 18-19, 120, 141, 471, 482-483, 494-495, 497, 530, 534, 622, 624, 625.

Meshullam ben Jacob, patron of learning, 30.

Meshullam, of Rome, 346-347.

Meyer, of Breslau, accused of host-desecration, 261.

Meyer, Peter, partisan of Pfefferkorn, 449.

Michael, of Frankfort, and Luther, 551.

Michael, the Old, Karaite, 269.

Middelburg refuses Portuguese Marranos, 663.

Midrash of Simon bar Yochaï, the Zohar, 19.

Milan, Jews of, expelled, 660.

Milchamoth Adonaï, work by Gersonides, 92, 93.

Miliana, Jews settle in, 197.

Miller, John, and the Hamburg Jews, 691-692. quoted, 690.

Minim imprecated in Jewish prayers, 83.

Minyan Yavanim, Seleucidan chronology, 394-395.

Miques, João. See Nassi, Joseph.

"Mirror for Admonition," work by Ortuinus Gratius, 425.

"Mirror of Morals," work by Solomon Alami, 154.

Mistress, Kabbalistic term, 19.

Mizrachi, Elias, chief rabbi of Constantinople, 402-404.

Mocenigo, Luis, doge, hostile to Jews, 600-601, 606.

Mocenigo, Pietro, doge, protects the Jews of Padua, 299.

Mocho, John, arouses Lisbon against the Marranos, 487.

Modena, duke of, invites Jews, 675.

Molcho, Solomon (Diogo Pires), Marrano, 529-530, 622. and David Reubeni, 495-496, 504. burnt, 510-511. denounced, 503, 506-507. in Italy, 501-507. predicts the Messiah, 497. saved by Clement VII, 507.

Mölin, Jacob. See Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.

Moncado de, Abraham, official at Recife, 693.

Moncilla, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Montpellier, Jews of, and free inquiry, 29-30, 31, 38-39, 41, 50. compelled to wear a badge, 54. expelled, 48.

Montano, Arias, publisher of a polyglot Bible, 651.

Montalto, Elias (Felix), physician, 653, 670, 673.

Montemar, marquis of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338.

Montiel, battle at, 126, 136.

Moravia, Jews of, persecuted, 98.

Mordecai ben Hillel, martyr, 36.

Morenu, ordination of rabbis, 134.

Morillo, Miguel, inquisitor, 312, 323. censured, 318-319. issues the Edict of Grace, 314-315.

Moro, Joseph (Philip), denounces the Talmud, 564. proselytizer, 581.

Morocco, war with Castile, 84-85. Jews in, 389-390. Marranos emigrate to, 179.

Morteira, Saul Levi, rabbi at Amsterdam, 673, 681, 682, 685.

Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti, neo-Hebraic poet, 230-231.

Moses ben Joshua Narboni. See Narboni.

Moses ben Nachman. See Nachmani.

Moses ben Shem Tob (Moses de Leon), Kabbalist, 3, 622. author of the Zohar, 10-12. forgery of, revealed, 20-21.

Moses, of Trent, tortured, 298.

Moses, rabbi of Trent, 298.

Moses, treasurer under Maria de Molina, 52.

Mostarabi, Egyptian Jews, 395.

Mucate, Jacob, official at Recife, 693.

Muley Abu-Abdallah (Boabdil), last king of Granada, 345.

Munich, Jews of, persecuted, 110.

Münster, Sebastian, disciple of Reuchlin, 434, 472.

Murad III, sultan, and Joseph Nassi, 627-628, 629.

Murviedro, Jews of, protected, 170.

Musaphia, Benjamin, physician to Christian IV, 692.

Mutafarrica, life-guard, 595.

Nachmani (Moses ben Nachman), 28, 71, 75, 208, 238, 242. predicts the Messianic redemption, 120. reputed discoverer of the Zohar, 20.

Nagid, chief of Egyptian Jews, 392.

Najara, Israel, Hebrew poet, 609.

Naples, Jewish printing house in, 289. Jews of, banished, 543-544. Jews settle in, 358-359.

Narboni, Moses ben Joshua (Maestro Vidal), philosopher, 87, 93-95, 342.

Nassi, Gracia. See Mendesia, Gracia.

Nassi, Gracia, the younger, 572, 577.

Nassi, Joseph (João Miques), duke of Naxos, 596-597, 611. accused of treason, 598, 599. aids Gracia Mendesia, 574. as a statesman, 595-602. at Antwerp, 572-573. end of his power, 627. favorite of sultans, 577, 593-595. in Turkey. See Chapter XVII. protects Marranos, 579-580. receives Tiberias, 596-597, 611.

Nassi, Reyna, daughter of Gracia Mendesia, 572-573, 577. patroness of Jewish learning, 628.

Nassi, Samuel, brother of Joseph, 577, 581.

Nassir Mahomet, Jews under, 73.

Nathan, Isaac. See Isaac ben Kalonymos.

Navarre, Jews of, persecuted, 77-78. Jews settle in, 352. Spanish exiles in, 357-358.

Navarro, Moses, rabbi of Portugal, 173.

Naxos, duke of. See Nassi, Joseph.

Nazarenes (Minim) imprecated in Jewish prayers, 83.

Negro, David, Almoxarif, 160, 162. rabbi of Castile, 161.

Negroponte, Spanish exiles in, 406.

Neo-Hebrew poetry, 67, 608, 609. in Spain and Italy, 230-231.

Netherlands, the, a refuge for the persecuted, 661-662. Inquisition in, 662. Portuguese Marranos in, 662, 675. stadtholders of, favorable to Jews, 678. See also Holland, and Amsterdam.

Neto, Bras, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, 500-501, 505-506.

"Neve Shalom", second synagogue at Amsterdam, 671.

New-Christians. See Marranos.

Nicholas V, pope, 275, 287. appoints inquisitors, 256. approves of Capistrano, 257-258. denounced, 267-268. issues anti-Jewish bulls, 253, 254.

Nicholas-Donin, alluded to, 213.

Nicopolis, exiles settle in, 405.

Niemerz, son of Casimir the Great, 112.

Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben, 144, 146, 149. imprisoned, 150, 155. preaches against Messianic speculations, 120.

Nizuz, Kabbalistic term, 620.

Nófeth Zufim, work by Messer Leon, 289.

Nördlingen, Jews of, banished, 416. murdered, 163.

Notaricon, Kabbalistic term, 5, 512.

Novak, Peter, bishop, and Capistrano, 260.

Novi, Jews settle in, 553-554.

Numeo, a character in Samuel Usque's "Consolation," 558.

Nuñes, Duarte, da Costa, Portuguese agent at Hamburg, 692.

Nunes, Henrique (Firme-Fé) informs against Marranos, 489-491.

Nuñes, Maria, Marrano captured by the English, 664-665.

Nuñez, Alvar, officer of Alfonso XI, 79.

Nuremberg, diet at, promulgates the "Golden Bull," 128.

Nuremberg, Jews of, expelled, 415-416. persecuted, 35-36, 110.

Nuremberg, synod at, 305.

Obadiah di Bertinoro, rabbi at Jerusalem, 279, 397-398, 399, 704.

Ocaña, cortes of, discuss the Jewish question, 279. Jews of, persecuted, 170.

"Of the Cross," bull, 526.

Ojeda, de, Alfonso, and the Spanish Inquisition, 310, 312, 317.

Olam ha-Tikkun, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Old Testament. See Bible, the.

Olesnicki, Zbigniev, cardinal, and the Jews, 265, 266.

Olligoyen, Pedro, instigates a persecution of the Jews, 77, 78.

Olmütz, Jews of, banished, 263.

"On the Errors of the Trinity," work by Servetus, 646-647.

Oporto, a port for Jewish exiles, 374.

Oppenheim, Jews of, commit suicide, 109.

Orabuena, Joseph, rabbi and physician in Navarre, 184.

Oran, Jews settle in, 197. Spanish exiles flee to, 361.

Ordenaçoens, Portuguese code, 338-339.

Ordination revived, 530-535.

Orleans, college of, dispersed, 48.

Osorio, David, founder of the third synagogue in Amsterdam, 680.

Osorius, bishop, quoted, 372.

Otto Henry, of Neuburg, protects the Jews, 545.

Ottolenghi, Joseph, Talmudist, 582.

Ouderkerk, burial place of the Amsterdam Jews, 672, 673.

Ouvidores, provincial rabbis or judges in Portugal, 159.

Pablo Christiani, alluded to, 208, 246.

Pacheco, marquis of Villana, and the Marranos of Segovia, 283. arranges an anti-Jewish code, 278.

Padua, Jews of, 299, 408. quarrel at the University of, 291. Talmudic center, 410.

Palermo, Jews of, and Abraham Abulafia, 7.

Palestine, conquered, 393. culture in, 75. emigration to, 74, 273, 274. French exiles settle in, 49, 72. Karaites of, converted to Rabbinism, 72. Spanish exiles settle in, 396-399. under Egyptian rule, 73. See also Jerusalem.

Pallache, Samuel, consul in the Netherlands, 663.

Palma, Jews of, accused, 246-247. persecuted, 171.

Palma, Marranos take refuge in, 282, 283. See also Majorca.

Paloma, Jewish martyr, 362.

Pamier, Jews of, protected, 176.

Pampeluna, Jews of, escape persecution, 78. religious discussion at, 142.

Pantomime on the Reuchlin quarrel, 468-469.

Papal States, Jews of, expelled, 591-592, 659. under restrictions, 566-567.

Parchi, Estori, describes the sufferings of the French Jews, 48-49, 72.

Pardes, work by Bedaresi, 43. Pardo, David, rabbi at Amsterdam, 680, 682, 685.

Pardo, Joseph, rabbi at Amsterdam, 671, 680.

Pardo, Josiah, rabbi at Rotterdam, 685.

Paris, college of, dispersed, 48. re-established, 133.

Paris, Jews of, persecuted, 51-152. University of, against Reuchlin, 459-460.

Parsophin, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Paruta, religious reformer, 647.

Passau, Jews of, executed, 306.

Pascate, Jacob, messenger bearing the Black Death poison, 102.

Pastoureaux, Shepherds, massacre the Jews, 55-57.

Patras, Spanish exiles in, 406.

Paul III Farnese, pope, 592. and the Portuguese Inquisition, 516, 518, 519, 521-522, 526-527. protects Portuguese Marranos, 516-517, 520, 527. well-disposed to Jews, 515.

Paul IV Caraffa, pope, and Marranos, 568, 582. and the Jews, 566, 567, 581-582. and the Talmud, 582-583. ban against, 580. death, 586, 587-588. employs converts, 581, 584. establishes the Inquisition at Rome, 525. re-establishes church discipline, 562. re-introduces censorship of press, 563. sets free Turkish Jews, 577-578.

Paul Burgensis. See Levi, Solomon.

Paul de Santa Maria. See Levi, Solomon.

Pauw, Reinier, burgomaster of Amsterdam, 674.

Pavia, tolerance in, 288. Jews of, expelled, 660.

Paz, de, Duarte, advocate of Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 512-513, 515, 519.

Peasant War, the, and the Jews, 542-543.

Pedro IV, of Aragon, imprisons Jews, 150. petitioned by the Jews, 112-113. revolt against, 102.

Pedro, the Cruel, of Castile, 113-126, 173. and Blanche de Bourbon, 116, 122. and Samuel Abulafia, 116, 118-121. civil wars under, 118-119, 123-126. counseled by Santob de Carrion, 115. employs Jews, 115-116. favors the Jews, 113-114, 116, 121-122. supported by Jews, 123, 124, 125.

Pedro de Toledo, viceroy of Naples, 409-410.

Pelka, son of Casimir the Great, 112.

Penini, pseudonym of Yedaya En-Bonet Bedaresi, 42.

Pentateuch translated into Persian, 401. See also Bible, the.

Pernambuco, Jews settle in, 693.

Perpignan, center of enlightenment, 25, 33-34.

Pesaro, Marranos in, 501, 569-570, 578-582.

Pessach (Peter), convert, accuses the Jews, 177-178.

Pestilence, the, in Fez, 361. in Naples, 359-360. in Portugal, 368, 487.

Peter Martyr, quoted, 484.

Petit, Guillaume Haquinet, opponent of the Jews, 459. patron of Hebrew studies, 473.

Peyret, supposed manufacturer of the Black Death poison, 102.

Pfefferkorn, Joseph, convert, 423-424, 425-432, 435-442. at Frankfort, 428-430. pamphlets by, 425, 427, 439. preaches, 449. visits Emperor Maximilian, 428. See Chapter XIV.

Philip IV, le Bel, of France, 2, 44, 47, 50, 77, 176. decrees the expulsion of the Jews, 46-49.

Philip V, of France, and the Jews, 54, 57, 58. inspires a crusade, 55.

Philip VI, of France, alluded to, 77.

Philip III, of Navarre, and the Jews, 78.

Philip II, of Spain, 566, 651, 661, 663, 667, 668. and the Turkish Jews, 607. introduces the Inquisition into the Netherlands, 601.

Philip III, of Spain, and the Marranos, 670-671.

Philip IV, of Spain, creates a Jewish count palatine, 692.

Philo, alluded to, 614.

Phineas, rabbi of Breslau, 262.

Phylacteries, Kabbalistic use of, 5.

Picho, Solomon, rabbi, 278.

Pichon, Joseph, Almoxarif, 138, 156, 157.

Pico di Mirandola, 433, 583. and the Kabbala, 291-292, 443. taught by Del Medigo, 290-291.

Piedmont, French exiles in, 177.

Pieva di Sacco, Jewish printing house in, 289.

Pilgrims, Karaite prayers for, 73-74.

Pilpul, a method of Talmud study, 418.

Pimentel, Manuel (Isaac Abenacar), Marrano in Holland, 672.

Pina, de, Paul (Rohel Jesurun), 669-670.

Pinczovinians, anti-Trinitarians, 647.

Pinel, de, Duarte. See Usque, Abraham.

Pinheiro, Diogo, bishop, protects Marranos, 500.

Pinto, Abraham and David, found the Rotterdam community, 685.

Pinto, Diogo Rodrigues, Marrano advocate at Rome, 515, 516.

Pires, Diogo. See Molcho, Solomon.

Pirkheimer, Willibald, humanist, 416.

Pisa, council of, deposes Benedict XIII, 206-207. commerce of, 285.

Pius IV, pope, and the Bohemian Jews, 586-587. and the Jews, 588.

Pius V, pope, 653. hostile to Jews, 589-590.

Plato, alluded to, 66, 232.

Polak, Jacob, and the Pilpul, 418.

Poland, a refuge for Jews, 263, 420, 631-632, 641-643. election in, 603-605. Jewish synods in, 643-645.

Poland, Jews of, culture of, 633-634. enjoy peace, 418-421.

Poland, Reformation in, 646-648.

Pomis, de, David, physician, 653, 656-657.

Portaleone, di, Guglielmo, physician, 287.

Porteiro jurado, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, 159.

Portugal, a refuge for Marranos, 318. asylum for Jews, 173. Jews leave, 369.

Portugal, Jews of, under Alfonso V, 338-339. under Ferdinand, 158-159.

Portugal, Spanish exiles in, 365-369.

Posen, conflagration of, 263. first Jewish community in Poland, 632. Jews of, attacked, 642.

Prague, confiscation of Hebrew books in, 584-585.

Prague, Jews of, expelled, 585-587. persecuted, 164-165, 178. threatened with expulsion, 417-418. See also Bohemia.

Prester John, alluded to, 368.

Printing houses, Jewish, 289, 414, 418, 474, 581, 628.

Privado, confidential counselor, 79, 116.

Procureur, collector of Jew taxes, 130, 132.

Profatius. See Jacob ben Machir Tibbon.

Profiat Duran, a Marrano scholar, 188-190, 191, 238. commentaries, history, and grammar by, 190, 191. his satire on converts, 188-195, 235. quoted, 190.

Protestant hatred of Jews, 552.

Provence, a refuge for French exiles, 49. and Spanish Marranos, 318.

Provence, Jews of, devotees of profane culture, 37. persecuted, 102, 112. protected, 177. See also France, southern.

Prud'hommes, superintendents over the Jews of France, 54.

Pucci, Antonio, cardinal, and the Inquisition, 507, 514-515.

Pucci, Lorenzo, and Molcho, 503, 507. and the Inquisition, 505.

Pulgar, Isaac, philosopher, 91. satirizes Alfonso Burgensis, 82.

Purim, Cairo, 396. celebration of, ridiculed, 185. in Saragossa, 148. Vincent, at Frankfort, 700.

Quemadero, place of burning, 314, 317.

Quinon, Denis, receiver general of Languedoc, 132.

Rabbanites, feud with Karaites, 403-404. in Jerusalem, 74. instruct Karaites, 269-271.

Rabbinism, and Talmudical Judaism, 89. conversions to, 72. criticised by Shemarya Ikriti, 69.

Radziwill, promoter of the Reformation in Poland, 646.

Rafan, David, discovers the spuriousness of the Zohar, 20.

Rahab, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

Raimuch, Astruc (Francisco God-flesh), conversionist, 182.

Rashi, 442, 476, admired by Christian writers, 185. college of, dispersed, 48.

Ratisbon, diet at, denounces Nicholas V, 267. hostile to Jews, 258.

Ratisbon, Jews of, appeal to Ladislaus of Bohemia, 303. escape the Rindfleish persecution, 36. exposed to a mob, 110. persecuted, 300-307. protected, 99, 305-306. threatened, 254, 463-464. under restrictions, 416-417.

Ravenna asks for Jews, 286.

Ravensburg, Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, 227.

Raymond de Penyaforte, Dominican general, 77, 208, 245.

Receswinth, decrees of, 326.

Receveur-general, collector of Jew taxes, 130, 132, 150.

Recife, Jews of, 693.

Reformation, the, 467-470. and Judaism, 471-476. and the Jews, 470. effects, 540-541. in Poland and Lithuania, 646-648.

Reggio, Jewish printing house in, 289.

Reis, chief of Egyptian Jews, 392.

Remonstrants, religious sect hostile to Jews, 673-674.

Rendeiros, tax-farmers, 339.

Reubeni, David, and Charles V, 509-511. and Molcho, 495-496, 504. at Avignon, 499. at Rome, 492-493. at Venice, 504. his mission, 491-492. in Portugal, 493-500.

Reuchlin, John, humanist, 431-432. and the Kabbala, 481, 466-467, 583. appeals to Leo X, 453-454. appointed to examine into Hebrew books, 441-443. at Speyer, 454, 455. Hebrew scholar, 433-434, 471. his anti-Jewish prejudices, 435. honors bestowed on, 435, 436. quoted, 447-448. refutes Dominican charges, 446-447. trial at Mayence, 450, 452. See Chapter XIV.

Reuchlinists, defenders of the Jews, 456, 457.

Rheims, Hebrew studies at, 474.

Rheingau, the, Jews of, expelled, 543.

Rhine, the, island in, scene of a persecution, 107. Jewish communities on, massacred, 225.

Rhineland, the, Jews of, persecuted, 97, 107.

Ribash. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.

Riccio, Paul, convert, 466.

Rieti, da, Gajo. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.

Rindfleisch, persecutor of the Jews, 35-36.

Robert of Anjou, king of Naples, and Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 61, 63. and Shemarya Ikriti, 69, 70. patron of learning, 59. taught by Leo Romano, 68.

Roïm, shepherds, 55-57.

Romano, Leone. See Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel.

Romano, Solomon (John Baptista), denounces the Talmud, 564.

Rome, the oldest European Jewish community, 61. exiles at, 363, 408. inundated, 505.

Rome, Jews of, culture of, 58-60. threatened, 61. See also Italy.

Romi. See Immanuel ben Solomon Romi.

Rosales, Immanuel, author, 692.

Rossi, deï, Azarya ben Moses, critic, 613-615. opposition to, 616-617.

Rouelle, French Jew-badge, 131.

Roussillon, French exiles in, 49. Jews of, devoted to science, 25.

Rotterdam, Jews settle in, 685.

Röttingen, Jews of, persecuted, 35.

Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jäger), author of the "Letters of Obscurantists," 456, 461.

Rudolph II, emperor, and the Jews, 652.

Ruez, Juan, Spanish inquisitor, 312.

Saatz, imperial army at, 226.

Saba, Abraham, Kabbalist, 381.

Sabbation, a mythical river, 4.

Sadolet, bishop, quoted, 515.

Safet, Kabbalistic center, 74, 399, 405, 622-623. ordination revived in, 531-532. Spanish exiles in, 399.

Safi, Jews in, 389.

Sancta Anastasia, de, cardinal, favorable to Marranos, 379.

St. Bartholomew, massacre, 604.

St. Gall, Jews of, persecuted, 105.

Salamanca, Jews of, baptized, 205.

Salonica, Kabbalistic center, 405. Spanish exiles in, 404-405.

Salzring, place of execution in Breslau, 262.

Samael, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Sambation, a mythical river, 4.

Samiel, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Samson ben Meïr, partisan of Abba-Mari, 38.

Samson of Sens denounces the Karaites, 72.

Samuel, Kabbalist, 6.

Samuel, prophet, pilgrimages to grave of, 398.

Samuel, treasurer under Ferdinand IV, of Castile, 51.

San Benito, a garment, 317, 327.

San Martin, de, Juan, Spanish inquisitor, 312, 318-319, 323.

San Thomas, islands of, Jewish children at the, 371.

Sanchez, Juan Perez, opposes the Inquisition, 329.

Sancho IV, of Castile, employs Todros Abulafia, 2.

Sangisa, sister of Pope John XXII, hostile to Jews, 61.

Santa Cruz, de, Gaspard, conspirator against Arbues, 331-332.

Santa Fé, de, Francisco, conspirator against Arbues, 331.

Santillano, de, Diego and Francisco, plead for the Inquisition, 311.

Santob (Shem Tob) de Carrion, troubadour, 87, 114-115.

Saporta, Enoch, influences Karaites to Rabbinism, 270.

Saragossa, celebration of Purim in, 148. conversions in, 206, 214. Inquisition at, 326, 329. rising against the Marranos of, 330.

Saragossi, Joseph, Kabbalist, 393.

Sariel, Kabbalistic term, 17.

Sarrão Thomé, Marrano leader, 516.

Saruk, Israel, Kabbalist, 625.

Savoy, duke of, invites Jews, 675. expelled, 294.

Savoy, Jews of, persecuted, 104, 218. privileges, of, confirmed, 219.

Scaliger, Joseph, humanist, 685.

Schaffhausen, Jews of, persecuted, 105.

Schutz-juden, protected Jews, 688.

Schwarz, Peter, convert, maligns the Jews, 302, 442.

Schweidnitz, Jewish community of Silesia, 260, 261.

Scotus, Duns, alluded to, 277.

"Scourge of the Jews," sobriquet of John of Capistrano, 260.

Scriptures, the Holy. See Bible, the.

Scrutinium Scriptuarum (Searching the Scriptures), work by Solomon Levi, 233.

Sebastian, of Portugal, in Africa, 381.

Sechel ha-Poel, in the Kabbala, 4.

"Sefer Yochasin," chronicle, 391.

Sefiroth, Kabbalistic term, 6, 13, 14, 17, 22, 619, 626.

Segovia, Jews of, baptized, 205. prepare for exile, 352. Marranos of, massacred, 283. synagogue of, turned into a church, 196.

Seleucidan chronology, 394-395.

Selim I, sultan, and the Jews, 393-394, 400, 401, 402.

Selim II, sultan, and Joseph Nassi, 594-595. Jews under, 602.

Selve, de, George, disciple of Elias Levita, 472, 474.

Semichah, ordination, 530.

Sen Escalita. See Sulami.

Senensis, Sixtus, proselytizer, 581. and the Talmud, 582. rescues the Zohar, 584.

Senior, Abraham. See Benveniste, Abraham.

Sens, college of, dispersed, 48.

Separation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Sephardic Jews. See Jews of Spain, Africa, Italy, and the East.

Septuagint, not authoritative, 237.

Sepulveda, Jews of, persecuted, 278, 279.

Serachya ben Shaltiel, promoter of culture among Italian Jews, 59.

Serkes, Joel, Talmudist, 703.

Servetus, Michael, anti-Trinitarian, 541, 646.

"Servi cameræ," coveted by petty rulers, 128. Jews of France claimed as, 47. protected by Charles of Luxemburg, 106. under Louis the Bavarian, 96.

Setubal, a port for Jewish exiles, 374.

Seville, Inquisition organized in, 312-314.

Seville, Jews of, cause the Spanish persecutions, 155, 157-158. persecuted, 167-169.

Seville, Marrano victims of the Inquisition in, 317. Marranos of, attacked, 282-283.

Seville, mayor of, opposed to the Inquisition, 313. synagogues of, turned into churches, 169.

Seven Planets, Tables of the, by Zacuto, 367.

Sezira, John, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 338, 340.

Sforno, Obadiah (Servadeus), physician, 411. Reuchlin's teacher, 434, 473.

Sforza, Galeazzo, and Jews, 287, 296-297.

Shachna, Shalom, Talmudist, 634, 639.

Shalal, Isaac Cohen, Nagid, 392, 398.

Shalom, of Austria, compiles Jewish customs, 134.

Shaprut, Shem-Tob ben Isaac, controversialist, 142-143, 144.

Shaltiel, Jewish advocate in Turkey, 494.

"Shebet Jehuda," a history by the Ibn-Vergas, 557-558.

Shemarya Ikriti, and the Karaites, 69-70, 71.

"Shield and Sword," controversial work, 237.

Shulam, Samuel, historian, 608.

"Shulchan Aruch," code of Joseph Karo, 539, 612-613.

Sibili, Astruc, denounces the Jews of Palma, 246-247.

Siciliano, Judah, poet, 60, 68.

Sicily, opposition to the Inquisition in, 319-320.

Siddur Tefila, Karaite prayer-book, 71.

Sidillo (Sid), Samuel, scholar, 392.

Sigismund, emperor, 216, 218, 227. and the Jews, 219, 248. appoints rabbis, 227. in the Hussite war, 225.

Sigismund III, of Poland, friendly to Jews, 643.

Sigismund Augustus, of Poland and Joseph Nassi, 602. and the Reformation, 646. protects Jewish trade, 633.

Silesia, Jews of, persecuted, 260-263.

Silva, de, Diogo, inquisitor-general of Portugal, 508, 513.

Silva, de, Miguel, opposes David Reubeni, 498-499.

Simon bar Yochaï, pretended author of the Zohar, 12-14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 618, 623.

Simon ben Zemach Duran, rabbi of Algiers, 199-200. at Palma, 247. controversial writer, 238.

Simon Duran II, rabbi of Algiers, aids Spanish exiles, 390, 391.

Simon of Trent, a supposed victim of the Jews, 298-299, 414.

Simoneta, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 520.

Sixtus IV, pope, 340. and Simon of Trent, 299. and the Inquisition in Aragon, 319. and the Spanish Inquisition, 311, 312, 318-119, 322-323. friendly to Marranos, 320. opposes Jewish church officers, 321. votary of the Kabbala, 292, 443.

Sixtus V, permits the printing of the Talmud, 658. removes Jewish restrictions, 655-659.

Soares, João, inquisitor, 521.

Socinians, anti-Trinitarians, 647.

Socinus, religious reformer, 647.

Sokolli, Mahomet, vizir of Selim II, and Joseph Nassi, 596, 599, 611, 627-628. employs a Jewish negotiator, 602. partisan of Venice, 600.

Solis, de, Pedro, member of the Inquisition commission, 312.

Solomon, king, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67. quoted, 33.

Solomon, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 150.

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret, rabbi of Barcelona, 7, 26, 49, 51, 74, 75, 91, 147. attacked by Bedaresi, 42-44. partisan of the obscurantists, 28-30, 33, 34, 39, 42, 50. pronounces a ban against the Montpellier freethinkers, 38. signs ban against science, 40.

Solomon ben Jacob, translator of Maimuni, 60.

Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed attacks Christian dogmas, 182. neo-Hebraic poet, 230.

Solomon Duran, rabbi of Algiers, controversial writer, 238, 390.

Solomon of Montpellier, proscriber of Maimuni, 27.

Solyman I, sultan, and Joseph Nassi, 594. conspired against, 395. favorable to Jews, 400, 402, 404. intercedes for Turkish Jews in Ancona, 578. protects Gracia Mendesia, 574-575.

Soncino, Jewish printing house in, 289.

Soncino, Gershon, printer, 586.

Soranzo, Jacopo, Venetian agent in Constantinople, 606.

Soria, cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 157.

Spain, exiles from, 357-364, 389-392. first auto-da-fé in, 317. Inquisition established in, 312. See Inquisition.

Spain, Jews of, banished, 81, 347-348. controversial literature of, 231-238. culture of, 37, 75, 387-389. degeneracy of, 60, 86, 87, 91, 143-144, 153-155, 228. employed by Ferdinand and Isabella, 336. enjoy peace, 274-276. humbled by the civil war, 126. in Africa, 197. influenced by Asheri, 51. invited to adopt the ban against science, 40. persecuted in 1391, 166-173. plan to emigrate, 283. prepare for exile, 349-352. send an embassy to Martin V, 219. supposed to have caused the Black Death, 101. wealth of, 383.

Spain misses the Jews, 353-354. See also Castile, Aragon, etc.

Spain, northern, Jews of, persecuted, 53. threatened, 103.

Spain, southern, Jews of, enjoy peace, 53.

Spanish language cultivated by the exiles, 387-388.

Speyer, decisions of, 135. Jews of, persecuted, 107-108.

Spina, de, Alfonso, preacher, hostile to Jews, 276-277.

Spinoza, Baruch, alluded to, 93, 682.

Sprinz, David, partisan of Israel Bruna, 302.

Stein, inhabitants of, attack the Jews of Krems, 110.

Strasburg, authorities of, defend the Jews, 105-108. Jews of, imprisoned, 108.

"Strengthening of the Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, 648-649.

Sturm, Gosse, defends the Jews, 106, 108.

Suabia, Jews of, banished, 307, 413. persecuted, 97, 110, 163.

Sulami, Samuel, patron of Levi of Villefranche, 25-26, 29.

Sulchat, Karaite stronghold, 71.

Suson, de, Diego, victim of the Spanish Inquisition, 317.

Swaber, Peter, defends the Jews, 106, 108.

Swedes, the, and Jews, 707.

Switzerland, Jews of, persecuted, 104.

Synhedrion, Maimuni's teachings on, 530. value of a, 532.

Synods of the Four Countries, 643-645.

Syria conquered by Selim I, 393.

Tab Yomi. See Lipmann of Mühlhausen.

"Table-cloth," work by Moses Isserles, 637.

Talith, Kabbalistic use of, 5.

Talmud, the, and the Kabbala, 19. burnt, 50, 55, 582-583. confiscated, 565-566. declared hostile to Christianity, 444-445. defended, 234, 238, 442-443, 657. denounced, 213, 425-426, 439, 549-550, 563-564. interdicted by popes, 215-216, 251, 565-566, 659. permitted by Sixtus V, 658. permitted to appear under another name, 589. printed, 468, 589. threatened, 141, 427-428. used by controversialists, 142.

Talmud, study of the, by Karaites, 269. by Portuguese Marranos, 485. in France, 133. in Germany, 96, 134, 227. in Jerusalem, 74. in Padua, 410. in Poland, 420, 634-641. in Prague, 418. in Safet, 399. in Spain, 86, 144, 229-230. neglected, 653. spread by Asheri, 87, 88.

Talmud Torah, Hebrew institute in Amsterdam, 681-682.

Talmud Torah, Jewish synagogue at Hamburg, 689.

Tam, college of, dispersed, 48.

Tam, Jacob, alluded to, 609.

Tamar as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, 67.

Tamarica, Jews of, 693.

Tamarite, Jews of, converted, 214.

Tangier taken by Alfonso V, 286.

Targum, the, not authoritative, 237.

Tavs (Tus), Jacob, translator of the Pentateuch into Persian, 401.

Taytasak, Jacob, scholar, 496.

Taytasak, Joseph, Kabbalist and Talmudist, 405, 506.

Tekanoth Shum, decisions of Speyer, Worms and Mayence, 135.

Ten tribes, supposed home of, 4.

Teneo, Jews settle in, 197.

Teruel opposes the Inquisition, 328.

Terza rima introduced into Hebrew poetry, 65.

Testaments, Old and New, contrasted, 540-541. See also Bible, the.

Teutonic knights defeat Casimir IV, 266.

Texeira, Diego, de Mattos, prominent in Hamburg, 690-691.

Thebes, Spanish exiles in, 406.

Themudo, George, spies upon the Portuguese Marranos, 489.

"Theorica," work by Frohbach, 638.

Thirty Years' War, the, and the Jews, 701-702, 707.

Thuringia, Jews of, slaughtered, 109, 225.

Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir, and Judah ben Moses.

Tibbonides, party opposed to Abba-Mari, 32-33, 50. defend Maimuni, 41, 42. issue a ban, 40-41.

Tiberias given to Joseph Nassi, 596, 610-611.

Tiberinus, Matthias, and Simon of Trent, 298.

Tilly, general, alluded to, 701.

Tirado, Jacob, and Marrano fugitives, 664-665, 666, 667.

Tlemçen, Jews in, 390. Jews settle in, 197.

Tob-Elem, Joseph, author of a commentary, 144.

Tobias, a physician of Trent, 297.

Todros, of Beaucaire, ally of Abba-Mari, 31.

Tokat, Jews of, charged with murder, 553. Spanish exiles in, 405.

Toledo, autos-da-fé at, 332. Black Death in, 113. Inquisition at, 325.

Toledo, Jews of, Arabic scholars, 60. faithful to Pedro the Cruel, 124. persecuted, 118, 169. suffer during the civil war, 126, 136-137. uncultured, 140, 142.

Toledo, Kabbalistic center, 1. rabbis of, asked to betray Marranos, 335-336. supposed center of poisoners, 101, 102. synagogue at, 119-120, 354.

Tongern, Arnold of, theologian, 424, 450.

Toro, fortress in Castile, 118. cortes of, hostile to Jews, 138-139. Jews of, baptized, 205.

Torquemada, de, Thomas, inquisitor-general of Spain, 324, 336, 343, 346, 353, 355. appointed inquisitor, 319. expels Jewish bishops, 333. fears of, 356. forbids Christians to help exiled Jews, 350. influences Isabella of Castile, 310. institutes Inquisition tribunals, 325. publishes an Inquisition code, 326-328. quoted, 348. separates Jews and Marranos, 335-336.

Tostosa, Jews of, converted, 206. religious disputation at, 207-216.

Tossafists, Talmud commentators, 133.

Tossafoth Yom-Tob, work by Lipmann Heller, 704.

"Touchstone," satire by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 62-63.

Toulouse, Jews of, converted, 48, 56. massacred by the Shepherds, 56. protected, 176.

Transformation, Kabbalistic term, 619.

Transmigration of souls by Lurya, 619-622.

Trani, di, Moses, rabbi at Safet, 540, 580.

"Treatises of the Righteous Brethren," an Arabic cyclopedia, 62.

"Tree of Life, The," Karaite philosophic work, 95.

Trent, council of, and the Talmud, 589. Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, 297-299.

Tria, Spanish exiles in, 405.

"Trial of the World," poem by Yedaya Bedaresi, 49.

Triana, the Inquisition in, 314.

Triest, Isaac, Jewish advocate at the imperial court, 436-437.

Tripoli, Jews in, 389.

Troki, Isaac ben Abraham, controversialist, 648-649.

Troki, Karaites of, well treated by Casimir IV, 265.

Troyes, college of, dispersed, 48.

Tsiruf, Kabbalistic term, 5.

Tudela, Jews of, baptized, 358. persecuted, 78.

Tudela refuses to give up Marranos, 357.

Tunis, Marranos emigrate to, 179.

Turim (Tur), code of Jacob ben Asheri, 88-90.

Turkey, a refuge for Jews, 271-273. Jews in, 529.

Turkey, Jews of, commerce, 579. culture, 607-610. judicial autonomy, 330. prosperity, 400-402, 593, 607. spiritual condition, 627.

Turkey, Jews settle in, 352, 544. Spanish exiles in, 364, 400-405.

Tuscany, Jews of, protected, 297. Jews received in, 659.

Tyrol, the, Jews of, persecuted, 297-299.

Ueberlingen, Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, 227. persecuted, 105.

Ulm, conference at, 166. Jews of, banished, 416.

Unitarians, 541-542, 647-648.

Universities, and the Reuchlin-Pfefferkorn case, 459-460. and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 437, 441, 444-445.

Uranso, de, Vidal, assassin of Arbues, 330.

Urban V, pope, quoted, 126.

Usque, Abraham, and Gracia Mendesia, 576. press of, closed, 581. translates the Bible, 475.

Usque, Samuel, historian, work of, 558-561. quoted, 324-325, 380, 405, 409, 522, 575-576.

Usque, Solomon (Duarte Gomez), poet, 558.

Usury countenanced in Italy, 286. encouraged by Alfonso XI, 80. in France, 174. legislated against in Castile, 139.

Uziel, Isaac, rabbi at Amsterdam, 672, 680, 682, 683, 689.

Vaad Arba Arazoth, Synods of the Four Countries, 643-645.

Valavigny, tortured on the charge of poisoning, 104.

"Vale of Weeping," by Joseph Cohen, 590, 608.

Valencia, count of, arranges an anti-Jewish code, 278.

Valencia, Jews of, accused of child-murder, 344. converted, 171, 205, 206. invested with criminal jurisdiction, 155. persecuted, 170-171.

Valencia, revolts against the Inquisition, 328.

Valladolid, cortes of, petition against Jews, 116. against usurers, 80.

Valladolid, Jews of, baptized, 205. dispute with Alfonso Burgensis, 83. plundered, 125.

Valladolid, Marranos attacked in, 280.

Vayol, Hans, convert, maligns Israel Bruna, 302, 303.

Vaz, Diego, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 490.

Vecinho, Joseph, physician to João II, of Portugal, 367.

Vega, Judah, rabbi at Amsterdam, 680.

Velasquez de Tordesillas, bishop, arrests Jews, 195.

Venaissin, Jews of, expelled, 592. protected, 177.

Venice, and Jewish emigrants, 274. and Joseph Nassi, 599-601. and Solomon Ashkenazi, 605-607. commerce of, 285. Jews of, in the Ghetto, 408. protects the Jews, 297, 299.

Verdun, refuge for Jews, 56.

Viana, Jews of, persecuted, 78.

Vidal (Maestro). See Narboni.

Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi. See Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste.

Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri, rabbi, 26-27.

Vieira, Antonio, quoted, 683.

Vienna, Jews of, blood-accusation against, 223. commit suicide, 110. during the Thirty Years' War, 702-703. protected, 99.

Villadiego, Jews of, annihilated, 125.

Villareal, Inquisition at, 325.

Villaris, treasurer of Ferdinand and Isabella, 344.

Viseu, de, José, physician, 367.

Vitoria, Jews of, prepare for exile, 352. lacks physicians, 353.

Waldenses, alluded to, 222.

Weil, Jacob, partisan of Israel Bruna, 302, 303.

Weil, Moses, German rabbi at Amsterdam, 681.

Weissenfels, delegates to synod of, attacked, 163-164.

Wenceslaus, emperor, and the Jews, 164-166.

"White Company," enlisted by Henry of Trastamare, 122, 123.

Widmannstadt, disciple of Reuchlin, 434.

William I, of Orange, and Joseph Nassi, 601. friendly to Jews, 663, 678.

William II, of Orange, friendly to Jews, 678.

Witold, duke of Lithuania, friendly to Karaites, 265.

Wolfkan, of Ratisbon, and Simon of Trent, 298, 304.

"Wonderful Word, The," work by Reuchlin, 433.

Worms, decisions of, 135.

Worms, Jews of, commit suicide, 108-109. in the seventeenth century, 694-695. persecuted, 698-700. threatened, 463-464.

Worms, synod at, 452-453.

Würzburg, Jews of, persecuted, 35, 110.

Wycliffe, alluded to, 202, 221.

Ximenes de Cisneros, inquisitor general, 484.

"Year of Penitence," preparation for the Messiah, 483.

Yechiel of Pisa, banker, 286-287, 297, 340. sons of, help Jewish exiles, 360.

Yedaya En-Bonet. See Bedaresi, Yedaya En-Bonet ben Abraham.

Zacharias, founder of a sect, 633.

Zacuto. See Lusitano, Abraham Zacuto.

Zacuto, Abraham, astronomer, 367, 407, 678. astrologer to Manoel, of Portugal, 372, 378. at Tunis, 391, 392. chronicle by, 391, 608, 609. pronounces the funeral oration over Isaac Aboab, 366.

Zacuto, Moses, Kabbalist, 682.

Zacuto, Samuel, son of Abraham Zacuto, 378.

Zähringen, council of, and the poison made by Jews, 108.

Zamora, council of, hostile to Jews, 52. Jews of, baptized, 205.

Zapateiro, Joseph, Portuguese traveler, 368.

Zarfati, Isaac, quoted, 271-273.

Zarfati, Simon, physician, 408.

Zarfati, Solomon ben Abraham, Talmudist, 144, 162, 171.

Zarko, Jehuda, Hebrew poet, 609.

Zarzel, Moses, poem by, 190.

Zaslaw, meeting-place of Talmudists, 640.

Zealand refuses Marranos, 663.

"Zeda la-Derech," work by Menachem ben Zerach, 145.

Zemach ben Gershon, Mordecai, intercedes for the Jews of Prague, 586-587.

Zemach David, chronicle by David Gans, 638.

Zicareo, character in Samuel Usque's "Consolation," 558.

Zion, Jonathan Levi, Jewish advocate at the imperial court, 436-437.

Zisca, Hussite hero, 225, 226.

Zofingen, Jews of, persecuted, 105.

Zohar, the, Kabbalistic book, 11-24, 196, 622. and Lurya's system, 618-619. author, 12-14. Christian doctrines in, 23. doctrines of, 14-18. Messianic speculations, 18-19. on the Index expurgatorius, 584. printed in Mantua, 583. spuriousness, 20-21, 292.

Zosina, adherent of a Judaizing sect, 633.

Zurich, Jews of, accused of poisoning the wells, 105.

Zütphen, counselor of Alva, 662.

Zwingli and the Reformation, 469.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Inconsistent use of small-caps and Proper caps in names unchanged.

Inconsistent use of periods after Regnal numbers not changed.

Due to light or faded printing, some page references in the Index appeared to be separated by a space, rather than by a comma or a dash. The transcribers attempted to remedy these, usually with dashes, by examining the referenced text.

The Index was not checked for correct page references.

Text spells the twelfth Hebrew month as "Elul" and as "Ellul".

Page 77: "It is not known in how far" was printed that way.

Page 173: "If hundred Jews were assembled" probably should begin with "If a hundred".

Page 175: "kept in goal" possibly should be "gaol".

Page 205: "wordly-minded" changed to "worldly-minded"; the latter occurs elsewhere in this text.

Page 331: "Francisco de Santa Fé" was printed as "Sante-Fé", but was changed to be consistent with all similar constructs in this book.

Page 419: "For though, constrained" was punctuated that way.

Page 718: "Esther (Esterka), wife of Casimir the Great" was referenced to page 122; the correct page is 112, and has been changed here.

Page 710: The index references "Albassi, Jacob", but the name is spelled "Abbassi" on the referenced page (60). Neither has been changed here.

Page 721: "Gonzaga, Ludovico," was printed as "Gonzago" but has been changed here to match the spelling on page 287. The next entry, "Gonzago, Vicenzo" has not been changed, as it is spelled "Gonzago" on page 659. In modern references, both names are spelled "Gonzaga".

Page 721: "Gratiño" is spelled "Gatiño" on the page it references; neither has been changed here. The Index contains similar discrepancies, most of which are not mentioned in these notes.

Page 723: "Ibn-Gebirol" was spelled "Ibn-Gebriol" in the original, but has been changed to match the spelling on the three pages this entry references.

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