XV. Miscellaneous Provisions (part 1 of 2)

XV. Miscellaneous Provisions (part 1 of 2)

=ARTICLE 434.=--Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of the treaties of peace and additional conventions which may be concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers with the powers who fought on the side of Germany, and to recognize whatever disposition may be made concerning the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and of the Ottoman Empire, and to recognize the new States within their frontiers as there laid down.

=ARTICLE 435.=--The high contracting parties, while they recognize the guarantees stipulated by the treaties of 1815, and especially by the Act of 20th November, 1815, in favor of Switzerland, the said guarantees constituting international obligations for the maintenance of peace, declare nevertheless that the provisions of these treaties, conventions, declarations and other supplementary acts concerning the neutralized zone of Savoy, as laid down in paragraph 1 of Article 92 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, and in paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Treaty of Paris of 20th November, 1815, are no longer consistent with present conditions. For this reason the high contracting parties take note of the agreement reached between the French Government and the Swiss Government for the abrogation of the stipulations relating to this zone which are and remain abrogated.

The high contracting parties also agree that the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and of the other supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Upper Savoy and the Gex district are no longer consistent with present conditions, and that it is for France and Switzerland to come to an agreement together with a view to settling between themselves the status of these territories under such conditions as shall be considered suitable by both countries.

ANNEX

1. The Swiss Federal Council has informed the French Government on the 5th May, 1919, that after examining the provisions of Article 435 in a like spirit of sincere friendship it has happily reached the conclusion that it was possible to acquiesce in it under the following conditions and reservations:

First--The neutralized zone of Haute-Savoie:

(a) It will be understood that as long as the Federal Chambers have not ratified the agreement come to between the two Governments concerning the abrogation of the stipulations in respect of the neutralized zone of Savoy nothing will be definitely settled, on one side or the other, in regard to this subject.

(b) The assent given by the Swiss Government to the abrogation of the above-mentioned stipulations presupposes, in conformity with the text adopted, the recognition of the guarantees formulated in favor of Switzerland by the treaties of 1815 and particularly by the declaration of 20th November, 1815.

(c) The agreement between the Governments of France and Switzerland for the abrogation of the above-mentioned stipulations will only be considered as valid if the treaty of peace contains this article in its present wording. In addition, the parties to the treaty of peace should endeavor to obtain the assent of the signatory powers of the treaties of 1815 and of the declaration of 20th November, 1815, which are not signatories of the present treaty of peace.

Second--Free zone of Haute-Savoie and the district of Gex.

(a) The Federal Council makes the most express reservations to the interpretation to be given to the statement mentioned in the last paragraph of the above article for insertion in the treaty of peace, which provides that "the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and other supplementary acts concerning the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex district are no longer consistent with the present conditions." The Federal Council would not wish that its acceptance of the above wording should lead to the conclusion that it would agree to the suppression of a system intended to give neighboring territory the benefit of a special régime which is appropriate to the geographical and economical situation and which has been well tested.

In the opinion of the Federal Council the question is not the modification of the customs system of the zones as set up by the treaties mentioned above, but only the regulation in a manner more appropriate to the economic conditions of the present day of the terms of the exchange of goods between the regions in question. The Federal Council has been led to make the preceding observations by the perusal of the draft convention concerning the future constitution of the zones, which was annexed to the note of April 26 from the French Government. While making the above reservations the Federal Council declares its readiness to examine in the most friendly spirit any proposals which the French Government may deem it convenient to make on the subject.

(b) It is conceded that the stipulations of the treaties of 1815 and other supplementary acts relative to the free zones will remain in force until a new arrangement is come to between France and Switzerland to regulate matters in this territory.

2. The French Government have addressed to the Swiss Government, on May 18, 1919, the following note in reply to the communication set out in the preceding paragraph:

In a note dated May 5 the Swiss Legation in Paris was good enough to inform the Government of the French Republic that the Federal Government adhered to the proposed article to be inserted in the Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Governments and Germany.

The French Government have taken note with much pleasure of the agreement thus reached, and, at their request, the proposed article, which had been accepted by the Allied and Associated Governments, has been inserted under No. 435 in the peace conditions presented to the German plenipotentiaries.

The Swiss Government, in their note of May 5, on this subject, have expressed various views and reservations.

Concerning the observations relating to the free zones of Haute-Savoie and the Gex district, the French Government have the honor to observe that the provisions of the last paragraph of Article 435 are so clear that their purport cannot be misapprehended, especially where it implies that no other power but France and Switzerland will in future be interested in that question.

The French Government, on their part, are anxious to protect the interests of the French territories concerned, and, with that object, having their special situation in view, they bear in mind the desirability of assuring them a suitable customs régime and determining, in a manner better suited to present conditions, the methods of exchanges between these territories and the adjacent Swiss territories, while taking into account the reciprocal interests of both regions.

It is understood that this must in no way prejudice the right of France to adjust her customs line in this region in conformity with her political frontier, as is done on the other portions of her territorial boundaries, and as was done by Switzerland long ago on her own boundaries in this region.

The French Government are pleased to note on this subject in what a friendly disposition the Swiss Government take this opportunity of declaring their willingness to consider any French proposal dealing with the system to be substituted for the present régime of the said free zones, which the French Government intend to formulate in the same friendly spirit.

Moreover, the French Government have no doubt that the provisional maintenance of the régime of 1815 as to the free zones referred to in the above-mentioned paragraph of the note from the Swiss Legation of May 5, whose object is to provide for the passage from the present régime to the conventional régime, will cause no delay whatsoever in the establishment of the new situation which has been found necessary by the two Governments. This remark applies also to the ratification by the Federal Chambers, dealt with in Paragraph 1 (a), of the Swiss note of May 5, under the heading "Neutralized Zone of Haute-Savoie."

=ARTICLE 436.=--The high contracting parties declare and place on record that they have taken note of the treaty signed by the Government of the French Republic on July 17th, 1918, with His Serene Highness the Prince of Monaco defining the relations between France and the Principality.

=ARTICLE 437.=--The high contracting parties agree that, in the absence of a subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any commission established by the present treaty shall, in the event of an equality of votes, be entitled to a second vote.

=ARTICLE 438.=--The Allied and Associated Powers agree that where Christian religious missions were being maintained by German societies or persons in territory belonging to them, or of which the government is intrusted to them in accordance with the present treaty, the property which these missions or missionary societies possessed, including that of trading societies whose profits were devoted to the support of missions, shall continue to be devoted to missionary purposes. In order to insure the due execution of this undertaking the Allied and Associated Governments will hand over such property to boards of trustees appointed by or approved by the Governments and composed of persons holding the faith of the mission whose property is involved.

The Allied and Associated Governments, while continuing to maintain full control as to the individuals by whom the missions are conducted, will safeguard the interests of such missions.

Germany, taking note of the above undertaking, agrees to accept all arrangements made or to be made by the Allied or Associated Government concerned for carrying on the work of the said missions or trading societies and waives all claims on their behalf.

=ARTICLE 439.=--Without prejudice to the provisions of the present treaty, Germany undertakes not to put forward directly or indirectly against any Allied or Associated Power, signatory of the present treaty, including those which without having declared war, have broken off diplomatic relations with the German Empire, any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of the present treaty.

The present stipulation will bar completely and finally all claims of this nature, which will be thenceforward extinguished, whoever may be the parties in interest.

=ARTICLE 440.=--Germany accepts and recognizes as valid and binding all decrees and orders concerning German ships and goods and all orders relating to the payment of costs made by any prize court of any of the Allied or Associated Powers, and undertakes not to put forward any claim arising out of such decrees or orders on behalf of any German national.

The Allied and Associated Powers reserve the right to examine in such manner as they may determine all decisions and orders of German Prize Courts, whether affecting the property rights of nationals of those powers or of neutral powers. Germany agrees to furnish copies of all the documents constituting the record of the cases, including the decisions and orders made, and to accept and give effect to the recommendations made after such examination of the cases.

The present treaty, of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall be ratified.

The deposit of ratifications shall be made at Paris as soon as possible.

Powers of which the seat of the Government is outside Europe will be entitled merely to inform the Government of the French Republic through their diplomatic representative at Paris that their ratification has been given; in that case they must transmit the instrument of ratification as soon as possible.

A first procès-verbal of the deposit of ratifications will be drawn up as soon as the treaty has been ratified by Germany on the one hand, and by three of the principal Allied and Associated Powers on the other hand.

From the date of the first procès-verbal the treaty will come into force between the high contracting parties who have ratified it. For the determination of all periods of time provided for in the present treaty this date will be the date of the coming into force of the treaty.

In all other respects the treaty will enter into force for each power at the date of the deposit of its ratification.

The French Government will transmit to all the signatory powers a certified copy of the procès-verbaux of the deposit of ratifications.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named plenipotentiaries (1) except as indicated in the footnotes to the preamble, have signed the present treaty.

DONE AT VERSAILLES, in a single copy which will remain deposited in the archives of the French Republic, and of which authenticated copies will be transmitted to each of the signatory powers.

REJECTION OF THE PEACE TREATY

The Senate Fails to Ratify the Treaty of Versailles With the Revised Lodge Reservations by a Vote of 49 to 35

The Treaty of Versailles with the Covenant of The League of Nations was signed on June 28, 1919, by Germany and by the representatives of the Allied and Associated Powers, with the exception of China.

It was ratified by the German National Assembly on July 10th; by the British Parliament on July 25th, and by King George on July 31st, by the King of Italy on October 7th, by France on October 13th and by Japan on October 27th.

On the day the Treaty was signed President Wilson sailed for New York, and on July 10th he addressed the Senate and submitted the Treaty to that body, which under the Constitution is empowered to give its "advice and consent" to treaties negotiated by the Chief Executive. Opposition to the Covenant of the League of Nations had previously developed in the Senate, especially on the part of the Republican majority. The Foreign Affairs Committee, of which Senator Lodge of Massachusetts was Chairman, was from the start unalterably opposed to the Treaty unless it contained as amendments or as reservations clauses which, it was claimed, would safeguard American interests and institutions. In February the President, who had made a hurried trip from Paris in order to acquaint the American people with the details of the Treaty as it affected this country, conferred at the White House with the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate and the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House, on which occasion there was a frank and comprehensive discussion, a complete stenographic report of which was published in the press. On March 3rd Senator Lodge presented a resolution signed by 39 Republican Senators and Senators-elect protesting against the Covenant of The League of Nations, as it stood. As it required a two-thirds vote of the Senate to ratify, these 39 opponents of the treaty would be sufficient to reject it, and the virtual effect of this resolution was to give warning to the President that the Treaty unless it were to be "Americanized" would fail of ratification.

The President on March 5th sailed from New York and returned to Paris to take up his work at the Peace Conference, remaining there until the Treaty was signed.

On July 15th, the Foreign Relations Committee took the Treaty under consideration and conducted hearings on it. One of these, continuing for several days, was for the purpose of exposing what the Committee regarded as the unjust treatment of China in respect of the cession to Japan, under the Treaty, of the German rights in Shantung (Kiauchau).

On August 19th, the Foreign Relations Committee again conferred at the White House with the President, and on September 3rd the President started on a tour of the country to win support for the Treaty and The League of Nations.

On September 10th the Foreign Relations Committee reported the Treaty to the Senate with 45 amendments and four reservations.

On September 26th, owing to a nervous breakdown, the President at Wichita, Kansas, gave up his tour of the country and returned to Washington.

What were known as the Fall amendments to the Treaty were defeated in the Senate on October 2nd by 58 to 30, and as this vote indicated the unlikelihood of amendments being passed, the Republicans of the Foreign Relations Committee changed their tactics, abandoning amendments and considering reservations instead. It had been pointed out that American amendments to the Treaty would require ratification by Germany and that this might nullify the whole Treaty and necessitate the re-opening of negotiations, thereby delaying peace indefinitely.

On October 4th the Massachusetts Republican State Convention, before which Senator Lodge spoke in defense of his attitude on the Treaty, urged prompt ratification of the Peace Treaty with "reasonable and effective" reservations.

On October 15th by a vote of 55 to 35 the Senate rejected a proposed amendment of the Foreign Relations Committee to the clause affecting the German rights in Shantung by virtue of which these would be transferred to China.

The deadlock in the Senate had meanwhile aroused widespread criticism throughout the country, the attitude of the Republican majority being vigorously objected to by influential members of that party. Public opinion both in and out of the Republican party was generally in favor of ratification with reservations, as was repeatedly indicated by "straw" votes among the people.

RATIFICATION, WITH ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATIONS, DEFEATED NOV. 19, 1919.

On November 6th Senator Lodge presented 14 reservations which had been agreed to by the majority members of the Foreign Relations Committee. On November 19th, they were voted on by the Senate, being coupled with the following resolution of ratification:

Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919 subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are hereby made a part and condition to this resolution of ratification, which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been accepted by an exchange of notes as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by at least three of the four principal allied and associated powers, to wit, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan.

1. The United States so understands and construes Article I that in case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the United States.

2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country or to interfere in controversies between nations--whether members of the League or not--under the provisions of Article 10, or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.

3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article 22, Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.

4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children, and in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions, are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to the consideration of the Council or of the Assembly of the League of Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of any other power.

5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.

6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158, and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy which may arise under said articles between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.

7. The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the appointment of the representatives of the United States in the Assembly and the Council of the League of Nations, and may in its discretion provide for the participation of the United States in any commission, committee, tribunal, court, council, or conference, or in the selection of any members thereof and for the appointment of members of said commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences, or any other representatives under the Treaty of Peace, or in carrying out its provisions, and until such participation and appointment have been so provided for and the powers and duties of such representatives have been defined by law, no person shall represent the United States under either said League of Nations or the Treaty of Peace with Germany, or be authorized to perform any act for or on behalf of the United States thereunder, and no citizen of the United States shall be selected or appointed as a member of said commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences except with the approval of the Senate of the United States.

8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.

9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any expenses of the League of Nations, or of the secretariat, or of any commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress of the United States.

10. If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the limitation of armaments proposed by the Council of the League of Nations, under the provisions of Article 8, it reserves the right to increase such armaments without the consent of the Council whenever the United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.

11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion, the nationals of a covenant-breaking State, as defined in Article 16 of the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States or in countries other than that violating said Article 16, to continue their commercial, financial, and personal relations with the nationals of the United States.

12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany shall, as against citizens of the United States, be taken to mean any confirmation, ratification, or approval of any act otherwise illegal or in contravention of the right of citizens of the United States.

13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 387 to 427, inclusive) unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall hereafter make provision for representation in the organization established by said Part XIII, and in such event the participation of the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of such act or joint resolution.

14. The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any election, decision, report, or finding of the council, or assembly in which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one vote, and assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United States and any member of the League if such member, or any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with it politically has voted.

Ratification of the above resolution required a two-thirds vote. The resolution was lost 55 to 39, the votes of 13 Republican "irreconcilables" being cast against the resolution. On a motion to reconsider, the resolution was again voted on, this time the vote being 51 to 41. Senator Underwood's motion for unconditional ratification of the Treaty without reservation was then lost 53 to 38.

The crux of the opposition to the Treaty was Article X. In President Wilson's view, the Lodge reservation to this article cut the heart out of the League of Nations, and nullified its whole structure and practical operation. For a time it looked as if the Peace Treaty was dead. Public opinion, however, insisted that the Treaty must not be allowed to die and that the United States was morally obligated to the rest of the world to take its place in the family of nations as a signatory to the Treaty with such interpretative reservations as would protect America's interests, and at the same time not antagonize other nations.

Early in January, 1920, the President in a letter to Senator Hitchcock declared against "strong" reservations, and on January 15th, with a view to reaching a compromise, there began a series of bi-partisan conferences among Senators at which were discussed the various reservations that had been a stumbling block, but no agreement could be reached. As before, the phraseology and intent of Article X was the principal bone of contention.

THE TREATY AGAIN BEFORE THE SENATE

On February 10th Senator Lodge reported the Treaty a second time to the Senate, and with the original set of reservations. After another month of debate and of organized efforts on the part of public spirited citizens to exert pressure on the Senators to settle their differences and give the nation what it demanded--a Treaty of Peace--the lines were again drawn preparatory to another vote. The Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, took up the Lodge reservations, one after another, accepting some virtually without change, modifying or amplifying others, until all but Article X had been agreed upon.

Various new drafts of this reservation were suggested, both by Senators and by private citizens; some of these were voted on, but none could muster the votes necessary for adoption.

Early in March a compromise reservation was worked out by Republicans and Democrats, and this was made the occasion of an effort to induce the President to give his views on Article X. For convenience in comparison, Article X of the League of Nations, the original Lodge reservation, and the proposed compromise reservation, are reproduced herewith:

ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE

The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members of the League. In case of any such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

THE ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATION

The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country or to interfere in controversies between nations--whether members of the League or not--under the provision of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.

THE PROPOSED COMPROMISE RESERVATION

The United States assumes no obligation to employ its military or naval forces, its resources, or the economic boycott to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any other article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war, shall, by act or joint resolution, so provide.

ARTICLE X, SAYS WILSON, NULLIFIES A SACRED OBLIGATION

The President expressed his views on Article X and the proposed reservations to it in a letter to Senator Hitchcock under date of March 8th, in which he said:

"There is no escaping the moral obligations which are expressed in positive terms in this article of the covenant. We won a moral victory over Germany, far greater even than the military victory won on the field of battle, because the opinion of the whole world swung to our support and the support of the nations associated with us in the great struggle. It did so because of our common profession and promise that we meant to establish 'an organization of peace which should make it certain that the combined power of free nations would check every invasion of right, and serve to make peace and justice the more secure by affording a definite tribunal of opinion to which all must submit and by which every international readjustment that cannot be amicably agreed upon by the peoples directly concerned shall be sanctioned.'

"This promise and assurance were written into the preliminaries of the armistice and into the preliminaries of the peace itself and constitute one of the most sacred obligations ever assumed by any nation or body of nations. It is unthinkable that America should set the example of ignoring such a solemn moral engagement.

"For myself, I feel that I could not look the soldiers of our gallant armies in the face again if I did not do everything in my power to remove every obstacle that lies in the way of the adoption of this particular article of the covenant, because we made these pledges to them as well as to the rest of the world, and it was to this cause they deemed themselves devoted in a spirit of crusaders. I should be forever unfaithful to them if I did not do my utmost to fulfill the high purpose for which they fought."

"A NEW DOCTRINE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS"

The President said he regarded the stipulations as to constitutional methods required by the proposed compromise reservation as superfluous, because it was understood at Paris that whatever duties any nation undertook under the Treaty would as a matter of course "have to be fulfilled by its usual and established constitutional methods of action." He said further:

"Any reservation which seeks to deprive the League of Nations of the force of Article X. cuts at the very heart and life of the covenant itself. Any League of Nations which does not guarantee as a matter of incontestable right the political independence and integrity of each of its members might be hardly more than a futile scrap of paper, as ineffective in operation as the agreement between Belgium and Germany which the Germans violated in 1914.

"Article X. as written into the Treaty of Versailles represents the renunciation by Great Britain and Japan, which before the war had begun to find so many interests in common in the Pacific; by France, by Italy, by all the great fighting powers of the world, of the old pretensions of political conquest and territorial aggrandisement. It is a new doctrine in the world's affairs and must be recognized or there is no secure basis for the peace which the whole world so desperately needs.

"If Article X. is not adopted and acted upon, the Governments which reject it will, I think, be guilty of bad faith to their people, whom they induced to make the infinite sacrifices of the war by the pledge that they would be fighting to redeem the world from the old order of force and aggression. They will be acting also in bad faith to the opinion of the world at large, to which they appealed for support in a concerted stand against the aggressions and pretensions of Germany.

"If we were to reject Article X. or so to weaken it as to take its full force out of it, it would mark us as desiring to return to the old world of jealous rivalry and misunderstandings from which our gallant soldiers have rescued us and would leave us without any vision or new conception of justice and peace. We would have learned no lesson from the war, but gained only the regret that it had involved us in its maelstrom of suffering. If America has awakened, as the rest of the world has, to the vision of a new day in which the mistakes of the past are to be corrected, it will welcome the opportunity to share the responsibilities of Article X.

"It must not be forgotten, Senator, that the article constitutes a renunciation of all ambition on the part of powerful nations with whom we were associated in the war. It is by no means certain that without this article any such renunciation will take place. Militaristic ambitions and imperialistic policies are by no means dead, even in counsels of the nations whom we most trust and with whom we most desire to be associated in the tasks of peace.

DEMOCRACY VERSUS IMPERIALISM

"The choice is between two ideals; on the one hand, the ideal of democracy, which represents the rights of free peoples everywhere to govern themselves, and on the other hand the ideal of imperialism which seeks to dominate by force and unjust power, an ideal which is by no means dead and which is earnestly held in many quarters still.

"Every imperialistic influence in Europe was hostile to the embodiment of Article X. in the covenant of the League of Nations, and its defeat now would mark the complete consummation of their efforts to nullify the Treaty. I hold the doctrine of Article X. as the essence of Americanism. We cannot repudiate it or weaken it without at the same time repudiating our own principles.

"The imperialist wants no League of Nations, but if, in response to the universal cry of the masses everywhere, there is to be one, he is interested to secure one suited to his own purposes, one that will permit him to continue the historic game of pawns and peoples--the juggling of provinces, the old balances of power, and the inevitable wars attendant upon these things.

"The reservation proposed would perpetuate the old order. Does any one really want to see the old game played again? Can any one really venture to take part in reviving the old order? The enemies of a League of Nations have by every true instinct centered their efforts against Article X., for it is undoubtedly the foundation of the whole structure. It is the bulwark, and the only bulwark, of the rising democracy of the world against the forces of imperialism and reaction.

"Either we should enter the League fearlessly, accepting the responsibility and not fearing the rôle of leadership, which we now enjoy, contributing our efforts toward establishing a just and permanent peace, or we should retire as gracefully as possible from the great concert of powers, by which the world was saved. For my own part, I am not willing to trust to the counsel of diplomats the working out of any salvation of the world from the things which it has suffered."

ARTICLE X AS FINALLY ADOPTED

The Article X reservation was again rewritten and when finally adopted on March 15 by a vote of 56 to 26, read as follows:

The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States, under any article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so provide.

THE TREATY AGAIN REJECTED

All of the 14 reservations having been debated and adopted in the Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, a fifteenth reservation expressing sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people having been added, the resolution of ratification was introduced by Senator Lodge on March 19th. The vote stood: in favor of ratification, 49; against, 35. By this vote, the Treaty of Versailles was for the second time rejected. The resolution was supported by 28 Republicans and 21 Democrats, and opposed by 23 Democrats and 12 Republicans. The resolution lacked seven votes of the necessary two-thirds, and although it was a Republican measure, the opposition of the Republican "irreconcilables" or "bitter-enders" was sufficient to defeat it.

THE RESERVATIONS WHICH FAILED

Text of the Preamble and Fifteen Reservations as Adopted by the Senate Before the Final Vote on Ratification

Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919, subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification, which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been accepted as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by the Allied and Associated Powers, and a failure on the part of the Allied and Associated Powers to make objection to said reservations and understandings prior to the deposit of ratification by the United States shall be taken as a full and final acceptance of such reservations and understandings by said powers:

1. The United States so understands and construes Article I. that in case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the United States.

2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so provide.

3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article XXII., Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.

4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children and in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions, are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to the consideration of the council or of the Assembly of the League of Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of any other power.

5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to its long established policy, commonly known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.

6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158, and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy which may arise under said articles.

7. No person is or shall be authorized to represent the United States, nor shall any citizen of the United States be eligible, as a member of any body or agency established or authorized by said Treaty of Peace with Germany except pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United States providing for his appointment and defining his powers and duties.

8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.

9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any expenses of the League of Nations, or of the Secretariat or of any commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress of the United States; provided, that the foregoing limitation shall not apply to the United States' proportionate share of the expense of the office force and salary of the Secretary General.

10. No plan for the limitation of armaments as reported by the Council of the League of Nations under the provisions of Article 8 shall be held as binding the United States until the same shall have been accepted by Congress, and the United States reserves the right to increase its armament without the consent of the Council whenever the United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.

11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion, the nationals of a covenant-breaking state as defined in Article XVI. of the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States or in countries other than such covenant-breaking state, to continue their commercial, financial and personal relations with the nationals of the United States.

12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany shall, as against citizens of the United States be taken to mean any confirmation, ratification or approval of any act otherwise illegal or in contravention of the rights of citizens of the United States.

13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 337 to 427 inclusive), unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall hereafter make provision for representation in the organization established by said Part XIII., and in such event the participation of the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of such act or joint resolution.

14. Until Part 1, being the covenant of the League of Nations, shall be so amended as to provide that the United States shall be entitled to cast a number of votes equal to that which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies or parts of empire, in the aggregate, shall be entitled to cast, the United States assumes no obligation to be bound, except in cases where Congress has previously given its consent, by any election, decision, report, or finding of the Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the aggregate, have cast more than one vote.

The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of the Council or Assembly arising out of any dispute between the United States and any member of the League if such member or any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with it politically has voted.

15. In consenting to the ratification of the Treaty with Germany the United States adheres to the principle of self-determination and to the resolution of sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people for a government of their own choice adopted by the Senate June 6, 1919, and declares that when such government is attained by Ireland, a consummation which it is hoped is at hand, it should promptly be admitted as a member of the League of Nations.

The First Meeting of the Council of the League of Nations

Representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Japan and Brazil, members of the Council of the League of Nations, met on January 16, 1920, in the "cloak room" of the French Foreign Office for the first meeting in the history of the League.

The Council organized by electing Leon Bourgeois Chairman and confirming the choice of Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain as General Secretary. The first official act of the League Council was the appointment of a commission to trace upon the spot the frontiers of the territory of the Saar Basin.

All the members of the Council called for by the covenant of the League, with the exception of the representative of the United States, were present. Beside M. Bourgeois, the members were Earl Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, for Great Britain; Premier Venizelos, for Greece; Carlo Ferraris, Italian Minister of Industry, Commerce, Labor and Food, for Italy; Paul Hymans, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for Belgium; Baron Matsui, Ambassador to France, for Japan; Dr. Gastoa da Cunha, Ambassador to France, for Brazil; Count Quinones de Leon, Ambassador to France, for Spain.

PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS

President Wilson Vetoes Knox Resolution Declaring State of War Ended

The failure of the Peace Treaty of ratification for the second time on March 19, 1920, with the Lodge reservations attached, and the determined refusal of the Republican majority to ratify it in the form desired by President Wilson, showed quite conclusively that under existing political alignment no peace might be expected for the country through the Treaty of Versailles. The Republicans, therefore, turned their efforts in a new direction to bring about peace without yielding to the President.

On April 1st the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives reported favorably a joint resolution declaring the state of war between Germany and the United States at an end and terminating the operation of all Congressional acts and Presidential proclamations dependent for their duration on the termination of the war or of the "present or existing emergency." It gave Germany forty-five days in which similarly to declare the ending of the war with the United States, and to waive all claims against this country, which she would not have had the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles. For failure to comply with this provision, all commercial intercourse and the furnishing of loans and other financial assistance by this country to Germany were prohibited, except by license of the President. In answer to Democratic criticisms that the resolution was not only insincere, but also unconstitutional in arrogating to Congress the treaty-making power of the President, the Republican leaders conceded that, while the negotiation of peace terms rested with the President, the declaration of a status of peace was quite within the proper functions of Congress.

TEXT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION

The original resolution, as introduced in the House, read as follows:

WHEREAS the President of the United States, in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has ended;

Resolved, by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war declared to exist between the Imperial German Government and the people of the United States by a joint resolution of Congress, approved April 6, 1917, is hereby declared at an end.

Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the present war, or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of determination of the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency.

Section 3--That, with a view to securing reciprocal trade with the German Government and its nationals, and for this purpose, it is hereby provided that unless within forty-five days from the date when this resolution becomes effective the German Government shall duly notify the President of the United States that it has declared a termination of the war with the United States and that it waives and renounces on behalf of itself and its nationals any claim, demand, right or benefit against the United States, or its nationals, that it or they would not have the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles, the President of the United States shall have the power, and it shall be his duty, to proclaim the fact that the German Government has not given the notification hereinbefore mentioned, and thereupon, and until the President shall have proclaimed the receipt of such notification, commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany and the making of loans or credits, and the furnishing of financial assistance or supplies to the German Government or the inhabitants of Germany, directly or indirectly, by the Government or the inhabitants of the United States, shall, except with the license of the President, be prohibited.

Section 4--That whoever shall willfully violate the foregoing prohibition, whenever the same shall be in force, shall upon conviction be fined not more than $10,000, or, if a natural person, imprisoned for not more than two years, or both; and the officer, director or agent of any corporation who knowingly participates in such violation shall be punished by a like fine, imprisonment, or both, and any property, funds, securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, concerned in such violation, shall be forfeited to the United States.

Section 5--That nothing herein contained shall be construed as a waiver by the United States of its rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages to which the United States has become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or which were acquired by or are in the possession of the United States by reason of its participation in the war or otherwise; and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States are hereby ratified, confirmed, and maintained.

MINORITY OPPOSITION

The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee presented a minority report severely arraigning the Republican majority both for the spirit and the provisions of the resolution, which, the report contended, "outrageously surrendered" American rights and, by the spirit in which it was conceived, laid open its authors to the charge of "sharp practice." The chief points made in the minority report were:

"The preamble states that the President of the United States, in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has ended. At no time and under no circumstances has the President made any such assertion.

"It is true that, on the signing of the armistice, the President, in the course of an address to Congress, used the words, 'the war thus comes to an end.' But he spoke of actual hostilities, as every one knew, and not of the technical state of war.

"It takes a treaty to end a war. Hostilities had ceased, but the war had not ended, and will not end until it is terminated in a constitutional manner. The drafters of the resolution and the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs who voted for it knew that this was the case.

"By quoting this statement of the President as the basis for this resolution the authors of the resolution lay themselves open to the charge of insincerity and sharp practice. The President never declared that the technical state of war which this resolution undertakes to declare at an end had come to an end, and the Supreme Court of the United States has recently declared that what the President had done did not announce the termination of the war.[32]

[32] The reference is to the Supreme Court decision on the question of war-time prohibition in the Kentucky distilleries case.

"This resolution contains some provisions that are within the power of Congress, and others that are not. So far as it seeks to declare peace, and so far as it seeks to direct the President to issue a proclamation to the German Government, it trenches upon the treaty-making powers and is not within the power of Congress.

"So far as it prohibits the United States citizens and residents from commercial intercourse with Germany or its nationals, and provides penalties for the violation of such restriction, it is valid. So far as it attempts to repeal war legislation, it is, of course, within the power of Congress."

With regard to Section 2, which fixed the date of the termination of the war as the date when the resolution shall become effective, the report said:

"There is much war and emergency legislation that should be repealed. This section does not repeal this legislation, however, and it gives no relief from the burdens, inconveniences, extravagances and losses which come from the existence of this legislation. Much of this legislation is burdensome, and oppressive in time of peace.

"Congress has the power to repeal it, and it should address itself to this task instead of frittering away its time in attempting to pass unconstitutional legislation for the purpose of embarrassing the executive department of the Government, or for some other political purpose."

Objection was raised against Section 3 for not adequately protecting American rights. The report, which was presented by Representative Flood, observed on this subject:

"The first thought which comes to one's mind in connection with this section is that it gives to Germany and her nationals all the rights they would have had if the United States had ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Without the provisions of the treaty great uncertainty prevails as to the title to and right to use German ships. The Versailles Treaty contains Germany's assent to the use of the property seized by the Alien Property Custodian, amounting to more than $500,000,000, to pay claims of the United States against Germany. This resolution does not pretend to accomplish this result.

"If we are dependent for a status of peace upon this resolution, I fail to see how we could be able to demand reimbursement for the cost of our army of occupation.

"Under the treaty Germany can become a League of Nations member, and, having under this resolution all the rights it would have had under the treaty when it became a member of the League, it would be entitled to assert against the United States the same rights which any other nation could assert, had our country ratified the treaty. We would thus be in the position of being compelled to protect the independence and territorial integrity of Germany against the aggressions of any or all of our allies.

"Section 5 is an attempt to preserve something out of the wreck of American rights which have been so outrageously surrendered in former sections of the resolution."

RESOLUTION PASSES HOUSE, 242 TO 150

The first test of strength between the supporters and the opponents of the resolution came on April 8th, when a rule limiting debate was adopted by a nearly strict party vote of 214 to 155, the Republicans, as were to be expected, supporting, and the Democrats opposing the rule. The vote on the resolution itself came next day, April 9th, when, after a flow of oratory characterized chiefly by bitterly partisan attacks from both sides of the House, the resolution was adopted by a vote of 242 to 150. Twenty-two Democrats joined the Republicans in voting for it, and two Republicans broke party lines in opposing it. Despite the comfortable majority, however, the result showed that without the President's approval efforts to declare peace by Congressional action would prove futile, since the vote lacked twenty of the two-thirds majority necessary to override a veto.

SENATE TAKES UP FIGHT TO FORCE PEACE

The scene now shifted to the Senate. Here the fortunes of the resolution were placed in the hands of Senator Philander C. Knox, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet and a recognized authority on international law. Senator Knox redrafted the House resolution so as to repeal specifically the joint resolutions of war against Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, and thus, by annulling Congressional action declaring a state of war, to re-establish status quo ante bellum.

Such a solution of the problem, it was felt, did not encroach at all upon the President's right of making treaties. In fact, the resolution specifically requested the President to open negotiations for the purpose of establishing friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany, and the United States and the successors of the Austro-Hungarian government. The resolution also provided for the retention by the United States government of all enemy property seized during the war until all American claims against enemy governments had been settled, and declared further that, although the United States had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless it did not waive any of the "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages" stipulated for its benefit in the terms of that document.

TEXT OF ORIGINAL KNOX RESOLUTION

The text of the Knox resolution, as favorably reported to the Senate on April 30th by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, read:

Joint resolution repealing the joint resolution of April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and Germany, and the joint resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Government.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the joint resolution of Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby declared at an end.

Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government or its successor or successors, and of all German nationalists which was on April 6, 1917, in or has since that date come into the possession or under control of the Government of the United States or of any of its officers, agents, or employees, from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German Government has by treaty with the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage or injury to persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations, or otherwise, and until the German Government has given further undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation, commerce, and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in respect to the property of the German government or German nationalists, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.

To these ends, and for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany, the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the Government of Germany.

Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the present war or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective, shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency.

Section 3--That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations, or advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which, under the Treaty of Versailles, have been stipulated for its benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which it is entitled.

Section 4--That the joint resolution of Congress, approved December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be and the same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.

A DEMOCRAT PAYS HIS RESPECTS TO REPUBLICANS

The attitude of leaders of the Democratic party on Republican maneuvers to force peace by Congressional action was indicated by a statement issued by Homer S. Cummings, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, in which the Knox resolution was characterized as "renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the Republican party," and which, according to Mr. Cummings, proposed dishonor in the name of peace. As reported in the press, the statement said:

"The so-called Knox peace resolution, which has just been reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the Republican party. In the name of peace it proposes dishonor.

"An analysis of the resolution discloses that:

"First, it recognizes the defect in the recent House resolution, which attempted to make a separate treaty with Germany by act of Congress.

"Second, as an alternative proposition, it requests the President to commence negotiations for a separate peace with Germany.

"Third, it seeks to terminate, by a paper resolution, a state of war without protecting American rights.

"Fourth, it attempts to take advantage of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles without becoming a party to that treaty and,

"Fifth, it requests the President to negotiate a separate peace with Austria.

"These are the outstanding features of the resolution. If any group of leaders a year ago had dared to suggest that we should abandon our allies and negotiate a separate treaty of peace, they would have found themselves isolated and discredited. Republican leaders have lost their moral sense in their mad lust for power.

"There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during which America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power, as the result of the elections of that year. Since that time everything has been in confusion, and the frantic attempt of Republican leaders to find a legal method in which to do the dishonorable thing merely adds to the confusion. There is but one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path of honor and of peace and of permanent security.

"The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in ratifying the treaty of peace which our companions in arms have already ratified. The more the matter is debated the more it will become apparent that there are no substitutes for the requirements of plain duty and American honor."

KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY

On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a "power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:

"The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that we know we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution. Our own nation is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are rampant and threaten the destruction not only of our property, but of our free institutions and even of our very lives. And yet we stand, and have stood for months, as a rudderless ship foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must not dare longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his peace-time powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom, cannot question this. The resolution before us is designed to bring us to this.

WILSON TO BLAME

"The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt that he will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far as he is able, every attempt on the part of the Senate, the Congress, or the people, to take any action immediately or remotely affecting, in however slight a degree, through change or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to keep the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year rather than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his isolated will had set for the nation. Constitutional order, lawful functions, rights and duties of position, oaths of office as affecting the members of this body, he has noticed only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up every power within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to compel this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to become mere automatons to register his mandate--to approve this treaty in its last minutiæ of detail as he sent it to us.

"Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to pass any resolution looking to the immediate establishment of peace that does not contemplate the unqualified acceptance of the treaty, if that resolution requires from the President the performance of any act or duty in order to secure peace, because if we do, he will, if the statements of his representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or duty as to defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his opinion wisdom lies only in following the behests of his will. Therefore, if the resolution is to be effective, it must be self-operative. Nothing necessary to the bringing of peace must be left for his accomplishment.

WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR

"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:

"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and Prussian autocracy;

"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans themselves--for whom we had nothing but sympathy and friendship--to the end that they might be masters of their own fates and fortunes; and

"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.

"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal, constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general measures taken.

"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped ourselves to make such a contention.

"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.

WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW

"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first, because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world, including ourselves.

"Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having nothing left but a domestic status of war created by a legislative declaration of war, with no hostilities heretofore or now existent or possible in the territory over which this paper-war status exists, it is not only legally sound, but economically, morally, and patriotically necessary and indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and so immediately end the despotic war powers with which a power-maddened administration continues to misrule this great people.

VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE

"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of Versailles--a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all its parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic terms are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation of the worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a century ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such radical lines as will entirely obliterate its identity.

"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and obligations between us and that country alone."

KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES

In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its supporters and one Republican with the opposition.

As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution, and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139, seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the expected Presidential veto.

TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION

The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:

The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed and said state of war is hereby declared at an end.

Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government, or its successor or successors, and of all German nationals which was on April 6, 1917, is or has since that date come into the possession or under control of the Government of the United States or any of its officers, agents or employees from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German Government has, by treaty with the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons, wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or injury to their persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations, or have suffered damage directly in consequence of hostilities or any operations of war, or otherwise, or until the German Government has given further undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation, commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in respect to the property of the German Government or German nationals, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.

That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency.

That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which it is entitled.

That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.

PRESIDENT'S VETO

The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May 27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place "ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."

Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace resolution:

"To the House of Representatives:

"I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint Resolution 327, intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and Germany, and the Joint Resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to declare a state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an action which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States.

"The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire without exacting from the German Government any action by way of setting right the infinite wrongs which it did to the peoples whom it attacked and whom we professed it our purpose to assist when we entered the war. Have we sacrificed the lives of more than one hundred thousand Americans and ruined the lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of American families an unhappiness that can never end for purposes which we do not now care to state or take further steps to attain?

"The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty of Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen and experts of all the great peoples who were associated in the war against Germany. Do we now not care to join in the effort to secure them?

"We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were profoundly disinclined to take part in a European war, and at last did so, only because they became convinced that it could not in truth be regarded as only a European war, but must be regarded as a war in which civilization itself was involved and human rights of every kind as against a belligerent Government. Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth very definitely the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did not wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European contest. This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to accomplish any of these objects, but in effect makes a complete surrender of the rights of the United States so far as the German Government is concerned.

"A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the twenty-eighth of June last which did seek to accomplish the objects which we had declared to be in our minds, because all the great Governments and peoples which united against Germany had adopted our declarations of purpose as their own and had in solemn form embodied them in communications to the German Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918. But the treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by the Senate of the United States, though it has been ratified by Germany. By that rejection and by its methods we had in effect declared that we wish to draw apart and pursue objects and interests of our own, unhampered by any connections of interest or of purpose with other Governments and peoples.

"Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war we professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of common interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the freedom of navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of armaments, or the vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the rectification of wrongs done to France, or the release of the Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire from the intolerable subjugation which they have had for so many generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of understanding among the great powers of the world which would be calculated to prevent in the future such outrages as Germany attempted and in part consummated.

"We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take any further risks or to assume any further responsibilities with regard to the freedom of nations or the sacredness of international obligations or the safety of independent peoples. Such a peace with Germany--a peace in which none of the essential interests which we had at heart when we entered the war is safeguarded--is, or ought to be, inconceivable, as inconsistent with the dignity of the United States, with the rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very fundamental conditions of civilization.

"I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth the reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my signature.

WOODROW WILSON. THE WHITE HOUSE, May 27, 1920."

Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.

THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE

Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the World War.

(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin, Statistical Department, National City Bank.)

========================================================================= |[33]Area | [33] | Date |Form of |Countries |Ethnic or | |Population|estab-|Govern- |from which | Racial | | |lished|ment |formed | Stock ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Poland | 141,854|36,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic, | | | 1916 | |Germany, | Semitic | | | | |Austria- | | | | | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Czecho- | 60,000|13,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria- | Slavic Slovakia | | | 1918 | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Jugo-Slavia | 85,000|10,500,000|Oct., |Kingdom |Hung, | Slavic, | | | 1918 | |Serbia, | Serbs, | | | | |Bosnia, | Croats | | | | |Herzegovina, | | | | |Mont. | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ukrainia | 215,000|30,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic | | | 1917 | |Austria- | | | | | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Esthonia | 7,300| 1,750,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Livonia | 17,000| 1,650,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Courland | 10,000| 600,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Letvia | 9,000| 1,500,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Letts | | | 1918 | | | (Balto- | | | | | | Slavs) ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Lithuania | 90,000|10,000,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 | | |Germania ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- White Russia| 140,000| 5,000,000| May, |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- North Russia| 275,000| 400,000|Nov., |Military |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 |Gov | | Finns ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rus. Fed. | Undet'd | Undet'd |Nov., |Soviet Rep|Russia | Slavic Soviet Rep | | | 1917 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Don Rep | 63,000| 4,000,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 |Gov | | Cossack ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kuban Rep | 36,000| 3,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Tauride Rep | 23,000| 1,800,000|Mar., |Republic |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Terek Rep | 28,000| 1,300,000|Sept.,|Republic |Russia | Turko- | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Tatar- | 175,000| 9,000,000|Oct., |Military |Russia | Turko- Bashkir Rep | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Yakutsk Rep |1,000,000| 400,000| May, |Military |Siberian | Yakuts, | | | 1918 | |Russia | Cossack ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | Undet'd | Undet'd |Dec., |Military |Siberian | Slav, Siberia | | 1917 | |Russia | Mongol, | | | | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | 40,000| 2,500,000|Jan., |Republic |Russia, |Georgian, Georgia | | | 1918 | |Turkey | Armenian ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | 400,000| 6,500,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Turko- Turkestan | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Eastern | 68,000| 250,000| May, |Military |Russia | Balto- Karelia | | | 1919 | | | Slavic ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Finland | 125,000| 3,500,000|Dec., |Republic |Russia | Finns | | | 1917 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Murman | 35,000| 100,000|July, |Military |Russian | Finns Region | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German Rep | 175,000|60,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Germany | Germanic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep of | 28,000|10,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria | Germanic German | | | 1918 | | | Austria | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Hungarian | 32,000| 9,000,000|Nov., |Soviet |Hungary | Magyar Rep | | | 1918 |Rep. | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- [34]Rumania | 110,000|12,500,000| |Kingdom |Rumania, |Rumanian, | | | 1919 | |Hungary, | Magyar | | | | |Bessarabia | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Turkey in | 10,000| 1,900,000| |Undet'd |Turkey | Turkish Europe | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Anatolia, | 145,000| 5,000,000| |Undet'd |Turkey | Turkish Asia Minor | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Armenia, | 75,000| 2,500,000|Aug., |Undet'd |Turkey |Armenians Asia Minor | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Mesopotamia,| 143,000| 2,000,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks, Asia Minor | | | |Admin. | | Arabs, | | | | | | Persian ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Syria, Asia | 37,000| 1,000,000| 1919 |Undet'd |Turkey | Syrian, Minor | | | | | | Turkish ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Palestine, | 16,000| 500,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks, Asia Minor | | | |Admin. | | Arabs, | | | | | | Jews ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kingdom of | 96,500| 300,000|June, |Kingdom |Turkey | Arabs, Hejaz | | | 1916 | | | Turks ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Nejd & Hasa,| No data | No data | 1913 |Emirate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Jebel | No data | No data | 1918 |Emirate |Turkey | Bedouin Shammar, | | | | | | Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Asir, Arabia| No data | No data | 1918 |Principate|Turkey | Arabs ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Yemen, | No data | No data | 1918 |Imamate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Koweit, | No data | No data | 1918 |Sultanate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Oman, Arabia| 82,000| 500,000| 1913 |G. Brit & |Turkey | Arabs | | | |France | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Egypt | 350,000|12,000,000| 1914 |Great |Turkey | Egyptian | | | |Britain | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German East | 384,000| 8,000,000| 1918 |Great |German | Bantu Africa | | | |Britain |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German S. W.| 322,000| 200,000| 1915 |British S.|German Hottentots Africa | | | |Africa |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kamerun | 191,000| 2,500,000| 1916 |British & |German | Sudanese | | | |French |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Togo | 33,000| 1,000,000| 1914 |Allied Mil|German | Hamitic | | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kaiser | 70,000| 250,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay Wilhelm Land| | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. Samoan | 1,200| 40,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Samoan Islands | | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Nauru | [35] | | 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Samoan Islands | | | |British |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. S. | 15,000| 350,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay Pacific | | | |Japan |Colony | Islands | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. N. | 5,000| 600,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Malay Pacific | | | |Japan |Colony | Islands | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kiau Chau | 200| 200,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Chinese | | | |Japan |Colony | =========================================================================

[33] Latest available estimate.

[34] Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.

[35] A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless station; also known as Pleasant Island.

OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR

Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This Country in Men, Money and Supplies

FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR[36] Revised to August 1, 1919

Total armed forces, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps, etc. 4,800,000 Total men in the Army 4,000,000 Men who went overseas 2,086,000 Men who fought in France 1,390,000 Greatest number sent in one month 306,000 Greatest number returning in one month 333,000 Tons of supplies shipped from America to France 7,500,000 Total registered in draft 24,234,021 Total draft inductions 2,810,296 Greatest number inducted in one month 400,000 Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools 80,568 Cost of war to April 30, 1919 $21,850,000,000

Cost of Army to April 30, 1919 $13,930,000,000 Battles fought by American troops 13 Months of American participation in the war 19 Days of battle 200 Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle 47 Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle 1,200,000 American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle 120,000 American battle deaths in war 50,300 American wounded in war 205,690 American deaths from disease 57,500 Total deaths in the Army 115,500

[36] From the War with Germany--A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American casualties revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)

The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department. Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and participation in the war, much of the matter in The War With Germany--A Statistical Summary will have surprising interest. It is the first time a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of our war activities has been made possible through anything so concrete and authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during the war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced from Colonel Ayres' Summary, second edition, revised to August 1, 1919.

THE SELECTIVE SERVICE

"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service, a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered. The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual fighting were 1,390,000.

It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100 inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.

The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those of France.

HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP

Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men representing the highest order of physical condition came from agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to 69. Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a better showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for military service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city boys), but the white registrants were better than the colored, the native-born better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000 whites would furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of colored; and 100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than would the like number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an infantry regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences can be appreciated.

About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the war,--5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had previous training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into the army with little or no military training--the latter being in the majority physicians, ministers or technical men.

CAMPS AND TRAINING

Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of 1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North. For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to France received six months' training before he sailed and two months more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle line.

The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42 divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80 divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.

This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226 non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being a significant contribution to our training program.

GETTING THE TROOPS OVER

Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:

"During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went over in the first thirteen months, the others in the last six months.

"The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918, when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919, when 364,000 were brought home to America.

"Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York. Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in France.

"Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in British ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian, two in French, and one in Russian shipping under English control.

"Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days and our troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.

"The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached the size of 2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe about 7,500,000 tons of cargo.

"The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the Leviathan, which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a German division) in France every month.

"The fastest transports have been the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific, which have made complete turn-arounds, taken on new troops and started back again in nineteen days."

TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY

Apropos of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:

"In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the Allies called on us to continue the extraordinary transportation of troops begun in April. The early movement had been met by filling up the divisions that sailed with the best trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions embarked after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the colors in the spring. By November the average period of training in the United States had been shortened to close to four months, and the average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11 was probably five months.

"In the last months of the war, the induction of men was carried forward at top speed and every device was used for hastening training. The result fully justified the effort. Into the great Meuse-Argonne offensive we were able to throw a force of 1,200,000 men, while we had many thousands of troops engaged in other parts of the line. Our training camp officers stood up to the test; our men with their intensive drilling in open-order fighting, which has characterized American training, routed the best of the German divisions from the Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."

FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS

When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by 100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France, another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third three months' supply continuously in transit.

The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply of enormous quantities and called for it at once.

An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from the fact that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there was delivered to the army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings, 85,000,000 undershirts, 83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of shoes, 26,500,000 flannel shirts, 21,700,000 blankets, 21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool coats, and 8,300,000 overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up in 1918 Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in sufficient quantity it was found necessary to take control of all states of the manufacturing process, from assembling the raw material to inspecting the finished product.

At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary forces. Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other wars, but the condition was local and temporary. It occurred because of transportation difficulties during periods of active fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their rolling kitchens.

In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths and 1,000 miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge railroads. The Signal Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone wires, and 40,000 American made motor trucks were shipped overseas. In this country army construction projects cost twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as large a scale overseas.

The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days' supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72 days' supply.

Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.

"The records of the quartermaster show that during the six months of hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted man in the A. E. F. received on the average:

"Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt, and breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and puttees, every 51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days; woolen socks, every 23 days."

GUNS AND MUNITIONS

When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles. The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over 2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000, of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000 rounds secured from the French and British.

During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and used in large numbers in the final battles in France. Before the war the allowance of machine guns in the American Army was four guns to a regiment; the allowance now is 336 to a regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed to be more effective than the corresponding weapons used in any other army.

The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the end of 1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light Browning and 56,612 of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers field machine guns produced totaled 12,125, the other field guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns, 39,200, the Browning aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the Vickers aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings, 27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and machine-gun ammunition were shipped.

When war was declared the United States had sufficient light artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip 5,000,000 men. To meet the situation, it was decided in June, 1917, to allot our guns to training purposes and to equip our forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made from our materials.

Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those purchased from the French and British during the war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from the French and British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of war by each country, the British did better than we did in the production of light artillery, and we excelled them in producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy shells.

THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY

Colonel Ayres says:

"The most important single fact about our artillery in France is that we always had a sufficient supply of light artillery for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line service. This does not mean that when the divisions went into the battle line they always had their artillery with them, for in a number of cases they did not.

"The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100 days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported by their own artillery for seventy-five days, by British artillery for five days, by French for one and one-half days, and were without artillery for eighteen and one-half days out of the 100. Of these eighteen and one-half days, however, eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of one day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are only three records of American divisions being in an active sector without artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the typical 100 days just analyzed.

"The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate accuracy by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of artillery of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in America."

THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919

At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel Ayres has an interesting bit of semi-critical comment on the question of foresight, of which some desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the United States authorities were possessed. He says:

"At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that there are many articles of munitions in which American production reached great amounts by the fall of 1918 but which were not used in large quantities at the front because the armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached France. In the main, these munitions are articles of ordnance and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or even greatly abbreviated in time.

"As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and it is realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army equipment that was never used at the front, it seems fair to question whether prudent foresight could not have avoided some of this expense.

"Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the record of a conference that took place in the little French town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal Foch and the American Secretary of War.

"In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of American troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall and winter preparatory for the campaign of 1919.

"This was one day before the first German peace note and 38 days before the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then calling upon America to make her great shipments of munitions and her supreme contribution of man-power for the campaign of the following year."

GAS AND EXPLOSIVES

One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.

The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the war.

"The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless powder and high explosives was that the artillery ammunition program was never held up for lack of either the powder which hurls the bullet or the shell from the gun, or the high explosive which makes the shell effective when it reaches its destination."

Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:

"When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and French lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon was introduced into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30 percent. of all our battle casualties were due to gas.

"At the time we entered the war we had practically no experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany."

THE AIR SERVICE

"On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five training airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as obsolete and the other four as obsolescent. When we entered the war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own manufacture 3,800 service planes.

"Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students, and enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at its close.

"There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918, more than 8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training engines.

"The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the only plane the United States put into quantity production. Before the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at the front for three months.

"The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's chief contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had been completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and 1,025 delivered to the Allies.

"The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to the American service in December, 1917.

"The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in April to 45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had an equipment of 740 planes.

"Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American aviators 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American manufacture.

"American air squadrons played important rôles in the battles of Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes numbered only 357."

"The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose business it is to make observations, take photographs, and direct artillery fire; pursuit squadrons, using light fighting planes to protect the observation planes at their work, to drive the enemy from the air, or to strafe marching columns by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose work was the dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night bombers, carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic enemy works."

At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18 observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon companies.

CARGO SHIPMENTS

Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million tons (7,500,000) of cargo.

Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours under their own steam.

The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also shipped 68,694 horses and mules.

SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS

In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered 14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a day, averaging 60 words each.

CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS

In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept continuously occupied for the period of the war.

The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office. The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were about $800,000,000.

Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.

TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE

Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:

"Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in battle. The number who reached France was 2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the front line.

"American combat forces were organized into divisions, which consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were the largest on the Western front, since the British division numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about 12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of supply troops.

"Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active combat service, while the others were used for replacements or were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.

"American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these 200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11 were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians, and 2 were distinctively American.

"At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."

The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782 kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17 miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant offensive.

It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71½ kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.

In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated 150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into territory previously held by the Germans.

THE DEADLIEST WAR

In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that "the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with 1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy, 364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium, 102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300; Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.

Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.

The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths due to the war, see Volume XII.

INDEX

A

Abbas Hilmi, Khédive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.

Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Abbeville agreement, on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284; text, v: 378.

Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.

Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.

Aboukir, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.

Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.

Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.

Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.

Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stürgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.

Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Admiral Charner, French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.

Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.

Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.

Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.

Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.

Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.

A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.

Aerial photography, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14; gun cameras, description, viii: 216; value, viii: 226, 331; difficulties, viii: 228; U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235; future, viii: 234; see also Photography.

Aeronautics:

Airplanes, conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123; use of depth bombs by, iv: 332; torpedo planes, iv: 335; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; as war weapon, viii: Intro., xi: 214; detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20; machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189; Farman plane, viii: 189; utility in scouting, viii: 189; Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192; Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192; Allied and German types compared, viii: 194; Spad biplanes, viii: 194; general utility planes, viii: 196; Gotha biplanes, viii: 196; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223; aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200; Liberty motor, viii: 199; construction, essentials in, viii: 200; maneuvering, types of, viii: 200; Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201; French types, viii: 202, 206; British types, viii: 203-206; British planes, viii: 203; D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204; German equipment, viii: 206; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; national supremacy, viii: 207; machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208; aerial marksmanship, viii: 210; "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216; navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224; A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222; Caproni triplanes, viii: 223; Caudron bombers, viii: 223; Letord bombers, viii: 223; Voisin bombers, viii: 223; Breguet bombers, viii: 224; spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308; signals for landing in dark, viii: 335; value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277; ambulance planes, viii: 379; U. S., in War, xi: 218; development, xi: 219; use against submarines, xi: 239; commercial uses, xii: 103. Aviators, duties, iii: 392; kinds of patrol, iii: 392; fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358; qualifications, xi: 215. Balloons, development for war use, iv: 288; in naval operations, iv: 289; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263; hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.

Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290; compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245; British types, viii: 245; R-34, description, viii: 245, 254; R-34, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257; mooring masts, viii: 245; development in different countries, viii: 254; R-33, sister ship of R-34, viii: 254; Zeppelins, see below under Aeronautics. Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246. Observation, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277; uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; utility in War, xi: 216. Seaplanes, in battle of Jutland, iv: 107; for submarine spotting, iv: 285; U. S. N-C-4 first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240; N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240. Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241; use during War, viii: 246-248; description, viii: 248-254; number in crew, viii: 254. See also under each country.

Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.

Afghanistan, put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104; friendly to England during War, vi: 78; changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80; border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.

Africa, dark continent, i: 10; European penetration, i: 48; "spheres of influence," i: 96.

African campaigns, iii: 250-256; tropical peculiarities, iii: 250; German handicaps, iii: 252; operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252; in Togoland, iii: 252; in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253; in German East Africa, iii: 255.

Agadir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

Agamemnon, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; hit by gunfire, iv: 43.

Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.

Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Air raids, Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333; use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246; success of, xi: 216; on: England, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381; Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Jan. 31, '16, i: 384; Mar. 1, '16, i: 384; Mar. 5, '16, i: 384; Mar. 19, '16, i: 384; Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385; Apr. 24, '16, i: 385; Aug. 9, '16, i: 386; Sept. 23, '16, i: 388; Sept. 25, '16, i: 388; Oct. 1, '16, i: 388; attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4; first attack on London, iii: 41. Paris, Jan. 30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Aircraft, see Aeronautics.

Aire valley, description, v: 73; scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.

Airships, see Aeronautics.

Aisne, battles of: Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36. Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; French start offensive, iii: 73; early French success, iii: 73; battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73; Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76. May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135; situation before German offensive, iii: 92; Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93; Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93; Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93; Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93; Germans reach Marne, iii: 93; American troops check enemy, iii: 94.

Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183; artillery, important feature, v: 171; A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.

Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.

Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.

Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.

Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.

Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.

Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.

Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.

Albania, primitiveness of people, i: 92; William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206; Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397; Serbians retreat into, iii: 160; Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120; promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.

Albert, captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98; captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.

Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.

Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.

Albert of Belgium, poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228; by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.

Albion, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.

Alcantara, British armed liner, sinks German Greif, iv: 200.

Alcedo, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.

Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.

Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia, re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.

Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.

Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch, commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140; biography, ix: 238.

Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.

Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.

Algonquin, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.

All-American (82nd) Division, see U. S., Army.

All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164.

All-Russian Government of Siberia, formation, vi: 191; collapse, vi: 193.

Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., commands 90th Div., v: 196; in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193; defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213; captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48; strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93; at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171; commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25; biography, ix: 194-199.

Allenstein, Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; occupied by Russians, iii: 111.

Alliances, Holy Alliance, formation, i: 33; conflict of European, i: 93-101; Three Emperors' League, i: 95; Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115; Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98; Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2; Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107; Balkan League, i: 204; see also under name of alliance.

Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.

Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: Intro. ix; agree not to make separate peace, i: 146; defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1; lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55; unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50; unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214; man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403; "Will to win" vs. German efficiency, ii: 100; underestimate German strength, ii: 101; propaganda among German troops, ii: 321; plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8; Balkan blunder, iii: 156; fail to support Rumania, iii: 214; casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; war aims, iv: 6; military position, '17, iv: 10; lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13; gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206; make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213; appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378; secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; send troops to Russia, vi: 187; intervene in Siberia, vi: 192; intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320; occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325; secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334; overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36; war cost, xii: 27, 107; plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102; rise in national debts, xii: 114; list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.

Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Almereyda, traitorous editor of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105.

Alnwick Castle, British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.

Alpini, description, ii: 242.

Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212; annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212; formed into Reichsland, i: 213; German dictatorship in, i: 213; fidelity to France during War, i: 215; German immigration into, i: 215; German constitution for, '11, i: 215; French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21; Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197; exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.

Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.

Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.

Amalfi, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.

Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.

Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.

Ambulance, first use, vii: 9; Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31; difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376; improved types of stretchers, viii: 377; drawn by dogs, viii: 379; airplane ambulances, viii: 379; hospital trains, viii: 380; perils of driving, x: 92.

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.

American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.

American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88.

American Escadrille, see Lafayette Escadrille.

A. E. F., see U. S., Army.

American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.

American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350; relief for Palestine, vii: 350; organization, vii: 354.

American Relief Administration, for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141; Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.

American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.

American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.

Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.

Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69; German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389; British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.

Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.

Ammunition: Bullets, component parts, viii: 1; steel-piercing, viii: 60-64; Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63; advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93; types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214; U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284. Explosives, function, viii: 1; detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1; explosive compound and explosive mixture compared, viii: 2; black powder, viii: 2; guncotton, viii: 2; nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2; driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2; smokeless powder, viii: 4; primers, viii: 6; composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6; cordite, viii: 6; trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6; ballistic tests, viii: 7; muzzle flash, viii: 7; manufacture, xi: 282-284; U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285; of high explosives, xii: 285; of T.N.T., xii: 285. Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288; non-ricochet, iv: 333; star, iv: 334, viii: 77; gas, U. S. production, v: 324; kinds, viii: 8; used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23; structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46; illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74; rifle lights, viii: 75; reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110; forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112; computation of air resistance, viii: 113; U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284; shrapnel, see below. Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74.

Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.

Anatolia, area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.

Ancona, Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361; torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.

Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.

Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Andrassy, Count Julius, member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311; statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.

Annunzio, Gabriele D', see D'Annunzio.

Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264; effectiveness, v: 308.

Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Antilles, U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 337.

Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.

Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.

Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15; strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.

Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.

Anzacs, see Gallipoli Campaign.

Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.

Arabia, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.

Arabic, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20; loss of life in sinking, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.

Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94; international treaties of, i: 103.

Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395; limited value as port, iii: 161; A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.

Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.

Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.

Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6; topography, ii: 87, v: 73; French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.

Arditi, description, ii: 240.

Arethusa, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sinks German Blücher at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.

Argentine, German population of, i: 79; ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390; neutrality, vi: 389; soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.

Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.

Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234; battle of, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Ariadne, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sunk, iv: 241.

Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ark Royal, mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.

Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: Intro. xi; battleships, xi: 280-282.

Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263; massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331; early history, vi: 231; fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334; independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.

Armentières, occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359; recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.

Armies, see under name of country.

Armies of Occupation, Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400; terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399; with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400; celebrations, iii: 402; with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.

Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.

Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.

Army of Occupation, see U. S., Army.

Army schools, U. S., see U. S., Army.

Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14; launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.

Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72; Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70; British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72; German casualties, iii: 72; results, iii: 72.

Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238; retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.

Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.

Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.

Artillery: Anti-aircraft, v: 308. Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111; bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7; rifling, viii: 7, 111. Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280. Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287; German and Austrian, viii: 22; structure and operation, viii: 22; U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25; U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23; U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24; U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24; development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140; French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140. Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287; German superiority, ii: 288; U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45; use in offensive, v: 304; French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308; U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39; U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274; structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46; super-range guns impractical, viii: 47; U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51; British naval super-guns, viii: 53; manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58; shell velocity of, viii: 314; destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336; kinds used during War, xi: 274; naval, xi: 280-282. Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278; U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24; U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39; French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53; use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274. Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131. Mortars, limitations, viii: 30; range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31; German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36; absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112; device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112; functions, viii: 118; Stokes mortar, viii: 141; trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7; by sight, viii: 8-14; telescopic range-finder, viii: 9; problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13; use of aircraft in, viii: 13; by sound, viii: 14-16; use of photography in, viii: 14; direct and indirect fire, viii: 28; zones of fire, viii: 32; altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32; air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113. See also under each country.

Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46; battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.

Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.

Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Askold, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.

Asquith, Herbert Henry, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204; biography, ix: 30-35.

Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.

Asturias, British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.

Athletics, for A. E. F., see Sports.

Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230; fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.

Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400; Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346; burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277; in Marne district, iii: 297-300; at Senlis, iii: 334-337; in Belgium, vi: 84; destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.

Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.

Audacious, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.

Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.

Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.

Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.

Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405; army strength, iii: 405; naval strength, iv: 58; history prior to '14, vi: 37; area and population, vi: 37; pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39; recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40; conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42; conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41; labor unrest, '16, vi: 42; Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42; coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42; "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42; Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45; "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45; labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45; war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45; soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197; area and population, xii: 279.

Austria-Hungary: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105; requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311; for military operations, see name of campaign. Blockade of, vi: 253; food shortage due to, vi: 312. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; battle deaths, v: 363; Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: Intro. x. Declarations of war, ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375; by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386; diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393. Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321; forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317; cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321. Foreign policy, German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252; not a colonizing nation, i: 37; Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41; world position in 1871, i: 47; gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50; subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133; joins Triple Alliance, i: 95; annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109; ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; during last days before War, i: 126; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; antagonism to Russia, vi: 306; antagonism to Italy, vi: 308; ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355; opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356; anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396. Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306; loyalty of German elements, vi: 307; revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308; effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309; parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311; labor troubles, vi: 311, 314; revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313; revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317; Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Bolshevism, vi: 319. National anthem, xi: 332. Navy, development, iv: 364; surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364; Monarch sunk, x: 290; Wien sunk, x: 290; Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303. Peace negotiations, proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397; appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399; asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399; Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315; asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252; armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52; Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321; armistice terms, vi: 364. Population, in 1860, i: 40; German, i: 79, vi: 306; Hungarian, i: 79; Slav, i: 79. Press, Tageblatt demands war, '14, vi: 306; attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310; attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314; Arbeiter Zeitung preaches radicalism, vi: 315; comment on peace terms, vi: 322. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: Intro. x.

Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.

Aviators, see Aeronautics.

Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.

Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384; scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.

Ayesha, S. S., Emden's landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191; abandoned, iv: 192.

Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.

Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary, by, xii: 280-289.

B

Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367.

"Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.

Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11; training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.

Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.

Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.

Bagdad, captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48; description, iii: 332.

Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80; Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295; menaced by Serbia, ii: 33; "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290; beginnings, 1871, ii: 291; Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292; Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292; British oppose German concessions, ii: 292; German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292; La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, terms of concession to, ii: 292; Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292; clash of European interests, ii: 292; compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294; sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294; Pan-German policy, ii: 296; internationalization, ii: 297; cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213; opened, '15, vi: 258; route, xi: 4.

Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer Jacob Jones, sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.

Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.

Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.

Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326; conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.

Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44; visits America, ix: 44.

Balkan League, i: 204.

Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204; unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198; London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204; London Peace Conference, i: 204; war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206; Rumanian intervention, i: 206; peace terms, i: 206; German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.

Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89; international position in '14, i: 62; area, i: 90, 92; independent states in, i: 92; population in '14, i: 92; racial mixtures, i: 92; policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114; German dynasties in, i: 96; German designs on, ii: 27; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.

Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.

Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.

Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

Balloons, see Aeronautics.

Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.

Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226; Russian duplicity in, vi: 226; under domination of German landlords, vi: 226; revolt, '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion, vi: 227; Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228; overrun by Germans, vi: 230; ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.

Baltimore, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.

Bamford, Brig.-Gen., commander 1st Div., v: 250; of 26th Div., v: 252.

Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.

Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.

Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.

Bapaume, taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157; British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.

Barbed wire, French use in trench defense, v: 13; impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68; value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152; French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155; Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152; Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.

Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8; constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.

Barrage, North Sea, Allied mine, iv: Intro. xi, 324-330, viii: 274; artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.

Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.

Barricourt Wood, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262; heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.

Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.

Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.

Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M., Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72; member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Base hospitals, see Hospitals; Red Cross.

Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.

Basra, occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180; British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Battles: Aisne, Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36; Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135. Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375. Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389. Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378. Argonne, see Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72. Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42. Augustovo, iii: 118. "Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103. Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43. Cambrai, Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156; Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52. Cantigny, May 28, '18, i: 395; '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380. Champagne, Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46; July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158. Château-Thierry, May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43. Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132. Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308. Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384. Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253. Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308. Flanders, June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299; see also Yser. Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205. Isonzo, see Italian Front. Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152. Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29. Kars, '15, iii: 260. Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29. Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23. Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9. Lys, iii: 91. Marne, Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12; July--Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387. Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130. Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360. Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10. Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375. Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377. Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116. Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122. Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392. St. Mihiel, Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37; Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46. San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136. Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18. Somme, July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314; Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24; Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46. Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116. Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329; see also Verdun. Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22. Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349. Ypres, Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41; Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320; July--Sept., '17, ii: 128; Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363. Yser, Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77. See also under name of engagement.

Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.

Bauer, Otto, leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314; activities, '18, vi: 318; becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.

Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.

Bavaria, socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298; soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300; Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300; Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.

Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.

Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David, at battle of Jutland, iv: 99; British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246; arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383; biography, ix: 283-287.

Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

Beaucourt, captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388; British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.

Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.

Beaumont, taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48; Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64; captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.

Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.

Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.

Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: Intro. ix.

Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.

Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.

Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.

Belfort, defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215; bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.

Belgian Relief, see Belgium; War Relief.

Belgian Prince, S. S., sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.

Belgium, 1918, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.

Belgium: Army, increase in, '09--'12, i: 144; dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143; pre-War organization, iii: 4; mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378; strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202; for military operations, see under name of campaign. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 289. Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48. Food, see Relief, below. Neutrality, guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229; British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224; defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143; German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4; Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146; France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380; King Albert appeals to England, i: 223; violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224; Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224; German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380; German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9; Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229; German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230; German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381; German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231; British offer of help, i: 232; appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233; German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234; evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234; Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236; German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4; military topography of German border, ii: 6; French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8; effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206; Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346; composition of invading forces, iii: 10; French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20; invasion creates national unity, vi: 84; Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84; deportation of civilian population, vi: 84; for invasion and military operations, see name of engagement. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180. Peace Treaty, claims against Holland, vi: 89; acquires Moresnet, xii: 188; acquires Eupen, xii: 188; acquires Malmédy, xii: 188; reparation by Germany, xii: 218. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Relief, Commission for, in Belgium, vii: 116-144; famine conditions, vii: 117; early relief organization, vii: 118; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136; Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation, vii: 120; overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127; care of children, vii: 134; American contributions, vii: 139-144; dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136. Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145. War cost, debt to U.S., xii: 18; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Belgrade, captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357; recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397; retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.

Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Belleau Wood, battle of, June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43; strategic importance, v: 138; renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.

Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390; offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; biography, ix: 405.

Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397; member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.

Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.

Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.

Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.

Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.

Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.

Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284; Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287; Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289; second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.

Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, see Bagdad Railway.

Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878, Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93; terms of settlement at, i: 93; defects of settlement, i: 93.

Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von, expounds German Kultur in Germany and the Next War, i: 67; on desirability of a European war, i: 131; striking quotations from, i: 179.

Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii.

Bernstorff, Count Johann von, activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326; biography, ix: 133.

Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.

Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.

Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.

Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.

Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382; invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.

Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von, German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117; "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146; statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344; proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262; resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266; biography, ix: 121-126; admission of German guilt, ix: 121; opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.

"Big Bertha," German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.

Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.

Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41; Near East policy, i: 48; forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359; forms Triple Alliance, i: 95; colonial policy, i: 97; representative of Junker class, i: 258; plan for universal empire, ii: 2; publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.

Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134.

Bissolati, Signor, Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362; against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.

Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386; recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.

Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.

"Black Cobra Bill," nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India," vi: 78.

Black Prince, British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47; Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.

Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.

Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.

Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.

"Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.

Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99; Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259; Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259; number blinded in War, vii: 260.

Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.

Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.

Blockade, of Allies by Germany, see Submarine Warfare; of Germany by Allies, see Germany, Blockade of.

Blücher, German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.

Blue and Gray (29th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Blue Ridge (80th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.

Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.

Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49; Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49; aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50; see also South Africa, Union of.

Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311; early history, vi: 396; oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396; press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396; formation of army, '17, vi: 398; National Council, vi: 399; see also Czechoslovakia.

Boirault tank, viii, 153.

Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.

Bolivia, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.

Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.

Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: Intro. xi.; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; as product of high cost of living, xii: Intro. xiii; in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45. Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319. Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346. Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400. Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198; suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200. Germany, see Spartacides. Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324; success, Mar., '19, vi: 325. India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77. Poland, spread in, vi: 223. Russia, peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183; propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322; Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164; Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169; movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173; arguments used to win populace, vi: 175; Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175; increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177; overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183; Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179; dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181; Bolshevik land program, vi: 181; opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181; Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183; Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185; Red Army raised, vi: 185; reign of terror, vi: 187; state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187; Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188; Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198; progress in Letvia, vi: 228; financing German Spartacides, vi: 281; connection with Maximalists, vi: 314; Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115; currency inflation, xii: Intro. xiii. Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.

Bombs: Aerial, viii: 221-225. Depth, evolution of, iv: 307; for combating U-boats, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239. Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.

Bona, bombarded by Breslau, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.

Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.

Bonnet Rouge, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.

Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.

Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24; urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.

"Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.

Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.

Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.

Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; devastated, '18, vi: 363.

Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.

Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Botha, Gen. Louis, commander of British South African troops, iii: 253; policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47; biography, ix: 191-193.

Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.

Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30; opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.

Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.

Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.

Bouvet, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.

Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.

Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S., dismissed, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 315; German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.

Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94; Belgian, xi: 98; French, xi: 98; American, xi: 100-116.

Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.

Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.

Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine E-14, iv: 209.

Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Brabançonne, La, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.

Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.

Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.

Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.

Brazil, German population of, i: 79; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.

Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.

Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.

Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Bremen, German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.

Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.

Breshkovsky, Catherine, leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; prophecy on Russia, ix: 231; biography, ix: 348.

Breslau, German cruiser, outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13; sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.

Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.

Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace," ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268; effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314; abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.

Bretelle, definition of, v: 16.

Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.

Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299; portable steel, viii: 301.

Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.

Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.

Brilliant, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.

Bristol, British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.

Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.

Britannia, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.

Britannic, British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.

British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.

Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.

Broke, British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.

Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.

Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch, commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119; biography, ix: 232-235.

Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14; German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.

Brussels, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.

Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321; resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.

Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.

Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.

Bucharest, Treaty of, between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352; Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.

Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B., cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180; promoted to major-general, v: 182; commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Buckeye (37th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18--'19, vi:323.

Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.

Buffaloes (92nd Division), see U. S., Army.

Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.

Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.

Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96; defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48; key to Balkan situation, ii: 28; tool of Germany, ii: 28; enmity for Serbia, ii: 32; reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32; enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343; Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329; mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342; invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218; prisoners of war, iii: 404; casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270; racial characteristics, vi: 338; desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339; geographical position, vi: 341; attitude toward Allies, vi: 341; proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341; terms for entering War, vi: 341; antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342; Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343; result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344; cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344; friction with Germany, vi: 344; attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344; dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345; Bolshevism in, vi: 346; terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; war cost, Oct., '15--Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; for military operations, see name of campaign.

Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383; of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390; of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388; biography, ix: 218-221.

Bullets, see Ammunition.

Bülow, Gen. von, commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10; on Italian Front, iii: 247.

Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.

Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Bulwark, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.

Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.

Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132; biography, ix: 223-226.

Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.

Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.

Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

Buresk, S. S., Emden's collier, iv: 188.

Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.

Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.

Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.

Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.

Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.

Byng, Gen. Sir Julian, commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371; fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142; personal traits, iii: 376.

Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.

C

Cabinga, S. S., prize of German raider Emden, iv: 172.

Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 225.

Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.

Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.

Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241; biography, ix: 225-229.

Caillaux, Joseph, arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393; accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.

Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Calais, German drive for, iii: 40; Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.

Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.

Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86; first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280; Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142, 156; American engineers at, iii: 82; German prisoners captured, iii: 82; German counter-offensive, iii: 82; "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337; adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338; Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340; second battle of, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213; captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.

Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.

Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128; commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.

Cameroons (Kamerun) conquered by Allies, Aug., '14--Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '16, xii: 279.

Camilla, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241; for masking machine-guns, v: 287; development, viii: 136; in nature, viii: 336; war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.

Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Campbells Are Coming, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.

Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43; army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343; characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343; war casualties, iii: 404, 405; prisoners of war, iii: 404; strength of army, iii: 405; political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23; enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24; political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25; war donations by provinces, vi: 25; Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25; Premier Borden's view of Canada as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25; Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26; voluntary enlistments, vi: 26; increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26; increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26; bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28; Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36; conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36; Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31; labor against conscription, vi: 32; Liberals support conscription, vi: 32; Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32; Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33; War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34; Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34; results of election, '17, vi: 35; pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35; secessionist talk, vi: 36; Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48; nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90; war cost, Aug., '14--Aug., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179; see also Great Britain.

Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.

Canadians, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.

Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.

Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.

Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.

Cannon, see Artillery.

Canopus, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33; in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Cantigny, captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124; American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141; significance of capture, v: 34; Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.

Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155; soldiers' life at, xi: 159; construction of, xii: 125.

Cap Trafalgar, armed German liner, battle with British Carmania, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.

Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.

Caporetto, Italian disaster at, Oct. 21--Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: Intro. xx; Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246; wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246; army demoralized, iii: 247; causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129; retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250; effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.

Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.

Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.

Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166; monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.

Carbonyl chloride, see Phosgene.

Carden, Vice-Adm., commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28; at Gallipoli, iv: 31; resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.

Carency, French attack at, May 11--12, '15, i: 380.

Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad, vital importance to Germans, v: 387; threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.

Carmania, armed British liner, battle with German Cap Trafalgar, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

Carnarvon, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.

Carnetta, S. S., Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.

Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26; Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360; topography, iii: 108; Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124; Austrian attacks, Jan.--Mar., '15, iii: 132; see also Russian Front.

Carpenter, Capt., commander of Vindictive at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263; account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.

Carrel, Dr. Alexis, invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289; wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310; biography, ix: 310-313.

Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.

Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239; Italian advance across, June, '15--Oct., '17, ii: 245; see also Italian Front.

Carson, Sir Edward, leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60; biography, ix: 50-53.

Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Casement, Sir Roger, hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53; negotiations with Germany, vi: 57; captured, vi: 58.

Cassin, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.

Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.

Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16; stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38; appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46; at Verdun, iii: 304.

Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284; total in War, iii: 403; classified by belligerents, iii: 404; civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405; per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64; in World War compared with all other wars, 1800--1913, xii: 25; money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25; total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288; see also under campaign, battle, and country.

Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.

Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14--Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29; early history, vi: 231; conflict of racial interests, vi: 231; Russian misrule in, vi: 231; demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232; rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.

Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Causes, of War, summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: Intro. vii; complexity of, i: 2; conflict of political systems, i: 4; conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5; element of individual responsibility, i: 5; German desire for war, i: 8; colonial rivalry, i: 14; Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121; German ambitions for world power, i: 83; murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117; Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119; Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120; statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120; racial element in, i: 120; German territorial ambitions, i: 122; German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139; German statement of English responsibility, i: 193; Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193; Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346; see also Germany, Responsibility for War.

Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93; Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120; German military critic on importance of, ii: 260; use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206; see also under armies of each country.

Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382; story of, x: 172; betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.

"C. C. Gear," for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216.

Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.

Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352; see also Jews.

Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.

Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330; general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110; mobilized strength, iii: 430; war casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; war cost, xii: 27, 107; rise in national debts, xii: 114; see also Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria; Germany; Turkey.

Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.

Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16--'18, xii: 37.

Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.

Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.

Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.

Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.

Châlons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375; system of trench defenses, v: 44.

Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.

Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46; as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67; German offensive checked, July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15--17, '18, v: 148-158.

Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.

Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24; bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.

Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: Intro. viii; German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359; opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172; Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.

Chant du Départ, Le, French patriotic song, xi: 333.

Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.

Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.

Charge of the Tank Brigade, poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.

Charlemagne, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375.

Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388; secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315; conciliatory policy, vi: 313; overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317; letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317; leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319; biography, ix: 371-373.

Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.

Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.

Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.

Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320; re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184; German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43; location and importance, v: 133; see also Marne, battles of, July, '18.

Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.

Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.

Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.

Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.

Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.

Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Chemical warfare, poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; first use against Russians, iii: 288-292; Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322; German projector batteries, v: 28; U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401; gas warfare development, v: 321; kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172; mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321; phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170; U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325; invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: Intro. ix; methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165; gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316; gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320; poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167; carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166; nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166; carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168; chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170; vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172; diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170; xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170; chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172; methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179; oxygen helmets, viii: 173; gas masks, viii: 174-178; use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176; fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178; use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178; wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178; U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, xii: 285; gas gangrene, xi: 287; international law on, xi: 313; general description, xi: 313-323.

Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132; Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76; training area for 26th Div., v: 117.

Chemung, S. S., American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.

Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.

Children in the War, xi: Intro. ix-xiii, 56-84; letters of, xi: 60, 74-84; brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67; Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69; "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69; American relief for European, xi: 84-93.

Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390; Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.

Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.

China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18; defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20; forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38; U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57; special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; international position of, '14, i: 63; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389; declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, 85; siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257; Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259; origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248; Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385; coal production, '13--'15, xii: 48; refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209; see also Kiau-Chau; Shantung.

"Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.

Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.

Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168; use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.

Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321; use in chemical warfare, viii: 171; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.

Choising, S. S., Emdens's survivors transfer from Ayesha to, iv: 192.

Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.

Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.

Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172; Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Churchill, Winston Spencer, advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: Intro. x, xiv., 29, 200; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56; biography, ix: 44-47.

Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.

Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.

Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.

Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: Intro. xiii.

Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405; money value of, xii: 25.

Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B., Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115; on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.

Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.

Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.

Clemenceau, Georges, makes Bonnet Rouge disclosures, vi: 105; forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106; disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108; publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315; biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125; record as Premier, ix: 12; view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13; bibliography, ix: 13; faith in Foch, ix: 151; at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163; excludes Germans from, xii: 162.

Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.

Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.

Clifford, Rev. J. H., "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.

Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267; German production, 1880--1913, i: 267; seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20; consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331; Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377; U. S. production, '18--'19, xii: 46; production by chief countries, '13--'17, xii: 47; war-time price of, xii: 48; Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.

Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.

"Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.

Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392; bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.

Codes, detection of, v: 319.

Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.

Coffin, H. E., Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69; views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69; member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.

Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.

Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.

Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13; loss of German, i: 13; German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14; share of French, in final victory, i: 14; European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14; era of colonization by European nations, i: 26; influence on development of naval power, i: 28; colonization during 19th century, i: 37; in Far East, i: 38; expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.

Columbia, S. S., American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.

Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Combles, captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59; recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.

Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation, organization, vii: 120.

Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262; English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253; see also Trade, under name of country.

Commerce raiders, German, exploits of Emden, iv: 166-194; Königsberg, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195; Karlsruhe, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196; Königin Luise, operations in English Channel, iv: 197; Meteor, activities in Baltic, iv: 197; Moewe, converted merchantman, iv: 197; Seeadler, iv: 198; Wolf, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.

Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268; Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181; see also Russia.

Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.

Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87; for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.

Communication, lines of, French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; between France and Germany, v: 214.

Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220; Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.

Comrades in Service, vii: 284.

Conduct of War, The, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.

Confédération Générale du Travail, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.

Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50; creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.

Congo Conference, '84--'85, i: 16.

Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.

Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.

Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader, wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.

Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.

Conscription, see under name of country.

Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390; opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202; biography, ix: 380-382.

Constantinesco, M., inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.

Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63; captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90; Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27; key to early ending of War, ii: 29; early history, iv: 18; see also Gallipoli Campaign; Turkey.

Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.

Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221; bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.

Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.

Contraband, see Germany, Blockade.

Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243.

Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.

Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.

Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.

Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.

Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160; meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.

Cormoran, S. S., converted into auxiliary cruiser by Emden's crew, vi: 169.

Cornwall, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.

Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.

Cornwallis, British battleship sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389; at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308; comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65; Von Spee's account of, iv: 66; British account of, iv: 67; losses, iv: 68; Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.

Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.

Cossacks, origin, vi: 146; fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.

Cost of living, see Prices; also under each country.

Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25; importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1; compared with previous wars, xii: 24; value of property destroyed, xii: 24, 25; economic loss in man-power, xii: 25; value of production loss, xii: 26; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, 107; meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105; difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105; range of expenditures, xii: 105; expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107; methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114; taxation vs. borrowing, xii: 107; rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114; see also under each belligerent.

Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.

Côte de Châtillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.

Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69.

Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.

Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.

Council of National Defense, U. S., see United States, Council of National Defense.

Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Courland, early history, vi: 226; Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Apr., '18, xii: 279; see also Baltic Provinces.

Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.

Covington, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.

Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.

Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308.

Crandell, Miss Marion G., American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.

Cressy, British cruiser, sunk by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.

Croats, early history, vi: 354; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.

Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.

Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.

Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.

Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.

Crown Prince of Germany, see Frederick William.

Crown Prince of Prussia, see Frederick William.

Ctesiphon, British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182; description of Arch of, iii: 331; collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.

Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56; declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.

Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23--27, '16, iii: 54, 312.

Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.

Cushing, American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.

Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.

Custer (85th) Division, see U. S. Army.

Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.

Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.

Cyclops, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.

Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.

Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.

Czar of Russia, see Nicholas II.

Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192; capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192; attack on Hungary, April--May, '19, vi: 326; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362; independence recognized, vi: 399; German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399; Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400; against Bolshevism, vi: 400; claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197; use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253; Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Oct., '18, xii: 279; see also Bohemia.

Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, appointment as, vi: 313; peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314; resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.

Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122; abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384; recaptured by Russians, June 17--18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144; occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.

D

Daffodil, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.

Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361; conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.

D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.

Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.

Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.

Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.

"Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.

Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.

Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.

Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343; manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368; claims Fiume, vi: 369; seizes Fiume, vi: 370; biography, ix: 343-345; author of Song of the Dardanelles, ix: 343; message to America, ix: 344.

Danton, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.

Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214; bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221; internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225; made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.

Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161; closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28; strategic importance, ii: 29; Narrows, critical point, ii: 29; topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; early history, iv: 18-22; early fortifications, iv: 19; closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20; forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20; fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20; forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21; importance to Turkey, iv: 23; importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26; description, xi: 14; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanelles Expedition, see Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.

Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.

Davis, Richard Harding, description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273; description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.

Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i; biography, ix: 339.

De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.

De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62; arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65; elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55; address to America, ix: 55.

Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.

Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.

Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114; between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.

Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

Deductions from the World War, by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.

Defender, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Defense, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.

Defense, elements in, iv: 4; French trench system of, v: 12; Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; see also Tactics.

Defense of the Realm Act, British, as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14; used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.

Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.

Delcassé, Théophile, dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99; resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.

Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.

Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.

Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: Intro. x; rise of, during 19th century, i: 29; among American colonists, i: 29; development in France, i: 30; European reaction, 1814--40, i: 32; failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32; growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04--'14, i: 293.

Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344; Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.

Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270; leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.

Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: Intro. vii; neutral during War, vi: 393; popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393; war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.

Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307; use in fighting submarines, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239.

Der Kampf, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.

Der Tag, the German "millennium," xi: 195.

Derflinger, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120; heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316; character sketch of, ix: 353.

Derrière Chez Mon Père, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet, commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31; commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347; signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.

Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: Intro. viii.

Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.

Deutschland, German merchant submarine, arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214; Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215; feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.

Devastation of France, by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67; French protest to neutrals, iii: 68; German excuses for, iii: 68.

Devoir, Le, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.

D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.

D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.

Dhair Hissar, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.

Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.

Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.

Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.

Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51; commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132; commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132; commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.

Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.

Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.

Dirigibles, see Aeronautics.

Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194; German answer to British proposals, i: 195.

Disease, statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177; preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248; results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195; sanitation, vii: 253; inoculation against, vii: 253; prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; see also Infection; Medical Science; Sanitation.

Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.

"Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.

Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376; evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376; occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29--30, '18, i: 397; German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.

Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28--Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.

Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.

Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.

Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.

Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.

Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.--Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221; description of, iii: 215; disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220; dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344; overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.

Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.

Dogger Bank, battle of, British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253; eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250; Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.

Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379; varied activities, xi: 340-347; story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367; story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402; effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.

Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69, 212.

Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53; location, v: 133.

Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.

Douaumont Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, Feb. 25--26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305; French recapture and lose, May 22--25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310; retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.

Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370; see also U. S., Army.

Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.

Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.

Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Draft, see Conscription under name of country.

Drake, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Dresden, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70; sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.

Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.

Drop bombs, viii: 76.

Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.

Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.

Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.

Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.

Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.

Duds, deloading of, v: 326.

Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.

Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144; forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142; Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144; refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146; activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155; establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155; see also Russia.

Dumba, Dr. Constantin, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275; dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.

Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.

Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.

Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.

Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380; bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380; German drive for, '14, iii: 40.

Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.

Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.

Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384; naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399; occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399; retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.

Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.

Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.

Duval, traitorous owner of Bonnet Rouge, vi: 105; found guilty and shot, vi: 106.

Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.

Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.

E

E-7, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.

E-9, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.

E-11, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.

E-14, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.

E-50, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.

E-54, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.

Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.

East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv.

East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255; acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271; area and population, xii: 271.

East Prussia, Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227; German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110; importance, iii: 112; Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113; strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113; decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113; Russian withdrawal, iii: 116; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.

Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109; strategic aspects, iii: 110; Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118; see also East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland.

Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Ebert, Friedrich, elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: Intro. xiii, 292; appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273; establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287; outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292; German press comment on personality, vi: 293; biography, ix: 135-138.

Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16; Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.

Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.

Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29; A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280; A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281; Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281; demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282; A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282; work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282; U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290; Army Educational Committee, vii: 282; A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282; Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.

Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.

Edwards, Maj.-Gen., commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.

Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.

Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.

Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.

Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.

Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48; British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99; anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188; political unrest, iii: 188; operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189; Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190; Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191; tribesmen suppressed, '16--'17, iii: 191; resentment against British domination, vi: 67; popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330; Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69; Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279; Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70; insurrection, '19, vi: 71; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208; area, xii: 279; population, '14, xii: 279.

Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.

Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.

Eisner, Kurt, becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.

El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189; taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.

El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.

El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.

Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.

Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322; successfully applied in U. S. S. New Mexico, iv: 322.

Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319; use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.

Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.

Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E., as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124; assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.

Emden, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194; method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173; bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174; attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178; lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184; attacked by Sydney off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185; destruction of, report of captain of Sydney, iv: 187; summary of raiding activities, iv: 189; landing force at Keeling escapes on Ayesha, iv: 190-194.

Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.

Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; 37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.

Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.

Empress Maria, Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.

Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347; standard British service rifle, viii: 95; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319; relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.

Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.

England, see Great Britain.

Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.

Entertainment, 27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299; Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343; for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277; at Winchester camp, vii: 287; for Army of Occupation, vii: 292; for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295; "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299; by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.

Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270; commander of Turkish army, iii: 164; in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260; biography, ix: 270-274.

Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.

Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184; General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.

Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Ersatz, German, i: 72.

Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282; educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.

Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii; becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: Intro. xiii.

Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.

Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.

Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.

Esnes, location of, v: 217; 4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.

Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.

Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.

Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.

Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.

Esthonia, early history, vi: 226; independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '18, xii: 279; see also Baltic Provinces.

Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.

Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82; ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86; captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9; race rivalries in, i: 21; alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2; general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113; military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.

Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.

Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.

Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.

Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.

Explosives, see Ammunition.

Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17; Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18; Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.

F

Falaba, S. S., British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.

Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von, sent to regain Bagdad, ii: Intro. xx, iii: 196; invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218; replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61; biography, ix: 262.

Falkland Islands, battle of, British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308; strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70; von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70; Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71; German cruiser Dresden escapes, iv: 74; British casualties, iv: 74; German loss in men and ships, iv: 74; importance of victory, iv: 74; Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79; eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.

Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.

Falmouth, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.

Fanning, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.

Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.

Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.

Farewell, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.

Farman airplane, viii: 189.

Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S., commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145; in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.

Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.

Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Fayolle, Gen., commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Fearless, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.

Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, see Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.

Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; proclamation to army, vi: 340; appeals to Germany, vi: 347; character, ix: 378; biography, ix: 378-380.

Ferdinand of Bulgaria, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.

Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.

Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian, comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372; sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.

Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.

Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.

Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393; political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196; granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196; autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196; threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196; socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196; nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196; German aid against Russification, vi: 196; declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198; base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198; Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198; Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198; Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198; White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198; General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199; Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200; new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200; Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200; origin of inhabitants, vi: 200; area and population, xii: 279.

Finland, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392; torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.

Firedrake, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.

Fisher, Adm. Lord John, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203; biography, ix: 288-290.

Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, xii: Intro.

Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.

Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61; taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189; General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192.

Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.

Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365; arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366; Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159; occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370; awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.

Five Souls, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.

Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.

Flanders, battles of: Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299; extent of battle line, iii: 38; Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40; Germans repulsed, iii: 40. Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56; Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343; description of, iii: 78-80; duration, iii: 78; objects, iii: 78; Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79; Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79; Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79; results, iii: 79. Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.

Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.

Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386; captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.

Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Florence H., cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.

Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208; occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.

"Flying Dutchman," name applied to Emden, iv: 187.

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213; at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154; theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137; takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130; as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220; share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220; author of Principles of War, summary, ii: 104; conception of mind as determining factor in victory, ii: 138; on functions of a general, ii: 138; theories on battle tactics, ii: 138; commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138; organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138; famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33; given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38; floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145; stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220; commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148; appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148; appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148; sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149; French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149; appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41; analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154; made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97; Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170; General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220; commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18; repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33; member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380; biography, ix: 148-153; Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151; pronunciation of name, ix: 151; bibliography, ix: 153; members of family killed in War, ix: 153; military commandments, xi: 55; conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 277.

Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.

Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.

Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.

Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36; importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135; War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42; European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42; situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43; world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44; use of potatoes as, xii: 47; U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135; problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138; national tastes in, xii: 138; scientific rations vs. personal taste, xii: 139; scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139; Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139; war-time government control, xii: 140; U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141; see also under each country.

Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391; in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168; heroic story of, x: 27-32; history, xi: 193.

Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.

Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.

Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306; captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Formidable, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.

Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.

Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.

Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.

Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

"Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.

"Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.

"Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310; number, vii: 311; locations, vii: 313.

Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.

France: Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201; personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206. Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132; German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12; German military critic on, ii: 256; uniform, ii: 286; pre-War organization, iii: 3; morale, '17, iv: 10; relations with A. E. F., v: 22; type of service rifle, viii: 95; medical service, viii: 362-365; Chasseurs, xi: 189; Spahi, xi: 189; Zouaves, xi: 189; Tirailleurs, xi: 191; Foreign Legion, xi: 193; see also Foreign Legion; for military operations, see name of campaign. Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287; plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14; 520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: Intro. x. Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382; popular reception of, '14, vi: 95. Food, potato crop, xii: 47; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138. Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37; world position, 1871, i: 47; world position, '14, i: 59; Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2; Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98; Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220; pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223; French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382; Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334. Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307. Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6; defenses, iii: 2; natural gateways on, v: 214. Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79; economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86; German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87. Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30; organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97; fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100; nation united in War aims, vi: 101; mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102; Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103; fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103; Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103; Bonnet Rouge disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104; Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105; Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106; Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106; Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106; growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109; class war, '19, vi: 110; Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110; significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110; French peace aims, vi: 111; May Day riots, '19, vi: 111; class war intensified, vi: 113. Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382; shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373; skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374; women as munition workers, ii: 376; foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377; importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377; use of colonials, ii: 377; use of prisoners of war, ii: 377; size of labor army, ii: 377; housing of war workers, ii: 377; co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378; protection for women workers, ii: 379; war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379; state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380; growth of syndicalism, ii: 381; demand for share in management, ii: 381; selective assignment to industries, xii: 79. Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20; coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48. Morale, of people during War, i: Intro. xiii, ii: 383-392; war-time unity, ii: 385; factors in war-time unity, ii: 392; depression, '17--'18, v: 2. Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373; immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; increase in, for '14, i: 132; entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12; strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373; war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373; work in Dardanelles, iv: 375; Fusiliers marins, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376; protection of French coast, iv: 377; anti-submarine activities, iv: 378. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179; see also Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace Treaty. Population, in 1860, i: 40; in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91; equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286. Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87. Shipping, war losses, xii: 87. War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114. War relief, see War relief.

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111; murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4; responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112; responsibility disclaimed, i: 246; causes and results of murder, vi: 135; national policy, vi: 356.

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313; tragedies of reign, vi: 305; proclamation against Italy, vi: 310; biography, ix: 370-373.

Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101.

Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.

Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.

Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.

Frauenlob, German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.

Frederick William, German Crown Prince, moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13; commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340; commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10; commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303; detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278; biography, ix: 367-369.

Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376; object, vii: 376; French testimonials, vii: 379.

Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324; Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27; definition, xi: 18.

French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.

French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres, report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9; first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180; publishes 1914, account of military operations of year, ii: 159; summary of 1914, ii: 160-174; arrival in France, ii: 161; dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169; exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173; overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174; commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184; official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24; relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52; biography, ix: 177-181; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.

French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.

French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.

Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.

Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.

Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.

Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von, German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10; summary of his Deductions from the World War, ii: 254; exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.

Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.

Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.

Fryatt, Capt. Chas., executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269; attempts to ram U-33, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265; Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.

Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.

Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.

G

G-13, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.

G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.

Gaba Tepe. see Gallipoli Campaign.

Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.

Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.

Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Galicia, German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138; Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124; General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121; rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121; last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147; Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.

Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon, prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28; biography, ix: 161-164; Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.

Gallipoli Campaign, Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: Intro. x, xii, 29, 200; reasons for, ii: Intro. xii, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57; failure of initial naval attack, ii: Intro. xv; reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: Intro. xv; weakness, ii: Intro. xvi; strategy, ii: 27-31; Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31; Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173; Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197; persons named as responsible, ii: 198; summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200; British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200; campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200; Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203; Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53; Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56; military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177; Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162; composition of Allied forces, iii: 162; Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32; Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164; composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164; topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; British plans for landing attack, iii: 167; Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42 (Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40; Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352 (Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report); Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355; Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170; Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170; "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171; Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173; Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171; Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173; last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description); last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355; last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357; last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173; obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173; Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174; evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358; casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51; reasons for failure, iii: 177; bibliography, iii: 177; Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343; Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341; Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350; soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353; Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356; Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28; initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28; British plan of operations, iv: 30; preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30; bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42; Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32; Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32; Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49; number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33; Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47; Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34; French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; heroic minesweeping, iv: 43; Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45; analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51; cost of expedition, iv: 51; lessons of, iv: 52; mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56; Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330; Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321; see also Dardanelles.

Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.

Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.

Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131; by A. E. F., v: 330.

Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.

Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.

Garibaldi, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.

Garibaldi Hymn, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.

Garrisons, use of small groupes de combat by French, v: 13.

Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.

Gas, see Chemical warfare.

Gas gangrene, see Gangrene.

Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.

Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.

Gaulois, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.

Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192; captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.

Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.

Generalship, British, in the War, analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378; physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371; mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371; personal gallantry, iii: 371; as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371; mental characteristics, iii: 371; mostly conservative men, iii: 372; no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374; personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373; ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373; faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374; desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374; efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374; Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375; faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375; Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375; tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375; final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378; success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378; inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378; chief shortcoming, iii: 378.

Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.

Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.

George V, King of England, receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; biography, ix: 392-395.

Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231; Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.

German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278; Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.

German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.

Germania, To, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.

Germany: Air Service, passing of supremacy, vii: 201; strength at end of War, viii: 202; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; equipment and strength, viii: 206; supremacy over Allies, viii: 207; bombing planes, viii: 221-222; A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombers, viii: 222; Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248; Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254; military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214; surrendered to Allies, xii: 215. Area, of Republic, xii: 279. Army, aristocratic character, i: 69; system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6; tradition of efficiency, i: 72; conception of duties, i: 72; increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131; dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21; loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47; manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65; loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270; German critic's opinion of, ii: 257; machine-gun equipment, ii: 275; heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282; invisibility of uniform, ii: 286; recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318; desertions, ii: 309; punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318; Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333; agitators undermine morale, ii: 320; reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61; best equipped, iii: 272; infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17; construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37; sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274; return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282; Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79; trench systems, viii: 124-129; adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134; machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134; method of attack, viii: 137; "holding" troops, viii: 144; "shock" troops, viii: 144; training, xi: 195-204; cavalry, xi: 196; discipline, xi: 202; reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211; reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212; table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212; for military operations, see Western Front; also name of campaign or engagement. Artillery, superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36; guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103; development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22; 11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47; structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46. Bagdad Railway, interest in, see Bagdad Railway. Belgian neutrality, violation of, see Belgium, Neutrality. Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view); Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318; Allied trade blacklist, i: 335; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; measures to starve Germany, i: 358; objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16; food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294; report of German scientists on, ii: 17; estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17; meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18; statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18; shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18; increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18; reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254; increase in tilled land, ii: 19; international law on, ii: 21; difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86; German isolation, ii: 21; value of, ii: 22; effect on civilian population, ii: 99; use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41; after-War food conditions, xii: 45; U. S. export license system, xii: 99; German trade with neutrals, xii: 100; smuggling, xii: 100; Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; pre-War food production, xii: 136-138; war-time food problems, xii: 136. Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; princes killed in battle, ix: 237; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206. Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267; secret of power, i: 267; production, '13--'15, xii: 48. Colonies, loss of, i: 13; acquisition of African, i: 50, 95; acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81; acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82; South American settlements, i: 84; area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279; understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200; necessity as outlet for population, i: 262; important motive in war policy, ii: 13; conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256; New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38; Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38; surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279; distribution among Allies, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279; see also name of colony. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: Intro. x. Declarations of war, on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375; on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35; diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390. Defeat, causes of, underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: Intro. ix; underestimate of British, ii: Intro, viii; strategic, ii: 15; faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221; collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329; analysis of, ii: 99; German efficiency vs. Allies' "will to win," ii: 100; Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120; failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221; Russian campaigns, ii: 221; adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222; forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222; miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224; launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225; failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255; not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304; Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310; Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227; see also under Germany, Strategy; for military operations, see Western Front, also campaign or engagement. Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Food, see Blockade. Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44; influence of industrialism on, i: 77; domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133; Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13; expansion in South America, i: 84; Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86; jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87; plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27; enters Triple Alliance, i: 95; dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96; sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192; Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330; Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264; Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat Panther to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258; von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173; Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190; ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192; Hymn of Hate, i: 194; negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204; Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209; hatred of France, i: 215; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223; Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229; Russian policy, i: 239; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14; plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15; anti-British plans in East, ii: 27; "Gott strafe England," vi: 251; Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251; desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322; friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344; attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376; relations with Japan, vi: 382; see also under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism. Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214. Health, effect of War on, iii: 406. Industries, rise as industrial power, i: 75-78; state aid, i: 76; influence on foreign policy, i: 77; industrial mobilization, xii: 80; effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97; use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98. Internal politics, political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26; failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32; unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1; political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156; strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: Intro. xi, xv; powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156; William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97; Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155; composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156; composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156; powers of Emperor, i: 156; dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258; social classes, i: 258; Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258; change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260; struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260; basis of national strength, i: 260; social legislation, i: 264; Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: Intro. ix-xvi; party principles compared, vi: Intro. ix, xii; Social-Democratic leaders, vi: Intro. ix; Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: Intro. x; leaders of the Revolution, vi: Intro. x; strength of Center Party, vi: Intro. xi, xv; strength of Conservatives, vi: Intro. xi, xiv, xv; Conservative principles, vi: Intro. xii; principles of Social-Democrats, vi: Intro. xii; principles of National-Liberals, vi: Intro. xii; policies of Center Party, vi: Intro. xiii; National-Liberal strength, vi: Intro. xv; strength of Democratic Party, vi: Intro. xv; Germany politically undeveloped, vi: Intro. xv; city governments non-partisan, vi: Intro. xvi; public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250; anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250; Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262; Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260; beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260; "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262; Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268; labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268; strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260; reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270; Germany faces defeat, vi: 270; Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270; Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271; Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271; revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271; Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272; Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272; establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280; revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277; Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277; Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277; radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278; Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279; spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280; Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280; Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280; Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280; return of "victorious" army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282; Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283; Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283; Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283; Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284; hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298; Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290; National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291; Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292; Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292; Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292; German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293; middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294; Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298; Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300; Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299; Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304; National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305. International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228. Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15; importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267; seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20. Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160; great men of, i: 64; significance, i: 64; manifestations, i: 64; spokesmen of, i: 66; gospel of conquest, i: 66; educational program for dissemination of, i: 67; supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148; doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68; relation to militarism, i: 69; German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149; strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149; Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152; transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152; materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154; national egoism, i: 154; contributions to world culture, i: 154; definition and exposition of, i: 158; compared with culture, i: 158; Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160; right to conquest, i: 161; see also under Germany, Militarism. Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, see Luxemburg. Militarism, war as national policy, i: Intro. vii, 70; basic conception, i: 69; glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69; Henri Bergson on, i: 152; Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155; Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162; Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162; Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171; German pride in, i: 163; compared with Christianity, i: 165; compared with British policy, i: 165; force in place of diplomacy, i: 166; "World power or downfall," i: 170; von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171; German statement of policy, i: 171-173; striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179; Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181; German denial of, i: 182; compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14; explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; pre-War preparedness, vi: 249; see also under Germany, Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism. Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302; fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311; change between '17 and '18, v: 2. Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131; strength threat to British security, i: 196; surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units), 385-387 (German eye-witness account), 387-390 (American eye-witness account), 390-394 (British eye-witness account), xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms); hemmed in by British, ii: Intro. viii; efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256; strength of China Squadron, iv: 58; operations in Pacific, iv: 60; strategy of defense, iv: 86; operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91; superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94; use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94; High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96; North Sea raids, iv: 136; mission during War, iv: 138; development, iv: 362; Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380; revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283; morale, iv: 294; mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266; Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214; see also Submarine warfare. Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261. Pan-Germanism, ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4; Pan-German League, objects, i: 79; propaganda in U. S., i: 79; policy in South America, i: 84; Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152; Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2; first steps toward under William II, ii: 2; goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13; Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; expounded by Friedrich Naumann in Mitteleuropa, vi: 258; see also under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism. Peace negotiations, Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271; armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14; condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335; drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390; armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183; Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17, vi: 262-264; Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266; Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182; Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace, moves for. Population, in 1860, i: 40; compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61; emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277; emigration to South America, i: 79; growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262; relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262; rapid increase, i: 277; of Republic, xii: 279. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79; activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133; artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149; preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181; appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268; von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273; activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348; Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274; instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317; Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347; on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128; following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123; in Spain, xii: 101. Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283; efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285; Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253. Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24; estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159; cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189; Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225. Responsibility for War, German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138; unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250; responsibility denied, i: 116-120; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117; Hellferich's justification, i: 119; statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120; Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120; German case against Great Britain, i: 121; evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252; Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250; statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250; Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254; Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217; see also Causes of the War. Royal family, xi: 149; see also William II; Frederick William. Shipping, increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77; increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263; Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264; German resourcefulness, i: 264; tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264; tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264. Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Strategy, seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20; general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8; estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4; conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10; topography of German western frontier, ii: 6; invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9; mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11; probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13; destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23; defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22; East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24; invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25; failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31; military plans for '17, ii: 53; necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65; at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66; selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67; plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149; retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86; causes of failure, ii: 99; faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215; Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233; Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270; underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272; fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304; Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345; Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346; alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3; general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133; see also under Germany, Defeat, causes of; also Western Front; campaign or engagement. Submarine warfare, see Submarine warfare. Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77; tariff policy, i: 78; production and import of grains, ii: 17; dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20; war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100; anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99; Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229; suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230. Treaties, pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231; with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; see also Brest-Litovsk Treaty; Bucharest, Treaty of; Peace Treaty; Triple Alliance. War booty, value, xii: 22. War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21; gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; method of raising war funds, xii: 21; system of loans, xii: 21, 113; estimate of expenditures, xii: 21; currency inflation, xii: 22; war finance system compared with British, xii: 22; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114. Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.

Germany and the Next War, book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.

Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.

Gesnes, location, v: 217; captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.

Gibbons, Floyd, account of Laconia sinking, iv: 226-229.

Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221; account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337; description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360; analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.

Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; description of battle, x: 147-155.

Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.

Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.

Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.

Glasgow, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; hit by gunfire, iv: 68; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.

Glenart Castle, British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.

Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.

Glory of War, The, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands Sydney in engagement with Emden, iv: 187.

Gloucester Castle, British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.

Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Gneisenau, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.

God Save the King, English national anthem, xi: 326.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Goeben, German battle cruiser, eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16; far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16; sold to Turkey, iv: 16; damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.

Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226; deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.

Goliath, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33; sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.

Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164; commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199; biography, ix: 268.

Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.

Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143; gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144; issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.

Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

Good-by-ee, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.

Good Hope, Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64; hit by gunfire, iv: 66; sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.

Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244; captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244; key to Isonzo, iii: 239.

Goshawk, British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.

Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.

Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.

Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171; responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Gouraud, Gen., defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45; qualities as leader, v: 46.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225; exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.

Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.

Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.

Grand Fleet, British, see Great Britain, Navy.

Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.

Granger, Dr. Amédée, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.

Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400; Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.

Great Britain: Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202; strength at end of War, viii: 202; types of airplanes, viii: 203-206; Bristol planes, viii: 203; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223; D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204; types of dirigibles, viii: 245; dirigible R-34 crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; dirigibles R-33 and R-34, description, viii: 254. Army, German contempt for, i: 191; lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; ammunition shortage, '14, ii: Intro. xiii, 173 (Viscount French's exposé); deficiency in trained men, ii: 113; deficiency in material, ii: 114; Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120; machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275; artillery equipment, ii: 125; Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125; artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126; ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.--Nov., '18, ii: 130; military hospitals in France, ii: 131; total strength in France, ii: 131; service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132; Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133; Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134; changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135; Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136; opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256; pre-War organization, iii: 3; Intelligence service, iii: 383; strength, '14--'18, iii: 404, 405; strength in Italy, iii: 405; strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405; "Pal" regiments, vi: 6; slackers driven into service, vi: 6; origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230; types of rifles used, viii: 95; Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85; Senegalese troops, x: 116; British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189; for military operations, see campaign or engagement. Blockade by Germany, see Submarine warfare. Blockade of Germany, see Germany, Blockade of. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405; causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118; at Gallipoli, iii: 177; in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364; in '17, iii: 382; in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288; see also campaign or engagement. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47; war-time fuel control, xii: 51. Cost of living, increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: Intro. xxii; price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, xii: Intro. viii-x; criticism of government policy, xii: 28. Declarations of war, on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's statement), 375; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382. Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10; police prevent hoarding, vi: 11; government control of, xii: 34, 59; Food Control Committee established, xii: 34; sugar shortage, xii: 34, 138; meat control, xii: 34; war-time fish supply, xii: 34; wheat control, xii: 35; increase in crop production, '16--'18, xii: 40; work of women in production of, xii: 40; effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40; potato crop, xii: 47; war-time problems, xii: 138. Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35; world position, 1871, i: 44; Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48; acquires control of Egypt, i: 48; extent of colonial empire, i: 59; international position, '14, i: 59; policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218; Anglo-French good-will, i: 98; treaty with France, '04, i: 99; agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106; agreement with France for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; negotiations to prevent World War, July--Aug., '14, i: 115, 124, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's account), 247-249 (Prince Lichnowsky's account); policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224; arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231; promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220; statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189; negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200; agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200; question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218; freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218; Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224; offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232; influence in the East, ii: 27; claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334; see also Triple Entente. Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared, xii: 19, 77-79; women in, xiii: 25; bonuses to labor, xii: 28; provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79. Internal politics, Imperial unity through war, i: Intro. xiv; political philosophy compared with German, i: 165; members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198; political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1; industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2; labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6; Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6; treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8; pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12; Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13; Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14; Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14; conditions at close of War, vi: 15; general elections, '18, vi: 16-17; industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17; ship-builders' strike, vi: 19; Glasgow riots, vi: 19; strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20; Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20; commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20; truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22; after-War problems, vi: 23. Munitions, exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173; production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78; work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78. Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15; rise to world supremacy, i: 28; strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; general strategy during War, ii: Intro. vii, iv: 85-93; ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13; squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58; ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58; problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86; Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; minesweeping operations, iv: 91; convoy of troopships, iv: 92; bases, iv: 92; extracts from Jellicoe's The Grand Fleet, 1914--1916, iv: 93-97; unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93; lack of destroyers, iv: 94; Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96; Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96; make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97; make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119; Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140; statistics on transport of troops, '15--'18, iv: 239; 18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53; see also battle or engagement; Gallipoli Campaign. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179; see also Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22; ratified, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264; see also Peace Treaty with Germany. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89. Royal family, xi: 150-152; see also George V. Shipping, tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77; government control of ship-building, xii: 95; tonnage in '14, xii: 95; yearly tonnage production, '14--'17, xii: 96; war-time shortage of, xii: 96. Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv; naval, iv: 85-93. Trade, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77; pre-War position, xii: 18-19; pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78. War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, 18; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18; exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19; extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20; taxes, xii: 20, 107, 108, 111; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; currency inflation, xii: 27-28; average daily war cost, xii: 105; total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; war loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111, 114.

Great Northern, S. S., speed record as army transport, v: 358.

Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34; breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345; anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206; Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210; Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210; King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245; war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; prisoners of war, iii: 404; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; see also Salonika Campaign.

Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.

Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Greif, German armed liner, sunk in fight with British Alcantara, iv: 200.

Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119; Germans first to use, viii: 119; Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119; nature, viii: 119; technique of throwing, viii: 120; kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.

Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.

Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.

Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon, efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247; mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198; efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12--'14, i: 200; speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; biography, ix: 35-40; bibliography, ix: 40; advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.

Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.

Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.

Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.

Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.

Groupes de Combat, function in French defensive, v: 12.

Guatemala, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.

Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.

Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.

Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Gulflight, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.

Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16--24, '14, iii: 111; retaken by Germans, iii: 116.

Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2; see also Ammunition.

Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2; smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4; muzzle flash, viii: 7; see also Ammunition.

Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.

Guns, see Artillery.

Guns of Verdun, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.

Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.

Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.

Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.

H

Haase, Herr, leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: Intro. xii; in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278; advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.

Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.

Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.

Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94; convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103; accomplishments, i: 103.

Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.

Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.

Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136; theories on warfare, ii: 118; on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120; on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120; on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123; on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126; on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133; on British military organization, ii: 134; appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46; famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120; personal traits, iii: 373; biography, ix: 181-184.

Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371; personal traits, iii: 377.

Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.

Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380; captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121; recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.

Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.

Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.

Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, see Bagdad Railway.

Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.

Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395; work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281; share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.

Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.

Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32; succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174; despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.

Hampshire, British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.

Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.

Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.

Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305; see also Austria-Hungary; Charles Francis; Francis Joseph.

Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, see Kei Hara.

Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.

Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403; commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167; commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.

Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.

Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123; on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274; on American war prosperity, i: 311; optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254; on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.

Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Harington, Sir John, "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.

Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.

Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.

Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362.

Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378; Dec., '15, iii: 46.

Hartwell, William, first officer of S. S. Brussels, report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.

Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.

Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.

Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.

Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Hawke, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.

Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.

Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.

Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.

Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.

Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199; kingdom established under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334, xii: 279; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180; area and population, xii: 279.

Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.

Hela, German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.

Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119; director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252; German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252; biography, ix: 353.

Helgoland, German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205.

Heligoland Bight, naval battle of, British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243; Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.

Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64; process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64; rate of production, viii: 65; efficiency as protection, viii: 65; process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68; bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.

Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.

Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.

Henri IV, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80; escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.

Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.

Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386; Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29--30, '16, i: 388.

Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor, comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15--18, '18, v: 158; retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.

Hertzog, Gen., anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50; heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52.

Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; see also Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Hesperian, S. S., torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.

Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.

Hickory (30th) Division, see U. S., Army.

High Sea Fleet, see Germany, Navy.

Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Hill 60, at Ypres, captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42; captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.

Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.

Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.

Hill 204, near Château-Thierry, captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56; dominating situation, v: 133; captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.

Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.

Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Hill 269, captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240; held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.

Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.

Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.

Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.

Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112; destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26--31, '14, ii: 24, 353 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 112-116, ix: 242; campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245; Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300; appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331; proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335; first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; biography, ix: 242-249; nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242; decorated for valor, ix: 246; popularity, ix: 249.

Hindenburg Line, German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100; extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301; strategic purpose, iii: 66; devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67; reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70; 27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393; Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69; Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218; First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.

Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182; commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219; commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.

Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Hipper, Rear-Adm. von, commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246; commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.

Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.

Hogue, British cruiser, torpedoed by U-9, Sept. 22, '14, eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280; as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.

Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.

"Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.

Holland, see Netherlands.

Holland No. 9, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.

Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33; defects of, i: 35.

Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330; to destroy British control in East, ii: 27; failure of, ii: 31; response to, in India, vi: 74.

Home Rule, Irish, see Ireland.

Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.

Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.

Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A., commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117; lost with sinking of Invincible, iv: 120.

Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366.

Hoover, Herbert C., appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85; organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119; organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, xii: 136; account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124; biography, ix: 316-323; bibliography, ix: 323; work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35; report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42; director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.

Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368.

Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.

Horne, Gen., commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213; characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.

Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397; hospitals for, viii: 398; number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 278.

Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine E-9, iv: 207.

Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192; resigns from government, vi: 193.

Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131. French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365. United States, see U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.

House, Col. E. M., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84; biography, ix: 70-76.

Howitzers, see Artillery.

Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia, advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40; for vigorous war policy, vi: 40; delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40; forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42.

Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.

Humber, British monitor, description, iv: 281.

Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.

Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306; parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311; Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311; "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311; Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312; effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313; "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322; National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322; Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279; Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323; armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323; Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324; Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328; military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325; Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326; the Red Army, vi: 326; area and population, xii: 279; see also Austria-Hungary.

Hunley, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.

Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.

"Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.

Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.

Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149; new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145.

Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.

Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.

Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.

Hydroplanes, see Aeronautics.

Hymn of Hate, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.

Hymn of the Lusitania, German, i: 365.

I

I Want to Be an Angel, aviators' song, xi: 338.

Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;

Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.

Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.

Imperatritsa, Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.

Implacable, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

In Flanders Fields, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.

Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.

Indefatigable, British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.

Indemnity, see Reparation.

Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: Intro. vii.

India, troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: Intro. xxiii; Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27; response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74; casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; agitation for autonomy, vi: 72; response to British war needs, vi: 72; reasons for loyalty, vi: 73; Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74; political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75; caste system, description of, vi: 75; influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76; suffering from famine, '18--'19, vi: 76; Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77; Bolshevism in, vi: 77; "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78; coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48; War cost, Aug., '14--Mar. '19, xii: 106; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.

Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.

Indomitable, British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.

Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; causes, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289; prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289; see also Disease; Medical science; Sanitation.

"Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19; Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.

Inflexible, British battle cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35; at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.

Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.

Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.

Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.

Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.

Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.

Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.

Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.

Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.

Inter-Allied War Council, see Supreme War Council.

International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26; German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139; Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328; comment of London Times on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary); U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326; President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; on blockades, ii: 21; see also Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare.

International rivalries, factors in, 1890--1914, i: 58-63.

International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.

Intrepid, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: Intro. vii.

Invincible, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70; blown up at Jutland, iv: 119; at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.

Iphigenia, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53; Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50; situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53; loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55; Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55; spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57; Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57; Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57; Irish Volunteers, vi: 57; sympathy with Germany, vi: 57; German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58; Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53; Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58; proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53; collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60; leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53; Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61; Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63; De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61; De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62; Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62; government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64; struggle over conscription, vi: 64; Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64; Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64; delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64; movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65; Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66; Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52; De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.

Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.

Iris, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65; delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.

Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.

Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267; importance in war, i: 268; French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15; French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.

Irresistible, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.

Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.

Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.

Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Isonzo Front, see Italian Front.

Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.

Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330.

Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.

Italia Irredenta, definition, xi: 18.

Italian Front, Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: Intro. xx; most difficult theater of War, ii: 48; general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25; general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241; topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239; Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248; topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230; Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239; Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240; results of '15 campaign, ii: 51; Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37; Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248; last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249; victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249; Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244; Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244; Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244; casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248; Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247; Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247; Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 248; Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249; American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394; bibliography, iii: 249; aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.

Italian Front, On the, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.

Italy: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; Arditi, description of, ii: 240; Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240; Alpini, description of, ii: 242; Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242; Granatieri, description of, ii: 242; pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226; effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128; for military operations, see Italian Front. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18; on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310. Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61; ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61; member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114; war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114; neglected by Germany, i: 255; Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256; refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6; Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123; Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; attitude toward U. S., ii: 245; public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116; pro-German sentiment, vi: 118; pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119; territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120; Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120; secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361; occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364; unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370; Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361; Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370. Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127. Internal politics, unification, i: 39; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124; strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128; political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114; popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116; pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119; attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117; pro-German sympathies, vi: 118; King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125; obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126; fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127; coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127; pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128; fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129; Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129; Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369. Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368; War record, iv: 368; blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Royal family, xi: 141-143; see also Victor Emmanuel. War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130; relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131; financial position at start of War, xii: 1; debt to U. S., xii: 18; value of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property destroyed, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, May, '15--Oct., '18, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 107, 109; loans, xii: 113; rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.

J

Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.

Jacob Jones, U. S. destroyer sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393; report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.

Jador, battle of, Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.

Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.

Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.

Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Japan, abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18; acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20; acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20; rise as world power, '05, i: 20; adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38; Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest in China, '17, i: 58; international position in '14, i: 63; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107; Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357; siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau), Aug. 23--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; total casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; naval strength, iv: 58; naval service to Allies, iv: 367; motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382; sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193; the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248; ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau, Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382; declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382; internal politics during War, vi: 384; forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385; summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385; ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386; treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386; imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386; Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388; Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388; opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388; separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, xii: 209; ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264; see also Kiau-Chau; Shantung.

Jaroslav, fortress on San, captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123; retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.

Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.

Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr., discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.

Jaulgonne, location, v: 133; captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.

Jauréguiberry, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.

Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97; biography, ix: 275-282; bibliography, ix: 282.

Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.

Jerusalem, captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326; Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325; work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.

Jeszcze Polska, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.

Jews, distress in war areas, vii: 349; number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376; number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376; number in Germany, vii: 349; number in Turkey, vii: 349, 368 (outside Palestine), 376; number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376; number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376; American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368; American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350; organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354; American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354; funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16--'17, vii: 355-356; American relief for destitute in Russian Poland, vii: 356-358, 360-363; refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for, vii: 356, 363-365; conditions in Galicia, vii: 358; number dependent on war relief, by countries, vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376; work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360; American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368; contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368; aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369; relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374; reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376; extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375; number in Lithuania, vii: 376; number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376; number in Russia, vii: 376; number in Serbia, vii: 376; number in Rumania, vii: 376; number in Bulgaria, vii: 376; number in Greece, vii: 376; number in Hungary, vii: 376; number in Persia, vii: 376.

Jihad, see Holy War.

Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César, fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30; controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports, ii: 172; General Joffre and His Battles, book by Raymond Recouly, summary of, ii: 182-189; appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46; technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62; biography, ix: 154-161; visit to U.S., ix: 161; bibliography, ix: 161; intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.

Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H., in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196; at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.

Joint Distribution Committee, for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.

Jonc de Mer Ridge, Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.

Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.

Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.

Jugoslavs, in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249; Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306; attack Hungarian Republic, April--May, '19, vi: 326; racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354; Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363; clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359; meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359; conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 359-363, 364-370; Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363; establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364; seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364; armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18, vi: 364; struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia, vi: 365-370; establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia, Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366; recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366; President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume, vi: 369; claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399; area and population of united kingdom, xii: 279; see also Serbia.

Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.

Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16, description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136; outline in brief, iv: 99-104; opposing commanders, iv: 99; British ships and men lost, iv: 100; German ships and men lost, iv: 100; moral victory for Germans, iv: 100; criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101; greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102; conditions influencing, iv: 102; strength and composition of fleets engaged, iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119; disposition of British forces, iv: 104; first phase, iv: 106-113; Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110; Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108; accuracy of German fire, iv: 108; Indefatigable sunk, iv: 108; fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109; Queen Mary blown up, iv: 110; critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113; second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115; weather conditions, iv: 113; critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115; third phase, iv: 115-130; Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129; Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty, iv: 117; British miscalculate position, iv: 117; Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119; Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129; Invincible blows up, iv: 119; Adm. Hood lost with Invincible, iv: 119-120; Shark, Defence, and Black Prince sunk, iv: 121; low visibility, iv: 121-123; British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125; German destroyers sunk, iv: 126; Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126; Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127; critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129; fourth phase, iv: 131-136; night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131; Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133; critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136; effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135; lessons taught by, iv: 135; account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156; authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146; British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156; German eye-witness account, iv: 256; British eye-witness account, iv: 258.

Juvigny, captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F., Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384; 32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.

K

K-13, British submarine, account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.

"Kahkos," description, viii: 257.

Kaiser, see William II.

Kaiser Wilhelm Land, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.

Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.

Kaledin, Gen., commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142; leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.

Kambana, Bulgarian newspaper, statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.

Kamerun, see Cameroons.

Kamio, Gen., Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.

Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.

Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.

Karlsruhe, German sea-raider, battle with British cruiser Bristol, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63; career in Atlantic, iv: 196.

Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Karolyi, Count Michael, pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311; forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311; appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323; resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325; biography, ix: 144-147.

Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.

Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader, opposes war, vi: Intro. xii.

Kavala, bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.

Kawachi, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.

Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from Emden, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.

Keep the Home Fires Burning, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.

Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.

Keirsbilk, Alois Van, Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.

Kellermann, Bernhard, German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.

Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.

Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.

Kemmel, Mount, stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360; occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397; key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381; 27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.

Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Kent, British cruiser at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70; sinks Nürnberg, iv: 74.

Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144; leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151; Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155; character sketch, vi: 155; abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160; becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165; struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171; declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171; struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179; overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181; biography, ix: 104-109; bibliography, ix: 109.

Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.

Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.

Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.

Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.

Keystone (28th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.

Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa, Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.

Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior, removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.

Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau), seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82; siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209; area and population, xii: 279; see also Shantung.

Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, xii: 255.

Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.

Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.

Kilid-Bahr, fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45; objective of British landing forces, iii: 167; bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.

Kimigayo, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.

King Edward VII, British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.

Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert, drowned in sinking of cruiser Hampshire, June 5, '16, i: 385, ix: 168; attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: Intro. xv; dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202; influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202; biography, ix: 168-176; bibliography, ix: 176; military commandments, xi: 55.

K-K-K-Katy, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Kluck, Gen. Alexander von, leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14, ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10; occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21; defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34; strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168; avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28; biography, ix: 266-268.

Knights of Columbus, war-time activities of, vii: 328-339; organizing for war work, vii: 330; funds raised, vii: 331; war work expenditures, vii: 332; War Activities Committee, vii: 334; employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.

Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.

Knox peace resolution, declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end, passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles, xii: 273-277; text of original resolution asking the President to make separate peace, xii: 273-274; text of amended resolution, xii: 277; vetoed by President Wilson, xii: 277; President's veto message, xii: 278.

Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Koenig, Paul, head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317; German spy in U. S., x: 347.

Koenig, Capt. Paul, commander of German commerce submarine Deutschland, personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.

Koja Chemen Tepe, at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172; Anzac assault on, iii: 173; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188; declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194; leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194; biography, ix: 239-241.

Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

Köln, German cruiser sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Königin Luise, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.

Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.

Königsberg, German sea-raider, sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.

Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225.

Korea, acquired by Japan, i: 20; struggle for independence, vi: 388.

Kornilov, Gen. Laurus, appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky, vi: 164; rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171; imprisoned, vi: 171; leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192; biography, ix: 235-237.

Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.

Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.

Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.

Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense, extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234; A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262; see also Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Krithia, at Gallipoli, Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173; see also Gallipoli Campaign.

Kronprinz Wilhelm, comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378; interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.

Kronstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218; recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220; military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.

Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.

Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave, head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265; husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.

Kuban Republic, established, Nov., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.

Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Kultur, German, see Germany, Kultur.

Kum Kale, French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42; Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.

Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.

Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.

Kut-el-Amara, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181; siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 318-320; number of British surrendered, iii: 318; conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.

L

La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.

La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.

Labor, anti-war spirit, xii: 65; importance in winning the War, xii: 68; floating, xii: 68; women in war industries, xii: 83-85; Peace Treaty charter for international organization, xii: 255-261; see also under each country.

Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.

"Labyrinth," captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380; designation for German trenches between Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.

Laconia, S. S., Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389; eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.

Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.

Lafayette, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.

Lafayette Escadrille, formation, iii: 391; first members, iii: 391; Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391; first casualties, iii: 391; equipment of fliers, iii: 392; propaganda among Germans, iii: 392; total casualties, iii: 392; story of, x: 196-202.

Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.

La Fère, British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52; German base in France, ii: 86; French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.

La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.

Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Lamont, Thomas W., financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference, xii: 149; account of Peace Conference at work, xii: 149-163; member of Reparations Commission, xii: 158.

Lamprecht, Prof. Karl, German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.

Landres-St. Georges, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263; bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.

Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.

Landsturm, German, i: 72.

Landwehr, German, i: 72.

Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.

Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.

Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.

Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.

Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.

Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.

Laon, captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; German base in France, ii: 86; captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.

La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.

La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Lars Kruse, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.

La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad, formation, ii: 292; terms of concession to, ii: 292.

Last Long Mile, The, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.

Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24; speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24; against Imperial federation, vi: 26; declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.

League of Nations, Charles W. Eliot on, i: Intro. xiii; international co-operation during War, i: Intro. xiii; summary of provisions, i: Intro. xiv; proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369; spirit of, xii: 155; prominent advocates, xii: 155; drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, xii: 155; analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178; text of Covenant in full, xii: 182-185; countries invited to join, xii: 186; original members, xii: 186; Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, xii: 186; U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-270; first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, xii: 270.

Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, xii: 53.

Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269; see also Y. M. C. A.

Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334.

Le Cateau, battle of, Aug. 26, '14, criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 162, 174; account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.

Le Charmel, German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Le Chêne Tondu, German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Lee service rifle, viii: 95.

Leelanaw, S. S., American steamship sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.

Leipzig, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.

Lejeune, Gen., commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11.

Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Lemberg, battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1--3, '14, i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16; recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137; military importance, ii: 42; seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.

Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.

Lenin, Nicolai, urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140; leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163; overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181; becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 181; policies of government, vi: 181; biography, ix: 109-115; bibliography, ix: 115.

Lens, Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42; objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70; held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.

Léon Gambetta, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15, iv: 373.

Leonardo da Vinci, Italian dreadnought blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.

Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.

L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.

Lescarboura, Austin C., on trench warfare, viii: 133; opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251; on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.

Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.

Les Eparges, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.

Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Letts, peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226; early history, vi: 226; rebellion of '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227; join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.

Letvia, Republic of, established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Leviathan, work as U. S. transport, xii: 275.

Levicu, Dr., leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Lewis machine-gun, description, viii: 81; rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82; use on airplanes, viii: 87; U. S. production figures for aircraft, xii: 284.

Liberty Loans, U. S., popularity, xii: 10; selection of drive periods, xii: 11; influence on national thrift, xii: 11-16; subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12; New York City subscriptions, by borough, xii: 12; compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, xii: 16; amounts raised, xii: 113; effect on German morale, xii: 126; number of subscribers, xii: 127; methods used in selling campaigns, xii: 127-134; sales psychology, xii: 132; Victory Way, xii: 133; number of persons engaged in drives, xii: 134; statistics, xii: 134; see also U. S., War cost.

Liberty motor, description, viii: 199; production figures, xii: 285.

Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.

Libyan Desert, military operations in '16--'17, iii: 191.

Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England, negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12--'14, i: 196, 250; account of events leading to World War, i: 246; author of Memorandum, account of diplomatic experiences in England, i: 250; biography, ix: 131-133.

Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.

"Liebau Employment Agency," center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.

Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader, sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: Intro. x; votes against war credits, vi: Intro. xii; protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141; freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142; organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142; biography, ix: 138-143; elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140; expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141; bibliography, ix: 142.

Liége, forts constructed, 1890, i: 143; captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375, ii: 348 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 10, xi: 9.

Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18, v: 56; commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386; appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390; in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390; commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390; biography, ix: 218.

Lightning (78th) Division, see U. S., Army.

Lille, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.

Lille, Laon and St. Dié, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.

Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.

Linsingen, Gen. von, commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.

Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

Lion, British battle cruiser, Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241; disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Liquid fire, first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381; how used, viii: 120; story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.

Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.

Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Listening device, for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308; see also Hydrophones; Microphone.

Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Lithuania, struggle for independence, vi: 234-236; opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234; fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236; Cabinet of '18, vi: 236; fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236; Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Little Russia, see Ukraine.

Livonia, early history, vi: 226; Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279; see also Baltic Provinces.

Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.

Llandovery Castle, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.

Lloyd George, David, advocates aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: Intro. x, xx; becomes British Prime Minister, ii: Intro. xx, vi: 10, ix: 28; military policy, ii: Intro, xxi; becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, xii: 78; appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27; speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10; statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12; indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14; conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20; biography, ix: 21-30; bibliography, ix: 30; see also Peace Conference.

Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, xii: 111.

Locomotives, number shipped to France from U. S., xii: 95, 286; see also Railroads.

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, leads opposition to Peace Treaty, xii: 264; original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 265; revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 269.

Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.

Logan, Col. James A., Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.

Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.

London, air raids on, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41; welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.

London, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.

Long, Long Trail, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Longwy, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.

Loos, British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25; captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46; faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.

Lord Nelson, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Lorraine, value of iron deposits, i: 267; French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.

Losses, see Casualties; Prisoners of war.

"Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239; attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242; rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; units composing, v: 363.

Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.

Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.

Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

"Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.

Louvain, captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.

Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225.

Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.

Lowestoft, attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.

Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.

Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.

Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.

Lubomirsky, Prince, appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.

"Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.

Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132.

Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, War account, ii: 298-365; estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300; appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333; resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271; opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337; war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344; brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345; share in capture of Liége, ii: 348; appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 351; account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front, Sept., '14, ii: 357; failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270; biography, ix: 250-257.

Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.

Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.

Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr., American aviator, story of, x: 211-214; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.

Lullaby for a Baby Tank, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.

Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.

Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

Lunéville, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20; retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.

Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

Lurcher, British destroyer at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Lusitania, S. S., German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319; sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), 380, xi: 20, 237; loss of life, i: 319, 362; U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320; Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320; Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320; U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323; summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking, i: 358; dimensions, i: 362; number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362; number in crew, i: 362; not armed, i: 363; German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365; eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222; Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222; Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.

Lutsk, captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381; recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382; recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382; captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.

Lützow, German battle cruiser sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.

Luxemburg, Duchess of, see Marie Adelaide.

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of, invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10; annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189.

Luxemburg, Rosa, German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; views on social revolution, ix: 147.

Lvov, Prince George E., Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159; forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; biography, ix: 100-102; President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, xii: 82.

Lynch, George, inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.

Lys, battle of, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91; Portuguese troops flee under German attack, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374; Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91; Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.

Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.

Lynx, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.

M

Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.

Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas, leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2--3, '18, v: 61; commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84; biography, ix: 213-217.

Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.

Macdonald, Ramsay, endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.

Macdowell, Major T. W., wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Macedonia, promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32; occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344; military operations in, see Salonika Campaign.

Machine-guns, use of, in British Army, ii: 125; British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275; utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; nests, construction of, v: 37; pits, v: 287; number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; predecessors of modern types, viii: 78; Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78; German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78; effectiveness, viii: 79, 136; usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79; German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79; principal types, viii: 80-87; Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87; Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80; Lewis gun, viii: 81-82; Browning gun, viii: 84-87; on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87; German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134; tank vs. machine-gun, viii: 150-151; U. S. production figures, xii: 284; number captured by Americans, xii: 288.

Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von, commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156; leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222; leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128; commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218; biography, ix: 257-261.

Madeline Farm, Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.

Madelon, Le, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Madras, bombarded by German raider Emden, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.

Magdeburg, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14, iv: 365.

Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.

Magnes, Dr. Judah L., visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.

Magpies in Picardy, poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.

Magyars, predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306; loyalty to Empire, vi: 306; rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399; see also Austria-Hungary; Hungary.

Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.

Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.

Mainz, German cruiser, sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Mainz, occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.

Majestic, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.

Malancourt, captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51; location, v: 217; 4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.

Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.

Mali Journal, Serbian newspaper, on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.

Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.

Malinov, succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346; statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.

Malleterre, Gen., discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206; Professor of Military Geography at École de Guerre, ii: 220; eulogy of Foch and Pétain, ii: 220.

Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Malmédy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Malmö, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at, and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.

Malvy, French Minister of Interior, tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10; implicated in Bonnet Rouge case, vi: 105; exiled from France, vi: 106.

Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.

Mangin, Gen., attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18, ii: 210, v: 159; appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62; successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.

Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A., relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.

Mannerheim, Gen., commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198; dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.

Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Manoury, Gen., commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.

Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

Maple Leaf Forever, The, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.

March, Gen. Peyton C., Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.

Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.

Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.

Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94; biography, ix: 383-384.

Marina, S. S., British freighter sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.

Marines, U. S., see U. S., Marines.

Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader, joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.

Markomannia, auxiliary to German raider Emden, iv: 170, 172.

Marlin aircraft guns, U. S. production figures, xii: 284; see also Machine-guns.

Marne, Allied retreat to the, Aug.--Sept., '14, iii: 20-30; topography of salient, v: 42, 133.

Marne, battles of: Sept., '14, report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action, ii: 9; outline of maneuvers, ii: 9; Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34; described by French participant, ii: 182; Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182; military situation preceding, ii: 183; Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184; German commanders at, ii: 184; effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227; analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258; detailed account of, iii: 30-36; casualties at, iii: 35. July, '18, Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154; Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324; Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326; Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326; general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129; detailed account of A. E. F. participation, v: 47-61, 148-192, 382; reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54; German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56; stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387; Pershing's message to troops, v: 191; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192; work of tanks at, viii: 148; see also Aisne-Marne Offensive; Champagne.

Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.

Marne (3rd) Division, see U. S., Army.

Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.

Marseillaise, French national anthem, an Alsatian song, i: 211; effect on French audience, i: 211; words, xi: 326.

Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.

Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.

Martin, Miss Winona C., American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313.

Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.

Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.

Masefield, John, description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350; account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358; description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.

Mata-Hari, woman spy, executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392; discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.

Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.

Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, Mesopotamian successes, '16--'17, ii: Intro. xviii, 90, iii: 185; biography, ix: 194-199.

Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.

Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick, on general strategy of the War, ii: Intro. vii-xxiv.

Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.

Max, Burgomaster of Brussels, demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.

Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.

Maxim machine-gun, description, viii: 80; modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.

Maximilian of Baden, Prince, appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.

Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.

Mazurian Lakes, topography of district, iii: 108; difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113; Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116; second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130; see also Tannenberg, battle of.

McAdoo, William G., biography, ix: 329-331; Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, xii: 88.

McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G., as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne, July, '18, v: 152; commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 209; biography, ix: 216.

McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17, v: 102; Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404; biography, ix: 216.

McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.

McLemore Resolution, warning to Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; President Wilson opposes, i: 327; defeated, i: 328.

McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle, German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.

McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E., in command of 5th Div., May, '18, v: 128; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202; relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.

McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Meat packers, profits before and during War, xii: 56.

Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.

Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.

Medical Corps, U. S., see U. S., Army.

Medical science, use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291; rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361; French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365; danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288; treatment of shell shock, viii: 368; causes of infection, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; see also: Disease; Infection; Reconstruction of disabled; Sanitation; Surgery.

Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.

Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.

Memel, captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378; evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378; raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 203.

Men of Harlech, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.

Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T., commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109; at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.

Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.

Menshikov, Russian imperialist, outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.

Merchant marine, see Shipping.

Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.

Mersey, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.

Mersey, Lord, official report on Lusitania sinking, i: 362-365.

Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.

Mesopotamia, German dream of acquisition, ii: 27; British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295; terrain and climate, iii: 178; historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334; disposition under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334; area and population, xii: 279.

Mesopotamian Campaign, strategic importance and Allied plan of operations, ii: Intro. xvi, 87-91, iii: 178-180; British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14, ii: Intro. xvi, iii: 180; Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15, ii: Intro. xvi, 91, iii: 180-182; British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: Intro. xvi, 91, 182-183; siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16, ii: Intro. xvii, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364; British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster, ii: Intro. xviii, 92, iii: 185; British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17, ii: Intro. xviii, 92, iii: 187; British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14, iii: 180; British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181; unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185; Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185; causes of and responsibility for British disaster, report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370; battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187; bibliography, iii: 187; personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363; conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364; casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.

Messines Ridge, British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310; nature of German defenses, iii: 77; casualties, British and German, iii: 77; recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.

Messudiyeh, Turkish warship blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.

Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Meteor, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.

Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.

Metz, bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393; entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400; Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.

Meurer, Vice-Adm., German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.

Meuse River, French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20; German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive, concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388; objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387; topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218; strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387; breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215; Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334; detailed account of battle, Sept. 25--Nov. 11. '18, iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279; extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390; Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218; A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line, v: 74, 219-222, 388; German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388; A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82; Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88; Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95; number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388; German strength, v: 220, 388; day by day account of operations, Sept. 25--Oct. 3, v: 222-233; number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388; day by day account, Oct. 4--31, v: 234-253; day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1--11, v: 260-279; Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266; number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388; sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385; Pershing's official report, v: 386-393; Allies' artillery strength, v: 388; strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, xii: 280; desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391; Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391; German guns captured, v: 393; German prisoners captured, v: 393; casualties of First Army, v: 393, xii: 280; magnitude of operations, v: 393.