Preface
In the Appendix of his Report on the Forests of the Sudan, published in 1901, Mr. C. E. Muriel, of the Imperial Indian Forest Service, gave a list of the more common trees and shrubs and of a few other plants, together with short descriptions and statements on their uses and economic value, also their Arabic and, where possible, the Hameg names.
At the end of that year the Sudan Government gave me the appointment of Director of Woods and Forests. At that time only few of the volumes of the Flora of Tropical Africa had appeared and the earliest ones were already antiquated. During the numerous journeys taken by me in various parts of the Sudan, my wife and I were able to collect a large number of plants, making at the same time notes of their names in various languages of the Sudan, and their economic and other uses. I also received considerable help, as regards Golo names, from the late Mr. S. Skirmunt, then Deputy Inspector of Forests in the Bahr el Ghazal Province. By 1906 I had gathered sufficient material both from my trips and from the Kew Herbarium to draw up a rough “Catalogue of Sudan Flowering Plants,” giving short descriptions, a number of vernacular names and some economic and other uses, many of which were obtained from Watt’s Dictionary of Economic Products.[1] As it was somewhat hastily got up it was printed by the Sudan Government not for general circulation, but for the use of Sudan officials only.
During the years which followed, up to my retirement in 1910, I was able to add to the list a considerable number of names both scientific and vernacular. I am indebted for the help I received, as regards Kordofan plants, to Mr. H. B. MacMichael, of the Sudan Civil Service, and, as regards the Red Sea littoral, to Mr. Cyril Crossland, at that time Marine Biologist to the Sudan Government.
After my retirement Mr. R. E. Massey was appointed, in 1912, Sudan Government Botanist, and I had the good fortune of securing his co- operation in bringing out a more complete Catalogue of the Flowering Plants of the Sudan. Mr. Massey, by his presence on the spot, and by his technical knowledge, has been able to give to the present Catalogue a greater completeness and finish than I should have been capable of unaided; he was also able to get further assistance from other persons in the Sudan. He particularly and gratefully acknowledges the help he received from Mrs. Crowfoot, wife of Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, Director of Education, in a variety of ways, such as collections of plants, Hadendowa and other vernacular names, and drawings and paintings of plants. A number of Dinka and Shilluk names were also given by Mr. H. C. Jackson, of the Sudan Civil Service, and Nuer names by the late Major Stigand. A collection of plants of the Burun country, with their vernacular names, was received from Dr. Kamar, of the Egyptian Army, a further collection by Mr. Sillitoe, superintendent of Gardens, Khartoum, from the Lado District, and one from Admiral Lynes, C.B., C.M.G., in Darfur, mostly in the region of the range of mountains, called Jebel Marra, which attains an elevation of over 10,000 ft., and bears a flora quite distinct from all other parts of the Sudan.
The Catalogue was at first compiled without any descriptive matter, but Mr. R. Hewison, Director of Agriculture and Forests, Sudan Government, speaking on behalf of that Government, which is defraying the costs of printing this book, expressed an opinion that it would be more useful to officials in the Sudan if short descriptions were added. In order, therefore, to supply these as quickly as possible we depended very largely on descriptions in the Flora of Tropical Africa, which we shortened considerably. My wife and I worked this out as far as and including the Cyperaceæ, and Mr. Massey undertook to do the grasses, part only of which have as yet appeared in the Flora. He desires to acknowledge the aid received from Mr. C. E. Hubbard in the preparation of the key to the Grasses. Mr. J. Hutchinson kindly helped us with plants in the Kew Herbarium which have not been described in the Flora. But a further acknowledgment is due to Mr. Hutchinson. He has regrouped the Natural Orders according to the system described in his recent book, The Families of Flowering Plants, I. Dicotyledons,[2] and has also furnished a key to the Classification, thus bringing this book into line with all the African Regional Floras which are to be taken in hand. He has also consented to look over the proofs. Our most cordial thanks are due for his help.
My wife has been constantly associated with me in my share of the work from the time when we collected material in the Sudan until now, and deserves also to earn her share of whatever credit may be given for this work.
Finally, I wish to record the debt of gratitude which we owe to Dr. Hill, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to Mr. Cotton, the Keeper of the Herbarium, to Dr. Stapf, the late Keeper, and to the Staff of the Herbarium, most particularly Mr. C. H. Wright, Mr. Dunn, Miss Hughes, and Mr. Skan for the numerous acts of kindness and help which they have given us, making thus our work light and pleasant.
A. F. BROUN.
“OAKLANDS,”
AMPTHILL,
Dec. 18th, 1925.
Note.—Owing to various causes, for which we are not responsible, the printing of this book has been considerably delayed. Mrs. Crowfoot, to whom reference has been made above, is now bringing out a companion volume to this, containing drawings of various plants from the Northern and Central Sudan.
My dear wife, who shared all my work, died on the 11th April, 1927.
A. F. BROUN.
AMPTHILL,
March 20th, 1928.
ABBREVIATIONS.
ab. stands for about
acumin. „ „ acuminate
alt. „ „ alternate
anth. „ „ anther or anthers
artic. „ „ articulate
cal. „ „ calyx
capit. „ „ capitulum
caps. „ „ capsule
cm. „ „ centimetre
cor. „ „ corolla
diam. „ „ diameter
excl. „ „ excluding
filam. „ „ filament or filaments
fl. „ „ flower or flowers
fld. „ „ flowered
fol. „ „ foliolate
foll. „ „ follicle or follicles
fr. „ „ fruit or fruits
ft. „ „ foot or feet
hermaphr. „ „ hermaphrodite
heterog. „ „ heterogamous
homog. „ „ homogamous
hypog. „ „ hypogynous
in. „ „ inch or inches
incl. „ „ including
infl. „ „ inflorescence
interpet. „ „ interpetiolar
invol. „ „ involucre
l. „ „ leaf or leaves
lanc. „ „ lanceolate
lin. „ „ linear
obl. „ „ oblong
obov. „ „ obovate
opp. „ „ opposite
pan. „ „ panicle or panicles
ped. „ „ peduncle or peduncles
pedic. „ „ pedicel or pedicels
per. „ „ perianth
pet. „ „ petiole or petioles
rac. „ „ raceme or racemes
recept. „ „ receptacle
segm. „ „ segment or segments
st. or sta. „ „ stamen or stamens
stip. „ „ stipule or stipules
suborbic. „ „ suborbicular
undershr. „ „ undershrub
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
=abruptly pinnate=, when the leaflets are arranged in pairs along the rhachis of a compound leaf without a terminal one.
=acaulescent=, without stem or apparently so.
=accrescent=, applied to a calyx or corolla, enlarging after flowering.
=achene=, a dry indehiscent, one-seeded fruit.
=acicular=, needle-like.
=aculeate=, prickly and pointed.
=acuminate=, narrowed at the apex into a long point.
=acute=, tapering to a sharp point.
=-adelphous=, suffix used to show the number of bundles of stamens there are in a flower where these are joined by their filaments; see =monadelphous=, =diadelphous=, =polyadelphous=.
=adhesion=, the union of dissimilar parts of a flower, e.g., calyx and ovary.
=adnate=, attached through their whole length, usually the smaller to the greater.
=adpressed=, see =appressed=.
=æstivation=, the arrangement of sepals and petals in bud.
=agglomerate=, crowded together in a bunch.
=alternate=, applied to leaves when only one issues from each node and the next above or below is on another side of the stem.
=amplexicaul=, when a leaf, stipule or bract embraces the stem.
=ampulliform=, flask-shaped.
=andrœcium=, the male organs of a flower, considered as a whole.
=-androus=, suffix used to show the number of stamens, e.g., pentandrous, with 5 stamens.
=annual=, a plant which lives only one year.
=anterior=, in front.
=anther=, the upper part of a stamen, bearing pollen.
=anticous=, foremost.
=apetalous=, flowers without petals.
=apex=, the tip.
=apiculate=, with a small hard point at the tip.
=appressed=, pressed close to something else.
=aril= or =arillus=, a fleshy covering of some seeds.
=aristate=, when the point of a leaf is fine like a hair.
=articulate=, jointed and separating freely.
=ascending=, sloping upwards.
=auricles=, appendages at the base of the leaf-blade.
=awn=, a thread-like extension of a seed or other organ (as in barley).
=axil=, the angle formed at the attachment of a leaf or a flower to the stem.
=axillary=, arising from the axil.
=axile=, of ovules when attached to the central axis of the ovary.
=barren=, when a flower produces no seed or pollen.
=basifixed=, when an anther is attached by its base to the filament.
=berry=, a pulpy fruit containing one or several seeds.
=biennial=, a plant living for two years only.
=bifid=, 2-cleft.
=bipinnate=, when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are again pinnate (e.g. =Acacia=).
=bipinnatifid=, when the segments of a pinnatifid leaf are also pinnately lobed.
=bipinnatipartite=, when the segments of a pinnatipartite leaf are also deeply and pinnately lobed.
=biternate=, when the parts of a ternate leaf are also ternately divided.
=blade= (or =lamina=), the upper, usually broader part of a leaf.
=bract=, a small leaf, usually differing from foliage leaves in shape or colour, at the base of a flower stalk; also the divisions of an involucre.
=bracteoles=, the last minute bracts under each flower.
=bud=, a leaf or flower before it opens.
=bulb=, a modified, usually underground stem, more or less globose in shape, clothed with succulent leaves or scales (e.g., the =Onion=).
=caducous=, falling off early.
=calyptrate=, with hood-like covering on flower or fruit.
=calyx=, the outer envelope of a flower, made up of sepals.
=campanulate=, bell-shaped.
=cancellate=, resembling a grill, or latticed.
=canescent=, hoary.
=capillary=, hair-like, very fine.
=capitate=, arranged in a head.
=capitulum= or =head=, when several sessile (or nearly so) flowers are collected into a compact head-like cluster at the end of the axis.
=capsule=, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel composed of 2 or more carpels and usually containing several seeds.
=carpel=, the leaf of one of the leaves forming the ovary.
=caudate=, produced at the apex into a long, tail-like appendage.
=cauline=, growing from the stem.
=cell=, a unit of plant growth, also a subdivision of the ovary, e.g., 5-celled ovary.
=ciliate=, fringed with long hairs.
=circinate=, rolled up like the top of a bishop’s crozier.
=cirrhate=, with curled or forked tendrils.
=cladode=, a flattened branch taking on the appearance and functions of a leaf (e.g., =Asparagus=).
=clavate=, club-shaped, i.e., cylindrical, but getting broader at the apex.
=claw=, the narrowed base of a petal.
=club-shaped=, see =clavate=.
=coccus=, 1-seeded carpel of a dehiscent fruit.
=column=, applied to stamens and style when confluent, as in =Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=compound inflorescence=, when an inflorescence, such as a =raceme=, =umbel=, etc., is subdivided into subsidiary inflorescences, and forms a =panicle=, =compound umbel=, etc.
=compound leaf=, when a leaf is divided into segments right down to the midrib, so that each segment forms an individual =leaflet= which can drop off by itself at the fall of the leaves.
=connate=, when two or more like-parts of a flower are united.
=connective=, the portion of the anther which unites the two cells.
=connivent=, converging.
=cordate=, heart-shaped, i.e., of a leaf, with 2 rounded basal lobes and ovate, unless otherwise mentioned.
=coriaceous=, thick and tough, like leather.
=corm=, a bulb-shaped solid underground stem, in which reserve material is stored.
=corolla=, the inner envelope of a flower (not always present), made up of petals.
=corona=, a crown-like excrescence between corolla and stamens.
=corymb=, a raceme, the lower pedicels of which are gradually lengthened so as to bring all its flowers on the same level.
=costate=, ribbed.
=cotyledon=, one of the (or the) first seed-leaves.
=crenate=, with rounded teeth.
=crenulate=, with small rounded teeth.
=culm=, the stem of =Bamboos=.
=cuneate=, wedge-shaped.
=cuspidate=, tipped with a sharp point.
=cyme=, an inflorescence in which the flowers are produced centrifugally on successive lateral axes.
=deciduous=, applied to plants whose leaves are all shed at a certain season of the year.
=decompound=, several times subdivided or compound, applied to leaves or inflorescence.
=decumbent=, spreading horizontally, then turning upwards.
=decurrent=, applied to leaves, the margins of which run down the stem below the insertion of the petiole.
=decussate=, when leaves are in pairs successively at right angles to each other on the stem.
=dehiscent=, splitting (of fruits to let out the seeds).
=dentate=, dog-toothed, i.e., with teeth of equal sides.
=denticulate=, finely dog-toothed.
=diadelphous=, of stamens when they are joined by their filaments into two groups, e.g., some of the =Papilionaceæ=.
=diandrous=, with 2 stamens.
=dichotomous=, applied to a stem, branch or inflorescence which forks again and again.
=dicotyledons=, with two seed-leaves.
=didymous=, divided into two lobes, in pairs.
=didynamous=, with two long and two short stamens.
=diffuse=, widely and loosely spreading.
=digitate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which spread like the fingers of a hand.
=diœcious=, of plants the stamens of which are in flowers on one individual and the ovary and style on another.
=disc= or =disk=, the receptacle on which are set flowers in a capitulum, as in =Compositæ=, or at the base of the ovary within the flower.
=disc-florets=, the regular tubular florets of certain =Compositæ=, which, if accompanied by ligulate florets, occupy the centre of the disc, while the latter are on the rim and called ray-florets.
=distichous=, arranged in the same plane, i.e., at two right angles to each other.
=divaricate=, widely spreading.
=drupe=, a fleshy indehiscent fruit containing a “stone” in which the seed is enclosed.
=echinate=, covered with prickles, like a hedgehog.
=elliptical=, shaped like an ellipse, oval.
=emarginate=, notched, usually at the apex of a leaf or petal.
=ensiform=, sword-shaped.
=entire=, applied to the margin of a leaf which is not toothed or notched.
=epicalyx=, applied to a row of bracts, sometimes joined together, outside the calyx, e.g., some of the =Malvaceæ=.
=epigynous=, apparently seated upon the ovary.
=epipetalous=, applied to stamens seated on the petals.
=epiphyte=, a plant which grows on another without being parasitic, e.g., some =Orchids=.
=evergreen=, applied chiefly to shrubs and trees which bear leaves all the year round.
=exserted=, protruding, applied chiefly to stamens which show outside the flower.
=exstipulate=, having no stipules.
=extra-axillary=, from outside the axil.
=falcate=, scythe- or sickle-shaped.
=fascicled= or =fasciculate=, in bundles or tufts.
=fastigiate=, with parallel erect clustered branches.
=fertile=, capable of bearing fruit, applied also to stamens bearing pollen.
=-fid=, a suffix, meaning split, e.g., =bifid=, split in two, =trifid=, split in three, etc.
=filament=, the stalk of a stamen.
=filiform=, thread-like.
=fimbriate=, with a fringed margin.
=flabellate= or =flabelliform=, fan-shaped.
=flexuose=, bent alternately to right and to left.
=floccose=, with tufts of wool.
=foliaceous=, having the appearance or texture of leaves.
=follicle=, a carpel opening at the inner suture only, e.g., some =Asclepiadiaceæ= and =Apocynaceæ=.
=-foliolate=, used to denote the number of leaflets, e.g., =trifoliolate=, with 3 leaflets, etc.
=free=, not united.
=fruticose=, shrubby.
=fugaceous=, falling off early.
=funicle=, the stalk attaching the seed to the placenta.
=fusiform=, spindle-shaped.
=gamopetalous=, when all the petals of a corolla are united.
=gamophyllous=, when the leaves of a perianth are joined together.
=gamosepalous=, when the sepals of a calyx are joined together.
=geminate=, in pairs.
=gibbous=, swollen or humped on one side.
=glabrate=, almost hairless.
=glabrous=, smooth, without hairs.
=gland=, an organ of secretion, represented by a small lump, which is sometimes stalked and called a =stipitate= gland.
=glandular hairs= are hairs which are enlarged at the top and contain a viscous secretion.
=glaucous=, with a bluish waxy bloom.
=glochidiate=, applied to hairs or bristles hooked at the top.
=glume= is one of the bracts enclosing the flowers of sedges and grasses.
=glumule=, the bract which forms the exterior covering of each flower of a spikelet in grasses.
=granular=, covered with numerous minute excrescences.
=gymnosperms=, plants whose ovules are naked, i.e., not enclosed in carpels, e.g., =Gnetaceæ= and =Cycadaceæ=.
=gynæcium=, the female organs of a flower.
=gynobasic=, of a style when it arises at or near the base of the ovary, e.g., =Labiatæ=.
=gynophore=, applied to the receptacle below the ovary when elongated and stalk-like.
=-gynous=, suffix used to show the number of carpels in an ovary, e.g., trigynous, with 3 carpels.
=habit=, the habitual shape of a plant as it stands.
=habitat=, the locality which a plant selects for growing in on account of suitability of climate, soil, elevation, etc., etc.
=hastate=, halberd-shaped, applied to leaves the basal lobes of which are pointed and turned outwards at right angles to the axis of the leaf.
=head=, see =capitulum=.
=herbaceous=, tender and green, not woody.
=hermaphrodite=, applied to flowers having both male and female organs.
=hilum=, a scar on a seed showing the place of its attachment to the fruit.
=hirsute=, with long, rough hairs.
=hispid=, with stiff hairs or bristles.
=hoary=, with short white hairs or down.
=hyaline=, glass-like, transparent or translucent.
=hypocrateriform=, salver-shaped, applied to a corolla when it expands in a flat manner.
=hypogynous=, applied to a flower, the sepals, petals and the stamens of which arise beneath the pistil.
=imbricate=, overlapping like the tiles of a roof.
=imparipinnate=, pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets.
=indefinite=, without fixed number, usually meaning a large number (of sepals, petals, stamens, etc.).
=indehiscent=, applied to fruits which do not split to allow the seed to escape.
=inferior=, applied to an ovary means that it is enclosed in and adherent to the calyx.
=inflorescence=, the manner in which flowers are arranged on a plant.
=infundibuliform=, funnel-shaped.
=internode=, the portion of a stem between the point of attachment of two successive leaves, if alternate leaves, or pairs of leaves, if they are opposite.
=interrupted=, when applied to an inflorescence means that portion of the axis bears no flowers although there are some both above and below.
=involucel=, the involucre of a secondary umbel.
=involucre=, a whorl of bracts, sometimes united and sometimes in several rows below an inflorescence or an individual flower.
=involute=, rolled from the back, e.g., towards the upper surface of a leaf.
=irregular=, applied to a flower which cannot be divided into two equal sections in whatever direction from above it is cut.
=-jugate=, in pairs, e.g., bijugate in 2 pairs, trijugate in 3 pairs, multijugate in many pairs, etc.
=keel=, the (more or less) united two lower petals in =Papilionaceæ=; also applied to straight longitudinal nerves on bracts, sepals or petals.
=labiate=, lipped, referring to the shape of the corolla or perianth.
=laciniate=, cut about, ragged, applied to leaves, the lobes of which are narrow and irregular.
=lamina=, the blade or broad part of a leaf.
=lanceolate=, lance-shaped, applied to leaves about three times longer than broad, broadest below the middle and tapering to the apex.
=latex=, milky sap.
=leaflet=, a subdivision of a compound leaf, q.v.
=legume=, the seed-vessel of =Leguminosæ=, 1-celled and 2-valved.
=lepidote=, covered with small scurfy scales.
=ligulate=, strap-shaped.
=ligule=, a kind of stipule embracing the stem of grasses where the sheath gives way to the blade of the leaf.
=ligulifloræ=, a section of the =Compositæ=, the florets of which in a head have all a strap-shaped corolla.
=limb=, the broader part of a leaf, but more commonly the broader part of the corolla above the tube, where it expands.
=linear=, narrow and long with parallel margins.
=lip=, a long more or less pendent corolla lobe or petal as in =Labiatæ=, =Orchidaceæ=, etc.
=lobes=, the divisions of a simple leaf or calyx or corolla or fruit.
=lobulate=, having minute lobes.
=-locular=, divided into compartments or cells, e.g., trilocular = 3-celled.
=lodicules=, hyaline or fleshy nerveless scales in grasses, representing the perianth of the flower.
=lunate=, crescent-shaped.
=lyrate=, applied to a pinnatifid leaf with a broader rounded terminal lobe and smaller, shorter ones below, e.g., some =Cruciferæ= and =Compositæ=.
=marcescent=, withering on the plant without falling off, e.g., the flower of =Dombeya=.
=membranous=, thin and not stiff.
=-merous=, used to show the numbers of parts in each floral envelope, e.g., trimerous, having 3 sepals, 3 petals (if any), 3 stamens, and (or) 3 carpels.
=monadelphous=, when all the stamens are joined by their filaments, thus forming a sheath round the ovary, e.g., =Malvaceæ=, some =Leguminosæ=, etc.
=monandrous=, with one stamen.
=moniliform=, or beaded, repeatedly constricted, e.g., the pod of =Acacia arabica=.
=monocotyledon=, having only one seed-leaf, e.g., =Palms=, =Grasses=, =Sedges=, =Lilies=, etc.
=monœcious=, a plant having separate male and female flowers on the same individual, see =diœcious=.
=mucronate=, terminating abruptly in a short stiff point or =mucro=.
=multifid=, divided distinctly into many parts.
=multipartite=, divided deeply into many parts.
=multisect=, divided so deeply into many parts that the individual parts are practically divided off.
=muricate=, covered with short, sharp protuberances.
=naked=, applied to a flower means that it has no calyx or corolla, applied to a seed that it has no pericarp.
=-nate=, a suffix showing that 2 or more leaves, etc., are together, e.g., binate, 2 together, ternate, in a whorl of 3, etc.
=nectary=, an organ secreting sugary fluid within the flower.
=node=, the point of attachment of a leaf to a stem.
=nodose=, applied to roots and stems swollen at intervals, knotted.
=nut=, a dry indehiscent fruit with a hard woody pericarp.
=ob-=, a prefix which used with terms denoting shape (excepting oblong) means that the shape is inverted; e.g., =oblanceolate= or =obovate= applied to a leaf mean that the broader part of the leaf is towards the apex as if it had been inverted, =obcordate= inverted heart-shaped, with the lobes at the apex.
=oblong=, elongated elliptic.
=obtuse=, blunt.
=ochrea=, a membranous sheath, e.g., some =Polygonaceæ=.
=opposite=, applied to leaves means that these are inserted in pairs, one leaf on either side of the stem.
=orbicular=, round, circular.
=organ=, every part of a plant which has a distinct function to perform.
=ostiole=, small aperture as, e.g., into the receptacle in =Ficus=.
=oval=, of the same shape as the mathematical figure.
=ovary=, one or more carpels enclosing one or more ovules.
=ovate=, somewhat egg-shaped in outline, flat and scarcely twice as long as broad, broadest below the middle.
=ovoid=, applied to bodies of three dimensions, e.g., ovaries and seeds, which are egg-shaped.
=ovule=, the early condition of future seeds within the ovary.
=palate=, part of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent corolla; e.g., in =Snap-Dragon=.
=paleaceous=, chaff-like.
=paleæ=, inner bracts or scales in =Compositæ= or =Gramineæ=, see also =valvules=.
=palmate=, applied to a simple leaf divided like a hand into several lobes.
=palmatifid=, more deeply divided than the former.
=palmatipartite= or =palmatisect=, palmately divided to the root of the main ribs.
=pandurate= or =panduriform=, fiddle-shaped.
=panicle=, when the axis of an inflorescence bears branches having two or more flowers, when the term is used alone it usually means a compound =raceme=, a =cymose= panicle has the branches in cymes, a =corymbose= panicle has them in corymbs and so on.
=pappus=, an appendage consisting of a ring of hairs or scales round the top of a fruit, e.g., some of the =Compositæ=.
=parasite=, a plant living on the sap of another plant.
=-partite=, deeply divided, see =pinnatipartite=, =palmatipartite=, =pedatipartite= and =multipartite=.
=patent=, open, spreading at right angles to the axis.
=pectinate=, finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
=pedate=, applied to a compound leaf when the divisions are at first ternate, but the outer branches are forked and the outer ones of each fork again forked.
=pedatifid=, applied to a simple leaf divided in a similar way to a pedate leaf.
=pedatipartite= or =pedatisect=, when the divisions are practically to the main nerve.
=pedicel=, the stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.
=peduncle=, the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence.
=peltate=, applied to a leaf which is more or less orbicular and the petiole of which is inserted not at the lower margin but near the centre.
=perennial=, when the life of a plant lasts more than 2 years, although the upper portion may die down to the ground every year.
=perianth=, the only floral envelope in the =Apetalæ= and in =Monocotyledons=.
=pericarp=, the wall of the ovary when in fruit.
=perigynous=, when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx and free from the ovary.
=persistent=, which does not fall off.
=petal=, a leaf of the inner envelope of a flower, often brightly coloured, absent from certain plants.
=petaloid=, having the appearance of a petal.
=petiole=, the leaf-stalk.
=petiolule=, the stalk of a leaflet.
=phanerogam=, a flowering plant.
=pilose=, sprinkled thinly with long soft hairs.
=pinnate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which are arranged, feather like, on either side of the rhachis; see =abruptly pinnate=, =imparipinnate=, =bipinnate=.
=pinnatifid=, when a simple leaf is divided into a series of lobes on either side of the midrib.
=pinna=, in bi- or tripinnate leaves each subdivision with the leaflets it comprises is called a =pinna=.
=pinnatipartite= or =pinnatisect=, the lobes more deeply divided than in a =pinnatifid= leaf and reaching almost to the midrib.
=pistil=, the innermost whorl of the flower consisting of one or more carpels, and includes ovary, style and stigma.
=pitted=, covered with small depressed spots.
=placenta=, is the part of the interior of the ovary to which the ovules are attached.
=placentation=, the method of attachment of the ovules, viz., =axile= when attached to the axis, but if this axis does not reach the top the placentation is =free central=, and =parietal= when attached to the inner wall of the ovary.
=plicate=, folded longitudinally like a closed fan.
=plumose=, like a tuft of long feathers, e.g., the leaves of a palm.
=plumule=, the leaf-bearing part of the embryo.
=pod=, a one-celled, two-valved seed vessel.
=pollen=, the fertilizing dust contained within the anther.
=pollinia= or =pollen-masses=, club-shaped collections of pollen in =Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=polyadelphous=, when the stamens are united into several bundles by junction of filaments.
=polyandrous=, with many stamens.
=polycarpous= or =polycarpellary=, with many carpels.
=polygamous=, bearing male, female and hermaphrodite flowers at the same time on the same plant, but if on distinct plants they are =polygamo- diœcious=.
=polypetalous= or =dialypetalous=, when the petals are free.
=polysepalous= or =dialysepalous=, when the sepals are free.
=præmorse=, as though the end were bitten off.
=prickle=, a sharp excrescence from the epidermis of a plant and not from the wood.
=procumbent=, of a plant which lies along the ground for the greater part of its length.
=prostrate=, when a plant lies down throughout its length.
=puberulent=, minutely downy.
=pubescent=, downy.
=quadrate=, square.
=raceme=, an inflorescence in which stalked flowers are inserted along a central axis.
=rachilla= and =rachis=, see =rhachilla= and =rhachis=.
=radical=, springing from the root.
=radicle=, the embryo root.
=ray florets=, the outer florets, in the capitulum of certain =Compositæ=.
=rays= of an umbel, the pedicels bearing the flowers or secondary umbels.
=receptacle=, the short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the flowers of a head are seated, as in =Compositæ=; also the extremity of the flower-stalk above the calyx (also called =torus=) on which the corolla, stamens and pistil are inserted.
=reclinate=, bent downwards.
=recurved=, bent back.
=reduplicate=, folded back.
=reflexed=, bent back abruptly.
=regular=, applied to a flower means that all parts of the floral whorls are equal among themselves.
=reniform=, kidney-shaped.
=reticulated=, net-like.
=retrorse=, turned backwards.
=retuse=, very blunt and slightly indented.
=revolute=, rolled back, in case of a leaf towards the underside.
=rhachilla=, a secondary axis in the flowers of =Sedges= and =Grasses=.
=rhachis=, the stalk of a compound leaf bearing the leaflets; also the portion of the axis of an inflorescence from the lowest ramification upwards.
=rhomboidal=, applied to leaves or leaflets means more or less 4-angled but not square.
=rostellate=, with a small beak.
=rostrate=, beaked.
=rosulate=, rosette-shaped.
=rotate=, wheel-shaped; of a corolla when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the base.
=rufous=, foxy-red.
=rugose=, wrinkled.
=runcinate=, pinnatifid with the lobes pointing downwards.
=runner=, a prostrate branch, rooting at places.
=saccate=, bag-like.
=sagittate=, applied to a leaf the basal lobes or auricles point downwards like the barbs of an arrow.
=samara=, a winged fruit.
=sarcocarp=, the fleshy layer in certain fruits.
=scabrous= or =scabrid=, rough to the touch.
=scales=, leaves much reduced in size, but having neither colour nor functions of leaves; also circular disc-like hairs.
=scandent=, climbing.
=scape=, a naked peduncle springing apparently from the root.
=scarious=, thin and more or less translucent, not green.
=scorpioid= inflorescence, a cymose compound inflorescence, in which, by the abortion of one of the branches in each of the successive subsidiary cymes, always on the same side, the inflorescence becomes curled up somewhat like a scorpion’s tail; e.g., =Boraginaceæ=.
=-sect=, cut completely to the base, e.g., =pinnatisect= when the lobes of a simple leaf are cut down to the midrib.
=secund=, when all the leaves or flowers are turned to the same side of the stem.
=sepal=, one of the leaves forming the calyx.
=serrate=, sawlike, applied to the teeth on the margin of a leaf, the point of which is sharp and the sides unequal.
=serrulate=, finely serrate.
=sessile=, having no stalk.
=seta=, a bristle.
=setaceous= or =setose=, bristly.
=sheath=, the dilated petiole of a leaf when it encloses the stem for some distance above the node, e.g., =Grasses=, some =Umbelliferæ=, etc.
=shrub=, a woody plant over 3 ft. high, which naturally branches into several stems from near the ground; a plant with a single stem, but too small to be classed as a tree is known as an =arborescent shrub=.
=siliqua=, a linear pod divided into 2 cells by a thin membranous partition, from which the valves generally separate at maturity. When the pod is short and broad it is called a =silicule=. Both are characteristic of the =Cruciferæ=.
=simple=, applied to a leaf means that it is not subdivided into leaflets, and to an inflorescence when the main floral axis only bears single flowers and not subsidiary inflorescences.
=sinuate=, or =wavy= when the margins of a leaf have a wavy outline, like an oak-leaf.
=sinus=, the space between the teeth or lobes of a leaf.
=spadix=, a fleshy spike as in the =Araceæ=.
=spathe=, a sheath-like bract enclosing the flower of some Monocotyledons, e.g., in =Araceæ=.
=spathulate=, ladle-shaped, i.e., broad in the short upper part and contracted below.
=spike=, a simple inflorescence bearing sessile flowers along the axis.
=spikelet=, applied to the small clusters of flowers in =Sedges= and =Grasses= enclosed within one or more glumes.
=spine=, a woody persistent thorn.
=spur=, a conical hollow projection in the tube or lower part of a petal, e.g., in some =Scrophulariaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=squamæ=, see scales.
=squarrose=, applied to imbricated scales, bracts or leaves having pointed tips and which are also spreading or recurved.
=stamen=, the male organ of the flower.
=staminode=, imperfect and barren stamen.
=standard=, the large upper petal in =Papilionaceæ=.
=stellate=, applied to a corolla the petals or lobes of which spread out like the rays of a star; also to branched hairs radiating from a centre.
=sterile= or =barren=, applied to stamens without pollen and to flowers without a pistil.
=stigma=, the upper part of the pistil on which the pollen settles before fertilizing the ovules.
=stipe=, a term applied to a stalk on any part of the plant except leaves and flowers.
=stipellæ= or =stipels=, subsidiary stipules of leaflets.
=stipitate=, stalked.
=stipule=, leaf-like appendages, often in pairs and winged at the base of the petiole in certain plants; when taking the form of spines they are known as stipular thorns, e.g., =Acacia arabica=, etc.
=stolon=, a horizontal runner.
=striate=, marked with longitudinal lines or furrows.
=strigose=, applied to shortish hair lying close along the surface in one direction.
=strobilate=, closely overlapping as the scales in the cone of a fir.
=style=, the portion of the pistil which bears the stigma.
=subsessile=, almost sessile.
=subulate=, awl-shaped.
=succulent=, juicy, sappy.
=sulcate=, grooved, fluted, furrowed.
=superior ovary=, an ovary which is free, i.e., not adnate to the calyx or perianth.
=suture=, the line along which similar organs cohere, e.g., carpellary leaves.
=syncarpous=, applied to an ovary composed of several carpels cohering to one another.
=tendril=, a thread-like process, usually an abortive petiole or peduncle, having the faculty of grasping and twining round objects and thus enabling the plant to climb.
=terete=, with a circular cross section, e.g., a cylinder.
=ternate=, in threes, whether three leaves in a verticil or 3 lobes or 3 leaflets of a leaf, but the last two are more commonly called tri-lobed or tri-fid and tri-foliolate respectively.
=terrestrial=, growing in the earth in contradistinction to epiphytes and tree-parasites.
=tesselated=, marked with small squares, e.g., nuts of some =Sedges=.
=thorn=, usually an abortive branch petiole or peduncle with a sharp, pointed end.
=throat=, the upper part of a corolla tube.
=thyrsus=, a compound inflorescence in which cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow pyramidal panicle.
=tomentose=, covered with light-coloured, short, soft and somewhat felted hairs (=tomentum=).
=torulose=, cylindrical with small swellings and depressions.
=torus=, see =receptacle=.
=tree=, a plant capable of carrying a single stem, up to about 25 ft. at least.
=trigonous=, obtusely 3-angled.
=triquetrous=, more sharply 3-angled, almost 3-winged.
=truncate=, ending abruptly, as if cut off square.
=tuber=, a short underground stem containing farinaceous matter, e.g., potato.
=tubercled= or =tuberculate=, covered with roundish knobby projections.
=tumid=, inflated, swollen.
=turbinate=, top-shaped.
=umbel=, an inflorescence in which the flowers radiate from a common point on stalks of about the same lengths.
=umbellule=, a subsidiary umbel in a compound umbel.
=umbonate=, with a boss as on a shield.
=uncinate=, hooked.
=undershrub=, a woody plant less than 3 ft. in height.
=undulate=, applied to margins of leaves which without being cut out rise and fall like waves.
=unguiculate=, clawed, applied to a stalked petal.
=unisexual=, of one sex only, applied to flowers which have stamens and no pistil or vice versa.
=urceolate=, urn-shaped.
=utricle=, the pericarp of a nut when it is thin and loose.
=valvate=, applied to the æstivation of a corolla means that in bud the petals or lobes are arranged edge to edge without overlapping.
=valves=, these are (a) the segments into which a capsule splits on becoming ripe; (b) the bracts between the glumes and the =paleæ= (or =valvules=) in the flowers of =Grasses=.
=valvules= (or =paleæ=), 2-nerved, hyaline bracts situated between the valves (see above) and the =lodicules=.
=ventricose=, swelling or inflated.
=verrucose=, covered by wart-like lumps.
=versatile=, applied to anthers which are attached by one point on their backs to the tips of the filaments so as to swing loosely.
=verticil=, whorl.
=villous=, having long, soft hairs, shaggy.
=virgate=, twiggy.
=viscous= or =viscid=, giving out a sticky secretion.
=vittæ=, linear vesicles, filled with oil, in the pericarp of =Umbelliferæ=.
=wavy=, see =undulate=, also applied to =sinuate=.
=whorl= or =verticil=, 3 or more leaves or flowers arranged round a stem on the same level.
=wing=, (a) the prolongation of a fruit or seed into a membrane, (b) a thin membrane along the angle of a stem, (c) protuberances on the rhachilla of certain =Sedges=.
=woolly=, with long loose hairs like wool.
CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED IN THIS FLORA
=GYMNOSPERMÆ= (p. 48). Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary, no calyx or corolla.
Plants palm-like with fusiform or globose stem; leaves pinnate; flowers in cones.
=Cycadaceæ= (p. 48).
Whip-like shrub or climber with more or less whorled branches; leaves scale-like, connate at the base, flowers spicate.
=Gnetaceæ= (p. 48).
=ANGIOSPERMÆ=. Ovules enclosed in an ovary; calyx or corolla usually present.
=Dicotyledones= (p. 49). Embryo with 2 seed-leaves (cotyledons). Leaves typically net-veined. Vascular bundles of stem usually in a ring. Flowers mostly with parts in 4’s or 5’s—for key to families of this group see p. 16.
=Monocotyledones= (p. 365). Embryo with only 1 seed leaf. Leaves typically parallel-nerved. Vascular bundles of the stem scattered. Flowers mostly with parts in 3’s—for key to families of this group see p. 45.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS FLORA.
(Extracted and adapted from Hutchinson, Families of Flowering Plants.)
KEY TO THE ARTIFICIAL GROUPS.[3]
Gynæcium composed of 2 or more separate or nearly quite separate carpels with separate styles and stigmas (rarely the free carpels immersed in the expanded torus (Nymphæaceæ).
“=APOCARPÆ=”
Petals present free from each other, sometimes considerably modified or scarcely distinguishable from the sepals.
Group 1 (p. 17).
Petals present more or less united
Group 2 (p. 18).
Petals absent
Group 3 (p. 18).
Gynæcium composed of 1 carpel or 2 or more united carpels with free or united styles, or if carpels free below, then the styles or stigmas united.
“=SYNCARPÆ=”
Ovules attached to the wall or walls of the ovary.
“=Parietales=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 4 (p. 19).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 5 (p. 22).
Petals absent
Group 6 (p. 24).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 7 (p. 25).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 8(p. 25).
Petals absent
Group 9 (p. 26).
Ovules attached to the central axis, or to the base or apex of the ovary cell.
“=Axiles=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 10 (p. 26).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 11 (p. 33).
Petals absent
Group 12 (p. 37).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 13 (p. 41).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 14 (p. 43).
Petals absent
Group 15(p. 44).
=GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate:
b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style often lateral or basal.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Stamens up to 15 in number:
c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base, exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm.
=Crassulaceæ=
cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves usually medifixed.
=Malpighiaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals imbricate; seeds without endosperm.
=Rosaceæ=
cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx valvate; seeds with copious endosperm.
=Tiliaceæ=
ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote.
=Sterculiaceæ=
bb) Leaves without stipules:
c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus; aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers.
=Nymphæaceæ=
cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic:
d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes ruminate.
=Menispermaceæ=
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more numerous than the petals:
e) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds with abundant ruminate endosperm.
=Anonaceæ=
ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent.
=Menispermaceæ=
fff) Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate, small to medium-sized; anthers small, with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves prominent and parallel; seeds arillate; sepals persistent and often accrescent.
=Dilleniaceæ=
ee) Stamens few (12 or fewer):
f) Leaves compound or very much divided:
g) Herbs; fruit an achene; seed with copious endosperm and small embryo; flowers mostly yellow.
=Ranunculaceæ=
gg) Trees or shrubs; fruit a follicle; seeds without endosperm; leaves pinnate.
=Connaraceæ=
ff) Leaves simple:
g) Flowers hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees; seeds arillate, aril entire, more or less cupular; petals 5.
=Connaraceæ=
gg) Flowers unisexual; petals and stamens in threes or multiples of three.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 2. Two or more free carpels; petals present, more or less united.=
Herbs with fleshy opposite leaves; flowers racemose, cymose or paniculate; corolla more or less tubular; calyx sometimes inflated and membranous.
=Crassulaceæ=
Trees, shrubs or climbers with usually pinnate or unifoliolate leaves; petals very shortly connate at the base; seeds often arillate; calyx never inflated.
=Connaraceæ=
=GROUP 3. Two or more free carpels; petals absent.=
a) Trees, shrubs or hard-wooded climbers; leaves simple or rarely compound:
b) Leaves stipulate; stamens free or slightly connate at the base; anthers opening by slits; fruits drupaceous, included by the tubular calyx.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Leaves stipulate; stamens united into a column; anthers in a ring around the top of the column or unequally arranged, opening by slits; hairs often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
aa) Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or very soft wooded climbers with often opposite leaves and rather broad medullary rays in the wood:
b) Carpels usually numerous, rarely reduced to 1 and then stipulate, often with long hairy tails; sepals induplicate valvate or rarely imbricate, often petaloid; stamens free; leaves sometimes opposite and much divided.
=Ranunculaceæ=
bb) Carpels definite in number, often 3 or 6; flowers unisexual; stamens free or variously connate; climbers with simple leaves.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 4. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite:
b) Stamens more or less united into 3 or more separate bundles; leaves often gland-dotted or with lines of resin; mostly herbaceous; styles free to the base or very nearly so.
=Hypericaceæ=
bb) Stamens free or more or less united into not more than 2 separate bundles (diadelphous), sometimes adnate to a gynophore; leaves not or very rarely glandular:
c) Connective of the anthers produced above the cells; flowers often somewhat zygomorphic (irregular), the lower petal often gibbous or saccate at the base.
=Violaceæ=
cc) Connective of the anthers not produced beyond the cells; flowers usually actinomorphic (regular) or papilionaceous:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), sessile; leaves small and ericoid, more or less connate at the base; stamens free.
=Frankeniaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular); stamens diadelphous; fruit a legume.
=Papilionaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
c) Filaments more or less connate into a tube or into separate bundles:
d) Filaments connate in 1 or 2 and unequal bundles; leaves compound; flowers mostly arranged in dense spikes or heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Filaments connate into more than 2 separate bundles opposite the sepals; calyx valvate; fruits prickly.
=Tiliaceæ=
cc) Filaments free or at most partially adnate to a gynophore:
d) Ovary supported on a gynophore; petals often clawed; seeds without endosperm.
=Capparidaceæ=
dd) Ovary sessile or very nearly so:
e) Anthers horse-shoe shaped; ovary placentas 2; ovules numerous; stipules caducous, leaving a wide scar; leaves large, palminerved at the base; pedicels often with 5 large glands below the sepals.
=Bixaceæ=
ee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by apical pores or short pore-like slits:
f) Seeds hairy; ovary entire; leaves digitately nerved or lobed; stems annual from a woody rhizome with yellow interior.
=Cochlospermaceæ=
ff) Seeds not hairy; ovary often deeply lobed, in fruit the carpels becoming nearly free on the enlarged torus; leaves pinnately nerved; stems not annual.
=Ochnaceæ=
eee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by longitudinal slits:
f) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
g) Leaves stipulate, the stipules sometimes falling off early but leaving a scar:
h) Corona present in the flowers.
=Passifloraceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Stamens and petals hypogynous:
j) Leaves usually pinnate; wood often with resinous juice.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple; wood without resinous juice.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ii) Stamens and petals perigynous.
=Rosaceæ=
gg) Leaves without stipules:
h) Trees or shrubs; leaves never lobed.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
hh) Herbs with milky juice; stems glaucous; leaves amplexicaul, pinnately lobed or sinuate.
=Papaveraceæ=
ff) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
g) Ovary of 1 carpel; trees or shrubs.
h) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as below.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
hh) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Ovary of more than 1 carpel; herbs; petals often divided.
=Resedaceæ=
bb) Stamens 12 or fewer:
c) Stamens 6, four long and two short (tetradynamous); petals 4, clawed.
=Cruciferæ=
cc) Stamens not as above, very rarely 6 and then of equal length; petals rarely 4:
d) Flowers markedly zygomorphic:
e) Fertile stamens sometimes only 2; ovary often on a short or long gynophore.
f) Ovary of more than 1 carpel (i.e., more than 1 placenta).
=Capparidaceæ=
ff) Ovary of 1 carpel (i.e., only 1 placenta); leaves usually pinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ee) Fertile stamens usually 10 or 8, more than 2:
f) Anthers often with a produced connective; herbs.
=Violaceæ=
ff) Anthers without a produced connective, sometimes with a gland at the apex; habit various, but mostly trees, shrubs or climbers:
g) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and keel (papilionaceous); ovary with a single placenta.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as above; ovary with a single placenta.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ggg) Odd petal abaxial; ovary with 3 placentas; 5 fertile and 5 barren stamens.
=Moringaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Flowers with a distinct corona, sometimes this membranous or represented by a definite ring of hairs towards the base of the calyx tube.
=Passifloraceæ=
ee) Flowers without a corona:
f) Stamens united, with the anthers in a ring around the apex of the column; endosperm of the seeds often ruminate; mostly weak climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
ff) Stamens free or united only at the base or rarely only the anthers connivent:
g) Leaves stipulate; anthers with the connective produced above the cells and often connivent around the style.
=Violaceæ=
gg) Leaves stipulate; anther connective not produced:
h) Staminodes present, sometimes petaloid; stipules often pectinate.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Staminodes absent:
i) Leaves with numerous very sticky glandular hairs, mostly circinnately coiled in bud; seeds not carunculate.
=Droseraceæ=
ii) Leaves without sticky hairs, not circinnate in bud; seeds often carunculate or arillate:
j) Styles free to the base.
=Turneraceæ=
jj) Styles simple or shortly divided.
=Passifloraceæ=
ggg) Leaves exstipulate:
h) Herbs; leaves entire or lobed; flowers yellow or orange; seeds pitted, arillate.
=Turneraceæ=
hh) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
i) Leaves simple, but sometimes deeply divided:
j) Leaves biglandular at the base.
=Passifloraceæ=
jj) Leaves not glandular at the base:
k) Leaves digitately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
kk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube short; stamens hypogynous.
=Pittosporaceæ=
kkk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube rather long; stamens perigynous.
=Turneraceæ=
kkkk) Leaves very small and more or less ericoid; flowers in slender spikes or racemes:
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Leaves compound:
j) Flowers in heads or dense spikes; petals valvate; ovary of 1 carpel; ovules more than 1.
=Mimosaceæ=
jj) Flowers not in heads or dense spikes; ovary usually of more than one carpel; ovule solitary.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jjj) Flowers racemose; ovary of 5 carpels with numerous ovules.
=Caricaceæ=
=GROUP 5. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Stamens free from the corolla-tube:
b) Ovary composed of more than one carpel:
c) Stamens numerous, more than twice the number of the corolla lobes; anthers opening by longitudinal slits with broadened truncate connective; seeds with copious ruminate endosperm; shrubs, trees or climbers with exstipulate simple leaves.
=Anonaceæ=
cc) Stamens 5-12; anthers not appendaged at the apex, usually opening by longitudinal slits, rarely by pores; leaves alternate, exstipulate; erect trees or shrubs:
d) Leaves fairly large; flowers more or less corymbose; stamens 5.
=Pittosporaceæ=
dd) Leaves very small and scale-like; flowers in slender spikes or racemes; stamens 5-10.
=Tamaricaceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of a single carpel (usually a legume); stamens free or more usually diadelphous or monadelphous, often 10, rarely numerous:
c) Stamens connate into a sheath or free; flowers usually hermaphrodite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular); petals valvate; calyx gamosepalous or valvate; leaves usually bipinnate, rarely simply pinnate; flowers often collected into heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular) or rarely actinomorphic; sepals imbricate or rarely valvate; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one inside the others; leaves often pinnate or bipinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ddd) Flowers zygomorphic; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one (the standard) outside the others, the lateral two (the wings) outside the abaxial pair (the keel) which are more or less united along their lower edges; leaves simple, digitate or simply pinnate.
=Papilionaceæ=
cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base:
b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous; flower sometimes zygomorphic:
c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous, hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized.
=Polygalaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla actinomorphic or nearly so:
c) Leaves opposite:
d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers.
=Apocynaceæ=
dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly herbs or twiners.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not agglutinated; one common style present:
e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic.
=Gentianaceæ=
ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla usually zygomorphic.
=Verbenaceæ=
cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs:
d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly united.
=Hydrophyllaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas.
=Gentianaceæ=
bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic or rarely subactinomorphic:
c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute, very numerous, with endosperm.
=Orobanchaceæ=
cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic:
d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse, winged.
=Bignoniaceæ=
dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided.
=Verbenaceæ=
=GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.=
a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate, without stipules.
=Proteaceæ=
aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of bracts; remainder of above characters not associated:
b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (i.e., with 1 placenta):
c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod stipitate.
=Papilionaceæ=(Cordyla)
cc) Stamens 10 or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves usually simple:
e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or cymose or fasciculate.
=Ulmaceæ=
ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud; flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle or in catkins or heads.
=Moraceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more placentas:
c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate.
=Capparidaceæ=
cc) Ovary sessile:
d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm.
=Salicaceæ=
dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with endosperm.
e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments free.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate.
=Samydaceæ=
=GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so:
b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals.
=Melastomataceæ=
bb) Anthers not opening by pores:
c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic; stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.
=Cactaceæ=
cc) Tree or shrubs with well-developed green leaves; seeds with endosperm; stamens sometimes opposite the petals.
=Samydaceæ=
aa) Flowers unisexual; stamens few, with twisted or conduplicate anthers; usually slender twiners with tendrils; leaves often scabrid.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
=GROUP 8. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less united.=
Flowers unisexual; leaves alternate without longitudinally parallel nerves; tendrils often present; stamens mostly 3; anthers often twisted or conduplicate.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves opposite or verticillate often with longitudinally parallel nerves, without stipules; anthers mostly opening by terminal pores.
=Melastomataceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual; leaves opposite or alternate, often stipulate; anthers not opening by pores, sometimes connivent at the apex; ovules numerous on the walls; petals united into a long tube; stipules persistent, inter- or intra-petiolar.
=Rubiaceæ=(Gardenia)
=GROUP 9. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals absent; leaves exstipulate; calyx unilateral or 3 lobed and often coloured.=
=Aristolochiaceæ=
=GROUP 10. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and opposite to them; leaves alternate or rarely opposite or all radical:
b) Leaves not gland-dotted; petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or subperigynous; disk usually conspicuous:
c) Calyx lobes or sepals imbricate, usually 2; stipules often scarious or setose; ovary 1-celled, with basal placenta.
=Portulacaceæ=
cc) Calyx lobes valvate or open in bud:
d) Disk absent from the flowers:
e) Trees and shrubs; ovules usually 2 or more inserted on the inner angle of the cells; hairs on the leaves often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ee) Herbs mostly with rosettes of leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx tube scarious, ribbed; ovule 1, pendulous on a basal funicle.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
dd) Disk present, perigynous; leaves mostly stipulate; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules erect; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and large straight embryo.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ddd) Disk present; leaves exstipulate:
e) Ovules erect; ovary 1-3-celled; calyx conspicuous.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Ovules pendulous; ovary 1-celled; calyx minute.
=Opiliaceæ=
bb) Leaves pellucid-punctate:
c) Leaves simple, without stipules; ovules numerous on a free central placenta; no tendrils.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Leaves mostly compound, usually stipulate; inflorescence leaf- opposed; ovules 1-2 in each cell, inserted on the inner angle; tendrils often present.
=Ampelidaceæ=
aa) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and alternate with them or more numerous, very rarely fewer:
b) Style basal; stipules mostly persistent; leaves simple; stamens numerous; stomata of the leaves usually with special subsidiary cells.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Style or styles terminal or subterminal, sometimes gynobasic:
c) Flowers markedly zygomorphic (irregular); lower sepal more or less elongated into a spur; sepals usually 3; anthers connivent around the ovary, opening lengthwise; seeds without endosperm.
=Balsaminaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic or very slightly zygomorphic:
d) Stamens united into more than one separate bundle (phalanges) often opposite the petals; leaves usually opposite, often gland- dotted or with resinous lines:
e) Leaves opposite, exstipulate:
f) Herbs or shrubs; styles free from the base or nearly so; flowers hermaphrodite; calyx imbricate.
=Hypericaceæ=
ff) Trees or shrubs; styles mostly more or less united or stigma one and sessile or sub-sessile; flowers mostly unisexual; calyx imbricate.
=Guttiferæ=
ee) Leaves alternate, stipulate; trees, shrubs or herbs; calyx valvate; hairs usually stellate:
f) Stamens with some of the filaments sterile; fruits not hooked.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ff) Stamens all fertile; fruits covered with hooks.
=Tiliaceæ=
dd) Stamens free (at least not united into several bundles) or sometimes more or less united at the base or into one bundle (monadelphous):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate or rarely fasciculate, never all radical:
f) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole, sometimes sessile:
g) Leaves gland-dotted; disk usually present between the stamens and ovary; ovary often deeply lobed; cells 2-ovuled; pendulous; stipules rarely present.
=Rutaceæ=
gg) Leaves not gland-dotted, sometimes fleshy; ovules pendulous from the central axis, 2 or more in each cell; disk often fleshy, rarely absent; stipules persistent and often paired; shrubs or herbs; leaves mostly 2-foliolate or pinnate; filaments often with a scale or gland attached to the base.
=Zygophyllaceæ=
ff) Leaves simple but sometimes deeply and variously divided:
g) Stamens more than twice as many as the petals; calyx valvate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers not inflexed in bud:
i) Petals and stamens hypogynous; hairs often stellate; stipules in pairs.
=Tiliaceæ=
ii) Petals and stamens perigynous; hairs not stellate; stipules interpetiolar.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
hh) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers inflexed in bud; petals and stamens perigynous.
=Lythraceæ=
hhh) Flowers unisexual; anthers inflexed in bud; hairs stellate or lepidote.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
gg) Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals:
h) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
i) Leaves stipulate, sometimes stipules rudimentary or of hairs:
j) Disk absent or inconspicuous or of separate glands; calyx often glandular:
k) Calyx mostly with a pair of glands outside; trees, shrubs or climbers; stamens mostly 10.
=Malpighiaceæ=
kk) Calyx not glandular; anther-cells back to back; trees or shrubs; petals 4; stamens 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
jj) Disk present, conspicuous; calyx not glandular:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stamens inserted on or below the margin of the disk; filaments subulate:
m) Stamens 3-5; sepals imbricate.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Stamens 8-10; sepals valvate.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
ll) Stamens usually 3, inserted on the disk; filaments flattened or connivent, often adnate to the ovary; sepals imbricate.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; ovules pendulous from the apex of the cell; seeds often carunculate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate or stipules gland-like:
j) Anthers opening at the apex by a pore, often appendaged at the base; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise; leaves usually with pinnate nerves:
k) Ovules numerous in each cell; anthers inflexed in bud; calyx more or less tubular, with valvate lobes, often with accessory lobes.
=Lythraceæ=
kk) Ovules few in each cell:
=Malpighiaceæ=
l) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the cells; calyx fairly long and tubular, more or less petaloid; petals usually very small.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ll) Ovules erect or ascending from the base of the cells; calyx imbricate:
m) Filaments subulate or filiform; stamens usually 5.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Filaments flattened; stamens usually 3.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
hh) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate; stipules paired; styles free from the base; ovules numerous, axile.
=Elatinaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves with 3 or more longitudinally parallel nerves; anthers usually appendaged and opening by a terminal pore.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Leaves not as above; anthers opening by longitudinal slits; stamens perigynous; anthers inflexed in bud.
=Lythraceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical:
f) Stamens more than twice the number of the sepals or petals:
g) Sepals valvate or open in bud:
h) Anthers 2-celled:
i) Stamens free or slightly united only at the base:
j) Calyx closed in bud:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves simple; wood not resinous.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; leaves entire or 3-lobed; petiole with 2 glands at the apex.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kkk) Flowers usually polygamous; leaves mostly compound; petiole not glandular at the apex; wood resinous.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Calyx open in bud; leaves simple; stamens up to 20, free or nearly so.
=Olacaceæ=
ii) Stamens more or less united into a tube or into bundles, hypogynous; indumentum usually stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
hh) Anthers 1-celled, stamens more or less monadelphous; calyx with or without an epicalyx:
i) Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves digitately compound; carpels not or very rarely splitting away from the central axis in fruit.
=Bombacaceæ=
ii) Mostly herbs; leaves simple; carpels often splitting away from the central axis or becoming free in fruit.
=Malvaceæ=
gg) Sepals imbricate or rarely completely connate or calyptrate:
h) Petals and stamens perigynous; leaves stipulate:
i) Seeds with endosperm and a curved embryo; mostly herbs; sepals 2.
=Portulacaceæ=
ii) Seeds without endosperm; sepals more than 2.
=Rosaceæ=
hh) Petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or flowers unisexual; disk often present:
i) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
j) Leaves compound, pinnate or rarely unifoliolate and then with a tumid petiole:
k) Ovule ascending:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; style or styles central.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves rarely gland-dotted; styles or stigmas often separated:
m) Wood with resin ducts and leaves scented; style or stigma often eccentric.
=Anacardiaceæ=
mm) Wood not resinous; leaves not or rarely scented; style or stigma central.
=Sapindaceæ=
kk) Ovule or ovules pendulous; wood without resin ducts, bark bitter; leaves usually not gland-dotted.
=Simarubaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple:
k) Flowers unisexual; disk present.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Torus enlarged after flowering; ovary mostly deeply lobed, the carpels becoming separated in fruit; anthers often opening by pores.
=Ochnaceæ=
ll) Torus not enlarged; calyx enlarged and wing-like in fruit:
m) Flowers mostly rather small and not showy; petals much contorted; ovary 2- or more-celled; leaves with comparatively few lateral nerves.
=Dipterocarpaceæ=
mm) Flowers showy; ovary 1-celled with a basal placenta; leaves long, with very numerous parallel lateral nerves.
=Ochnaceæ=
ii) Herbs; sepals 2; leaves fleshy, exstipulate; ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules; seeds strophiolate.
=Portulacaceæ=
ff) Stamens definite in number in relation to the sepals or petals, often the same number or twice as many or fewer:
g) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly tumid petiole:
h) Stamens united into a tube; leaves pinnate or rarely unifoliolate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; seeds often winged.
=Meliaceæ=
hh) Stamens free or united only at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate:
j) Herbaceous or slightly woody; leaves digitately or pinnately compound.
=Oxalidaceæ=
jj) Trees, shrubs or often climbers; leaves compound; stipules lateral; seeds without endosperm.
=Sapindaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves gland-dotted:
=Rutaceæ=
jj) Leaves not gland-dotted:
k) Ovules pendulous:
l) Leaflets 2; shrubs or trees with axillary or supra- axillary spines.
=Simarubaceæ=
ll) Leaflets more than 2:
m) Ovary of more than 1 carpel, 2 or more celled.
=Burseraceæ=
mm) Ovary usually of 1 carpel.
=Anacardiaceæ=
kk) Ovules ascending or horizontal:
l) Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style simple; ovary of 1 carpel.
=Connaraceæ=
ll) Ovules 1 or more in each cell, erect or ascending; style simple or divided; ovary of more than 1 carpel.
=Sapindaceæ=
gg) Leaves simple:
h) Anthers opening by apical pores; ovary deeply lobed, torus enlarging in fruit and the carpels often becoming separate; ovules 1-2 in each cell.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise:
i) Shrubs or trees:
j) Leaves stipulate:
k) Flowers unisexual:
l) Petals entire:
m) Stipules conspicuous, persistent.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
mm) Stipules very inconspicuous, caducous.
=Celastraceæ=
ll) Petals bilobed; stamens 5; disk composed of hypogynous glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stipules axillary, convolute in bud, often very large; ovary entire, 2-celled; petals entire; ovule inserted in the middle of the placenta.
=Simarubaceæ=(Irvingia)
ll) Stipules not axillary:
m) Petals entire or emarginate; ovules erect; disk entire or lobed.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Petals often deeply lobed; ovules pendulous; disk of separate glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
jj) Leaves exstipulate:
k) Stamens united into a tube; sepals not glandular; ovary 2- or more-celled.
=Meliaceæ=
kk) Stamens free or connate only at the base:
l) Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous:
m) Ovary 1-celled:
n) Leaves fairly large; flowers in panicles, not supported on the enlarged torus.
=Anacardiaceæ=
nn) Leaves very small and crowded; flowers in slender spikes or racemes.
=Tamaricaceæ=
mm) Ovary 2- or more-celled; disk present; petals mostly valvate; ovary 3-5-celled.
=Olacaceæ=
ll) Stamens distinctly perigynous; calyx tubular and often petaloid; petals mostly very small and scale-like.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ii) Herbs:
j) Flowers hermaphrodite; disk usually absent:
k) Sepals valvate; bark fibrous; leaves often with thread- like tails at the base.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed at the base; ovary long-beaked.
=Geraniaceæ=
kkk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed; ovary not beaked.
l) Petals not contorted:
=Molluginaceæ=
ll) Petals contorted:
=Linaceæ=
jj) Flowers unisexual; disk present or obscure.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
=GROUP 11. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Stamens the same number as and opposite to the corolla lobes:
b) Ovules solitary in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary; style often lobed:
c) Trees or shrubs, often with hard wood:
d) Petals imbricate; hairs often stellate or medifixed; staminodes often present, sometimes petaloid.
=Sapotaceæ=
dd) Petals valvate; hairs usually simple; usually no staminodes:
e) Inflorescence not leaf-opposed; leaves simple, without tendrils.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Inflorescence leaf-opposed; leaves often compound; mostly climbers with tendrils.
=Ampelidaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers:
d) Corolla lobes valvate; tendrils often present; inflorescence usually cymose-paniculate, leaf-opposed; leaves usually with the stipules adnate to the petiole; petals united at the base.
=Ampelidaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes imbricate; no tendrils; inflorescence more or less corymbose; petals united high up.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
bb) Ovules 2 or more in each cell; style undivided; placentas basal:
c) Trees or shrubs often with gland-dotted simple leaves; leaves exstipulate.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers usually with compound stipulate leaves and leaf-opposed inflorescence.
=Ampelidaceæ=
ccc) Herbs with opposite simple leaves and solitary or axillary scarlet, blue or rose flowers; leaves not gland-dotted, exstipulate.
=Primulaceæ=
aa) Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, or more numerous or fewer:
b) Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; flowers unisexual; corolla lobes about 5; leaves stipulate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
bb) Stamens as many as or up to twice as many as the corolla lobes or fewer:
c) Stamens as many as or more numerous than the corolla lobes:
d) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
e) Petals united only at the base; seeds often pilose; ovules pendulous.
=Polygalaceæ=
ee) Petals united high up into a tube:
f) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs; corolla lobes 5.
=Solanaceæ=
ff) Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; habit various; corolla lobes 4.
=Verbenaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate, mostly exstipulate:
f) Anthers opening by apical pores or pore-like slits:
g) Leaves in whorls; woody shrubs or undershrubs with usually very small leaves; stamens hypogynous.
=Ericaceæ=
gg) Leaves paired; herbs; stamens epipetalous.
=Gentianaceæ=
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
g) Style single with often a large more or less capitate stigma:
h) Corona present in the flowers; mostly herbs or weak twiners, often with milky juice.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Trees, shrubs or climbers often with milky juice; corolla lobes contorted-imbricate or rarely valvate.
=Apocynaceæ=
jj) Herbs; corolla lobes imbricate; disk present.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
jjj) Herbs with spicate flowers and radical leaves; corolla lobes imbricate; no disk.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ii) Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base.
=Loganiaceæ=
gg) Styles with more than 1 separate stigma:
h) Stamens double the number of the corolla lobes; flowers dioecious; endosperm copious, hard.
=Ebenaceæ=
hh) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes:
i) Rudimentary stipules often present; stamens and corolla lobes 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
ii) Stipules absent:
j) Style gynobasic:
=Boraginaceæ=
jj) Style terminal:
k) Trees or shrubs:
l) Ovules numerous in each cell or, if solitary, then corolla lobes valvate.
=Loganiaceæ=
ll) Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes imbricate.
=Verbenaceæ=
kk) Herbs or herbaceous climbers:
l) Ovary imperfectly celled by the intrusive placentas.
=Gentianaceæ=
ll) Ovary perfectly 2-celled with axile placentas; style simple.
=Solanaceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical or reduced to scales:
f) Leafless parasites destitute of chlorophyll; ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ff) Not parasitic or rarely so and then leafy:
g) Leaves densely covered with viscid gland-tipped tentacles, mostly all radical; more or less stemless herbs.
=Droseraceæ=
gg) Leaves without tentacles:
h) Leaves stipulate:
i) Flowers unisexual; petals not bifid.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Flowers hermaphrodite; petals bifid.
=Chailletiaceæ=
hh) Leaves without stipules:
i) Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, free from the corolla or slightly adnate to its base:
j) Anthers opening by terminal pores, often with appendages; woody plants.
=Ericaceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
k) Stamens 4-6:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; petals connivent by their claws; disk usually conspicuous.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves not gland-dotted.
m) Petals only slightly united at the base:
n) Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate.
=Connaraceæ=
nn) Leaves simple:
o) Stamens opposite the petals.
=Olacaceæ=
oo) Stamens alternate with the petals.
=Pittosporaceæ=
mm) Petals united high up, sometimes free at the base:
n) Trees or shrubs.
=Burseraceæ=
nn) Herbs.
=Campanulaceæ=
kk) Stamens more than 6:
l) Corolla tube fairly long; no disk; leaves not very small.
=Ebenaceæ=
ll) Corolla tube very short; disk present; leaves very small.
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Stamens inserted on or adnate to the corolla tube:
j) Style gynobasic:
k) Style 1; fruit composed of pyrenes or nutlets; corolla imbricate or contorted.
=Boraginaceæ=
kk) Styles 2; fruit a capsule; corolla plicate.
=Convolvulaceæ=
jj) Style not gynobasic, terminal:
k) Corolla valvate or plaited in bud (in the latter case the limb may be somewhat twisted but not truly imbricate):
l) Ovules 1-4 in each ovary cell; stamens inserted towards the base of the corolla tube.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ll) Ovules numerous (rarely 3-6) in each ovary cell.
=Solanaceæ=
kk) Corolla imbricate:
l) Herbs with radical leaves and flowers in slender spikes.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ll) Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers not in slender spikes:
m) Ovules 1 in each cell; trees and shrubs.
=Boraginaceæ=
mm) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs or small shrubs.
=Solanaceæ=
cc) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes; leaves mostly opposite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic:
e) Stamen 1; climbers or shrubs; seeds winged; one calyx lobe much larger than the others and petaloid.
=Loganiaceæ=
ee) Stamens more than 1:
f) Stamens 6-8 opposite the inner lobes of the corolla; ovules solitary in each cell; trees or shrubs.
=Sapotaceæ=
ff) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes:
g) Peduncle of the inflorescence adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes or some of them 2-cleft.
=Chailletiaceæ=
gg) Peduncle not adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes not cleft or only slightly so:
h) Ovules few (1-4) in each cell of the ovary:
i) Disk none; stamens 2; shrubs, trees or climbers; leaves simple or pinnate.
=Olacaceæ=
ii) Disk present; stamens usually 4; shrubs or trees; leaves simple or digitate.
=Verbenaceæ=
hh) Ovules numerous:
i) Corolla lobes minute, valvate, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages.
=Solanaceæ=
ii) Corolla lobes imbricate, without appendages.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic:
e) Aquatic herbs with bladder-like leaves; stamens 2; anthers 1-celled; sepals 2; ovules on a free basal placenta.
=Lentibulariaceæ=
ee) Characters not as above:
f) Ovary not deeply lobed; style not gynobasic:
g) Ovules numerous in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary, or if 2 then superposed:
h) Leaves pinnately compound; ovules numerous; seeds often winged, without endosperm; shrubs or trees.
=Bignoniaceæ=
hh) Leaves simple; mostly herbaceous:
i) Ovules numerous; ovary 2-celled; seeds usually minute.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
ii) Ovules 1 to many; ovary 2-4 celled; seeds not on hook-like funicles.
=Pedaliaceæ=
iii) Ovules few; ovary 2-celled; leaves rarely all radical; seeds on hook-like funicles.
=Acanthaceæ=
gg) Ovule solitary in each cell of the ovary or if 2 then collateral; herbs, shrubs or trees.
=Verbenaceæ=
ff) Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic; leaves opposite or verticillate; flowers often in whorls; stems usually quadrangular.
=Labiatæ=
=GROUP 12. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary superior; petals absent.=
a) Calyx absent from the hermaphrodite and often from the female flowers:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules 2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
=Podostemonaceæ=
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Flowers surrounded by an involucre margined by fleshy glands; male flowers several to numerous and each consisting of a single stamen, with a single female flower often stalked in their midst.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
cc) Flowers not as above:
d) Leaves stipulate, stipules sometimes adnate to the petiole:
e) Herbs or shrubs; flowers in dense spikes; petioles not dilated and not enclosing the young bud.
=Piperaceæ=
ee) Trees or shrubs; flowers on a common open receptacle, the fruit becoming immersed in it.
=Moraceæ=
dd) Leaves without stipules; herbs sometimes slightly woody at the base; ovary 1-celled.
=Urticaceæ=
aa) Calyx always present:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules 2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
=Podostemonaceæ=
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Leaves opposite or verticillate, never all radical:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Flowers hermaphrodite:
f) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base; leaves mostly pinnate.
=Zygophyllaceæ=
ff) Herbs with simple leaves.
=Illecebraceæ=
fff) Trees or shrubs with reduced flowers; leaves simple.
=Ulmaceæ=
ee) Flowers unisexual:
f) Ovary 2- or more-celled, often deeply lobed; seeds usually with a distinct caruncle.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ff) Ovary 1-celled; ovary usually not lobed:
g) Ovule erect:
h) Filaments inflexed; mostly herbaceous with fibrous stems; juice not milky.
=Urticaceæ=
hh) Filaments not inflexed; mostly trees and shrubs, rarely herbs; juice mostly milky, the flowers often minute and arranged on or inside an enlarged receptacle.
=Moraceæ=
gg) Ovule pendulous:
h) Not aquatic:
i) Filaments not inflexed in bud:
j) Fruit a drupe; flowers monœcious or subdiœcious.
=Ulmaceæ=
jj) Fruit a small dry achene; flowers diœcious.
=Cannabinaceæ=
ii) Filaments erect or inflexed in bud.
=Moraceæ=
hh) Aquatic herb with verticillate divided leaves.
=Ceratophyllaceæ=
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Flowers unisexual; ovary usually 2- or more celled; seeds usually with a distinct caruncle.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ee) Flowers hermaphrodite; ovary 1-celled:
f) Stamens involute in bud; calyx more or less herbaceous, often long and tubular, mostly covered with sticky glands.
=Nyctaginaceæ=
ff) Stamens erect in bud:
g) Sepals free or nearly so, calyx more or less dry and scarious:
=Amarantaceæ=
gg) Sepals more or less united, herbaceous.
=Ficoidaceæ=
cc) Leaves alternate or radical or reduced to scales:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Stamens monadelphous, usually numerous; calyx valvate:
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite; hairs usually stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ff) Flowers always unisexual; hairs often simple.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ee) Stamens free or shortly connate only at the base:
f) Stamens the same number as the sepals and alternate with them.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ff) Stamens the same number as the sepals and opposite to them, or more numerous or fewer:
g) Stipules ochreate, i.e., sheathing and more or less membranous around the stem; fruit a small nut.
=Polygonaceæ=
gg) Stipules not ochreate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; stipules sheathing, sometimes adnate to the petiole:
i) Leaves digitately lobed; stems herbaceous creeping.
=Rosaceæ=
ii) Leaves not digitate; erect or diffuse herbs.
=Molluginaceæ=
hh) Flowers unisexual; stems not creeping:
i) Ovary 3-celled, composed of 3 carpels; fruit a capsule.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Ovary 1-celled, composed of 1 carpel, fruit not a capsule.
=Moraceæ=
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Leaves ternately compound; herbs; ovary composed of 1 carpel, long-stipitate in fruit; flowers paniculate or racemose, very small.
=Ranunculaceæ=
ee) Leaves compound; trees and shrubs:
f) Cultivated trees with milky latex; fruit a capsule, with pendulous seeds; flowers unisexual; leaves digitate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ff) Indigenous trees or shrub; latex not milky; leaves pinnate.
=Sapindaceæ=
eee) Leaves simple:
f) Stamens circinnately involute in bud; calyx tube often rather long; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, basal.
=Nyctaginaceæ=
ff) Stamens sometimes inflexed but not circinnate in bud:
g) Stamens more or less connate into a central column; ovule erect; seeds with ruminate endosperm.
=Myristicaceæ=
gg) Stamens free or the filaments shortly connate only at the base:
h) Stamens distinctly perigynous; sepals connate into a tube below:
i) Twiners; flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles; ovule solitary, basal.
=Basellaceæ=
ii) Herbs; stamens numerous; flowers solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves.
=Ficoidaceæ=
iii) Trees or shrubs; calyx mostly long and petaloid; leaves frequently small and evergreen; stamens definite; anthers opening by slits.
=Thymelæaceæ=
hh) Stamens hypogynous or slightly perigynous if accompanied by a disk:
i) Flowers arranged in an involucre (cyathium) margined by glands; male flower reduced to a single stamen, the female to a single stipitate ovary.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Flowers not as above; stamens more than 1:
j) Trees or shrubs:
k) Flowers unisexual; ovules solitary, pendulous; seed with straight embryo.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual or polygamous; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral or the lower ascending; embryo spirally twisted.
=Sapindaceæ=
jj) Herbs:
k) Calyx scarious; flowers often in spikes or heads; ovule 1 in a 1-celled ovary.
=Amarantaceæ=
kk) Calyx herbaceous; flowers more or less paniculate; ovule 1 in a 1-celled ovary.
=Chenopodiaceæ=
=GROUP 13. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate; never all radical; rarely reduced to scales:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens opposite the petals and the same number.
=Rhamnaceæ=
cc) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous:
d) Ovary composed of 2-6 carpels; 2-6 celled; flowers rarely congested; ovules pendulous; mostly maritime trees or shrubs.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
dd) Ovary various; flowers rarely in heads; ovules ascending or attached to the central axis; trees, shrubs or herbs.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
d) Stamens numerous; leaves gland-dotted; style simple with a small capitate stigma or rarely 3-4 lobed.
=Myrtaceæ=
dd) Stamens as many to twice as many as the petals:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; mostly parasitic shrubs or trees; calyx usually much reduced.
=Loranthaceæ=
ee) Stamens the same number and alternate with the petals or more numerous:
f) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; filaments often jointed; leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
=Melastomataceæ=
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; calyx mostly valvate; ovules 2 or more; fruits mostly winged; endosperm absent; flowers in heads, spikes, racemes or panicles.
=Combretaceæ=
cc) Herbs:
d) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; leaves mostly with longitudinally parallel nerves; filaments often jointed.
=Melastomataceæ=
dd) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
e) Ovules numerous on placentas pendulous from the apex of the 1-celled ovary.
=Saxifragaceæ=
ee) Ovules 1-4, pendulous from the top of the ovary cells.
=Halorrhagaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers mostly zygomorphic; stamens mostly indefinite in number; no tendrils; stipules paired.
=Begoniaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic; stamens definite or rarely many, usually 3; anthers often curved or twisted; tendrils present or absent; no stipules.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
bb) Flowers hermaphrodite:
c) Leaves stipulate:
d) Herbs; leaves usually compound or much dissected, sometimes peltate; sepals very small; fruit composed of 2 indehiscent mericarps.
=Umbelliferæ=
dd) Trees or shrubs:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; leaves entire or toothed.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ee) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous or fewer; flowers mostly in umbels; leaves compound, rarely simple; fruit a berry or drupe.
=Araliaceæ=
cc) Leaves exstipulate:
d) Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals; often parasitic on other trees and shrubs; corolla usually brightly coloured.
=Loranthaceæ=
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous; not parasitic:
e) Herbs:
f) Ovules more than 1 in each ovary cell; ovary mostly 4-celled.
=Onagraceæ=
ff) Ovules 4 in a 1-celled ovary; flowers monœcious or polygamous, not umbellate.
=Halorrhagaceæ=
fff) Ovules solitary in each cell; usually pendulous; flowers umbellate; carpels separating in fruit into 2 indehiscent mericarps.
=Umbelliferæ=
ee) Shrubs or trees:
f) Petals entire or at most toothed; ovary 1-celled.
=Combretaceæ=
ff) Petals entire, 2-lobed or laciniate, often involute; ovary 4-celled.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
=GROUP 14. One carpel or more than one united carpel; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Leave opposite:
b) Leaves stipulate, entire, stipules mostly inter- or intrapetiolar; anthers free from each other; corolla always actinomorphic.
=Rubiaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Anthers free from each other; ovules mostly pendulous:
d) Leaves not gland-dotted; stamens definite; shrubs, mostly parasitic on trees; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded by bracts.
=Loranthaceæ=
dd) Leaves gland-dotted; stamens mostly numerous; trees or shrubs; flowers cymose or fasciculate.
=Myrtaceæ=
cc) Anthers mostly connivent or in pairs around the style:
d) Ovule solitary erect; flowers mostly in heads surrounded by an involucre of bracts.
=Compositæ=
dd) Ovules numerous; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded by bracts.
=Campanulaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or radical:
b) Anthers free from one another:
c) Stamens the same number and opposite the corolla lobes:
d) Herbaceous, leaves not gland-dotted.
=Primulaceæ=
dd) Trees and shrubs:
e) Not parasitic; leaves often gland-dotted; corolla short.
=Myrsinaceæ=
ee) Often parasitic; leaves not gland-dotted; corolla often long.
=Loranthaceæ=
cc) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or more numerous or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite; stems not climbing; anthers straight.
=Campanulaceæ=
dd) Flowers unisexual; stems often climbing by tendrils; anthers often sinuous or twisted.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
bb) Anthers united into a ring around the style or flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers not in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
=Lobeliaceæ=
cc) Flowers in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
=Compositæ=
=GROUP 15. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary inferior; petals absent.=
a) Parasitic herbs destitute of chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to scales; ovules nude or with a single integument:
b) Flowers densely crowded; fruits nut-like, 1-seeded; ovule solitary, pendulous.
=Balanophoraceæ=
bb) Flowers solitary, large; ovules numerous.
=Hydnoraceæ=
aa) Not parasitic or if so then more or less woody and often with normally developed leaves:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Flowers unisexual, stamens and ovules few, the latter solitary; trees or shrubs.
=Moraceæ=
cc) Flowers hermaphrodite; stamens the same number and alternate with the sepals.
=Rhamnaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the ovary or from the apex of a basal placenta:
d) Not parasitic; stamens inflexed in bud, often double the number of the sepals; fruits often winged.
=Combretaceæ=
dd) Mostly parasitic; flowers small and leaves often reduced; stamens erect in bud, the same number and opposite the sepals; fruit not winged.
=Santalaceæ=
cc) Ovule 1, erect; mostly parasitic; flowers often brightly coloured.
=Loranthaceæ=
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONOCOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS FLORA.
a) Flowers very small, arranged on a spadix, more or less enclosed by a green or coloured spathe; erect, creeping or climbing herbs; rootstock often tuberous or thick and fleshy.
=Araceæ=
aa) Flowers not arranged as above:
b) Small or minute floating plants not differentiated into stem and leaves and with much reduced flowers consisting of 1-2 stamens and a sessile ovary either naked or enclosed in a membranous perianth, anthers 1-2 celled; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1 or more on a basal placenta.
=Lemnaceæ=
bb) Characters not as above; if aquatic plants then usually with well- developed leaves:
c) Ovary apocarpous, of more than 1 carpel:
d) Submerged aquatic plants:
e) Perianth-segments 1-3, white or coloured.
=Aponogetonaceæ=
ee) Perianth-segments 4 and herbaceous, or absent.
=Potamogetonaceæ=
dd) Not aquatic or if so then not submerged:
e) Carpels indehiscent; ovules 1 to few, basal or on the inner angle of the carpel; marsh or aquatic herbs.
=Alismataceæ=
ee) Carpels dehiscent; ovules numerous on reticulately branched parietal placentas; scapigerous marsh herbs with milky juice; stamens usually 9.
=Butomaceæ=
eee) Carpels or fruit indehiscent, trees or shrubs with simple stems and usually large, often palmate leaves.
=Palmaceæ= (part)
cc) Ovary syncarpous or carpel solitary:
d) Ovary superior:
e) Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts (glumes) arranged in spikelets mostly arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles or heads; carpel solitary; perianth of small scales or bristles or absent:
f) Stems usually triangular, solid and without nodes; leaf-sheaths mostly closed all round the stem and usually without a ligule; filament often attached to the base of the anther; ovule basal; seed free from the pericarp.
=Cyperaceæ=
ff) Stems mostly cylindrical and hollow between the nodes; leaf- sheaths nearly always split down one side and often terminating in a distinct ligule; filament usually attached to the back of the anther; ovule attached laterally; seed more or less adnate to the pericarp.
=Gramineæ=
ee) Flowers usually with a distinct perianth or at any rate not in spikelets, etc., as above; ovary usually composed of more than 1 carpel:
f) Flowers mostly hermaphrodite or if unisexual then not collected into involucrate heads or dense spikes:
g) Ovules on parietal placentas; fertile stamens 3: all the perianth-segments petaloid; aquatic herbs; stamens 3 or 1.
=Pontederiaceæ= (part)
gg) Ovules on axile or basal placentas; fertile stamens usually 6:
h) Perianth present:
i) Perianth-segments 2-seriate, the outer herbaceous, the inner petaloid; leaf-bases sheathing.
=Commelinaceæ=
ii) Perianth-segments all more or less petaloid:
j) Aquatic floating herbs with long petioles sheathing at the base; 3 upper stamens included, 3 lower ones more or less exserted.
=Pontederiaceæ=
jj) Not aquatic or rarely subaquatic; stamens 6, more or less equal;
=Liliaceæ=
hh) Perianth absent or very rudimentary; carpel 1; submerged aquatics with branched filiform smooth or muricate stems, flowers diœcious or monœcious, axillary, small.
=Naiadaceæ=
ff) Flowers unisexual, collected into involucrate heads or dense spikes:
g) Flowers in dense involucrate heads; low herbs often stemless with mostly densely crowded leaves.
=Eriocaulaceæ=
gg) Flowers in spadices; trees or shrubs, the stems bearing thick aerial roots.
=Pandanaceæ=
ggg) Flowers in dense cylindric spikes; aquatic herbs with linear alternate leaves and creeping rhizomes.
=Typhaceæ=
dd) Ovary inferior:
e) Stamens 3-6:
f) Ovules parietal:
g) Leaves not divided; stigma not umbrella-shaped, flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual.
=Hydrocharitaceæ=
gg) Leaves divided; stigma umbrella-shaped; leaves large, divided.
=Taccaceæ=
ff) Ovules axile, basal or apical:
g) Perianth-lobes or segments 3-6:
h) Stamens 6 or 3; flowers very small, diœcious; stems climbing.
=Dioscoreaceæ=
hh) Stamens 6; flowers conspicuous, hermaphrodite; stems not climbing.
=Amaryllidaceæ=
hhh) Stamens 3; inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments; not climbing.
=Iridaceæ=
gg) Perianth-segment 1; stamens 5, rarely 6; leaves with pinnate nervation; tall plants.
=Musaceæ=
ee) Stamen 1:
f) Flowers actinomorphic or nearly so:
g) Anthers 2-celled; ovules numerous; perianth-segments united below.
=Zingiberaceæ=
gg) Anthers 1-celled; ovules solitary in each cell; petiole thickened towards the apex.
=Marantaceæ=
ff) Flowers very zygomorphic; ovules numerous; andrœcium united with the gynæcium into a column; anther sessile or subsessile on the column.
=Orchidaceæ=
=GYMNOSPERMÆ=
=CYCADACEÆ.=
1 =Encephalartos septentrionalis= Schwfth. MURIEPAI—Zande; KOTTO—Krej & Indogo.
Palm-like undershrub; stem fusiform or globose; up to 2 ft. high. Leaves up to 5 ft. long, pinnate, pinnules up to 50 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, 4-5 in. long, with 3-8 teeth in basal half, densely tomentose on young fronds.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Golo; Deim Zubeir; Niamniam-land: Mambeli, Gumango Hill near the Rye, on the Ibba (Tonj) River, east of the upper Hoo; Bongo; Lessi River).
A kind of beer is made from the central portion of the stem.
=GNETACEÆ.=
2 =Ephedra Alte= C. A. Mey.
Diœcious shrub, climbing or erect; branches more or less whorled on upper nodes. Leaves scale-like in whorls of 2-3, connate at base. Male spikes axillary, solitary or in dense glomerules. Fem. spikes solitary or fascicled.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).
=ANGIOSPERMÆ=
=DICOTYLEDONES=
=ANONACEÆ.=
3 =Uvaria bukobensis= Eng.
Small tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtusely acuminate, up to 6 in. long, nearly glabrous. Flowers usually in pairs above the axils. Sepals and petals warted and shortly tomentose.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=U. Schweinfurthii= Eng. & Diels.
Leaves oblong cordate at the base, subacutely acuminate, 3-4 in. long, with long weak hairs on the midrib. Flowers yellow, small. Petals ¾ in. long. Fruiting carpels oblong with 3 or 4 transverse constrictions, rusty-hairy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River near Nganye: Niamniam-land).
=U. near U. Schweinfurthii= Eng. & Diels. (small leaves).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2-2½ in. long, ¾-1 in. broad, covered below with soft stellate hairs. Flowers very small; buds ovoid. Fruiting carpels oblong, with about 5 transverse constrictions, rusty-tomentose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu).
=U. verrucosa= Eng. & Diels.
Branchlets scurfy. Leaves oblong-elliptic, subcordate, 6 in. long, with numerous lateral nerves, closely stellate-tomentellous below; flowers not known. Fruiting carpels long stalked, warted.
Congo Border by the Kambele.
4 =Meiocarpidium lepidotum= Eng. & Diels. WINGA—Jur.
Small to middle-sized tree. Leaves oblong, long-acuminate, up to 8 in. long, densely scaly below. Flowers covered with scales. Fruiting carpels terete.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Tonj).
5 =Hexalobus monopetalus= Eng. & Diels. M’BANDA—Golo.
Tree; fruit said to be edible. Leaves oblong, up to 5 in. long. Flowers cream-coloured, sessile; 1-3 together, axillary; carpels 4-6.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas and Kutshuk Ali, Mittu-land: Mvolo, near Biri River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi & Bari countries).
=H. grandiflorus= Benth. BEJUGOLO & PORO—Golo.
Middle-sized tree, with handsome pendant cream-coloured petals. Leaves narrowly oval or oblanceolate, glabrous, carpels 10-12; ovary pilose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Niamniam-land, Mittu-land & Dar Fertit).
White wood used for carpentry.
6 =Popowia djurensis= Eng. & Diels.
Scandent shrub. Leaves small, up to 2 in. long, obtuse, oblong. Flowers in shortly stalked axillary clusters.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Bongo-land & near Biri River).
=P. Schweinfurthii= Eng. & Diels.
Scandent shrub. Leaves up to 6 in. long, sub-acuminate. Flowers very small, axillary, in pairs on slender pedicels.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).
7 =Xylopia near oxypetala= Eng. & Diels.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 2-4 in. long, 1 in. broad, finely pubescent below. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Fruits tomentose, glabrous, whitish.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole River).
=X. Vallotii= Chipp. CHUWEI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
A middle-sized, straight tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-2½ in. long, 1 in. broad, rounded at base. Fruiting carpels up to about 1 in. long.
Nuba Mountains Prov. (J. Eliri).
8 =Anona senegalensis= Pers. KATEING (J. Eliri)—Nuba; APINROT—Dinka; AMBALU—Jur; BAFI, DU, NDU & NU—Golo; BOGORA—Zande.
Small tree; fruit up to size of a small orange, edible, nearly smooth. Flowers solitary, pedunculate. Leaves oblong-elliptical to broadly elliptical, pubescent above. Petals 6.
Upper Nile Prov.; Nuba Mountains Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau, Niamniam & Jur-land).
The fruit is edible; the boiled leaves are used as a perfume by Golo women. In Western Africa the whole plant is used in native medicine.
=A. reticulata= Linn. Bullock’s heart—Introduced.
Small tree. Leaves narrow oval-oblong. Flowers 2-4 together; petals 3. Fruit cordate or ovoid, faintly marked.
Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).
=A. squamosa= Linn. Custard Apple—GISHTA—Arab; Introduced.
Shrub or small tree. Fruit ab. 2-3 in. across, green, marked with somewhat rhomboidal adnate scales; pulp white, seeds black. Petals 3.
Grown in gardens in many parts of the country.
=A. Cherimolla= Mill. Cherimoyer. Introduced.
Shrub. Leaves acute to nearly obtuse. Flowers solitary or in pairs; petals 3. Fruit sub-ovoid-cordate with obtusely tubercled areoles.
Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).
The best of the Anonas.
9 =Monodora sp. nov.=
A fine foliage tree 20 ft. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, cordate at the base, 10-12 in. long, with numerous lateral nerves; flowers not known, but probably handsome and mottled.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=RANUNCULACEÆ.=
10 =Clematis inciso-dentata= Hochst. SHADDEIP—Hadendowa.
Woody climber. Leaves variable, pinnately or ternately divided. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals petaloid, white, hairy inside; petals 0. Fruiting head of silky white achenes.
Red Sea Province (Erkowit); Nuba Mountains Prov. (Khor Abu Habl, Dilling).
=C. glaucescens= Fresen.
Weak woody climber. Leaves ternately divided, softly hairy below. Flowers in short terminal and axillary panicles. Sepals very silky. Fruiting heads with silky achenes shortly tailed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Doguddu & Sabbi). Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=C. cf. C. glaucescens= Fresen.
As above, but much longer tails to the achenes.
=C. simensis= Fresen.
Woody climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 1-5, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Panicles many flowered. Flowers white, ¾ in. diam.; sepals short silky within. Carpels hairy; tails 1 in. or more.
White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme & Jebel Marra; up to 9,500 ft.).
=C. grata= Wall.
Climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 3-7, ovate, rounded or cordate at base, broadly crenate, silky or pubescent beneath. Flowers ¾ in. in diam.; sepals nearly glabrous inside.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
11 =Clematopsis Oliveri= Hutchinson.
Erect semi-woody plant. Upper leaves usually 3-fol., lower often 1-fol.; leaflets obovate to linear-oblong. Flowers white, solitary; petals 0. Achenes silky with long plumose tails.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
12 =Ranunculus pubescens= Thunb.
Herb. Stems erect 1-2 ft. high. Lowest pinnæ usually petiolulate, lobes 3-fid or 3-partite; uppermost leaves sessile, 3-fid or rarely entire. Petals 5, yellow.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 6,000 to 9,000 ft. Kulme).
13 =Nigella sativa= Linn.
Erect herb. Sepals petaloid, blue; carpels connected together in the middle, diverging above into 5 points.
Darfur Prov. (Melit & Jebel Marra, 6,500 ft.).
=CERATOPHYLLACEÆ.=
14 =Ceratophyllum demersum= Linn.
Sea-weed-like aquatic herb with verticils of 2-fid or dichotomously divided and toothed leaves. Flowers axillary, monœcious, minute.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (several places); Sobat River; Bahr El Jebel (Mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (above the mouth of the Jur River, etc.).
=C. spp.=
White Nile Prov.; Sobat River; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.
=NYMPHÆACEÆ (Water lilies).=
15 =Nymphæa micrantha= Guill. & Perr.
Aquatic herb with broadly ovate sagittate leaves and hairy bulbil at the apex of the petiole. Flowers about 2½ in. long. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Kulongo).
=N. nubica= Lehm.
Aquatic herb with large almost orbicular peltate leaves with undulate margins. Flowers about 4 in. long.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=N. cærulea= Savign. SUTEIB—Arab; TWAL—Nuer.
Aquatic herb. Leaves ovate-orbicular, very deeply cordate at the base, glabrous, about 5 in. long. Flowers 2½ in. long, bluish. Sepals lanceolate, subacute, lined with red.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: between Reggo & Kiro).
=var. Schweinfurthiana= Gilg & Muschl.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, near Nuer villages).
=var. Rehneltiana= Gilg & Muschl.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas & Aggadi, & Bongo-land; Balu Stream near Sabbi, Shambé); Upper White Nile Prov. (Tonga); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=N. cf. N. cærulea= Sav.
As preceding, but leaves more widely cordate and with undulate margins and inconspicuous nerves.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=N. Lotus= Linn. SUTEIB—Arab; RUNGAIME—Zande.
Leaves shortly peltate and deeply cordate at the base, coarsely toothed and nervose below, shortly pubescent; flowers yellowish; stamens not produced into an appendage beyond the anther cells.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Addai, Mittu-land, Niamniam-land, Kero, Lake No).
The powdered root is used for piles, dysentery, and dyspepsia; the seeds are used in skin diseases, leprosy, etc.
=MENISPERMACEÆ.=
16 =Tinospora Bakis= Miers. ERG EL HAGGAR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Woody climber with thick fleshy bark. Leaves cordate, entire, glabrous. Racemes axillary or at end of lateral shoots. Flowers small diœcious, solitary or fascicled in the axils of minute bracts.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Wadi El Ain, J. Kōn, J. Tellele, Daragaza).
17 =Desmonema mucronulatum= Eng.
Climber. Leaves rhomboid sub-cordate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: J. Baginze).
18 =Chasmanthera dependens= Hochst.
Climber. Leaves rotundate ovate, more or less lobed; inflor. in pendent racemes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dinka-land: Lau, Jur-land: Wau, & Kutshuk Ali).
19 =Cocculus Leæba= DC. ZEGAI or ZEGAIN (Kordn.)—Arab.
Woody climber with red berries. Leaves alternate, oblong, ½ to 1 in. long. Flowers green, diœcious, small. Male flowers in axillary panicles; sepals, petals and stamens 6 respectively. Female flower solitary or in pairs on axillary peduncles; style 3-armed.
Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan to Soturba); Berber Prov. (Atbara); Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
Used in native medicine in various parts of the world for intermittent fevers. It contains two alkaloids and is similar to the official Pareira Brava in properties.
=C. Holopeira-torrida= Miers. GUMALI (Fung)—Arab; LELINGA—Bari.
Pubescent, woody climber. Leaves sometimes very variable, from hastate- lanceolate to deltoid rotundate, or hastately 3-7 lobed. Male flowers fascicled, sessile or nearly so. Female flowers fascicled or solitary, subsessile.
Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel: Bor Mission, Malik).
In Dar-Fung the pounded stem is given with Durra to donkeys for cough.
20 =Cissampelos Pareira= Linn. DERE—Golo.
Climber with reniform-cordate leaves. Flowers diœcious. Male flowers in axillary, usually branched racemes, tetramerous; petals connate into a 4-lobed cup; stamens monadelphous. Female flowers in long, usually simple racemes, with numerous broad foliaceous bracts.
Fung, & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
The Golo women wear the plant round their necks to bring luck. In India it is used as a mild tonic and diuretic.
=C. mucronata= A. Rich.
Climber with broadly ovate leaves widely cordate at the base and a little peltate, laxly pubescent below. Male flowers in rather short cymes.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post).
=C. rigidifolia= Eng.
Climber with very broadly ovate peltate leaves about 3 in. long, softly tomentose below; male flowers in long slender racemes of umbels.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River, near Nganye, Nabambisso River in Niamniam-land).
21 =Stephania abyssinica= Rich.
Wiry climber with small broadly ovate leaves peltate and rounded at the base, glaucous and strongly reticulate, glabrous; flowers small in axillary cymes.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.=
22 =Aristolochia bracteata= Retz. ABU- and UM-GALAGEL (or ABJALAJEL), ERG EL AKRAB (or AGRAB), UM GEREISAT—Arab; LEJIR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka; KĀWKAWL (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Trailing, glaucous herb, glabrous except inside the perianth. Leaves alt., ovate-subcordate, ¾ in.-2 in. long, crenulate-undulate. Flowers solitary, axillary; bracts cordate, about ½ in. long; per. tube green, yellow inside, with short reflexed hair, dilated and globose at base, tubular above, about ½ in. long; limb maroon-coloured, unilateral, ligulate, 1 in. long; st. 6; styles 6. Caps. subglobose, about ½ in. diam.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Sinkat, J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb); Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Wad Shallai, Salati, J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Taiara to J. Eliri); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel.
The whole plant is very bitter and is said to have anthelmentic and purgative properties. A portion made of pounded roots and water is used to calm abdominal pains. The leaves and roots are also used as a cure for boils and guinea-worm. It is believed to be an antidote to snake- poison and scorpion bites; the Sudanese wear the plant as a charm to avert scorpion stings, and also rub the charred roots on the site of the sting.
=A. bongoensis= Engl.
Glaucous twining herb. Leaves cordate, obtuse about 1½ in. long and wide; basal nerves about 8; pet. 1 in. long. Infl. elongated; bracts cordate-ovate, amplexicaul. Flowers not known. Caps. obovoid, about 2 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: near Sabbi).
23 =Pararistolochia triactina= Hutch. & J. M. Dalz.
Aristolochia triactina Hook. f.
Woody climber; stem smooth, shining. Leaves deeply cordate, entire to 3- or obscurely 5-lobed, ¾ in. long and wide; pet. 1-4 in. long. Flowers in short axillary racemes; per.: lower part obliquely ovoid, 1½ in. long, tube curved, 2 in. long, ½ in. diam., ciliate at throat, lobes 3, sub- equal, patent, triangular-caudate, 2 in. long, anthers and stigmas 10. Fruit about 1 ft. long and 1½ in. diam.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=HYDNORACEÆ.=
24 =Hydnora sp.= TARTŪS—Arab.
Parasitic, fungus-like plant with a fleshy, warted, subterranean rhizome. Flowers large evil-smelling.
Kassala, Blue Nile & Fung Provinces.
Parasitic on roots of Acacia sp. The rhizomes contain a large percentage of tannin and are used medicinally as an astringent in dysentery and also for tanning skins.
=PIPERACEÆ.=
25 =Piper umbellatum= Linn.
Erect shrub, 4-5 ft. high; branches jointed at the nodes. Leaves reniform, 3-12 in. across, cuspidate, deeply cordate, basal nerves 11-13; pet. sheathing at base. Umbels of 2-7 spikes on short axillary peduncles. Flowers minute 2-sexual; per. 0; stamens about 3; stigmas 3; fr. trigonous; bracts suborbicular, ciliate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near Nakofo River).
=P. guineense= Schum. & Thonn.
Stout woody creeper, climbing by means of densely hairy adventitious rootlets. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate to cuneate, 4-5 in. long, glabrous except under the nerves; petals up to ¾ in. Spikes solitary, leaf-opposed, in fruit up to 4 in. long; bracts rotundate, peltate; per. 0; stigmas 3. Fr. globose, mucronate, about ⅙ in. diam.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Deim Guju, Niamniam-land: Rivers Boddo, Atasilli & Kalensho).
=P. capense= Linn. f. ADURAKA—Zande.
Erect or climbing shrub; branches swollen at the nodes. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, about 4 in. long, base cordate or rounded, pellucid- dotted, 5-7 nerved, villous beneath on nerves; petals about 1 in. long. Catkins at end of short lateral branches appearing to spring from middle of petiole, about 2 in. long; peduncles about ¾ in. long; bracts peltate; per. 0; stamens 2-3, anther-cells with wide connective stigmas 2, recurved. Fr. obtuse, compressed, sessile.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
26 =Peperomia knoblecheriana= Schott.
Succulent glabrous annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves, except 2 lowest, alternate, rotundate-ovate, ⅛ in. long, subcordate. Spikes solitary and terminal, lax, ¼ in. long; flowers 8-12; per. 0; stamens 2. Berry subglobose, minute, blackish.
Banks of the Bahr El Jebel (5°-7° Lat. N.).
=PAPAVERACEÆ.=
27 =Argemone mexicana= Linn.
Herb; leaves prickly; flowers yellow. Capsule with 4-7 placentas, dehiscing at apex into short valves.
Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.
Introduced.
The seeds are acrid and possess emetic and cathartic properties, they are poisonous in large doses. They yield an oil which has been suggested for use in soap-making and as an illuminant, and which has been classed as a drying oil.
=FUMARIACEÆ.=
28 =Fumaria officinalis= Linn.
Pale, weak annual, with white, rose or purple flowers. Leaves much divided.
White Nile Prov. (probably introduced).
=TURNERACEÆ.=
29 =Wormskioldia lobata= Urban.
Herb, 18 in.; stems not bristly. Flowers dilute yellow. Petals clawed. Stamens 5, unequal. Capsule linear, almost moniliform. Seeds pitted.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel).
=W. pilosa= Schwfth.—W. heterophylla Sch. & Thonn.
Stout herb; stems with numerous purplish bristles. Leaves alternate, 4-5 in. long, lanceolate, toothed or pinnately lobed. Peduncles axillary, about 5-flowered. Flowers yellow. Petals clawed. Stamens 5, unequal. Capsule moniliform.
Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=CAPPARIDACEÆ.=
30 =Cleome chrysantha= Dec. SAFEIRA, ASIN (Dongola)—Arab.
Herb, up to 18 in. high. Leaves simple, oblong to rotundate-ovate. Flowers in axils of upper leaves; stamens 10-14. Capsule oval-oblong, about ¼ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.); Halfa Prov.; Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Berber Desert & Wadi Aros).
=C. scaposa= DC.
Hispid herb; flowers small. Leaves simple ovate to orbicular or cordate. Stamens 6. Capsule linear, up to 1½ in. long. Seeds minutely pitted.
Nubia (between Suakin & Berber at Wadi Omarig); Red Sea Prov. (sea coast 22° Lat. N., J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Khartoum Prov. (J. Royan).
=C. monophylla= Linn. LISAN EL TEIR (Meshra El Zeraf—Arab; AKIA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Erect herb, up to 2 ft. high. Flowers deep violet; pod on short gynophore, linear, cylindrical, straight. Leaves simple, lanceolate. Stamens 6.
Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza and J. Kurbaj); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=C. arabica= Linn.
Erect scabrous herb; leaves 3-foliolate. Racemes leafy; stamens 5-6. Capsule linear-oval, pendulous.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov.; throughout Libya and the Sudan.
=C. tenella= Linn. f.
Glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-fol., leaflets filiform. Stamens 6.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov.
=C. brachycarpa= Vahl. ABULIKEITA (N. Kordn.)—Arab; BERBA’A (Port Sudan), & BERBERAN—Hadendowa.
Low herb, 4-8 in. high; leaves 1-5 fol. Stamens 6 (one sometimes imperfect). Capsule elliptical, about ¼ in. long.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.: at Ras Renai, near Saltpans); Kordofan Prov. (at Helba & Hadfia).
=C. viscosa= Linn. RIHAN (Meshra El Zeraf), KOWAL (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Glandular pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-5 fol. Flowers yellow. Pod without gynophore, linear, cylindrical.
Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Barkin)
The seeds are used for removing impurities from the eyes. (Similar to No. 37 below.)
=C. polyanthera= Schwfth. & Gilg.
A slender branched herb with digitate leaves and 3 linear leaflets. Flowers pink or white in lax racemes on very slender pedicels. Fruits linear, stipitate, 2 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Jur-land: Gir and between Agada & Kutshuk Ali).
=C. niamniamensis= Schwfth. & Gilg.
Similar to above but dwarfer. Flowers subsolitary and fruits only ½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Gumango Hills on gneiss).
=C. paradoxa= R. Br. NA’ANAA & MUFRAK EL ROWAIR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Erect shrubby plant, 2-3 ft. high; leaves 3-6 fol.; corolla bright yellow or rose. Capsule linear, 4 in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat & 21° N. Lat.); Kassala Prov. (J. Erimbat, Goz Regeb); Between Suakin & Berber; Kordofan Prov.
=C. diandra= Burch.
Glabrous or thin-glandular herb; leaves 3, 5 or 7 fol.; leaflets narrow. Perfect stamens 2. Capsule narrow linear, 2-3 in. long.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=C. Hanburyana= Penzig.
A rank herb; stems covered with gland-tipped hairs; leaflets 5, glabrescent, gradually changing into bracts: flowers pink, racemose- corymbose. Fruits 3½ in. long, glandular-puberulous.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
=C. cf. C. Hanburyana= Penzig.
Similar to above but much more pubescent.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
31 =Gynandropsis gynandra= (L.) Briq. TAMALEIKA—Arab; AKAKI—Dinka; KURE—Zande.
Erect herb; leaves 5-fol.; flowers white or purplish; stamens long, inserted on the gynophore. Pod linear, slightly curved, 2-3 in. long.
Berber, Bahr el Ghazal, Khartoum, Kassala, Red Sea, Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
The seeds are anthelmintic, and together with the leaves, are used in native medicine. The plant is also eaten as a vegetable.
32 =Dipterygium glaucum= Dec. SAFEIRA—Arab; WAKERIS-HAQ—Hadendowa; ZEIBUG—Rashida.
Shrubby herb. Leaves small, oblong or ovate; capsule elliptical, with a membranous wing, 1-seeded, strongly reticulate.
Nubia; Berber Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber; Kassala Prov.
A camel fodder plant.
33 =Cratæva Adansonii= DC. DABKAR & UM BUKHEISA—Arab; KLIEH (J. Eliri) & BURURU (Kadugli)—Nuba; TIFTA—Bari; BIUT (Renk), KAI (Kaka), KAT, KAIT, KIT or KOG (Mongalla)—Dinka; ABUDEH—Shilluk; AGAILI—Hameg; KÄICH—Nuer.
Small to large tree. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers white, scented, with long purple stamens. Fruit a globose berry, about 2 in. in diameter, on thickened gynophore.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Birket Kolli); Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok); Bahr El Arab; Generally distributed south of Lat. 14° N.
The fruit is edible; the bark and the leaves are used medicinally. The tree occasionally attains a large size, e.g., Jonglay, Atem River. The wood is moderately hard, even grained, but not very durable. The medullary rays are thin and very numerous, the pores being uniform, rather small, arranged in short lines and curves.
34 =Capparis spinosa= Linn. LASSAF—Arab.
Trailing shrub. Leaves coriaceous, rotundate; stipular spines recurved or nearly straight. Flowers 1-3 in. across, axillary, solitary or in loose lateral racemes, white. Frui. oval, oblong, on a strong gynophore.
Kordofan Prov.
The buds furnish the edible capers of commerce.
=C. galeata= Fres. LASAF—Arab.
Spinose trailing shrub. Leaves ovate to rotundate with curved mucro. Flowers large axillary, solitary. Fruit clavate-pyriform 3-4 in. long on a stalk up to 2 in. long.
Nubia: Red Sea Prov. (J. Hotarber, 22° N. Lat. & 21° N. Lat., and near Sinkat, from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
=C. tomentosa= Lam. HEKKABIT, MURDU, SHAROBA, or GULUM—Arab; KUBDI (Dilling)—Nuba; LULUMEH—Bari; BAN or ABBAN, BORID (Kaka & Kenissa)—Dinka; BUT—Shilluk; UNGONO—Jur; MANGAMANGA—Golo.
Scandent prickly shrub with velvety elliptical leaves. Flowers white with indefinite pink stamens, solitary and axillary or in terminal racemes or corymbs.
Widely distributed south of Lat. 15° N. and in the Red Sea Prov.
The shrub is stated to be poisonous to camels.
=C. persicifolia= A. Rich.
Scandent prickly shrub; prickles paired on each side of the petiole. Leaves oblong-elliptic, about 2 in. long, obtuse, nearly glabrous; pedicels 1 in. long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. long, stipitate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: near the Gash River); Berber Prov. (Atbara, left bank); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: by the River Rohl, & Niamniam-land: by the River Ibba).
=C. micrantha= A. Rich.
Prickly, straggling shrub. Flowers small, white, sub-corymbose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (at 4° 54″ N. Lat.).
=C. corymbosa= Lam.
Prickly, scrambling shrub. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in lateral or terminal corymbs or fascicles.
Fung Prov. (Saoleil, etc.); White Nile Prov. (El Dueim); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling).
=C. djurica= Gilg & Ben.
Shrub with densely pilose branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, about 1¼ in. long and about ½ in. broad, emarginate. Flowers in rather dense racemes. Sepals glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. jodotricha= Gilg & Ben.
Climbing shrub; young branches tomentose; spines large, recurved. Leaves ovate, 2 in. long, 1¼ in. broad, at first densely pilose, at length glabrous. Flowers in fascicles, crowded. Sepals tomentose outside.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).
=C. Rothii= Oliv. MURDU (Baggara), & SH’AIBEIT (Fung)—Arab; MUARTA (Dilling)—Nuba; RIADI—Bari; RIAT (Bor)—Dinka.
Thorny climber or small tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, often emarginate. Flowers white, in axillary fascicles, up to 6 flowers. Fruit globose, somewhat pointed, about 1 in. across, turning red when ripe.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok, Renk, Melut); Mongalla Prov.
=C. erythrocarpa= Isert.
Thorny climber. Fruit scarlet, hexagonal, about size of a walnut. Leaves elliptical, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, 2 in. across.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu, Bongo-land: Baiko).
=C. aphylla= Roth.
=C. decidua= Pax. TUNDUB—Arab; SAROP—Hadendowa; KAMRE (J. Daier), & SHIMEIL (Dilling)—Nuba; NANGOT—Shilluk.
Shrub or small tree, spiny and generally leafless. Flowers pink; fruit size of a small cherry.
Widely distributed north of Lat. 13° N., also occurs in Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
The fruit (Arabic, HUNBUG) is edible, the plant is considered useful for boils, eruptions, swelling and affections of the joints.
35 =Boscia octandra= Hochst. MOKHEIT & UMKHEIT (Darfur)—Arab; FOG (Renk)—Dinka; ATOKA—Golo; DEB (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer; ARAY—Jur.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves more or less oval, thick and dark coloured; flowers sub-umbellate or racemose, sweet scented. Fruit globose under ½ in. diameter. Stamens 8-20. Widely distributed south of Lat. 16° N.
The fruit, called KURSAN by Arabs, is edible; an emulsion of the leaves is used as an eyewash.
=B. angustifolia= A. Rich. TIRLING (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Tree or shrub. Flowers greenish, fragrant. Leaves coriaceous, narrow, lanceolate, oblong or obovate. Fruit globose, under ½ in. diameter. Stamens 6-9.
Kordofan Prov.; Whole Sudan through Kordofan.
=B. firma= Rad.
Woody shrub with crowded fasciculate, narrowly oblong elliptic leaves, 1½ in. long, ½ in. broad, very strongly reticulate below. Racemes very short. Fruits sub-globose, very small.
Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
=B. salicifolia= Oliv. SAHAI (Kordn.), TILEITILLA (N. Kordn.), KARAUERAU (Baggara), & SESIFAN (Fung)—Arab; KOLWAKAI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Shrub or a straight, graceful tree. Leaves elongate-linear or lanceolate, 2-5 in. long. Flowers in axillary racemes; stamens 6-14. Fruit ellipsoid-globose, ¾ in. long, shortly stipitate.
Fung, White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
36 =Courbonia virgata= A. Brongn. KARKADAN (Mongalla), KURDAN (Baggara)—Arab; DAYA—Bari; ABRO—Golo.
Glabrous, glaucous shrub or undershrub, with leafy, virgate branches; flowers axillary, solitary; petals 0. Leaves glaucous, elliptical to ovate. Fruit globose, about 1 in. diameter.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov.; Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
The ashes of leaves and stem are used as a substitute for salt. Fruit edible.
=C. decumbens= A. Brongn.
Bush. Leaves glaucous, ovate, faintly 3-nerved, 1¼ in. long, mucronate. Flowers axillary, solitary. Fruit sub-globose, 1¼ in. long, beaked.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi Plains).
37 =Cadaba glandulosa= Forsk. IRKIS (White Nile), KURMUT SOGHEIR—Arab.
Undershrub. Leaves small, round, closely packed on the branches. Racemes terminal, few-flowered. Petals none; petaloid appendix ligulate. Stamens 5. Fruit oblong, ½ in. long, on a gynophore.
Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=C. rotundifolia= Forsk. KURMUT, or rarely ADDIMIR (Blue Nile)—Arab; YAM—Hadendowa; KOG (Renk)—Dinka.
Shrub. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 2; petals, 2 green and a yellow tubular nectary; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Upper White Nile Prov.
The plant is said to be a powerful purgative.
=C. farinosa= Forsk. SURREIH or SURRAYA (Fung)—Arab; NIADA—Bari; BUT (Renk), & ANEIT or NEIT (Mongalla Prov.)—Dinka.
Undershrub or scrambling climber. Fruit slightly torulose; seeds covered by bright orange inner membrane of capsule. Leaves oval-oblong, apiculate, mostly in fascicles. Flowers greenish; sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled.
Red Sea, Kassala, Berber, Khartoum, Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Upper White Nile & Darfur Provinces.
=C. longifolia= DC.
Glabrous shrub, or extremities mealy. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in terminal corymbs; petals 4; appendix linear- lanceolate, as long as sepals; stamens 4.
Red Sea Coast; North of Kassala.
38 =Maerua jasminifolia= Gilg & Ben. BUDU—Bari.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-fol., fruit globose.
Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé).
=M. variifolia= Gilg. & Ben.
Shrub; branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves elliptic, mucronate, 1½ in. long, slightly pubescent. Flowers sub-corymbose; pedicels ¾ in. long; petals small with crinkled margins. Fruits torulose, about 1 in. long.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Mongalla Prov.
=M. crassifolia= Forsk. SAREH, SARHA or SURRAKH (Berber), KOWOGE (Baggara)—Arab; KAMOP (Port Sudan)—Hadendowa; TUMBU (Kadugli)—Nuba.
Stiff tree or shrub with spinose branches. Leaves small, up to ¾ in. long, obovate to linear-oval. Flowers axillary, 1-3 together; petals 0; stamens indefinite. Fruit torulose.
Red Sea Prov. (from sea level to 4,000 ft.); Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bara & Abu Gamaiz); Darfur Prov.
=M. aethiopica= Oliv. BAK BELE—Golo.
Erect, virgate shrub. Leaves oblong to elliptical. Flowers corymbose; petals 4, rotundate; stamens indefinite. Fruit coriaceous, subglobose.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Kutshuk Ali, Jur Ghattas & Jur Aweit, Bongo-land, Gir).
=M. angolensis= DC. MARI (Khasa, Red Sea Prov.), RAU ER AU (Kordofan at Birket), SHAGAR EL ZERAF (Kordn.), & SHAGAR EL DUD (Fung)—Arab; DOGHING (J. Daier)—Nuba; SHALEIB (Erkowit)—Hadendowa; AFIAT (Renk)—Dinka; TIIT (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer.
Small tree. Flowers white. Fruit moniliform. Leaves lanceolate to obovate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Has Has); Kassala Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein & near Nyemati); Upper White Nile Prov. (Ghurab El Eish, near Melut, Um Songur, etc.); Kordofan (El Birkat); Darfur (Jebel Marra, Kallokitting 4,000 ft.).
Wood yellowish, heavy, hard and fine grained, but brittle; takes a good polish.
=M. dolichobotrya= Gilg & Ben.
Woody shrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 2 in. long, ⅓ in. broad, glabrous. Flowers in elongated leafy racemes. Petals shortly clawed, rather thick.
White Nile Prov.
=M. oblongifolia= A. Rich. ERG EL MEHABBA (White Nile), ASS’AIB (Atbara), SURREIH (Fung), ABU TAMARA (C. Kordn.), ALAG & SIRH (Khartoum)—Arab; KAFITO & NIETEH—Bari; BUN—Burun; ANEIT (Goz el Siada)—Dinka.
Straggling shrub. Leaves linear-oblong, calyx pale green, 4 sepals; petals 4, whitish green, stamens indefinite; gynophore white. Fruit about 1 in. long, very torulose or moniliform.
Red Sea Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber (J. Langeb); Berber Prov. (Atbara); Khartoum & White Nile Provinces; Most parts of the Sudan south of Khartoum.
Fruit edible.
=MORINGACEÆ.=
39 =Moringa aptera= Gaertn. MAI—Arab.
Moderate to small-sized tree with whip-like branches and scanty, minute leaves. Flowers pink. Fruit capsules ridged, about 1 ft. long; seeds not winged.
Red Sea Prov. (rare).
=M. pterygosperma= Gaertn.
Small tree with corky bark. Leaves usually tripinnate. Flowers strongly scented; petals white with yellow dots at base. Pods up to 13 in. long, slender, 9-ribbed. Seeds winged.
Introduced from India. Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bareis); Darfur Prov., etc.
The seeds yield the Ben Oil.
=CRUCIFERÆ.=
40 =Matthiola elliptica= R. Br.
Herb with a white flower, like a small Stock. Leaves petiolate, elliptic, hoary; pod siliquose, rather thick.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Ashat, and 21° N. from sea level to 3-4,000 ft.); White Nile Prov.
=M. sp.=
Hoary herb with subsessile, lanceolate toothed leaves, about 1 in. long; hairs stellate. Pods subsessile, very hairy.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib).
41 =Nasturtium indicum= Linn. FIKKI (Darfur)—Arab.
Glabrous branching herb. Leaves sessile, lyrate-pinnatifid, auricled. Flowers yellow, small in lax racemes. Siliqua nearly ¾ in., cylindrical.
Dongola Prov. (Argo Island); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.
42 =Morettia Philæana= DC. TAGHAL (Atbara), SAGGAR—Arab.
Stiff, erect, hispid herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, hoary or hispid. Petals slightly longer than the very hairy sepals. Fruits strongly curved, ⅓ in. long.
Wadi Halfa; Berber Prov. (Atbara, Murat); Dongola Prov. (Omdi); Kordofan Prov. (Maties).
Good camel fodder.
=M. canescens= Boiss.
A stiff herb covered with whitish stellate hairs. Leaves elliptic, subacute, petiolate. Fruits ribbed, slightly curved, ½ in. long, stellate-pubescent.
Near Wadi Halfa.
43 =Anastatica Hierochuntica= Linn.
Woody herb. Fruit short, with a round auricle on each side of the apex.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
The common Rose of Jericho of the Mediterranean.
44 =Farsetia ægyptiaca= Turr. DAHAIAN (Atbara), GHARBA—Arab.
Shrubby; flowers white; siliquas small, oval. Leaves linear, hoary.
Nubia; Between Goz Regeb & Kassala; Red Sea Prov. (near Karora).
=F. longisiliqua= Dec. DAKHEYAN (N. Kordn.), & DAHAIAN (C. Kordn.)—Arab.
Hoary undershrub. Leaves narrow-linear. Flowers in spicate racemes, rather distant. Siliqua linear, slightly curved, hoary, 1 in. long.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (J. Kurbaj); Darfur Prov. (Kulme, & Sherif Kabbashi); Red Sea Prov. (near Karora).
=F. grandiflora= Fourn. UMHABEIBA (White Nile)—Arab.
Slender, erect, pale annual. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long. Siliqua linear 1-2 in. long.
White Nile & Upper White Nile Provinces (Hillet Abbas to Meshra El Zeraf); Kordofan Prov.
=F. ramosissima= Hochst.
Branching herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers densely spicate. Siliqua short.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., up to 4,000 ft.); Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Khursi); Darfur Prov. (Plains below J. Marra, 3,000 ft.).
45 =Sisymbrium erysimoides= Desf.
Herb, 1-3 ft. high. Upper leaves lyrate pinnatisect. Siliquas divergent, rigid, linear-subulate.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 4,000 ft.).
46 =Diplotaxis erucoides= DC.
Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or obovate-toothed. Flowers white or purplish on ebracteate racemes. Siliqua 1 in. long, ascending. Seeds biseriate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Karora).
47 =Eruca sativa= Lam. GARGUIR (Egypt)—Arab.
Erect branching herb. Leaves lyrate to oblanceolate, more or less deeply toothed. Flowers white or yellow on ebracteate racemes. Siliqua linear- oblong, turgid erect, beaked. Seeds biseriate.
Nubia cultivated.
The seeds yield an oil similar to Colza. The leaves are used as a salad, and are also fed to cattle.
48 =Schouwia arabica= DC. MAHAD, NAMNAM (Egypt)—Arab.
Tall shrubby herb with ovate amplexicaul leaves and purple flowers. Siliqua elliptical, about ¾ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gash Valley).
49 =Lepidium sativum= Linn. Common Cress.
Glabrous annual. Leaves entire to pinnatisect. Flowers white. Siliqua obovate to nearly rotundate, emarginate.
Khartoum & Kordofan Provinces.
The young plants are eaten. The seeds yield an oil; they are also used in dysentery and diarrhœa.
50 =Senebiera nilotica= DC. RASHAD (Port Sudan), HARRA—Arab.
Riverside herb with small white flowers. Radical leaves linear- lanceolate or oblanceolate pinnatisect. Silicules cordate-reniform.
North Sudan; Banks of the Nile; Red Sea. Prov.
51 =Enarthrocarpus lyratus= DC. RESHAD EL BAHR, SHILTEM, SHIRTEM, & SHILTAM—Arab.
Herb; flowers yellow, streaked with purple. Radical leaves lyrate- pinnatifid. Siliquas nodulose, obtusely acuminate.
Dongola Prov. (from Egypt).
=E. pterocarpus= DC.
Herb, scabrid below. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Siliquas erect, linear- acuminate, with winged scabrid margins.
Nubia.
52 =Zilla myagroides= Forsk. =var. microcarpa= Oliv.
Shrubby, spiny herb, the spines terminating the branches. Flowers white or violet, solitary or racemose, silicules ovoid, beaked.
Red Sea Prov., & Nubia.
53 =Raphanus sativus= Linn. FIGL—Arab. Horse Radish.
Radical leaves lyrate. Flowers white, yellow or lilac. Siliqua 1-2 in. long, terete, beaked.
Cultivated everywhere.
The seeds, which yield an oil, are used in native medicine for their diuretic and laxative properties. The seed pods as well as the roots are eaten.
=VIOLACEÆ.=
54 =Viola nubica= Hutchinson, n. sp.
Small annual, 4 in. high. Leaves long-petiolate, spathulate-lanceolate, acute, 1¼ in. long, nearly ½ in. broad, very thin, subentire, glabrous; stipules subulate-filiform, entire, 2-lin. long; sepals broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate; petals ⅓ in. long; spur short and blunt. Capsule ¼ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
55 =Hybanthus enneaspermus= Muell.—Ionidium enneaspermum Vent.
Erect or decumbent, much-branched herb, up to 2 ft. high. Flowers blue, purple or dull red, solitary, axillary.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
56 =Rinorea ilicifolia= O. Ktze.—Alsodeia ilicifolia Welw.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves strongly spinulose-serrate, coriaceous shining above, 6-9 in. long. Flowers yellow, in narrow terminal, racemose panicles. Capsule 3-valved, coriaceous.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=R. oblongifolia= Marq.
Large tree, buttressed at the foot. Flowers waxy-yellow, in terminal, many-flowered corymbose or pyramidal panicles. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, 4-8 in. long. Petals contorted.
Niamniam-land (Mbrwole, near the Yuru River & by the Diagbe River).
=RESEDACEÆ.=
57 =Caylusea canescens= St. Hil. MUDDEYD & DENABA—Arab.
Diffuse or ascending herb, more or less pilose. Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, undulate. Flowers small, in terminal bracteate racemes.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Khor Tamanib & J. Shellal, 22° N. Lat.).
=C. abyssinica= Fisch. & Mey.
Erect herb, up to 3 ft. high, glabrous or thinly scabrid near the extremities. Leaves entire or 3-partite, linear-lanceolate or linear. Flowers small, numerous on terminal, spike-like racemes up to 1 ft. and more long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 4,000 ft.).
58 =Reseda pruinosa= Del.
Erect or ascending herb, 1 ft. or more high. Leaves entire or trifid, narrow-lanceolate or oval. Flowers in terminal, bracteate racemes.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 3-4,000 ft.).
59 =Oligomeris glaucescens= Camb.
Erect or decumbent herb, usually glabrous and glaucous. Leaves entire, linear, fasciculate or scattered. Flowers small in loose, elongate terminal spikes.
Red Sea, Dongola & Kordofan Provinces.
60 =Ochradenus baccatus= Del. GURDI—Arab.
Much branched shrub, with virgate branches, which are often spinescent and at length leafless. Leaves narrow linear. Flowers small, spicate. Berries white.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (North); Darfur (Jebel Meidob and Kulme).
=POLYGALACEÆ.=
61 =Polygala persicariæfolia= DC.
Erect or decumbent annual. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute. Flowers in extra-axillary or terminal racemes. Wing sepals rotundate-ovate, 3-5 nerved; lateral petals semi-hastate or hooked at the base.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
Wing sepals elliptic and not rounded.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Addai: Bongo-land).
Leaves broader, wing sepals less orbicular than in the type.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=P. abyssinica= Fres.
Annual or perennial, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves linear or oval, apiculate. Flowers secund on terminal racemes. Wing sepals ovate to obovate, 3-nerved.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 7,000 ft. and over, and plains 20-80 m. N.E. of El Fasher).
=P. liniflora= Bojer ex Chod.
Branches elongated, erect, grass-like, glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, slightly decurrent. Racemes terminal, lax-flowered. Wing sepals elliptic, clawed, with few nerves.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra).
=P. erioptera= DC. HEBEIBU (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab, ANYAIN or LAKSHUA’I (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Erect or diffuse annual. Leaves linear or oblong, obtuse. Flowers fascicled or on racemes much shorter than leaves. Wing-sepals oval or obliquely elliptic with 1 broad median nerve.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba & between Suakin & Berber); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (J. Moya); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=var. canescens= Chod.
Stems and leaves with grey, dense hairs.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Kordofan Prov.
=var. maxima= Chod.
Stems and leaves at length glabrous.
Khartoum Prov. (near Khartoum).
=P. arenaria= Willd, forma depressa.
Erect or diffuse annual. Leaves linear to obovate-elliptical obtuse. Flowers in dense strobiliform heads. Wing-sepals variable, oval to ovate-rotundate, often oblique, nerves faint.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. irregularis= Boiss.
Low spreading, wiry plant. Leaves oblanceolate obtuse or retuse. Flowers in loose terminal racemes. Wing-sepals broad-ovate with 3 main nerves.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Taiara, Abu Gerad).
=P. acicularis= Oliv.
Glabrous shrub. Leaves narrow-linear to acicular. Flowers in erect terminal racemes or racemes on rigid lateral branchlets. Wing-sepals obovate-oblong, faintly nerved, deciduous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=P. senensis= Klotzsch.
Wiry herb or undershrub. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse. Flowers in very short lateral racemes or axillary fascicles. Wing-sepals broadly ovate with numerous looping nerves.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat).
62 =Securidaca longipedunculata= Fresen. SAGGAT—Arab.
Branched shrub, 8-10 ft. high. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, linear- lanceolate to ovate oblong, 1-2 in. long. Flowers rose or purple or violet or variegated with white, racemose. Fruit a 1-winged samara.
Fung Prov. (Famaka); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=CRASSULACEÆ.=
63 =Tillæa pentandra= Royle.
Small herb with opposite, fleshy cylindrical subulate leaves, connate at base. Flowers small, white, solitary, or 2-3 together, axillary. Fruit of 4-5 free carpels.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 9,000 ft.).
64 =Bryophyllum calycinum= Salisb.
Shrubby herb, 2-4 ft. high, with barren and purple-spotted flowering stems. Leaves opposite, fleshy, crenate, either simple, ovate-orbicular or unequally pinnate with ovate segments. Flowers up to 2 in. long, pendulous, in paniculate cymes; calyx inflated, striped purple; cor. reddish-purple; stamens 8, in 2 rows. Fruit of 4 follicles.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
65 =Kalanchoe crenata= Haw. HARFIFOIT—Hadendowa.
Tall perennial herb with opposite fleshy, crenate leaves and yellow flowers.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, foot of Has Has).
66 =Umbilicus botryoides= Hochst.
Small herb with perennial root-stock. Lower leaves orbicular, loosely crenate, peltate. Flowering stems usually about 6 in. long bearing a simple or somewhat branched raceme of pale pendulous flowers.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Abwo, 9,600 ft.).
67 =Sempervivum molle= Vis.
Softly hairy, fleshy herb. Leaves alternate, fleshy, oval-rhomboid, red- spotted beneath. Flowers cymose, white or yellow.
Nubia.
=SAXIFRAGACEÆ.=
68 =Vahlia viscosa= Roxb. SAFEIRA EL BAHR (Atbara), WADE (Halfa)—Arab; TELGIN—Hadendowa; TEIMER—Rashida.
Prostrate, glandular, pilose herb, with ovate-oblong, opposite leaves and yellow flowers. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5 petals; anthers 5; style deeply bifid; ovary inferior.
River banks; Wadi Halfa; Berber Prov. (Atbara & Berber); Khartoum, Blue Nile, Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile, Kordofan & Mongalla Provinces.
=V. oldenlandioides= Roxb.
Glandular or pubescent herb with opposite linear leaves. Flowers small, numerous; calyx tube adnate to ovary, segments 5, short, triangular; petals 5, epigynous; ovary inferior; capsule sub-globose, small.
Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
NOTE.—These two species of Vahlia are often mistaken for species of Oldenlandia in Rubiaceæ, but are at once distinguished by the free petals and absence of stipules.
=DROSERACEÆ.=
69 =Drosera indica= Linn.
Small herb. Leaves alternate, linear, the lower half glabrous, the upper part heavily fringed with gland-tipped tentacles. Flowers white; styles 3.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Gumango).
=PODOSTEMONACEÆ.=
70 =Tristicha hypnoides= Spreng.
Small moss-like herb, attached to boulders in streams or rivers. Leaves very minute. Flowers solitary, terminal, on peduncles, ¾ in. long in fruit; per. segments 3; st. 1; styles 2-3; caps. ellipsoid.
South Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau & Biri River, Mittu-land: Woko River near Kero).
=ELATINACEÆ.=
71 =Bergia verticillata= Willd.
Glabrous procumbent herb, about 1 ft. high, aquatic; stems succulent, pink. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 1 to 1½ in. long, opposite, stipulate. Flowers crowded in axillary, sub- verticillate fascicles; stamens 10.
Kordofan Prov.
=B. suffruticosa= Fenzl. MIRMID or MIREMIT (Khartoum), RIMITH—Arab; OKRIT—Hadendowa; SITA—Rashida.
Deep rooted, heather-like undershrub, rooting again where branches touch the ground. Bark deciduous in papery rust-coloured flakes.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Dongola, Berber, Khartoum, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
=B. ammanoides= Roth. RIMÏTH (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Herb under 1 ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate, pilose. Flowers in dense axillary, sub-verticillate fascicles; stamens 3.
Kordofan Prov.
=CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.=
72 =Silene Macrosolen= Steud.
Somewhat viscid perennial, branching from the base. Flowers pinkish in forking panicles. Calyx 5-toothed, narrow tubular, up to 1½ in. long, teeth short; petals much exserted, 5. Carpophore much longer than capsule; styles 3.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500-9,300 ft.).
73 =Cerastium vulgatum= Linn.
Downy, somewhat viscid annual, branching at the base. Stem leaves sessile, oblong to ovate. Flowers white in terminal cymes. Petals shorter or hardly longer than sepals; styles 5; sepals free.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 8,600 ft.).
74 =Arenaria Schimperi= Hochst.
Procumbent diffuse perennial. Leaves subulate, ¼ to ½ in. long. Flowers in loose forking cymes, white; sepals 5, free, 3-nerved; petals 5, equal to sepals; styles 3; capsule 3-valved.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, above 9,000 ft.).
75 =Spergula arvensis= Linn.
Slender herbs. Leaves linear, in opposite clusters, appearing whorled. Flowers small, white, in terminal forked cymes; stamens 5 or 10; styles 5.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
76 =Polycarpon memphiticum= Fenzl.
A diffuse, densely pubescent herb. Leaves petiolate, and spathulate- oblanceolate, covered with stellate hairs. Stipules scarious. Flowers small, crowded in leafy cymes, otherwise as in the next species.
Berber Prov. (Banks of the Nile between Khartoum and Shendi).
=P. Lœflingii= Benth. & Hook. f.
A diffuse, prostrate or ascending, wiry, glabrous herb. Leaves sessile, linear or linear-spathulate, glabrous. Flowers small, in dichotomous cymes; sepals 5, with white, scarious edges; petals small, linear; stamens 3-5; style 3-fid.
Khartoum Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Wau & Mittu-land: Mvolo, & Bongo-land: Addai); Blue Nile Prov. (near Wad Medani).
77 =Polycarpæa corymbosa= Lam.
Herb, 2-12 in. high, with a somewhat amarantaceous appearance. Leaves linear, sessile. Flowers numerous, small, crowded in dense cymes, forming large flat-topped heads; bracts scarious, silvery, bristle- pointed.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
Said to be a remedy for snake-bite.
=P. eriantha= Hochst.
Diffuse, slender herb, with numerous flowers in lax cymes, spreading all over the plant. Sepals loosely pubescent. Leaves linear, about ½ in. long, with fine setose points.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Mongalla Prov., Bongo-land (Gir).
=P. spicata= Arnott.
Small herb; leaves obovate or oblanceolate-spathulate, rosulate; flower- heads densely fascicled; sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, scarious; petals 5, shorter than sepals; stamens 5.
Red Sea Prov.: Lat. 21° N.
=P. fragilis= Del.
Small herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hoary, margins revolute. Flowers in small, densely fascicled cymes; sepals ovate-elliptic, with membranous margin, longer than petals.
Red Sea Prov.: from sea level to 4,000 ft., Lat. 21° N.
=P. linearifolia= DC.
Erect or decumbent herb. Leaves narrow-linear or linear-subulate. Flowers in terminal, rounded or lax, silvery, many flowered cymes. Sepals scarious acute, ⅓ to ⅔ longer than petals.
Blue Nile Prov.: White Nile Prov. (South of Lat. 14° N.): Kordofan Prov. (Hillet Nu & El Obeid); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Aweit).
=P. stellata= DC.
Erect or diffuse herb. Leaves linear, with axillary tufts. Flowers in small capitate, divaricate cymes; sepals very acute, much longer than the petals.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=P. prostrata= Dec. HAR, HARA & REYKHA—Arab.
Prostrate herb. Leaves linear-spathulate. Flowers solitary from the forks. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with broad membranous margin, hardly longer than petals.
Nubia; Northern Sudan.
78 =Sphærocoma Hookeri= T. Anders.
Undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Branchlets glabrous. Flower heads dense, globose, spinescent. Leaves fleshy, terete, fascicled.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (J. Hotarba: Soturba Range, Lat. 22° N.).
=S. Aucheri= Boiss.
Leaves shorter than those of last-named. Branchlets pubescent.
Red Sea Prov.; 21° N. Lat.
=MOLLUGINACEÆ.=
79 =Orygia decumbens= Forsk.
Decumbent herb, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves obovate or rotundate, cuneate, fleshy, ½-1 in. broad, alternate, glaucous. Sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 12 or more; styles 5; capsules 5-valved.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, between hills & Sinkat); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
80 =Mollugo Cerviana= Seringe.
Annual; stems erect, slender; branches umbellate. Leaves verticillate- linear, about ½ in. long. Flowers numerous on long filiform, axillary and terminal peduncles. Seeds smooth.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces, Uganda (Nile Province).
Used as medicine for fevers.
=M. Spergula= Linn.
Diffused decumbent herb. Leaves fleshy, 3-9 in verticils, oval to lanceolate, 1 in. long. Flowers fascicled; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 5-10; capsule 3-valved.
Nubia; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Hoo River); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
Used medicinally it is stomachic, aperient and antiseptic.
=M. nudicaulis= Lam.
Annual. Leaves radical, crowded, spathulate, entire, glabrous, about 1½ in. long. Flower stems erect, 4-6 in. long, leafless, trichotomously branched. Flowers white in lax trichotomous cymes.
Nubia; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (Kadugli); Mongalla Prov. (Bor & Mongalla); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
81 =Glinus lotoides= Loefl. RABA’A (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GETAKI (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Annual, with stellate hairs, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves rotundate to oblanceolate, 1 in. long, radical and pseudo-verticillate. Flowers in axillary fascicles; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 5 to many; stigmas 2-5. Seeds verrucose.
Berber Prov. (Shendi); Kartoum Prov. (Khartoum); Blue Nile Prov. (Dried pools); Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The plant is said to be a purgative. The tender shoots are eaten.
82 =Gisekia pharnaceodes= Linn.
Prostrate or ascending, somewhat succulent annual. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, oblong-spathulate. Flowers small, in axillary clusters; petals none; carpels 5, distinct, surrounded by sepals.
Red Sea Prov. (littoral); Berber Prov. (Obak); Khartoum, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
Said to be a useful medicine for tapeworm.
=G. rubella= Hochst. SHA’ERET EL BAHAYAM (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Much like above but cymes in lax diffuse panicles.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambe).
83 =Semonvillea pterocarpa= J. Gay.
Erect, branched herb, glaucous, 1-2½ ft. high. Leaves alternate, fleshy, linear, 1-2 in. long. Flowers small, greenish, in 10-12 flowered, terminal and leaf-opposed cymes; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 6-7. Fr. compressed orbicular, separating in 2 broadly-winged cocci.
Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & Mulbes).
84 =Limeum viscosum= Fenzl. TARBA (Khartoum), RUBAA’, also HOMRA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Prostrate, glandular-viscid herb. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate to rotundate. Flowers small, in extra-axillary, compact cymes; sepals 5, viscid; petals 0; stamens 7. Fr. dicoccous, bony.
Khartoum & Kordofan Provinces.
=L. indicum= Stocks.
Diffuse, glandular, puberulous or glabrate herb. Leaves nearly or quite opposite, rotundate, ⅓ in. long. Cymes sessile or subsessile, axillary; petals clawed, toothed above; stamens 6-7. Fr. minute dicoccous, bony.
Nubia
=L. linifolium= Fenzl. HAREISH (Kordn.)—Arab.
Glabrous herb. Leaves alternate, linear, ½-2 in. long. Cymes compact, sessile or subsessile; sepals 5; petals 0, 3 or 5, linear-spathulate; stamens 7. Fr. dicoccous, bony.
Kordofan Prov. (El Murra).
=FICOIDACEÆ.=
85 =Aizoon canariense= Linn.
Hairy, prostrate herb. Leaves obovate to spathulate, up to 3 in. long, alternate. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves. Calyx 4-5 partite; petals absent. Fruit pentagonal stelliform, ⅓ in. long.
Red Sea Prov.
86 =Trianthema pentandra= Linn. RABA’A (Khartoum) & RAB’AH—Arab; LOM (Kenissa)—Dinka.
Prostrate herb. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong to obovate-elliptical, ½-2 in. long. Flowers fascicled, axillary; calyx 5-fid; petals 0; stamens 5. Capsule membranous or coriaceous.
North Sudan; Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov.; Dongola, Berber, Khartoum, Blue Nile & Kordofan Provinces; Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The plant is used as an astringent in abdominal diseases. The Sudanese mix one spoonful of pounded roots with one rottl of Marissa and use the mixture as a remedy for gonorrhœa, the doses being taken for three days.
=T. salsoloides= Fenzl. DEILU (N. Kordn.) & DALLE—Arab.
Hairy herb. Leaves opposite, linear, fleshy, ½ to 1 in. long, dilated at base with membranous stipuliform teeth. Flowers axillary fascicled or on short lateral leafy shoots. Petals 0; stamens up to 5. Capsule 1-seeded.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
The ashes mixed with Simsim oil and lime are used for making soap.
=T. polysperma= Hochst.
Prostrate herb. Leaves opposite or nearly so, fleshy, glandular, ¼ to ½ in. long. Flowers dichotomously cymose, sessile in each fork. Calyx 5-lobed, with petaloid pink margin; stamens 4-6; styles 2; ovary 1-celled, ovules about 7.
Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=T. crystallina= Vahl. ARARIB (Atbara)—Arab.
Prostrate herb. Leaves fleshy, linear to rotundate, ¾ in. long. Flowers axillary fascicled.
Red Sea Prov. (sea-coast); Berber Prov. (Abu Hashim & Atbara); Nubian Desert; Kordofan Prov. (Debakh); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=T. triquetra= Rottl. & Willd.
Diffuse, prostrate herb, covered with minute scales. Leaves opposite or alternate, over ½ in. long, linear to linear-lanceolate, fleshy. Flowers numerous, sessile in the axil. Style simple.
Between Kassala & Goz Regeb; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Geteina); Kordofan Prov.
=PORTULACACEÆ.=
87 =Portulaca quadrifida= Linn.
Prostrate, fatty herb. Flowers yellow. Leaves opposite, oval, numerous, fleshy. Joints and flower-heads bristly.
Red Sea Prov. (Karora); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum, Upper White Nile & White Nile Provinces.
=P. oleracea= Linn. RIGLA—Arab. The Purslane.
Succulent annual with obovate or oblong-spathulate, alternate, fleshy leaves. Flowers in clusters, few together, yellow, open during a short time in the morning.
Common everywhere. Wild in various parts, e.g., Red Sea, White Nile, Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
Used as a vegetable and salad, the seeds are demulcent, diuretic and slightly astringent.
=P. Erythraea= Schwfth.
Fleshy; leaves obovate-cuneate, about 1 in. long. Flowers axillary, sessile, solitary.
No locality given (fide Mrs. Crowfoot).
=P. foliosa= Kern.
Herb, woody below. Leaves fleshy, terete. Flowers yellow, solitary or in few-flowered heads, with numerous setæ.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mvolo near Rōl River).
88 =Talinum Caffrum= E. & Z.
Small herb, woody below, somewhat succulent above. Leaves linear- lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, yellow.
Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
=T. cuneifolium= Willd. DANAB EL TUT (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; KUGATABBA—Bongo.
Undershrub. Leaves thick. Flowers carmine; capsules size of a pea, thinly crustaceous, nodding; seeds numerous.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (J. Dago & Barku); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=T. crassifolium= Willd.
Small herb, woody below. Leaves fleshy, elliptic or oblanceolate-oblong. Flowers red in terminal, few-flowered panicles.
Red Sea Prov. (coast).
=POLYGONACEÆ.=
89 =Oxygonum atriplicifolium= Martelli.
Herb; stem slender, pubescent on one side. Leaves alternate, deltoid to lanceolate, ¾ in. long; petiole ¼ in. long, dilated into a membranous sheath (ochrea), with long hairs. Racemes 6 in. long; bracts like ochreæ enclosing 2-3 flowers; per. minute, pink, 5-lobed, becoming 3-spined in fruit; stamens 8; styles 3. Flowers polygamous.
Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
=var. sinuatum= Baker.
Leaves thicker, pinnately lobed.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib); White Nile Prov. (Hillet Abbas); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Mongalla Prov. (Bor & Mongalla).
90 =Polygonum plebeium= R. Br.
Prostrate herb with short internodes. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, ¼ to ½ in. long; ochreæ membranous, white, lacerate. Flowers clustered 2-5, axillary; per. white, small, 5-lobed; stamens 8. Fr. trigonous, shining.
Khartoum Prov.; Banks of the Nile; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=P. serrulatum= Lag.
Slender procumbent annual, 2-3 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, subsessile; ochreæ bristly. Spikes several to a stem; 1½-2 in. long; bracts ciliate; per. pink, minute; stamens 6-8, styles and nut as above.
Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Lado).
=P. limbatum= Meisn.
Perennial 3-4 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, subsessile, with stout adpressed hairs; ochreæ large, hairy sheathing below, deflexed above. Racemes 3 to a branch, 2-3 in. long; per. pink, minute; stamens 7; styles 2; nut lenticular, glossy, black.
Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. barbatum= Linn.
Hairy perennial. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, up to 6 in. long, subsessile, hairy both sides; ochreæ without limb. Spikes, 2-3 in. long; bracts bristly on margins, per. pink, minute; stamens 6-8; styles 3; nut trigonous.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Darfur Prov. (Kulme & J. Marra: Niurnya 6,500 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
A blue dye, like indigo, is said to be obtained from this plant in China and Japan. The root is used as an astringent and cooling remedy.
=P. lanigerum= R. Br.
Hoary aquatic herb, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, up to 9 in. long; ochreæ long, membranous, ciliate. Racemes dense, 1-3 in. long; bracts orbicular; per. ⅙ in. long; stamens 6; styles 2; fr. lenticular, black.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek & Ghabat El Arab, Bongo: Zariba Agad Ngulfala); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa, Yei River).
=P. tomentosum= Willd.
Tall aquatic herb, more fulvous than the above; stamens usually 7; bracts truncate, ciliate, otherwise as above.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Upper White Nile Prov. (mouth of Sobat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Bodumo swamps & Nabambisso River); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd); Mongalla Prov. Yei River).
=P. senegalense= Meisn.
Perennial, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves distinctly petioled, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed both ends, 2-8 in. long; ochreæ large, truncate, not ciliate. Racemes 2-3 in. long; bracts ovate, not ciliate; per. pale pink, minute; stamens 7; styles 2; nut orbicular, flattened, shining, blackish.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft).
=P. acuminatum= H.B. & K. =var. microstemon= Mart.
Pubescent herb. Leaves lin.-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 in. long, adpressed hairy on both sides; ochreæ bristly. Spikes dense, 2-3 in. long, 2-4 to a stem; bracts ovate, ciliate; per. pink, minute, 4-5 lobed; style bifid; nut lenticular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. glabrum= Willd. TIMSAHIYA (Khartoum)—Arab.
Glabrous marsh herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, up to 8 in. long; ochreæ large, membranous. Spikes dense, 2 in. long; per. pink; stamens 6-8; styles 2; nut lenticular, orbicular.
Nubia; Dongola Prov. (Saikot); Between Khartoum & Shendi; Blue Nile Prov. (Bagras, Dinder River); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, Wadi Gindi 7,300 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau in Jur).
An infusion of the leaves is used to relieve pain in case of colic.
91 =Rumex abyssinicus= Jacq.
Very tall herb with perennial root stock; stems hollow, reddish. Leaves triangular or ovate, hastate, up to 8 in. long; petals up to 4 in. long, red; ochreæ membranous, ¾ in. long. Panicle terminal, branched, 1 ft. long; flowers polygamous; per. lobes 6, 3 inner enlarged in fr. to ¼ in.; stamens 6; styles 3, stigmas fimbriate; nut 3-gonous.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6-8,000 ft.).
=R. vesicarius= Linn.
Branched herb. Leaves deltoid or ovate, 1¼ in. long, cordate, fleshy; petals up to 1½ in. long. Panicles terminal; flowers 1-2 on jointed ped. in the whorls; bracts as long as ped., scarious; per. segm. ⅓ in. diameter in fr., reddish, winged; nut almost 3-winged.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral); Darfur Prov. (J. Meidob, 4,000 ft.).
=R. nepalensis= Spreng.
Stout perennial, 3-4 ft. high. Basal leaves long petioled, oblong, rounded or cordate at base, 1 ft. or more long, cauline ovate-oblong, cordate to lanceolate. Panicles long, lax, with reduced leaves below; flowers many in a whorl; pedicels deflexed; inner per. segm. ⅛ in. in fruit, ovate-cordate margined with hooked teeth; nut ovoid-triquetrous.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Guloberi Wadi, 8,000 ft.).
=ILLECEBRACEÆ.=
92 =Paronychia argentea= Lam.
Densely tufted, pubescent herb, 3-6 in. high. Leaves opposite, lower oblanceolate, mucronate, upper shorter, oblong; stipules and bracts white-scarious, the latter completely hiding the flowers which are in dense terminal clusters; per. very minute, 5-partite lobes hooded at tip.
Dongola Prov. (Khandak).
93 =Cometes abyssinica= R. Br.
Erect perennial, 6-12 in. high, pubescent and much branched. Leaves opposite or verticillate, lanceolate, sessile. Flowers in terminal clusters, bracts enlarged in fruit, silky, long, whitish, forming globose, somewhat rotate heads about 1 in. diameter; per. ⅙ in. long, green.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Khor Tamanib, Khor Ashat, Has Has, Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft. and over).
=PHYTOLACCACEÆ.=
94 =Mohlana nemoralis= Mart.
Erect annual, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, oblong, acute or acuminate, up to 6 in. long. Racemes moderately dense, 2-5 in. long; perianth small, dark green, obliquely campanulate, veined in fr., segments 4, unequal, lowest largest; stamens 4; anthers versatile sagittate; fr. fleshy, lenticular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Naporruporru).
95 =Phytolacca octandra= Linn.
Erect perennial, 2-3 ft. high; stems stout. Leaves alternate, oblong, 3-4 in. long. Racemes very dense; per. green, 5-partite; stamens about 8; fr. globose, purple-black.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=CHENOPODIACEÆ.=
96 =Chenopodium album= Linn. FISS EL KELAB—Arab.
Erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 1-1½ in. long, coarse-dentate, mealy. Panicles axillary; per. lobes 5, triangular, incurved; stamens 5, filam. short; styles 2, seed globose, black-brown.
Kordofan Prov.
The plant is eaten as a pot-herb. It is also said to have laxative properties.
=C. murale= Linn.
Erect herb, mealy all over. Leaves ovate, obscurely 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, 1-4 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, more spreading than in above. Flowers as above.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat.); Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft.).
It is eaten as a pot-herb.
=C. Schraderianum= Roem. & Schult.
Herb, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves pinnatifid, 1-4 in. long, covered with stalked and sessile yellow glands. Panicle much branched and in zigzags; per. segments 5; triangular, keeled, with stalked glands.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft.).
97 =Atriplex farinosa= Forsk.
Undershrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, 1½ in. long, short petioled, some cordate or auricled, densely white-tomentose beneath. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes or panicles, male flower per. 5-lobed; stamens 3-5; female flower enclosed in 2 orbicular, tomentose bracts, 1/5 in. diameter in fr., per. 0, styles 2-branched.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
98 =Kochia cana= Boiss.
Undershrub; branchlets white, obscurely silky. Leaves alternate, oblong, 1/5 in. long, hairy. Infl. subglobose, embedded in long brown hairs, axillary or terminal, 2-sexual or female; per. lobes 5, incurved and enlarged in fr.; stamens 5; styles 2-3.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
99 =Halopeplis perfoliata= Schweinf.
Woody, branched undershrub, 1-2 ft. high, nodes approximate. Leaves alternate, very small, sessile, decurrent, glabrous. Spikes small, dense; per. 3-toothed; stamens 1-2.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
100 =Arthrocnemum fruticosum= Moq.
Undershrub, branches short-jointed. Leaves 0. Flowers 2-sexual, very small, partially sunk in cylindric, dense spikes 1½-2½ in. long; per. 3-4 lobed; stamens 1-2.
Red Sea Prov. (Saline marshes, Er-Rih Island).
101 =Salsola fœtida= Del. DEBERRAH (Nubia) & MULLEY (Egypt)—Arab.
Evil-smelling undershrub, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, orbicular, minute, fleshy, imbricate; bracteoles similar. Flowers in short, dense axillary spikes; per. 5-partite, segments in fr. winged, scarious; stamens 5; style 2-branched.
Wadi Halfa (on sandstone); Berber Prov. (Obeish); Between Berber & Khartoum; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin & 21° N. Lat.).
=S. vermiculata= Linn.
Pubescent undershrub. Leaves alternate or fascicled, ovate, up to ⅓ in. long, keeled at base. Flowers in dense spikes, as above.
Nubia (banks of the Nile, near Tingur).
102 =Suæda fruticosa= Forsk. ADLIB—Arab.
Glabrous undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves alternate, scattered, linear, fleshy, ¼-⅔ in. long. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary or clustered; per. urn-shaped in bud; lobes 5; stamens 5; style short, 3-armed.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat & Littoral).
=S. monoica= Forsk.
Similar to above; upper leaves larger; flowers larger and mostly 1-sexual.
Between Suakin & Berber (Khor Langeb); Kordofan Prov. (Maties).
=S. Volkensii= C. B. Clarke.
Succulent undershrub. Leaves oblong, up to ⅓ in. long. Flowers clustered on nearly continuous spikes. Per. larger than in S. fruticosa, pentagonal, swollen in fruit.
Red Sea Prov. (saline soils on sea-coast).
=S. vermiculata= Forsk.
Spreading, white tomentose undershrub. Leaves ovate, sub-globose, up to ⅙ in. long, mealy and glandular, tubercled at base. Flowers in dense spikes; bracts spirally inserted, white-margined; filaments exserted.
Red Sea Prov.
=S. vermiculata= Forsk. =var. puberula= C. B. Clarke.
Leaves linear, up to ⅓ in. long without tubercle.
Red Sea Prov. (Coast).
103 =Cornulaca monacantha= Del.
Much branched, rigid undershrub. Leaves alternate lanceolate, up to ¼ in. long, curved, ending in a spine, which drops off when old and the base becomes a cushion. Flowers clustered, buried in wool, polygamous; per. segments 5, 1 or more spinescent in fruit.
Dongola Prov.
=C. Ehrenbergii= Aschers.
Leaves densely imbricated, mucronate; flowers solitary, not buried in wool, axillary, otherwise as above.
Red Sea Prov. (Coast).
=AMARANTACEÆ.=
104 =Celosia argentea= Linn. DANAB EL KELB (H. Abbas), & SHEIBA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Branched herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, linear to spathulate- elliptic, 1-5 in. long; petals 1-2 in. long. Spikes dense, scarious, silvery-white, pink or straw-coloured, up to 6 in. long; per. ⅓ in. long, 5-fid; stamens 5, filaments united at base; style 3-branched.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); South of Khartoum; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Sobat River (Nasser).
The seeds are a remedy for diarrhœa. The plant is sometimes eaten as a pot-herb; it is also said to yield a strong fibre.
=C. laxa= Schumach. & Thonn.
Branched herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves long-petioled below, ovate to lanceolate, up to 3 in. long. Infl. much looser than in above, 2-4 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land by Nabambisso River).
=C. trigyna= Linn. BAMBIT (Kordn.), EL BUEIDA (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Straggling herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves long-petioled below, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 1-5 in. long. Infl. varying from linear panicles, 4-6 in. long, interrupted, to simple spikes or globular spicate heads, 1 in. in diameter, pink to silvery-white; per. ⅛ in. long; style 3-branched.
Between Korosko & Berber; Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Karora); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Zalingei); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Lado: Yei River: Kagula).
The leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
=C. Schweinfurthiana= Schinz.
Scrambling herb, 4-5 ft. long. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, 3 in. long. Panicles linear, up to 10 in. long, or elongate, interrupted spikes; per. 1/10 in. long; style bifid.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=C. populifolia= Moquin.
Straggling undershrub, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, base rounded, 3 in. long. Panicles linear, thyrsoid, 4-7 in. long; per. 1/10 in. long, scarious white with dark lines; style bifid. Caps. 1-seeded.
Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bareis); Darfur Prov.
105 =Digera arvensis= Forsk. HARAYRAH, NUARAH, BEBIT or LABLAB AHMAR (Blue Nile Prov.), & ASFAR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; AMMĀL (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka; KILUTUM (Meshra El Zeraf)—Shilluk.
Branched herb, 8-20 in. high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate, 2 in. long. Spikes axillary 2-7, somewhat interrupted, pink; per. 4-5-fid, ⅙ in. long; stamens 5, not united at base: style 2-fid; caps. 1-seeded.
Widely distributed: Nubia (between Suakin & Berber, Wadi Abu Salem); Kassala Prov.: Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab).
It is eaten as a pot-herb, also as fodder. The leaves are used to cure indigestion.
106 =Amarantus caudatus= Linn. ORF ED DIK—Arab.
Erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, narrow- elliptic, 2-12 in. long. Spikes red, linear numerous, mostly in terminal panicles; bracts numerous, longer than flowers; per. 1/10 in. long, 5-fid; style 3-fid, long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post & Roseires); Kordofan Prov. (Sigei).
Cultivated for its seed, which is edible. The plant is also cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The garden variety is known as “Love-lies- bleeding.”
=A. tricolor= Linn.
Herb, 1-5 ft. high. Leaves spathulate-ovate, acuminate, up to 4 in. long; pet. 1-2½ in. long. Spikes axillary and in terminal panicles; per. 1/10 in. long, 3-fid; bracts long-awned, longer than flowers; style 3-branched.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
=A. oleraceus= Linn.
Herb; a weed in cultivation. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 2 in. long, long- petioled. Spikes axillary and terminal, dense; per. very minute, segments 3.
Khartoum Prov.
=A. græcizans= Linn. FISS EL KELB, & LISĀN EL TEIR—Arab.
A weed in cultivation. Leaves elliptic, 1-2 in. long, long-petioled. Spikes globose, axillary and terminal; per. segments 3, minute, tailed.
Khartoum, Kassala & Kordofan Provinces.
=A. Blitum= Linn. LISĀN EL TEIR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
A weed in cultivation, 15 in. high. Leaves narrow-oblong to obovate ½-1½ in. long including pet. Spikes copious, axillary; flowers still smaller than above.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin); Khartoum, Blue Nile, White Nile, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
=A. polygamus= Linn.
A weed, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 2 in. long; pet. often very long. Spikes axillary; flowers as above.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.
107 =Aerva tomentosa= Forsk. GHUBEISH (Nomads, Kordn.), SHEIBA (N. Kordn.), LERU or (EL) ARA or LARA—Arab; EIGAB—Hadendowa.
Undershrub, 2-4 ft. high, with dense white stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, 4 in. long. Flowers in spiked terminal, leafless, dense panicles, 2 in. long; per. 5-fid, ⅛ in. long, hairy; bracts hairy; stamens 5; filaments united in a tube with alternating staminodes, style 2-branched; caps. 1-seeded.
Widely distributed. Red Sea Prov.; Dongola Prov. (Khandak); Berber Prov. (Saggadi, Wadi Omari); Khartoum, Blue Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
The woolly spikes are used for stuffing pillows and donkey saddles. The roots are used as tooth-brushes. It is used medicinally for horses and camels.
=var.= β. =Bovel= Webb.
More tawny than type. Leaves oblong or obovate, 1 in. long. Flowers smaller; spikes more slender and interrupted.
Red Sea Prov. (between Suakin & Berber); Dongola Prov. (Debba): Kordofan Prov.
=A. Ruspolii= Lopr.
Bushy, tawny-woolly herb. Leaves oblong and obovate, ½ in. long, recurved. Spikes small and interrupted.
Berber Prov. (17° 30′ Lat. N.).
=A. lanata= Juss.
Woolly herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves ovate, 1½ in. long. Spikes axillary and terminal, ¼-½ in. long; flowers small, densely white-woolly; bracts glabrous-pointed.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, sea-coast, Erkowit); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Nabambisso River: Niamniam-land).
=var.= β. =oblongata= Aschers.
Leaves thick, very woolly. Spikes in a dense, narrow panicle, 1 ft. long.
Red. Sea Prov. (Soturba).
=A. brachiata= Mart.
More glabrate than A. lanata and smaller. Infl. axillary; flowers very minute; stamens 2 only.
White Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
108 =Cyathula prostrata= Blume.
Hairy or glabrate herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves ovate or obovate, 1-4 in. long. Spikes terminal, 2-6 in. long, ¼ in. wide; bracts with straight and hooked spines; per. segments 5, blunt or spinose, 1/12 in. long; stamens 5, alternating with staminodes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Kalenjo).
109 =Pupalia lappacea= Juss. LAMRAGA—Bari.
Hairy herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 2-6 in. long. Infl. in terminal subspicate clusters, 2-4 in. long; flowers about 3 together enclosed by 2 bracts and 4 bracteoles covered with white, woolly hairs and hooked and barbed spines forming very troublesome burrs; stamens 5; filaments connate at base.
Red Sea Prov.; Suakin to Berber (Wadi Omari); Fung Prov. (Roseires, Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol & rocky hills); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Maiuoli, Jur: Dimo); Bahr El Jebel.
At Rejaf the plant is used medicinally, being burnt and the ashes added to water and drunk for flatulence. It is also said to be used for leprosy; sores are bled and the ashes of the plant, called DIKERI TIMALLO, are rubbed in. Patients eat light food and no meat.
110 =Psilotrichum cordatum= Moquin.
Herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves opposite, ovate, 1½ in. long, hairy. Panicles terminal, 1-2 ft. long; spikes ½-1½ in. long, 4-12 flowered, bracteoles 2, shorter than flowers; per. segments 5, ⅛ in. long, green, hairy; stamens 5, filaments joined into a cup at the base.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba).
=P. Schimperi= Engl.
Glabrous branched herb, 18 in. high. Leaves lin.-oblong, 2 in. long. Spikes terminal and subaxillary, up to 5 in. long in fruit; per. green.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
111 =Achyranthes aspera= Linn. ABRUKAB (Sennar), DANAB EL ABILANI or FAKHAH or NA’ANA’A (Meshra El Zeraf), ANAWIDIK (Khartoum), ERG EL ASDA & ERG EL DAM (Blue Nile)—Arab; DARATNIUWA—Hadendowa; EILUKWATEN (Dilling)—Nuba.
Straggling or erect woody herb. Leaves opposite, elliptic, 2-3 in. long. Spikes usually simple, 2-18 in. long, occasionally compound and feathery; bracteoles spiny; fr. deflexed, somewhat prickly.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Khortratib); from Lat. 15° 30′ southwards.
Root chewed and used as a styptic on cuts.
=A. aspera= Linn. =var. argentea= C. B. Clarke.
Leaves silky, strigose beneath with white hairs, often silvery.
Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (near mouth of Bahr El Ghazal); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
=A. aquatica= R. Br.
Hirsute aquatic herb. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3-4 in. long. Spikes 3 in. long; bracteoles small; per. straw-coloured; fr. deflexed as above.
Fung Prov. (Deleib, Khor Agalin, & Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (Abba Island & Kosti); Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
112 =Pandiaka cylindrica= Hook. f.
Hairy herb. Leaves opposite, subsessile, oblong, 1 in. long. Spikes 1½ in. long, pinkish straw-coloured; bracteoles 2, longer than per., mucronate, white-hairy; per. ¼ in. long, white-hairy; stamens 5, connate at base with quadrate alternating hairy staminodes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Limbo’s & Abu Shakka’s, Jur Majob); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=P. Heudelotii= Hook. f.
Hairy herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves sessile, linear, 2-3 in. long. Spikes 1 in. long, green to straw-coloured; bracteoles ⅙ in. long, pointed; per. 1/5 in. long, hairy; stamens as above, glabrous.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. Schweinfurthii= C. B. Clarke.
Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves sessile, broad-elliptic or oblanceolate. Spikes 1½ in. long, terminal, straw-coloured; stamens as above, staminodes long-fimbriate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).
=P. oblanceolata= C. B. Clarke.
Sparsely hairy herb. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong, 1¾ in. long, sessile. Spikes 2 in. long, pale-brown; bracteoles 1/5 in., bristle-pointed as is the per., which is ⅓ in. long; staminodes lacerate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Addai).
113 =Alternanthera nodiflora= R. Br. ABU TUMRA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Procumbent hairy herb, 6-24 in. long. Leaves opposite; oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, ½-2½ in. long. Heads axillary, ⅓ in. diameter, white; per. segm. ⅙ in. long; stamens 5, filaments united into a cup with alternate notched teeth.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).
=A. achyranthoides= Forsk.
Leaves usually lobed, otherwise as above but per. smaller.
Berber Prov. (Saggadi); Blue Nile Prov. (Wad Medani); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Wau River); Bahr El Jebel.
=BASELLACEÆ.=
114 =Basella alba= Linn.
Glabrous, much branched, twining herb. Leaves alternate, ovate or cordate, 2-4 in. long, long-petioled, almost leafless in dry season. Flowers 2-sexual, in axillary spikes with 2 fleshy bractlets adnate to per.; per. fleshy, shortly 5-lobed; stamens 5; styles 3. Fr. globose, enclosed in enlarged per., 1/5 in. diameter, red, white or black.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by Nabambisso River).
Cultivated as a Spinach.
=LINACEÆ.=
115 =Linum strictum= Linn.
Erect herb. Leaves linear, scabrid. Flowers yellow, small, in cymose corymbs. Capsule splitting into 5 2-seeded valves or into 10 1-seeded valves.
Red Sea Prov.
116 =Hugonia platysepala= Welw.
Shrub, 6-9 ft. high. Leaves alternate, shining above, broadly oblanceolate to obovate oblong, acute or cuspidate. Flowers in few flowered racemes, yellow, over 1 in. across; outer sepals with revolute margins; stamens monadelphous. Fruit globose, orange-coloured, ½ in. diameter.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Yuru River).
=ZYGOPHYLLACEÆ.=
117 =Tribulus terrestris= Linn. DREISA or DEREISA, GATHA (Egypt)—Arab; KÜRWAI—Nuer.
Prostrate plant with opposite pari-pinnate leaves; fruit of 5 woody cocci, each with 2 pairs of stiff spines. Flowers solitary yellow. Sepals and petals 5 each, stamens 10, distinct.
In most parts of the Sudan.
The whole plant, especially the fruit, used medicinally as a diuretic. The leaves are occasionally eaten.
=T. mollis= Ehrb.
Like T. terrestris, but flowers very small, fruits densely pilose and with wings rather than horns at the base.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Khartoum Prov.
=T. alatus= Del. GATHA (Egypt), DREYS—Arab; SHEISHIG—Hadendowa; GUTAB—Rashida.
Prostrate herb; fruit spinosely and broadly winged, otherwise much like T. terrestris.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab, etc.); Berber Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Um Adam).
=T. pterocarpus= Ehrenb.
Prostrate herb; fruit roundish winged, otherwise like T. terrestris.
Dongola Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber (Obak).
=T. cistoides= Linn.
Like T. terrestris, but stigmatic lobes not longer than diameter of style.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=T. Ehrenbergii= Asch.
Densely villous herb; wings of fruit toothed.
Dongola Prov.
118 =Zygophyllum simplex= Linn.
Prostrate, succulent, much branched herb. Leaves opposite, 1-fol., unequal, fleshy. Flowers yellow, small, on short peduncles. Fruit deeply 5-lobed, small.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., and Akik); Between Khartoum & Sabil; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
Camel fodder.
=Z. album= Linn.
Hoary shrub; fruit deeply 5-lobed, obcordate. Leaves diphyllous, fleshy.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov.
=Z. coccineum= Linn.
Glabrous shrub; fruit 5-lobed. Leaves diphyllous, fleshy.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Soturba hills).
=Z. decumbens= Del.
Glabrous herb or undershrub. Leaves diphyllous, fleshy. Flowers numerous; staminal scales deeply 2-fid. Fruit deeply 5-lobed, turbinate.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Soturba).
119 =Fagonia cretica= Linn. ABU-SHOKA, ABU-SHWEIKA & SHOLIB—Arab; OSAR—Hadendowa.
Bushy, spinose, shrubby herb. Leaves opposite, 1-5 fol., nearly sessile. Flowers solitary, usually purple or lilac. Fruit pyramidal, deeply 5-lobed.
Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (between Goz Regeb & Bir Tussun); Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Kordofan (Taiara & Obeid); Darfur Prov. (Plains 40-80 miles N.E. of El Fasher).
Used in native medicines for tumours, ulcers, etc.
=var. parviflora= Boiss.
Leaves 1-fol.; leaflets linear-lanceolate. Spines exceeding the leaves.
Nubia (Otao).
120 =Seetzenia africana= R. Br.
Prostrate herb, woody below. Leaves opposite, 3-fol., with interpetiolar stipules, fleshy. Flowers small, axillary, solitary. Fruit of 5 1-seeded cocci, separating longitudinally, sub-globose.
Dongola Prov. (J. Barkal).
=GERANIACEÆ.=
121 =Monsonia senegalensis= Guill. EL GURUN (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Diffuse shrubby herb with ovate-cordate leaves. Flowers purple on 1-flowered peduncles. Fruit beaked, beak 3 in. long. Stamens 15.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov. (Jebelein & J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.
=M. nivea= Webb.
Small white pubescent herb with ovate-lanceolate (not cordate) leaves. Fruit beak 1½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab).
122 =Geranium favosum= Hochst.
Annual, up to 4 ft. high; branches glandular, pilose above.
Leaves deeply 5-lobed, segments pinnatifid. Peduncles 2-flowered; stamens 10. Carpels transversely deeply pitted, with or without tails. Fruit beaked.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & 21° N.L., etc.).
123 =Erodium malachoides= Willd. KORĪAB—Hadendowa.
Stemless herb with decumbent branches, pubescent. Radical leaves, ovate- cordate, more or less 3-5-lobed, crenate. Fruit beak up to 2½ in. long.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & 21° N.L.); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: 9,000 ft.)
=OXALIDACEÆ.=
124 =Oxalis caprina= Linn.
Tuberous stemless herb. Leaves 3-fol. with obcordate leaflets; leaf stalks up to 6 in. long. Flowers purplish in 3-8 flowered umbels on long peduncles.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=O. corniculata= Linn.
Perennial herb with long creeping or underground stems. Leaves trifoliolate. Flowers yellow, 1-3 in umbels on axillary peduncles exceeding the leaves.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Niurnya 7,000 ft.).
125 =Biophytum Apodiscias= Turcz.
Annual; leaves abruptly pinnate, crowded at nodes and ends of stem and branches, sensitive. Flowers, yellow or red, in umbels on axillary peduncles, with numerous setaceous bracts. Styles 5. Fruit a 5-celled capsule.
White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=BALSAMINACEÆ.=
126 =Impatiens niamniamensis= Gilg.
Herb 1 ft. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate deeply crenate, about 6 in. long. Flowers with the upper petal green, the spur dull purple.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Assika River).
=I. Irvingii= Hook. f.
Succulent herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves usually alternate, lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long. Flowers red, solitary or in pairs, irregular, the spur of calyx much longer than the body of the lip. Capsule short, elastically splitting into 5-valves.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole & Yuru Rivers).
=LYTHRACEÆ.=
127 =Rotala verticillaris= Linn.
Herb, often procumbent. Leaves in whorls of 4-8, narrow linear, truncate or bifid at apex. Flowers sessile, whorled, small.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=R. serpiculoides= Welw.
Marsh herb, 1-3 in. high. Leaves opposite, linear, ab. 1 in. long. Flowers 1-4 together; calyx 4 deltoid lobes, reddish; petals rare, reddish; stamens 1-2: capsules 3-valved, reddish.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=R. decussata= Hiern.
Marsh herb, 1-9 in. high. Leaves decussate, oblong, ½ in. long. Flowers sessile, solitary; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4 or 0; capsule 3-valved.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land; between Ngama & Dokuttu).
=R. stagnina= Hiern.
Erect marsh herb 4 in. high. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 2 in. long. Flowers 4-merous, sessile; petals 0 or caducous; stamens 2; capsules 3-valved.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).
=R. tenella= Schwfth.
Creeping marsh herb. Leaves sessile, amplexicaul. Flowers minute, white; capsule globose, 4-valved.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land: Gir).
128 =Woodfordia floribunda= Salisb.
Shrub with spreading branches. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls of 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate or rounded at base. Flowers in axillary clusters; calyx tubular, scarlet; petals minute.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Khor Mashisha, near Dilling); Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 5-6,500 ft.).
It exudes a gum said to be like Gum Tragacanth. The flowers are used as a dye. Both flowers and leaves contain tannin.
129 =Nesæa heptamera= Hiern.
Small herb with red heptamerous, minute flowers. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, about 1 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Pongo River).
=N. erecta= Guill. & Perr.
Small herb on river banks, up to 10 in. high. Leaves opposite, linear ¾ in. long. Flowers magenta or purple: petals 4-6.
Mongalla Prov. (Bor); Uganda (Nile Province).
=N. cordata= Hiern.
Riverside herb, up to 9 in. high. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, cordate at base, ½ in. long. Flowers in heads of 5 surrounded by 2 cordate bracts; petals pink.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur. Ghattas & Bongo-land: Gir); Bahr El Jebel (Madi Swamps).
130 =Ammannia senegalensis= Lam. TAMR EL FAR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Erect, branched herb with 4-winged stem. Flowers axillary, pink, 4-merous. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, auricled, amplexicaul, 2-in. long, opposite.
Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (near Abba Island, J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei: Wadi Azum).
The plant is used as a blistering agent.
=A. baccifera= Linn.
Erect herb with 4-angled stem. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, 2 in. long. Cymes 3-7. Flowers sub-sessile, axillary; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4 or 0; stamens 4; capsule globular, dehiscing transversely about the middle.
Dongola Prov. (between Dongola & Korti); between Khartoum & Shendi; Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
The leaves are used for blistering, but the effect is said to be most painful.
=A. salicifolia= Monti in Comment.
Marsh herb, 18 in. high, with 4-angled stem. Leaves opposite, lanceolate. Flower small, in dense cymes, whorled, 4-9 in each axil. Capsule 1-celled.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); between Khartoum & Shendi).
=A. urceolata= Hiern.
Erect annual with 4-angled stem. Leaves opposite, linear, ½ to 2 in. long. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, 6 in each axil. Capsule 1-celled.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
131 =Lawsonia alba= Lam. HENNA—Arab.
Glabrous shrub; branches angular, sometimes spinescent. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, elliptic, ab. 1 in. long. Flowers in long axillary or terminal panicles, small, greenish yellow, smell like mignonette.
Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat River, Tawfikia). Introduced.
The leaves are used to dye the finger nails and the palms of the hands an orange colour. The seeds yield an oil.
=PUNICACEÆ.=
132 =Punica granatum= Linn. RUMMĀN—Arab. The Pomegranate.
Shrub or small tree with large scarlet flowers. Fruit size of an orange; seeds surrounded by a pink, edible pulp.
Introduced from Asia.
=ONAGRACEÆ.=
133 =Jussieua diffusa= Forsk.
Procumbent aquatic herb, usually supplied with pale pinkish spindle- shaped floats. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, narrow at base. Flowers yellow; calyx 5-lobed, enlarged in fruit; pet. 5; stamens 10.
White Nile, Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
=J. pilosa= H. B. & K. ARKALA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; LŪNG (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Differs little from J. diffusa Forsk. except by its erect habit and more hirsute young parts.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=J. acuminata= Sw.
Stems glabrous. Leaves lanceolate subacute, 3-4 in. long, ½-1 in. broad, glabrous or nearly so, pinnately several nerved. Fruits wrinkled, 1 in. long.
Khartoum Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku Stream); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=J. villosa= Lam.
Erect herb, 4 ft. high; stem woody, somewhat winged, hairy above. Leaves alternate, linear to lanceolate, ½ to 5 in. long. Flowers 4-merous, solitary, yellow, sessile, small. Capsule up to 2 in. long.
Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=J. villosa= Lam. =var. linearis= Jacq.
Erect, hirsute herb. Leaves narrow linear; fibres of old capsules persistent.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Kadugli); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).
=J. linifolia= Vahl. SOFSAF (N. Kordn.) & TOTO—Arab.
Erect herb, 2 ft. or more; stem narrowly winged. Leaves linear- lanceolate 1-3 in. long. Flowers small, yellow, 4-merous, sessile, axillary. Capsule cylindrical, 2/3 in. long.
Khartoum to Berber (banks of the Nile); Atbara; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).
134 =Ludwigia jussioides= Lam.
Erect herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves linear-oval to lanceolate, 1½-4 in. long, alternate. Flowers axillary, yellow, up to 1 in. in diam.; 4-5-merous. Capsules 1 in. long and 1/12 in. diam.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=L. parviflora= Roxb.
Erect annual, 6-18 in.; stem often angular. Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, tapering to base, ab. 1½ in. long. Flowers tetramerous, yellow. Capsule under ½ in. long, cylindrical, somewhat inflated, 4-veined.
Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai).
135 =Trapa bispinosa= Roxb. CHUWALAGEIR (Kenissa)—Dinka. Water Chestnut.
Aquatic herb; stems ascending in water, giving off numerous pectinate roots. Leaves alternate, floating petioles dilated into floats; blades triangular, broadly dentate on upper edges. Fruit ab. 1 in. long, shield-shaped, armed with 2 curved, barbed spines.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Main River); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).
Although it is not known in the Sudan as edible the fruit is much used in India as an article of food and is eaten raw or cooked.
136 =Epilobium hirsutum= Linn.
Erect herb, hirsute, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, serrulate, amplexicaul, 1-5 in. long. Flowers sessile, axillary, solitary; calyx tube narrow, elongate, 4-lobed; petals 4, pink or purple; stamens 8; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 2-3 in. long.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra).
=HALORRHAGACEÆ.=
137 =Laurembergia Engleri= Schindler.
Low herb in swamps with reddish glabrous stems and alternate linear obtuse leaves scarcely ½ in. long. Flowers minute, sessile, axillary. Fruits muricate.
Bahr El Ghazal (Jur Ghattas).
=THYMELÆACEÆ.=
138 =Gnidia Mittuorum= Gilg.
Heather-like undershrub, 4-12 in. high; stems 4-angled. Leaves oblong or obl.-obovate, ½-1 in. long. Heads terminal, 7-10 flowered; involucral bracts 3-4, ovate, ¼ in. long. Flowers brownish-yellow; pedicels minute, bearing a tuft of white hairs; calyx under ½ in. long; lobes 4, minute; petals 4 inserted on calyx tube, scale-like; stamens 8, sessile in calyx-tube, in 2 rows.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Deim Adlan, Mittu: Deragoh).
=G. Schweinfurthii= Gilg.
Glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves scattered, lanceolate or oblong, ½-1 in. long. Flowers yellowish-brown in terminal heads of 15-25 fl., or in axillary 1-3 headed racemes; invol. bracts 4-5, ovate; calyx smaller than above.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi).
=G. apiculata= Gilg.
Undershrub, 1½-3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, crowded, linear or narrowly elliptic, ½-2/3 in. long. Heads numerous, terminal, peduncled and lateral ones sessile, 10-15 flowered; invol. bracts 7-14 in 2 rows; calyx tube pubescent.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Gumango hills); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
139 =Lasiosiphon Kraussii= Meisn. BURURU—Golo.
Woody herb, 4-24 in. high. Leaves opposite, elliptic, lanceolate or narrow-ovate, ½-2 in. long. Heads solitary, terminal, many flowered; peduncles 1-4 in., velvety; invol. bracts 6-10, hairy; calyx yellow, hairy below, pubescent above, ½ in. long, 5-lobed; petals minute, scale- like; stamens 10, in 2 rows.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Heiban); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra 6,000-9,500 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: between Kutshook Ali’s Zariba & the River Wau, between Pongo River & Jur, Dar Fertit, Golo Desert).
The crushed roots are used for poisoning fish. It is also a virulent poison to man and animals.
140 =Arthrosolen chrysantha= Solms-Laub.
Virgate, bushy, or heather-like undershrub, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves scattered, linear, ¾ in. long. Heads terminal, solitary, many-flowered; invol. bracts ovate to linear; pedicel with ring of hairs; calyx tube ½ in. long; lobes 4; petals 0; stamens 8 in 2 rows.
Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).
141 =Dicranolepis Schweinfurthii= Gilg.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, oblong or obl.-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, 2-3 in. long, with yellow-brown hairs beneath. Flowers solitary, sessile, 1 in. long; calyx tube slender, lobes 5, ⅙ in. long; pet. 5, scale-like, forked; stamens 10, in 2 whorls. Drupe oval, ½ in. long.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: River Diagbe at Wando).
=D. cerasifera= Gilg.
Shrub. Leaves variable, ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1-2½ in. long, hairy beneath. Flowers 1-2 together, not seen. Drupe smaller than a cherry, reddish.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by Diamwonu River).
=NYCTAGINACEÆ.=
142 =Boerhaavia elegans= Choisy.
Tall branched herb. Leaves opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, 1½ in. long, whitish beneath. Flowers in lax, terminal, slender panicles, usually solitary, rarely 2-3-nate on the rachis; perianth tube cylindric, lower part persistent 5-angled, viscid ⅙ in. long, enclosing the fruit, upper part petaloid, shortly 5-lobed; stamens 2, exserted, connate at base.
Coast of Nubia.
=B. adscendens= Willd.
Glabrous herb 2-3 ft. high. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong or rotundate, up to 2 in. long, pet. 1 in. Panicles terminal, 9 in. long. Flowers umbelled, 4-9 at ends of panicle; perianth minute; fr. under ⅛ in. long.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Sobat.
=B. repens= Linn. RIGLA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; TEB (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Glabrous creeping or scrambling herb. Leaves in unequal pairs at the nodes, ovate or lanceolate, ab. 1 in. long. Peduncles axillary bearing 4-10 flowered umbels; per. minute, 5-ribbed, glandular between the ribs; lobes pinkish; fr. minute; stamens 1-3.
Red Sea Prov. (between Suakin & Berber: Wadi Abu Salem, Suakin, Erkowit, El Galabeheb & Khor Ashat); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad & Bara); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=var. diffusa= Hook. f. TERBA (N. Kordn.), LADUA (White Nile) & MUDDEYD (Egypt)—Arab.
More pubescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-rotundate; fr.-perianth less glandular.
Wadi Halfa; Khartoum Prov. (J. Royan); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung. Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid, Abu Haraza, Bara); Darfur Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
The plant is eaten by the Sontals in India as a pot-herb. The root is used in infusion, or given in powder, and has laxative, diuretic and cooling properties. It has been prescribed for asthma with success. Taken in large doses it acts as an emetic. The plant is much used, in external applications, for dropsical swellings.
=var. viscosa= Choisy.
More robust than type; stems and leaves densely glandular, hairy. Leaves ovate or subrotundate, sinuate, up to 1¼ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, Soturba & 21° L.N.); Kordofan Prov.
=B. verticillata= Poir. SHINEMAQ (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Tall, much-branched, glabrous herb. Leaves broadly ovate, 2 in. long. Panicles of 3-5 flowered whorls and terminal umbels; per. minute, stalked glands at base; stamens 2.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba; Sea-coast about 21° L.N., Wadi Surrawib; Wadi El Omari; Sinkat); Fung Prov. (Singa); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Bir Sodari).
=B. plumbaginea= Cav. ABU LEBBEN—Arab.
Scrambling or procumbent herb. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled. Flowers arranged as above; per. white or lilac up to ⅓ in. long in upper part, funnel-shaped, lower ⅓ in. long in fr. with 10 large glandular disks near apex.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Khor Tamanib & Erkowit); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Roseires); White Nile Prov. (12° 10 N.L.).
A decoction of the root is used for jaundice.
=B. pentandra= Burch. ERG EL TUEIRĀT (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Procumbent herb. Leaves large, cordate-ovate, serrate. Whorls in large lateral and terminal panicles; bracts lanceolate, ½ in. long; pedicels ½ in. long; per. upper part funnel-shaped, ⅛ in. long, base ⅓ in. with many glandular disks at top; stamens 3.
Kassala Prov. (between Kassala & Goz Regeb); Blue Nile Prov. Ganeib Assad); Kordofan Prov. (Bara).
=PROTEACEÆ.=
143 =Protea abyssinica= Willd.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or lanc. oblong, 6 in. long, coriaceous. Flowers in terminal turbinate heads surrounded by densely imbricate silvery and silky bracts, outermost minute, increasing inwards, innermost oblong, 1½ in. long; per. ¾ in. long, tubular, compressed, 2-tipped, fulvous hairy in upper half; stamens 4; anthers subsessile, ¼ in. long; nut hairy.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); W. Abyssinia (Baro, Sobat District & Blue Nile).
=P. madiensis= Oliv.
Shrub or small tree; bark red-brown. Leaves lanc.-elliptic, 6-8 in. long, coriaceous, hairy both sides. Heads somewhat sunflower-like, up to 4 in. across; bracts glabrescent, outer ¼ in. long ovate, inner up to 3 in. long, pinkish; per. 2 in. long, yellow.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo; Sabbi, Niamniam: Tuhami’s Zariba, Biri River near Deim Zubeir: Swei River & Gumango River).
=DILLENIACEÆ.=
144 =Tetracera alnifolia= Willd.
Climbing shrub. Leaves broad-elliptical or obovate-elliptical, entire or obscurely denticulate. Flowers paniculate, white ⅓ to 2/3 in. in diam.; sepals glabrous within.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: near Kuddu by the Roali River).
The stems when cut transversely yield a supply of potable fluid.
=T. strigillosa= Gilg.
Undershrub, about 2 ft. high from a woody rhizome. Leaves oblanceolate, dentate. Flowers white, very few together; sepals glabrous inside; petals emarginate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near River Biri, and also Niamniam-land: by the Ibba River, Nganye).
=PITTOSPORACEÆ.=
145 =Pittosporum abyssinicum= Del.
Shrub or tree. Leaves coriaceous oblanceolate, at first rusty tomentose. Flowers ¼ to ⅓ in. long in umbellate clusters in dense terminal corymbose panicles. Sepals rusty tomentose. Ovary pilose. Capsule globose under ½ in. diam.
White Nile.
=BIXACEÆ.=
146 =Bixa Orellana= Linn.
Shrub. Leaves oblong lanceolate to ovate oblong. Flowers in terminal racemes, pink, large. Fruit covered by a mass of red-brown soft prickles, oblong.
Mongalla Prov. (Kagulu); Congo. Introduced and cultivated.
The source of Annatto.
=COCHLOSPERMACEÆ.=
147 =Cochlospermum niloticum= Oliv. AKIT—Jur.
Usually a woody dwarf-plant, but occasionally up to 3 ft. high. In the dwarf plants the large, solitary yellow flowers are seen just above the ground. Leaves palmate; seeds covered with cottony hair.
Southern Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Deim Zubeir, between Wau & Chakchak & Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Bari & Madi countries); Nuba Mts. Prov. (near Talodi).
The swollen subterranean portion is used medicinally in Nuba Mountains Province, i.e., chewed as a tonic, etc.
=FLACOURTIACEÆ.=
148 =Oncoba spinosa= Forsk. ALDUKOI (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; AKALAKWALA—Jur.
Spiny shrub with showy white flowers; spines up to 2 in. long. Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptical, short, acuminate, crenate-serrate or serrulate.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
The fruit is the size of a Tangerine Orange, and is used by the Dinkas to make a kind of rattle.
149 =Caloncoba Schweinfurthii= Gilg.
Tree up to 30 ft. Leaves ovate-elliptic, rounded at the base, about 5 in. long. Flowers large and showy; petals 1¾ in. long. Fruit 1½ in. diam., apiculate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: at Teh & Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).
150 =Lindukeria dentata= Oliv.
Shrub or small tree, up to 30 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves membranous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic, dentate-serrate, 3-10 in. long. Flowers up to ¾ in. diam., in loose axillary racemes, 1-3 in. long. Sepals 3; petals 6-10. Fruit globose, with spreading spines, about ½ in. in diam.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Wando).
=L. Schweinfurthii= Gilg.
Shrub. Leaves oblanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 6-7 cm. long. Flowers few and very small in axillary cymes. Fruits small and echinate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku River).
151 =Flacourtia sp.=
Shrub. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate, sub-mucronate to obtuse.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=SAMYDACEÆ.=
152 =Casearia Engleri= Gilg.
A tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, rounded at base, shortly acuminate, about 6 in. long and 2½ in. wide, glabrous. Flowers small in axillary fascicles. Fruits like coffee berries, yellowish white, about ½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land, Sine loc. Schwfth. III. 241).
153 =Homalium Abdessamadi= Asch. & Schwfth.
Tree, 40 ft. high. Leaves 3 in. long by 2 in. broad, crenate-dentate, broadly elliptic, alder-like. Flowers paniculate, branches of panicle catkin-like. Fruits pilose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (by the Ibba River, near Nganye).
=FRANKENIACEÆ.=
154 =Frankenia pulverulenta= Linn. EIRARIB—Hadendowa.
Small diffuse herb. Leaves opposite, often fascicled, obovate, oval or rotundate. Flowers rose to purple, sessile, solitary in the forks or fascicled in leafy heads or cymes. Calyx tubular 4-6 toothed; petals 4-6; stamens 6; ovary 1-celled.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Gwob, Erkowit).
=TAMARICACEÆ.=
155 =Tamarix mannifera= Ehrb.
Coastal tree or shrub. Leaves scale-like, encircling the stem, subacute. Flowers in dense spikes. Seeds long-pilose.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.).
=T. nilotica= Ehrb. TARFA—Arab.
Riverside shrub with scale-like leaves and slender erect branches. Flowers white or pinkish-white, crowded in spicate panicles at the ends of branches.
Northern Sudan, Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov., etc.
=T. articulata= Vahl. FAREQ (Nubia), ABL (Egypt), TARFA (Sudan)—Arab; ERU—Hameg.
Tree with feathery foliage; branchlets articulate. Leaves minute, sheathing. Flowers loosely scattered on long slender spikes.
Red Sea Prov. (Baraka, Dongonab); Kassala Prov. (Gash); Fung Prov.
Wood white, moderately hard, when burnt green gives an offensive smell. Galls, called BIGM by Arabs, are used for dyeing and tanning.
=PASSIFLORACEÆ.=
156 =Adenia venenata= Forsk. KUDUR—Arab; LORING—Bari; KUDUL—Jur.
Soft woody climber; the lower part of the stem is often inflated and tuberous in appearance, up to over 1 ft. in diameter. Leaves alternate, palmately 5-lobed. Flowers cream coloured; unisexual; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 5.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek), also Jur-land & Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé).
=A. sp. Schweinfurthii= Engl.
Climber; leaves ovate, 4 in. long, rounded and with 2 very large glands at the base. Flowers in short lateral cymes. Calyx tubular, ⅓ in. long; lobes lanceolate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land; by the Boddoh River).
=A. sp.=
Climber; leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, up to 6 in. long and 1¼ in. broad, minutely dotted below. Flowers ⅓ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Schwfth. III 109 & III 111).
=A. sp.=
Soft, slender stemmed climber. Leaves digitately 5-lobed, nearly 2 in. long, very thin, lobes lanceolate, subacute, minutely pubescent below. Flowers not seen. Fruits stipitate, narrowly ellipsoid, about 1.5 cm. long, with the persistent hairy calyx at the base.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=CUCURBITACEÆ.=
157 =Peponia Cienkowskii= Hook. f.
Prostrate or climbing herb; tendrils simple or divided. Leaves ovate, cordate, 5-7 lobed, 3 in. broad. Flowers monœcious; calyx tube ⅓ in. long; petals large, white or yellowish; filaments 3, free, anthers cohering, one 1-celled and two 2-celled, conduplicate; stigma 3-partite. Fruit ovoid or cylindric, fleshy.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).
158 =Trochomeria djurensis= Schwfth.
A slender climbing herb. Leaves more or less pentagonal and 5-lobulate, acute, widely cordate, scabrid; tendrils short. Male flowers with tubular calyx 1 cm. long, and minute lobes. Corolla-lobes linear- lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long; female flowers very small.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
159 =Adenopus breviflorus= Benth.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves palmately 5-lobed, apiculate. Flowers yellow, 1½ to 2 in. across; male flower: stamens 3, monadelphous. Fruit ovoid, mottled green when young, scarlet when ripe, size of a large egg.
Blue Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Melut); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Yabo River).
160 =Lagenaria vulgaris= Seringe.
Musk-scented climbing herbs; tendrils forked. Leaves orbicular-cordate, more or less 3-7 lobed, toothed, 1-6 in. broad. Male flower solitary 2-5 in. diameter, white; filaments 3, free; anthers flexuous, cohering. Female flower smaller. Fruit woody.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.); Between Berber & Khartoum.
161 =Luffa cylindrica= Linn. LUFA—Arab.
Semi-woody climber; tendrils forked. Leaves palmately 5-7 lobed, denticulate. Flowers yellow, about 2 in. across. Anthers in male flower much twisted and divided; filaments dilated at the base. Fruit mottled green when young, brown when ripe, with a dehiscing cap.
Khartoum Prov. (Cultivated); White Nile Prov. (12° N. Lat.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (wild).
Fruit called LIF in Arabic, when wild about 6 in. long; when cultivated up to 18 in. long. The fibrous, spongy substance which fills the fruit is used as a substitute for a sponge or brush, also for inside soles of shoes and the manufacture of sun helmets. The pulp is edible; an oil is obtained from the seeds, which are also emetic and cathartic.
=L. echinata= Roxb. WASSI, ARSH & UMSHWEIKA (White Nile)—Arab.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils forked. Leaves orbicular-reniform, 2-4 in. broad, scabrid, shallow-toothed. Flowers yellow, 1 in. diameter. Male flower anthers 3 flexuous; female flower 1-3 together. Fruit 1 in. long echinate.
Berber Prov. (Zeidab); Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Bahr El Zeraf), Red Sea Prov. (Khor Gateb).
The fruit is said to have purgative properties and to be a remedy for dropsy. A mixture of the spongy tissue of the fruit and of milk (known by the Sudanese as “Wassi purgative”) is taken by barren women to stimulate pregnancy.
162 =Eureiandra Schweinfurthii= Cogn.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves deeply trilobed, about 3 in. broad, scabrid. Stamens 5, much twisted. Fruit narrowly, 2 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
163 =Momordica pterocarpa= Hochst.
Climbing herb. Leaves digitate, 5-fol.; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, obliquely cordate, 2-4 in. long. Male flowers crowded at end of a peduncle with a hooded green bract ¾ in. long; corolla yellow, 1 in. diameter; anthers 3, cells nearly straight. Female flower solitary, ebracteate. Fruit 2-3 in. long, ovoid, pointed, with 8-10 short wings, red when ripe.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=M. Balsamina= Pinn. (EL) SHA’ALUK & (EL) YEIR (Blue Nile), (EL) ERRA (N. Kordn.) & BEYLÄSĀN (Egypt), TAMR EL ABID—Arab.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves palmate, 3-5 lobed. Flowers monœcious; male flower solitary on bracteate peduncle, yellow or white, centre black, anthers flexuous. Fruit fleshy, beaked, red when ripe, 1-3 in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat & Karora); Blue Nile, Fung, Darfur & Kordofan Provinces.
The fruit is eaten, especially by the Fellata. In Syria it is used for curing wounds. The leaves are cooked and eaten; they are said also to be good camel fodder.
=M. Charantia= Linn.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves palmately 7-9-fid, cordate. Flowers yellow, monœcious, on long, slender peduncles, with a reniform bract near the base. Fruit about 1½ in. long, ovoid-fusiform, with longitudinal tubercled lines, with a decurved beak, orange when ripe; seeds enclosed in scarlet pulp.
Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=M. Schimperiana= Naudin.
Herbaceous climber. Leaves ovate, cordate, dentate. Fruit size of an egg, covered with soft bristles, scarlet when ripe.
Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=M. Morkorra= A. Rich.
Glabrous or pubescent climber. Leaves ovate, cordate, 3-5 in. long; tendrils simple. Flowers monœcious; corolla rotate, yellow, 2 in. broad. Fruit ovoid, red when ripe, densely hairy, 1-2 in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Roseires & Fazoghli); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas and Niamniam-land, by the Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).
=M. multiflora= Hook. f.
Slender climber. Leaves ovate, cordate, faintly sinuate-toothed, 2-6 in. long; tendrils simple or forked. Male flowers many on solitary or paired peduncles, hairy; corolla ¾ in. diameter; yellow; anthers 3, cells curved. Fr. ovoid, red, crowned with dried flower.
Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
=M. Cymbalaria= Fenzl.
Climber with woody, tuberous root. Leaves orbicular-reniform, 1-2 in. broad, fleshy, 5-7 lobed; tendrils simple. Male flower racemose, hairy; corolla 5-lobed, ½ in. diameter, yellow; filaments 2, one 2- and one 3-cleft; cells twisted. Fr. spindle-shaped, 8-ribbed, greenish.
Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Mongalla Prov.
The tubers are used to procure abortion.
164 =Cucumis Melo= Linn. AGUR or AJUR (N. Kordn., Wild form), FAGUS (Sweet Senat), AJUR (Bitter Senat), also SENAT, SENAT-TIBISH, & SENAT AJUR (Kordn.), AJUR EL KELB (Meshra El Zeraf) & SHAMMAM—Arab The Sweet Melon.
Prostrate or climbing, prickly herb. Leaves cordate, reniform or ovate, 3-5 lobed, irregularly toothed, scabrid, ½ to 1 in. long. Male flower fascicled 1 to many, small, yellow; anthers 3, cells twisted, connective produced, oblong, serrate. Fruit ovoid-globose, greenish-yellow.
Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Abu Selem); Berber Prov. (Zeidab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum, Fung, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces. Cultivated and also wild.
=C. Figarei= Del.
Trailing and climbing herb; tendrils simple. Leaves scabrid, 5-7 deeply lobed, toothed, 1-2 in. diameter. Flowers hairy, yellow, small. Fruit broad ovoid, covered with blunt tubercles.
Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Omareg); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Nyemati, Jebelein); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & Mulbes); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi, Shambe); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=C. Prophetarum= Linn. HABASHKOL (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Annual climber with stiff, rough hairs. Leaves 3-5 lobed, 1¼ in. broad. Male flower yellow, hairy; anthers 3, appendaged. Fruit broad ovoid; green, with pale longitudinal bands, covered with soft spines, 1½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan & Mongalla Provinces.
The fruit is bitter and is used as an emetic.
=C. dipsaceus= Ehrenb. AJUR EL GHAZAL (Meshra El Zeraf) & AJUR—Arab; APET (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka; ABDALOUR—Jur; ABERTGH (Meshra El Zeraf)—Shilluk.
Slender herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves rounded or oblong- reniform, entire or shallowly 3-5 lobed; scabrid, 2-4 in. broad; petioles bristly. Male flower hairy; anthers appendaged. Fr. broadly ovoid, ½ in. long, densely bristly.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Dongola Prov. (Old Dongola to Merowe); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Dinder mouth); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Meginas); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
=C. sativus= Linn. KHIAR—Arab. The Cucumber.
Climbing herb, stem hispid. Leaves 3-5 lobed. Fruit fusiform-oblong, green, tubercled.
Cultivated everywhere.
=C. metuliferus= E. Mey.
Herbaceous climber. Leaves palmately 3-5 lobed, toothed, stiffly pubescent, 2-4 in. diameter each way. Male flower: anthers 3-appendaged. Fruit long, ovoid, 3-5 in. long, with scattered stout conical prickles, orange when ripe.
Blue Nile & Mongalla Provinces. Cultivated.
=C. Pepo= DC. ARAA or GARAA KOSSA—Arab.
Prostrate herb. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Petioles and leaf-nerves prickly. Fruit oblong, large.
Cultivated. Vegetable Marrow.
165 =Bryonopsis laciniosa= Linn.
Slender climber; tendrils forked. Leaves 5-7 in. broad, 5-7 lobed, cordate, scabrid, serrate. Male and female flowers in the same leaf axil; corolla campanulate, small, yellow; stamens 3, anthers cohering, flexuous. Fruit globose, 1 in. diameter, green, striped with yellow.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.).
166 =Mukia scabrella= Arn.
Hispid herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves cordate, almost triangular. Flowers monœcious, small, yellow, male and female together in axillary clusters. Fruit almost globose, with a few scattered hairs, ½ in. diameter, scarlet.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Between Suakin & Berber (Gireshab); Upper White Nile Prov. (opposite Tonga Mission); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
Used medicinally on the West Coast as an aperient and sudorific, and also for flatulency.
167 =Zehneria cordifolia= Schwfth.
Slender climber. Leaves cordate or triangular-cordate, 1½-2 in. diameter. Male and female flowers in the same axil. Flowers white. Fruit a berry, ¼ in. diameter, globose.
Bahr El Jebel (Sudd); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Mbomu, near the Lesi R.).
168 =Melothria deltoidea= Benth.
Slender trailing or climbing plant. Leaves triangular-hastate. Flowers white, monœcious; anthers distinct; fruit almost fusiform. Tendrils simple.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
=M. tridactyla= Hook. f.
Very slender thread-like branches. Leaves deltoid, very thin, 2 in. long and broad, scabrid-warted on both sides; tendrils thread-like. Flowers very small, on slender racemes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Boddo River, 3729 Schwfth).
169 =Kedrostis foetidissima= Cogn. SHA’ALUK—Arab.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, 1-3 in. Flowers small, male in slender racemes, female solitary, monœcious. Fruit fœtid, rugose, beaked, orange coloured when ripe.
Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dinka-land, Djuiho).
The root is used for curing piles and asthma. The berry is used as cure for sore throat, also when pounded up is given to sick cattle. The stem is dried and pounded and used for mixing with snuff.
=K. sp.=
Small climber with yellow flowers.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).
170 =Corallocarpus Fenzlii= Hook. f.
Prostrate herb. Leaves orbicular, 3-5 lobed, 3-4 in. diameter. Fruit ovoid, long beaked, fleshy, scarlet.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=C. erostris= Hook. f.
Prostrate herb. Leaves orbicular, obtusely 5-angled. Fruit hardly or not at all beaked, scarlet.
Nubian Coast; Red Sea Prov. (Wadi Soturba).
=C. Gijef= Hook. f.
Prostrate; stem woody. Leaves scabrid, reniform, ovate, ¾ in. diameter, 3-lobed, distantly toothed, scabrid-glandular; tendrils stout, corky, white. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Fruit very short beaked, scarlet.
Sudan North (Between Berber & Red Sea, in Wadis); Kassala Prov. (J. Kirureb); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Kaija Nuba).
=C. Ehrenbergii= Hook. f.
Prostrate. Leaves deeply 3-5 lobed. Fruit beak slender, ½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin).
=C. etbaicus= Hook. f.
Prostrate; stem angular. Leaves 3-5 lobed, 1-2 in. diameter, ashy grey. Fruit short-beaked, ½-⅔ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba).
171 =Ctenolepis fimbristipula= K. & P.
Herbaceous climber; tendrils simple. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Fruit size of a cherry, when ripe red, with white markings. Stipular bracts, broad, fringed.
Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & Mulbes); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
172 =Citrullus vulgaris= Schrad. BATTIKH—Arab. The Watermelon.
Climbing or trailing herb; tendrils 2-3-fid. Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy, palmately 3 or 7-lobed; lobes pinnatifid. Fruit globular, up to size of a man’s head, green.
Cultivated everywhere on river banks and sandbanks.
The natives of the Bahr El Ghazal Prov. grow amongst their rain crops an inedible variety called KOREISH BATTIKH (Arab) or DITIRA (Zande), and extract an edible oil from the seeds.
=C. Colocynthis= Schrad. HANDAL—Arab; DUAB—Nuer.
Climbing, or more usually, prostrate herb. Leaves much as above, but scabrid on both surfaces. Fruit globose, the size of a cricket ball, intensely bitter.
North Sudan.
The Colocynth Fruit, or Bitter Apple of Commerce. The pulp is extracted and exported, it possesses powerful cathartic properties and is widely used in medicine. In the Sudan a tar is obtained from the fruit with which water bags are dressed in order to prevent camels from tearing them open. The powdered pulp, either alone or mixed with Black Pepper, is used as a preventative against the Clothes Moth.
173 =Cephalandra indica= Naud.
Climbing perennial; tendrils simple; stem angular and grooved. Leaves usually broad cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5-lobed, glabrous. Flowers diœcious, solitary, axillary; stamens 3, anthers connate. Fruit ovoid-oblong, slightly beaked, scarlet.
Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé & Mongalla).
The scarlet, oblong fruit, is eaten both raw or cooked. The juice of the tap-root is used for diabetes.
=C. Moghadd= Aschers. MUGHAD—Arab.
Climbing. Leaves pentagonal or sub-5-lobed to nearly the middle, dentate, with glandular teeth, very acute, up to 4½ in. long, closely scabrid-warted all over; tendrils slender, undivided. Flowers fairly large, with spreading gamopetalous corolla. Fruits oblong, fibrous, 2½ in. long.
White Nile Prov.
=C. quinqueloba= Schrad. MUGHAD (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Prostrate or climbing herb; tendrils simple. Leaves deeply 5-lobed, 3-5 in. broad, with glands at base of nerves. Flowers diœcious. Male flower solitary or subcymose; stamens 3; anthers connate, twisted. Female flower solitary, white or yellow. Fruit oblong-ovoid.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bara); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Nuer & Dinka Country); Sudd Country (Hillet El Nuer).
Fruit edible.
=C. diversifolia= Naud.
Prostrate or climbing herb. Leaves 1-6 in. broad, upper ovate-cordate, acuminate, toothed; lower palmately, deeply 3-5 lobed, hispid. Male flower, corolla broadly campanulate; stamens 3, filaments partly free. Fruit ovoid, marbled red, white and yellow.
Between Suakin & Berber (J. Okurr); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
174 =Cucurbita maxima= Duchesne. ARAA- or GARAA-STAMBULI or -AASSALI (Egypt)—Arab. Pumpkin.
Creeping herb. Leaves large, 5-lobed. Fruit large.
=CARICACEÆ.=
175 =Carica Papaya= Linn. PIPI—Zande. Paw-Paw.
Small, soft-wooded tree, showing leaf-scars on the stem. Leaves large palmatifid. Fruit of female tree almost sessile on stem close to base of the leaves, the size of a small melon, the orange-yellow pulp of which is eaten.
Introduced. Cultivated in gardens.
Fruit edible, possesses a digestive principle called Papain, similar to Pepsin, which is marketed as a drug.
=CACTACEÆ.=
176 =Opuntia Dillenii= Haw. BRITTEIN—Hadendowa.
Succulent subarborescent plants with more or less prickly, jointed stems and branches; joints flat, obovate. Flowers from upper edge of joints, yellow, tinged with red, 2-3 in. across. Fruit pyriform, edible when ripe.
The Prickly Pear, cultivated and sub-wild. Originally introduced from America.
=OCHNACEÆ.=
177 =Ochna Schweinfurthiana= F. Hoffm.
A tree, 25 ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate, widely emarginate, about 3½ in. long and 1½ in. broad, serrulate, many-nerved; flowers clustered, long-pedicellate; sepals 1 cm. long; fruits 1 cm. long, reticulate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Deragoh).
=O. ardisioides= Webb.
Small or middle-sized tree, with coriaceous leaves; flowers in twos, on old wood. Style 4-5-fid.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Roseires).
=O. leucophlœos= Hochst.
Tortuous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, closely serrulate, 3-6 in. long. Flowers 3-10 together, on old wood, yellow; anthers dehiscing by pore- like slits.
Fung Prov.
=O. sp.=
Shrub, with dark bark; leafless at time of flowering; flowers white.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Between Wau & Deim Zubeir).
=O. sp.=
Mittu-land (Derago).
178 =Lophira alata= Banks. TANGA—Dinka & Jur, ZAWA—Zande.
Tree with long, glossy leaves; fruit like a shuttlecock, usually 3-winged. Flowers white or yellow, in terminal pyramidal panicles.
Mongalla Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (from Wau southwards).
The seeds yield an oil which is used in cooking, for hair oil and for making soap. The wood is very hard and heavy (density 1.1), difficult to work. It is dark brown in colour, and is suitable for heavy joinery and sleepers.
179 =Ouratea Arnoldiana= De Wild & Dur.
Gomphia Arnoldiana DC.
Shrub or tree. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, acutely acuminate, about 6 in. long, 2 in. broad, with very numerous but obscure parallel nerves, minutely and distantly toothed; flowers yellow, few in racemes, shorter than the leaves.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).
=O. densiflora= De Wild & Dur.
Gomphia densiflora DC.
Shrub or tree. Leaves oblong-obovate, very shortly acuminate, about 6 in. long, 2½-3 in. broad, rather closely serrulate, with rather distant lateral nerves; flowers in lax panicles longer than the leaves.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku Stream).
180 =Sauvagesia erecta= Linn.
Small herb. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate; stipules persistent, pectinate-ciliate. Flowers small, white, rose or violet; fertile stamens 5; staminodes in two rows, inner of 5 petaloid, and outer of numerous capitate hairs. Capsule 3-valved.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dokuttu: Bongo-land, to Congo).
The plant is very mucilaginous.
=DIPTEROCARPACEÆ.=
181 =Monotes Kerstingii= Gilg. MELLA—Dinka.
Small tree; fruit surrounded by the enlarged ring-like sepals. Leaves elliptic, rounded at both ends, with about 12 pairs of lateral nerves, softly white tomentose below, about 4 in. by 2¾ in.; flowers small, in axillary cymes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: East of Tonj, Bongo-land & Dar Fertit).
=MYRTACEÆ.=
182 =Syzygium guineense= DC. KORONGO, AGUA or AGUD—Golo; KULOH or KULA—Jur; SANAMBIRI—Zande.
Two types: (a) A large tree with heavy foliage. Leaves ovate-oblong, short-acuminate. Flowers pale yellow, fragrant. (b) Small tree with ovate or obovate leaves. Flowers white.
Fung Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 4-8,000 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces: Jur-land & Mittu-land: Kuragera.
A good timber tree; wood red, hard, even-grained, durable; fruit a small, purple edible berry. Leaves aromatic when bruised.
183 =Psidium pomiferum= Don. The Guava tree.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-oblong. Peduncles axillary, about 1½ in. long, with 1-3 flowers; flowers white. Fruit oblong, size of a small lemon, strongly aromatic when ripe.
Introduced from West Indies. Grown in gardens.
=MELASTOMATACEÆ.=
184 =Osbeckia saxicola= Gilg.
Hispid pilose herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, up to 7 cm. long, long setose-pilose on both surfaces. Flowers paniculate, rose. Fruits urn-shaped, calyx deciduous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land: by Nambia Brook, near the Kishi).
=O. senegambiensis= Guill. & Perr.
Small shrub; branches 4-angled, scabrid; nodes with long-spreading bristles. Leaves opposite, elliptic to lanceolate, with 3 parallel nerves. Flowers ¾ in. diameter, rose or purple, usually 5-merous, in terminal racemes; anthers 10, 2-tubercled at base. Capsule enclosed in 10-ribbed, bristly calyx-tube.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near the Pongo River between Wau & Chak-Chak).
185 =Antherotoma Naudini= Hook. f.
Small herb, stem 4-angled. Leaves opposite, in few pairs, ovate, ½ in. long. Flowers small, 4-merous, surrounded by a 4-leaved involucre; lobes of calyx alternating with bristles; stamens 8-10, with connective produced below, 2-tubercled at base, anthers opening by large pores. Capsule membranous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai & Dar Fertit: near the Kuru River).
186 =Dissotis petiolata= Hook. f.
Shrub. Leaves 4-6 in. long, elliptic, with 5-parallel nerves, opposite. Flowers solitary or 2 together, 5-merous, pink or purple, enclosed in leafy bracts, anthers 8-10, some longer, incurved, connective produced, as long as anther-cells. Capsule 5-valved, with a minute ring of bristles.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=D. capitata= (Vahl) Hook. f. =var. Barteri= Hook. f.
Small shrub, scabrid, 4-angled. Leaves 3-5 in. long, opposite, 5-7 parallel-nerved. Flowers in small bracteate heads; stamens and capsule as above.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Khor Tela: between Tonj & Wau).
=D. phæotricha= Triana. (Osbeckia postpluvialis Gilg).
Hispid herb, 6-8 in. high, 4-angled. Leaves 2 in. long, oblong with 3-5 parallel nerves. Flowers 4-merous, capitate; bracts small, pectinate, with bristles; calyx bristly; petals purple, obovate; anthers of 2 lengths; connective short, 2-fid, shorter; stamens 2-tubercled at base. Capsule as above.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: near Kulengo, Jur Ghattas).
=D. rotundifolia= ex Gilg. (D. prostrata Triana).
Herb. Leaves ovate, 3-nerved, about 1¼ in. long, ¾ in. broad, slightly pubescent. Flowers few, rose; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, ⅓ in. long. Fruits nearly glabrous, ⅓ in. long, calyx persistent.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Atazilli).
=D. Schweinfurthii= Gilg.
Bushy plant, 4 ft. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 1½-3 in. long, ¾-1 in. broad, hispidulous, 5-nerved. Flowers with 2 large bracts at the base, mauve; calyx densely covered with very hairy bristles; smaller lobes between the calyx lobes.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=D. scabra= Gilg.
Herb, 3-4 ft., stems subquadrangular. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4 in. long, 1½-2 in. broad, scabrid above, scabrid-puberulous below. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx with numerous disk-like processes outside, setose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: between Tonj & Duguru & Niamniam-land: Kulensho).
187 =Tristemma roseum= Gilg.
Branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves elliptic, acute, 2½ in. long, 1 in. broad, slightly setulose. Involucres sessile. Receptacle glabrous. Calyx lobes obtuse. Flowers rose.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Assika River).
=T. Incompletum= R. Br.
Erect, bristly shrub; branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, elliptic to lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, 5-7 nerved, hairy. Flowers capitate, enclosed in broad, hairy bracts. Receptacle with a single ring of bristles. Petals ¼ in., white or pink; stamens 10, mostly equal, with 1 pore, 2-tubercled; crown of ovary bristly. Fruit dry.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=T. papillosum= Gilg.
Erect shrub, bristly; branches 4-angled. Leaves opposite, elliptic to lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, 5-7 nerved, hairy. Flowers capitate, enclosed in leafy bracts. Receptacle quite glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=T. grandifolium= Gilg.
Branches setose. Leaves ovate-elliptic, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces, 5 in. long, 2½ in. broad. Involucres sessile, 4-7 flowered. Receptacle with 2 rings of hairs.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=COMBRETACEÆ.=
188 =Terminalia macroptera= Guill. & Perr. DAROT or DURŪT—Arab; KOTWANG (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Tree, 60 ft. high. Leaves alternate, 1 ft. or more long, ovate, tips sometimes reflexed. Flowers small, green or white, in lax axillary spikes; petals (as in others of this genus) 0; stamens 10, in 2 rows. Fruit 2-winged, 3-4 in. long, 1 in. broad.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).
Exudes a gum. Bark burnt as perfume by Sudanese women. Wood handsome and close grained, has been sold as Teak.
=T. near macroptera= Guill. & Perr. SIORO—Golo.
Young leaves purplish, slightly pubescent, mature elliptic, cuneate at each end, about 9 in. long, 3-3½ in. broad, at length quite glabrous. Flowers and fruits not seen.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).
=T. laxiflora= Engl. GURFA—Bongo.
Medium tree. Leaves elliptic, rounded at the base, about 6 in. long and 3 in. broad, glabrous. Spikes axillary, very slender, 5-6 in. long. Fruit 2-winged, 3 in. long, 1 in. broad. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Khor Dehab, Blue Nile.
=T. Schweinfurthii= Eng. & Diels. DURŪT—Arab; LINGA—Dinka.
Very similar to preceding, but leaves very unequal-sided and cuneate at the base and narrowed to the apex.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: near the Gendua River); Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (Um Seneina, near J. El Amira & Singukai); Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
=T. aff. T. Schweinfurthii= Eng. & Diels. TAMAREIB (Kordn.)—Arab.
Leaves verticillate, ovate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, sub-cuneate at the base, 3-4 in. long, strongly reticulate and tomentellous below. Fruits narrowly oblong, 2½ in. long, ¾ in. broad, flat, glabrous.
Kordofan Prov. (near Um Ruaba).
=T. salicifolia= Schwfth.
Stems and leaves glaucous, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 6 in. long, 1-1¾ in. broad, finely reticulate below. Spikes axillary. Young fruit pubescent.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=T. torulosa= F. Hoffm.
Tree, 30 ft. Leaves elliptic, rounded at each end, about 9 in. long and 5 in. broad, softly tomentose below and strongly nerved. Spikes about 4 in. long, tomentose. Fruit 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, tomentellous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=T. sp.=
Tree, 15 ft. high. Leaves broadly elliptic, rounded at each end, 8 in. long and 5 in. broad, reticulate and sparsely pubescent below, with about 15 pairs of lateral nerves. Flowers and fruit not seen.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, III 228 Schwfth).
=T. Spekei= Rolfe.
Small tree with rough bark, 10 to 20 ft. high. Leaves elongate oblong- obovate, about 12 in. long and 4 in. broad, very densely and softly tomentose below, with very strong lateral nerves. Fruits oblong- elliptic, 3 in. long, 1½ in. broad, tomentellous.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=T. splendida= Engl. & Diels. DURŪT—Arab; FIOK or PHUK—Dinka; TO & FIAWE—Golo; FIOK & POH—Jur; GURFA—Bongo; BAKAIPUR—Zande.
Tree, 50 ft. high, with rough bark. Leaves large, elliptic, slightly narrowed at each end, 9 in. long, 4 in. broad, leathery, softly tomentose below.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
Bark rough; when powdered, is used as snuff by Sudanese women. This species is very resistant to grass fires.
=T. Brownei= Fresen. SUBAKH & SUBARAYA—Arab; TAHAT—Rashida; ’MBRA—Nuba.
Large tree, with delicate branch tracery; old bark rough, young bark smooth, whitish. Fruit 2-winged, purplish-red, up to 3 in. long. Leaves in large tufts near the ends of branches, broadly lanceolate or elliptic acuminate.
Fung Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 5,200 ft.); Kordofan Prov.; Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
=T. sericea= Burch.
Small tree; bark steel coloured; the whole covered with silky pubescence. Leaves crowded in pseudo-verticils, oblanceolate-cuspidate. Fruit 2-winged, roundish-ovate, rusty-velvety, 1 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Biri River).
=T. sp. 1337= Schwfth.
Shrub, with viscid young parts. Leaves (very young) ovate-elliptic, small, with about 5 pairs of lateral nerves, pubescent on the midrib. Spikes short.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=T. glabra= Roxb.
Very large tree with smooth bark, flaking off in large pieces. Leaves sub-opposite. Fruit 1½ in. long, 5-winged.
Introduced.
Exudes a gum. The timber is light-brown in colour and fairly strong, but does not resist white ants. The bark is sometimes used for dyeing; it is also considered tonic and astringent. A fine white lime-like ash is obtained by burning the bark.
=T. Dawei= Rolfe.
Small tree. Leaves elongate-obovate, up to 12 in. long and 4 in. broad, with numerous lateral nerves. Flowers not seen. Fruits red, glaucous, flat, 4 in. long, 1¾ in. broad.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
189 =Anogeissus leiocarpus= Guill. & Perr. SAHABA (Kordofan) & SEILAG—Arab; DARO—Rashida; SHIRGI (Dilling), KÏRĪD (J. Eliri) & TAMURU (Kadugli)—Nuba; SINGA & M’BA—Golo; KHAI—Hameg; AMMET (Goz El Siada)—Dinka; YIN—Burun; MET—Nuer; SIRINGA—Bongo; BANGA—Zande.
Tall, graceful tree, with slender drooping branches and smooth bark which flakes off. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in globose heads, small; petals 0; fruit small, coriaceous, broadly 2-winged.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada); Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Darfur Prov.; Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
Timber white, strong, elastic, useful for building carts, implements, etc. Not suitable for railway sleepers. The roots are rich in tannin and the wood ashes are used in W. Africa as a mordant for fixing dyes. Yields an insoluble gum.
=A. near leiocarpus= Guill. & Perr. SAHABA—Arab.
Differs chiefly by its more marked heartwood.
Kordofan Prov.
Timber dark, hard and capable of taking a good polish.
190 =Gulera senegalensis= Lam. OBEISH or RUBEISH—Arab; KŪĪ (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Small tree or shrub with downy branches, the whole plant minutely black dotted. Leaves opposite, oval, subcordate, cuspidate. Flowers in pedunculate involucrate heads. Fruit densely clothed with very long silky hairs, making a fluffy head.
Kordofan, Darfur & Nuba Mts. Provinces.
Good camel fodder.
191 =Combretum trichanthum= Fresen. TARŌB—Rashida; SHĀF—Hadendowa.
Small tree; young branches pubescent. Leaves opposite, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, densely hairy when young. Flowers 4-merous, small, in axillary spikes; petals obdeltoid, minutely fringed stamens 8, in 2 rows; fruit 4-5 winged, ¾ in. long.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=C. Hartmannianum= Schwfth. HABIL (White Nile), SUBAKH or SUBAKH SODA (Fung)—Arab; KARSO (J. Daier), HAGGIARN (Dilling), KWAE (J. Eliri) & N’DARU (Kadugli)—Nuba.
Small to fairly large tree. Leaves opposite, long acuminate-caudate. Flowers: calyx 4-lobed; petals 4, minute; stamens 8, in 2 rows. Fruit 4-winged.
Fung Prov. (Roseires & Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
Exudes a gum. The timber is said to be good. Some portions of the tree are used as perfume by the Nuba.
=C. lecananthum= Engl. & Diels. M’NA—Golo; DERA—Jur.
Small tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 4 in. long, 1-1¾ in. broad, thin, glabrous. Racemes shorter than the leaves, slender. Fruits broadly elliptic, 1 in. long, 4-winged, glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).
=C. multispicatum= Engl. & Diels. HABIL—Arab; MANĀ or TEPELU—Golo; GŎK—Nuer.
Moderate-sized tree; branchlets and leaves pubescent, the latter alternate, broadly oblong-elliptic, mucronate, 4 in. long, 1¾ in. broad, glossy when young. Flowers paniculate, pubescent, small.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo & Jur-lands).
=C. ghasalense= Engl. & Diels. HABIL—Arab; TEPELU—Golo; BAZE—Zande.
Moderate-sized tree. Leaves in whorls of 3, oblong-elliptic, acute at both ends, 3 in. long, 1¼ in. broad, glabrous and closely reticulate on both surfaces. Flowers in short panicles, crowded.
Kordofan Prov. (Fertangul); Darfur Prov., Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
The smoke from the wood is used as perfume by Sudanese women.
=C. brunneum= Engl. & Diels.
Small tree, 20 ft. high; branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate- lanceolate, rounded or subcordate at the base, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, 2-2½ in. long, about 1 in. broad, reddish-brown and closely reticulate when dry. Fruits sub-orbicular, 4-winged, ¾ in. broad.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Mittu-land).
=C. undulatum= Wall. SUBAKH or SUBAKH BEIDA (Fung)—Arab; BOGWEH—Bari; BAZI—Hameg.
Tree, 40 ft. high: branchlets glabrous. Leaves in whorls of 3, oblong- elliptic, acute, 6 in. long, 2 in. broad, undulate, glossy or viscid when young. Flower paniculate, small, hairy.
Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (Ghebeish); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Kutshuk Ali & Mittu-land: Ngama); Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Thombé).
The smoke from the wood is used as perfume by Sudanese women.
=C. glutinosum= Perr.
Small tree. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4. Fruit 4-winged. Flowers small, pubescent, greenish-white, on small axillary spikes.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=C. cordofanum= Engl. & Diels.
Leaves obovate-elliptic, acutely acuminate, 6 in. long, 2½ in. broad, softly tomentose below. Fruits thinly winged, oblong, truncate at the base, 1 in. long, ¾ in. broad, puberulous.
Kordofan Prov. (Um Dajog).
=C. gallabatense= Schwfth.
Middle-sized tree. Leaves about 6 in. long, lanceolate, hoary pubescent.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
=C. Schweinfurthii= Engl. & Diels.
Tree. Leaves variable, from 1½ in. long, obovate to 12 in. long, broadly lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Fruit 4-winged.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Ngoli & Niamniam-land, by the Gumango).
=C. verticillatum= Engl.
Small tree, branchlets rusty tomentellous. Leaves in whorls of 4, lanceolate-elliptic, long acuminate, about 8 in. long and 2 in. broad, shortly pubescent and rather densely lepidote-glandular below. Flower- spikes axillary, 2½ in. long. Fruits 4-winged, ¾ in. long, tomentose between the wings.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land & Bongo-land: Gir).
=C. bongense= Engl.
Shrub with sweet-smelling flowers. Leaves clustered ovate-lanceolate, subacute, 3½ in. long, 1½ in. broad, very densely lepidote below, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the leaves. Spikes simple, 3 in. long, tomentose. Fruits broadly elliptic, 1¼ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Dakuttu); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Debri).
=C. adenogonium= Steud.
Tree. Leaves usually ternate, ovate to lanceolate, downy beneath, leaving deep scars after falling off. Flowering branches leafless. Flowers small on short woolly spikes. Fruit 4-5-winged, about 1 in. long, shining.
Darfur Prov.
=C. populifolium= Engl. & Diels. BEMBU—Golo.
Shrub or tree, 20 ft. high. Leaves in whorls of 3, elliptic, sub- acuminate, 3 in. long, 1½ in. broad, densely lepidote below. Fruits suborbicular, 1 in. broad, densely rusty-lepidote.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land; S.W. of Old Wau).
=C. splendens= Engl.
Branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves ovate, more or less slightly cordate at the base, acute, about 5 in. long and 3 in. broad, softly pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers crowded in short spikes, hairy. Fruits elliptic, lepidote, 1¼ in. long.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, mid-zone).
=C. lepidotum= Hochst.
Tree; branches compressed, scaly. Leaves opposite, ovate, acute, 2-4 in. long, viscid, glandular above and densely scaly beneath. Flowers in axillary spikes of the length of the leaves. Fruit lepidote.
Fung. Prov.
=C. collinum= Fresen. UM-SUMAIN—Arab; ARGADA—Hameg.
Small tree; fruit 4-winged. Leaves sub-opposite, 3-5 in. long, ovate to elliptical, sparingly scaly above, densely so beneath. Flowers small in simple axillary spikes shorter than the leaves.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
=C. parvulum= Engl. & Diels.
Undershrub from a woody rhizome. Leaves oblong, rounded at both ends, very mucronate, 3½ in. long, very strongly reticulate below, pubescent between the veins. Flowers few and clustered at the ends of the peduncle. Fruits broadly elliptic, with membranous wings 1 in. long, puberulous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).
=C. paniculatum= Vent.
Climber with large panicles of small scarlet flowers. Leaves with twisted stalks, elliptic, 5 in. long, 2½ in. broad, glabrous. Fruits suborbicular, with broad membranous wings about 1 in. across.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu).
=C. capituliflorum= Fenzl.
Woody climber. Flowers in globose, densely woolly heads arranged in short terminal and axillary panicles, dull yellow. Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, undulate 4-6 in. long. Fruit 1½ in. long; wings narrow, woody.
Blue Nile Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=C. molle= R. Br.
Shrub or small tree; young leaves densely hairy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Biri River & Deim Zubeir).
=C. racemosum= Beauv.
Showy shrub, 20 ft. high. Young leaves and flowers carmine.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=C. mittuense= Engl. & Diels.
Climber. Leaves oblong-elliptic, acute, about 4 in. long, 2 in. broad, thinly papery, glabrous. Flowers paniculate, with coloured leafy bracts, pale pink, tassel-like; calyx green; stamens carmine. Fruits obovate, with very membranous wings, about 1 in. across.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: by the Roah River).
=C. near C. comosum= Don.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).
=C. aculeatum= Vent. SHEKHEIT (Fung), SHUHEIT (Dongola) & SHEHEIT (Kordn.) or SOGHEIT—Arab; MARTE (Dilling) & MINDIGIRI (Kadugli)—Nuba; REGA—Bari.
Scandent shrub. Petioles of leaves persistent, forming decurved spines. Flowers rather small, white; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 10; anthers orange. Fruit 4-5-winged.
Dongola Prov. (Wadi Id El Murakh); Berber Prov. (Atbara River: Goz Regeb); Red Sea Prov. (Khors, Karora Hills); Fung. Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Blue Nile Prov. (Upper); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan, Darfur, Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
=C. platypterum= Hutch. & J. M. Diels.
Climber with large panicles of reddish long, tubular flowers, about 1 in. long. Leaves oblong, rounded at the base, 6 in. long, glabrous. Fruits like “Honesty,” orbicular-obovate, broadly winged, about 1½ in. broad.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).
=C. sp. (cf. C. altum= Guill. & Perr.). KUSI (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Small tree; fruit 4-winged; shoots sometimes twining. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, 4 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Daier). 884 S.G.H.
=C. sp.= GOAK—Dinka; BOADUN—Burun.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada).
=RHIZOPHORACEÆ.=
192 =Rhizophora sp.= Probably =R. mucronata= Lam.
Mangrove. Leaves obovate-elliptic, long-mucronate, leathery, about 4½ in. long and 2 in. broad. Flowers few. Sepals oblong, leathery. Petals hairy inside. Seeds germinating before falling.
Muddy shores of Red Sea, south of Suakin.
193 =Bruguiera gymnorrhiza= Lam.
Tree with smooth bark, marked on young branches with scars of leaves and stipules. Leaves rather thick, oval, bright green. Fruit scarlet, 1 in. long. Seeds germinating before falling.
Muddy shores of Red Sea, south of Suakin.
=HYPERICACEÆ.=
194 =Hypericum Lalandii= Choisy.
Small tufted herb, under 10 in. high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- oblong, about ¼ in. long, gland-dotted. Flowers yellow in dichotomous cymes.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=H. perforatum= Linn.
Somewhat woody plant with perennial stock. Leaves with translucent and some dark dots; corolla yellow with black dots. Stamens polyadelphous.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, over 6,000 ft.).
195 =Psorospermum salicifolium= Engl.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, 2 in. long, ½ in. broad, glabrous. Flowers in small close cymes. Sepals and petals streaked with resin, the latter densely hairy inside.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kutshuk Ali & Kuragera); Niamniam (Tuhami).
=P. senegalense= Spach.
Shrub; twigs and young leaves rusty tomentose. Flowers in dense corymbs, white, streaked with brown; stamens 5-adelphous. Leaves opposite or alternate, elliptic.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit).
=P. tenuifolium= Hook. f.
Glabrous shrub. Leaves elliptic, opposite, opaquely punctate, 2-4 in. long. Flowers in terminal corymbs; stamens 5-7-adelphous.
Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
196 =Haronga madagascariensis= Chois. KAWA (Mongalla Prov.)—Makraka.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves opposite, entire, rusty tomentose when young, ovate-oblong, connected by an interpetiolar ridge. Flowers small, 5-adelphous, in broad terminal corymbose cymes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Khor Tela, between Wau & Tonj, and near the Mongo-longbo stream); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
The fruit is edible; the seeds are used in French Guinea in cookery. The wood is of great beauty, it works well and finishes without trouble. A yellow dye is obtained from the inner bark of the tree. It is found in Mongalla Prov., frequently associated with Berlinia acuminata.
=GUTTIFERÆ.=
197 =Garcinia sp.=
Branchlets angular, glabrous. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, acute at the base, 3½ in. long, 1½ in. broad, with numerous lateral nerves prominent on both surfaces. Fruits clustered, ⅔ in. long; stalks ½ in. long.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).
=TILIACEÆ.=
198 =Christiana africana= DC.
Tall tree; young parts, leaves, stalks, calyx and carpels covered with dense yellow stellate tomentum. Leaf stalks 3-4 in. long; leaves cordate-ovate or oblong, palmately 5-nerved, 6-12 in. long. Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx 3-lobed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the River Hu).
199 =Grewia flavescens= Burret. GADDEIM (Darfur), UM KHALATOT (Goz El Siada), KHELISAN & YABELAYUS—Arab; KINDAL (J. Eliri)—Nuba; BAMBURTI—Golo.
Straggling shrub with quadrangular stems. Leaves sub-coriaceous, pilose, ovate-oblong, subcordate, coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long; stipules 2, subulate-lanceolate, deciduous. Peduncles axillary, 2-3 flowered. Petals emarginate. Drupe 1-4 lobed, pilose.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada); Darfur Prov. (Kulme, & J. Marra, 4,000 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Khor Niual: between Chak-Chak & Deim Zubeir & Bongo-land: Addai).
=G. venusta= Fresen. KURMUZ—Hameg.
Perennial or undershrub, white, stellately tomentose. Leaves roundish oblong, palmately 3-5 nerved, 3-5 in. long. Cymes many flowered, extra axillary. Drupe size of a large pea 2-4 lobed, crustaceous, copper- coloured, pilose.
Blue Nile Prov.
=G. Kakothamnos= K. Schum.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves obovate-elliptic, serrulate, about 1 in. long, stellate-pubescent. Flowers axillary, subsolitary; pedicels ⅓ in. long, bibracteate above the middle; sepals ½ in. long.
Darfur Prov.
=G. salvifolia= Heyne. BASHAM (Fung)—Arab; DILI—Burun; KEM (Goz El Siada)—Dinka; BAIDI—Hameg.
Large shrub or small tree; fruit edible, usually 2-lobed. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire undulate or serrulate. Flowers yellow in axillary fascicles.
Fung Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada).
=G. occidentalis= Linn.
Small tree. Leaves obliquely ovate, acute, about 2 in. long and 1 in. broad, crenate, nearly glabrous. Flowers 3-4 together in very small umbels; sepals mauve inside, ½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
=G. ferruginea= Hochst.
A small tree. Leaves obovate-elliptic, acute, very closely crenulate, 4-5 in. long and about 2 in. broad, closely covered with short stellate hairs below. Flowers in threes the middle one opening first; sepals linear-lanceolate, ½ in. long, tomentose; fruits reticulate.
Locality? (fide Mrs. Crowfoot).
=G. mollis= Juss. BASHAM (Kordn.)—Arab; KUAM (J. Eliri)—Nuba; ULUMBA or EUWI—Golo; KAM—Nuer; POIGO—Zande.
Shrub or small tree, giving out long, semi-scandent shoots. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with 3 basal nerves. Flowers yellow, solitary. Drupes indistinctly 4-lobed, dark yellow.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Debri & J. Eliri); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Niamniam-land & Jur-land); Red Sea Prov. (Katai Geraita).
The bast yields a fibre; the wood ashes are used as a substitute for salt; the fruit is edible; the wood is used for bows and arrows; it is light red or pink, and very elastic.
=G. monticola= Sond.? BASHAM (Baggara)—Arab.
Shrub. Leaves oblong, acute, 4 in. long, 1¾ in. broad, glabrescent above, softly tomentellous below, 3-nerved at the base. Fruit the size of a pea, whitish.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Um Durein & J. Fertangul).
=G. betulæfolia= Juss. GADDEIM—Arab; HEDDA—Rashida; TOMUT—Hadendowa; KARII (J. Eliri) & ARUING (Rashad—Talodi)—Nuba; ANGALOA—Hameg; AFOR & APOR (Kenissa) & AFWĀR (Renk)—Dinka; OFADOH—Shilluk.
Shrub. Leaves small, somewhat variable, irregularly crenate serrate; flowers white, solitary; fruit orange coloured, 2-4 lobed, edible.
Almost throughout the Sudan, particularly south of Khartoum.
=G. erythræa= Schwfth.
Shrub. Leaves rounded-obovate, 3-5 nerved at the base, repand-dentate, about 1¼ in. long, slightly stellate-pubescent below. Flowers solitary; calyx ⅓ in. long.
Kordofan Prov. (Darfur boundary on J. Sinin).
=G. villosa= Willd. TAMR EL ABID & TUKKU (Kordn.), ABU KHALAFOF & GEREIGDAN (Goz el Siada), MUTRAK (Baggara)—Arab; EIGERA (Dilling), LUĪ (J. Eliri) & TUMBU (Kadugli)—Nuba; ANTAMANA-WANSHU—Hameg; ATENDIT (Renk), GUNKEIT & LUBLUB (Goz el Siada)—Dinka; DILMAN & KELAIIN—Burun.
Large shrub with cordate nearly orbicular leaves, 1-4 in. in diameter. Flowers dull-yellow, in compact axillary clusters. Fruit globose, with a brown, stellate hairy rind, edible.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada); Mongalla Prov.; Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
Used for spear shafts (Aylmer).
=G. sp. (Glomeratæ)= No. 1168 S.G.H. TOMUT—Hadendowa.
Shrub, covered with short, stellate hairs. Leaves ovate-rounded, 1½ in. long, 1¼ in. broad, serrate. Flowers clustered. Buds ¼ in. long, tomentose.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
200 =Triumfetta lepidota= K. Schum.
Erect shrub, 4 ft. high. Leaves suborbicular to oblanceolate, subtrilobed, up to 6 in. wide. Cymes 2-4 to each node. Sepals scaly outside, ¾ in. long. Fruit woody, globose, 8-10 celled, strongly tuberculate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the River Lehsi).
=T. micrantha= K. Schum.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, 2½-3 in. long, ½-¾ in. broad, serrulate, tomentose or pubescent below. Sepals stellate-pubescent outside. Fruit with densely pilose prickles, the latter with 2-8 terminal spinules.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi).
=T. buettneriacea= K. Schum.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, ⅓-1¼ in. broad, sparingly pilose on both surfaces. Sepals stellate-pubescent outside. Fruit with glabrescent prickles, much broadened at the base, terminated by 1-4 spinules.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas, & Bongoland: Gurfala).
=T. flavescens= Hochst. DERBAKE—Hadendowa.
Shrubby; stem pilose, black-dotted. Lower leaves stalked; blades roundish, truncate or cordate, acute, irregularly toothed. Flowers yellowish, numerous, in small clusters along the sides and ends of branches. Capsule small, covered with grey down and small, hooked prickles.
Red Sea Prov. (in several places).
=T. rhomboidea= Jacq. ALLOSEG, ALLUSEIG or LUSEIG—Arab.
Herb with variable, irregularly serrate leaves and small globose fruit covered with prickles, downy. Flowers yellow, small, in spicate inflorescence.
Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla, etc.); Red Sea Prov. (Karora).
Yields a soft, glossy fibre. The mucilage is used as an injection in venereal diseases.
=T. annua= Linn.
Erect, somewhat pilose, annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate, dentate, 3-nerved, on very long stalks. Fruit size of a pea, smooth between the glaucous hooked prickles.
Darfur Prov. (Zalingei).
=T. pentandra= Guill. & Perr.
Erect, slightly downy herb. Leaves subcordate, slightly 3-5 lobed or roundish-acuminate. Flowers minute, in lateral cymes. Stamens 5-8. Fruit oblong, about ¼ in. long, hairy on the edges of the appressed prickles.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=T. tomentosa= Bojer.
Softly hairy perennial or shrub; fruit globose, covered with straight, black spines. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly cordate, passing gradually into bracts. Flowers small, yellow, numerous in terminal panicles.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
201 =Honckenya ficifolia= Willd.
Handsome-flowered shrub, with purplish branches. Leaves rather variable, usually more or less deeply 3-7 lobed. Flowers large, violet, in terminal racemose cymes. Capsules 1-2 in., 4-valved.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the River Yubbo).
A valuable fibre plant.
202 =Corchorus tridens= Linn.
Annual 1-2 ft.; leaves oblong-linear, coarsely crenate-serrate, the two lowest teeth often prolonged into filiform tails; capsule terminating in 3 spreading or reflexed points.
Between Suakin & Berber; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. acutangulus= Lam.
Annual; leaves oval or ovate, crenate-serrate, the two lowest teeth often prolonged into filiform tails; fruit 3-winged.
Kordofan Prov. (J. Kon); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).
=C. olitorius= Linn. MOLOKHIA or MULUKHIA—Arab; MORAMBIDA—Zande.
Annual; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the two lowest serrations produced into fine tails; capsule linear, with a long beak, altogether 1-3 in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Between Khartoum & Berber (El Mesherif); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
Cultivated and wild. It is used as a vegetable, the fibre is inferior to that of the true jute. The plant is also used in native medicine.
=C. Antichorus= Ræuschel. SUTEIH (Atbara) & UM SHITEIH (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Prostrate or decumbent perennial. Leaves small, roundish, plicate- crenate, palmately 3-nerved. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Capsule 1-1½ in. long, slender, beaked at apex, 4-valved.
Nubia; North Sudan; Berber Prov. (Atbara); Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
The plant is used as a demulcent.
=C. fascicularis= DC.
Procumbent annual; leaves short-stalked, oblong or lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, 3-nerved. Capsule about ¾ in. long, cylindrical, short-beaked.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Bunzaga); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Gir).
=C. trilocularis= Linn.
Annual, erect or decumbent. Leaves 1-3 in. long, elliptic to oblong- lanceolate. Pedicels short, 2-3 flowered; petals bright yellow. Capsules 2-3 in. long, 3-4 angled; beak short and straight.
White Nile Prov.
203 =Glyphæa grewioides= Hook. f.
Slightly pilose shrub, 8-12 ft. high. Leaves ovate or oblong, subcordate, 3-nerved. Flowers bright-yellow, in terminal cymes. Fruit oblong or fusiform, indehiscent, 1-2 in. long. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=STERCULIACEÆ.=
204 =Melhania ferruginea= A. Rich.
Woolly herb or undershrub. Leaves longer than the stalks, subcordate oval-oblong, velvety, palmately 3-5 nerved. Epicalyx of 3 broadly-ovate, unilateral segments. Petals convolute, persistent. Capsule pointed; seeds 10 in each cell.
Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé).
=M. Denhamii= R. Br. DUBAGHA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Undershrub with a false likeness to Senra incana. Leaves as long as leaf-stalks, about 1 in. long, ovate-oblong, velvety. Flowers on axillary peduncles, red. Capsules subglobose, 5-celled, with 1-2 seeds in each cell.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.
205 =Dombeya multiflora= Planch.
Shrub. Leaf blades equal to stalks, 1-2 in. long, cordate-roundish or oblong, palmately 5-7 nerved. Inflorescence appearing before the leaves, in stalked axillary cymes. Styled deeply 5-cleft.
Fung & White Nile Provinces.
=D. multiflora= Pl. =var. (a) vestita= Schum. GREGDAN (Baggara)—Arab; KINDAMOI (J. Eliri)—Nuba; DERDER—Hameg; POPWA, PURPUR and METEMBOA—Zande.
Shrub or small tree, with palmate leaves and white flowers, which turn pink after being fertilized, the corolla persisting.
Fung Prov.; South Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra N.W. slopes 6,500 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
206 =Melochia corchorifolia= Linn.
Erect herb or undershrub. Stem with a line of somewhat stellate hairs down one side. Leaves variable in size, oblong-ovate to ovate, rounded at base, serrate. Flowers pink, in terminal clusters, pentamerous. Capsules 5-valved, 1 seed to each.
Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Banks of the White Nile); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).
Kordofan Prov.
=var. densiflora= K. Schum.
The root-bark is chewed in Kordofan Prov. as a salve for sore lips. The stem yields a fibre, and the leaves are eaten.
207 =Waltheria americana= Linn. ERG EL NĀL (Kordn.)—Arab.
Villose undershrub or tall woody herb; leaves plicate; flowers yellow, in dense sessile axillary fascicles. Sepals 5, connate below; petals 5; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2. Capsule small, enclosed in calyx, membranous, 1-seeded.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
208 =Hermannia modesta= Planch.
Low growing annual, covered with glandular hairs. Leaves subsessile, linear-oblong, obtuse up to 1½ in. long. Flowers in axillary peduncles. Filaments dilated above; styles 5.
Red Sea Prov. (coast); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=H. tigrensis= Hochst.
Erect, stellate hairy annual, about 1 ft. high. Leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong, acute; stipules falcate. Flowers solitary on solitary axillary peduncles; filaments petaloid.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid).
209 =Leptonychia chrysocarpa= K. Schum.
Small tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtusely long-acuminate, glabrous, about 6 in. long and 2½ in. broad, entire. Flowers not seen. Fruits axillary, about 3-4 together, depressed globose, stellate-tomentellous, ¾ in. in diameter.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Linduku).
Wood carved for ornaments.
210 =Sterculia tomentosa= Guill. & Perr. UMTELEIH (Baggara)—Arab; KULOWI (J. Eliri); HEIMOR (J. Heiban); FEIDER (Rashad-Talodi); BOKARAK (Kadugli)—Nuba; DA or KANDI—Golo; M’BURU—Zande.
Fairly large tree. Leaves palmate, large. Flowers small, in drooping panicles; petals none. Capsule large, hairy, 3-4 valved. Seeds numerous, brown, with small orange aril.
White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); South Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
Wood white or pale pink, soft, light, perishable. The seeds yield a dark orange-red coloured oil. A fibre is obtained from the bast, and a clear gum exuding from wounds in the bark, partly soluble in water, is used in Europe for dyeing silk fabrics.
=S. cinerea= A. Rich. TARTAR—Arab; OMFA—Hameg.
Large tree with palmate leaves and scaly bark. Flowers numerous in much- branched axillary panicles. Fruit of 3-5 sessile, reflexed follicles which are downy outside and bristly within. Seeds numerous, black, with yellow aril.
Fung and Kordofan Provinces.
Wood of poor quality. A gum, similar in quality to that of the foregoing, exudes from the bark. Strips from the young plants are used as cordage.
211 =Cola cordifolia= R. Br. KUKUROKU—Zande.
Large tree, 120 ft. Leaves very large, widely rotundate-cordate, entire or slightly lobulate, up to 1 ft. broad, softly stellate-pubescent below, strongly 7-nerved at the base. Cymes fulvous-tomentose. Fruits velvety-tomentose, with large red seeds.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Yei River).
According to Wood in his Report on the Bahr El Ghazal forests, 1922, “this tree is confined to the Southern Bahr El Ghazal, where it is fairly common on banks of streams in the evergreen zone. A very lofty tree, up to 120 ft., with straight stem and large, dense crown. Does not lose its leaves. Bark brown, not very rough; wood white, soft, perishable. Most of the large trees (10 ft. girth) are hollow in the centre.”
=BOMBACACEÆ.=
212 =Adansonia digitata= Linn. TEBELDI, HOMEIRA, HUMR (Dongola)—Arab; HUMAR—Hadendowa; FAK (J. Daier), TUBERLI (Dilling), KISHAWIYI (J. Eliri), MANSALLO (Kadugli), ORA (Tagele)—Nuba; UFFA—Hameg; DUNGWOL—Dinka; KUSHA—Nuer; GAG—Shilluk; BUL—Burun. The Baobab Tree.
A large tree, often of great girth; bark whitish, shining. Leaves digitately 5-7 fol. Flowers 2-3 in. across, white. Fruit 8-10 in. long, ovoid, filled with fibres and acid mealy pulp, in which the seeds are embedded.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Dongola Prov. (Wadi El Murakh); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Hillet El Shilluk); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (North).
The hollow trunk is used for a reservoir for the storage of rain water, and in some places as a burial place for dead. The bark yields a strong fibre used for ropes, baskets, etc. The fruit, called GONGOLEIS by Arabs, contains a subacid pulp which makes a pleasant drink with water, and is used as a cooling medicine.
213 =Ceiba pentandra= Gaertn. Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Kapok or Silk Cotton Tree.
Introduced.
Tree; young bark covered with conical prickles. Leaves digitately 8-15 foliolate. Flowers white, 2-8 together in axillary clusters. Capsule 3-4 in. long, densely lined with long silky hairs.
Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov. (Bara); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
The floss surrounding the seed is used for stuffing cushions, lifebelts, etc.
=MALVACEÆ.=
214 =Malva parviflora= Linn. KHUBBEIZA—Arab.
Herb; stem trailing. Leaves cordate, orbicular, slightly 3-5 lobed, crenate-dentate. Flowers purplish, in axillary, few-flowered clusters. Stamens monadelphous, anthers to top of column; stigmas linear.
Cultivated in most parts.
Cooked as a pot-herb, also used medicinally to allay irritation both externally and internally.
=M. verticillata= Linn.
Erect herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves cordate, roundish, 5-lobed. Flowers purplish, in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Carpels 10-12 in a whorl, enclosed in accrescent calyx.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
215 =Malvastrum spicatum= A. Gray.
Erect, branching herb, 1-2 ft. high, stellately tomentose. Leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, sometimes lobed. Bracts of epicalyx shorter than calyx. Flowers small, yellow, in a dense terminal, leafy spike; stigmas capitate.
Fung Prov.
=M. tricuspidatum= A. Gray.
Erect herb, 2-3 ft. high, with adpressed, simple hairs. Leaves long- stalked, ovate-lanceolate, toothed, hairy. Flowers yellow, subsessile in axillary and terminal clusters. Carpels 8-12, each 3-pointed.
Fung Prov.
216 =Sida urens= Linn.
Erect, hirsute perennial. Leaves cordate, ovate-serrate. Flowers usually in dense axillary clusters; epicalyx 0; carpels 5, awnless or with short beaks.
White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab; Bongo-land: Gir).
=S. humilis= Cav.
Perennial; branches long, prostrate, rooting at the nodes. Flowers pale yellow, under ½ in. diameter. Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, variable in size. Ripe carpels 5, separating from the axis, pointed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: near Khor Mulmul).
=S. spinosa= Linn.
Annual or perennial, much branched, often with small, recurved prickles at the nodes below the petioles. Leaves oval to oblong, crenate-serrate. Flowers white, ½ in. in diameter. Ripe carpels 5, with 2 long, rough beaks.
Nubia; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Between Khartoum & Berber; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
The leaves are demulcent, the root is a tonic and is used in some cases of cattle disease.
=S. cordifolia= Linn.
Erect, much branched, semi-shrubby, with silky hair; leaves densely velvety, ovate, cordate; flowers yellow; ripe carpels 10, wrinkled, with 2 straight beaks.
Nubia; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov.
The root and seeds are used in native medicines.
=S. rhombifolia= Linn.
Shrubby; branches rough with stellate hair. Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate, dentate-serrate above, stellate hairy on under-surface. Flowers yellow; ripe carpels 9-10, beaked or not beaked.
White Nile Prov.; Mongalla Prov.; Darfur Prov. (shady places).
Roots used for rheumatism. Yields an excellent fibre.
=S. grewioides= Guill. & Perr.
Shrubby plant. Leaves oblong or roundish, cordate, crenate, downy on both surfaces. Flowers small, yellow, axillary, solitary or in pairs; carpels 7-8, indehiscent, beakless or beaked; beaks inflexed.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (River Sobat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé); Mongalla Prov.; Darfur Prov.
=S. Schweinfurthii= E. G. Baker.
Leaves shortly petiolate, broadly ovate, coarsely and double serrate, cordate, about 4½ in. long and 3 in. broad, shortly stellate-pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers numerous in lax, very slender panicles; pedicels filiform.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: near Mongbo-longbo stream).
217 =Wissadula rostrata= Planch.
Tall, shrubby plant. Leaves cordate. Flowers small, yellow, paniculate; carpels 5, beaked.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov.
Yields a good fibre.
218 =Abutilon angulatum= Mast. AMBORU, UMBARU or UMBORU—Arab; BUTNIEID (Dilling)—Nuba.
Tall, woody herb, up to 8 ft. high. Leaves long-stalked, roundish, cordate, 5-7 nerved, pale on under-surface. Flowers yellow, on loose terminal panicle. Fruit globose, depressed; carpels about 20, obtuse, reniform, 1-seeded.
Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Nuba Mountains Prov. (Dilling); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau); Mongalla Prov.
=A. graveolens= Wight & Arnott. MAKHSHASH EL RIGAL (Baggara)—Arab; DOEIRI (Dilling)—Nuba.
Downy, bushy herb; calyx large, densely pubescent; corolla yellow, sometimes turning pink on withering. Leaves ovate, cordate, somewhat dentate, pubescent, pale beneath. Carpels 20 or more, 3-seeded.
Khartoum to Berber; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mountains Prov.; Red Sea Prov.
The leaves and root are used in medicine; the stems yield a fibre.
=A. glaucum= Webb. HANBŪK & UMBUR—Arab. The fruit GARGADAN.
Downy undershrub. Corolla yellow, with purple centre. Leaves cordate, 7-9 nerved, irregular dentate, as long as the stalk. Carpels 20 or more, 2-3 seeded.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov.; Kassala Prov.; Khartoum Prov. & South.
=A. fruticosum= Guill. & Perr.
Densely white-downy, much branched, rigid perennial. Leaves small, short-stalked, cordate, denticulate. Peduncles axillary, 1-3 flowered. Carpels 10, persistent, 2-3 seeded.
Red Sea Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.
=A. ramosum= Guill. & Perr.
Erect branching, hairy perennial. Leaves cordate, sometimes 3-lobed, 5-7 nerved, long-stalked. Peduncles axillary and terminal, shorter than leaf-stalks; flowers white or yellow. Carpels 8-10, long 2-awned.
Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
=A. bidentatum= Hochst.
Erect undershrub with downy branches. Leaves short-stalked, cordate- ovate, denticulate, pilose. Flowers in small axillary panicles. Fruit subglobose; carpels 16-20, each with 2 teeth; seeds 3 in each carpel.
Red Sea, Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
=A. hirtum= Don.
Erect, downy perennial. Leaves long-stalked, ovate-cordate, serrate 6-7 nerved. Peduncles axillary or terminal, 1 or more flowered. Petals large, bright orange, hairy at base. Fruit truncate; carpels 12 or more, short bidentate; seeds 3.
Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).
219 =Malachra radiata= Linn.
Tall, hispid herb; flowers small, pink, in dense heads with distinct bractlets and surrounded by a general involucre.
Fruit turbinate; carpels 5. Leaves short-stalked, palmately 5-7 lobed.
Upper White Nile Prov. (mouth of Bahr El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).
220 =Urena lobata= Linn. KĀRI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Tall herb, erect, branched, covered with stellate hairs. Leaves shallowly 5-lobed; flowers pink. Ripe carpels 5, densely stellate hairy and covered with spines deflexed at the ends.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov.; South Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab & Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov.
The bark yields a fibre of good quality, suitable for bags, twine, etc.
221 =Pavonia hirsuta= Guill. & Perr. UMBERRU (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Downy perennial or undershrub; branches or stems procumbent, up to 5-6 ft. long. Leaves scabrous above, cordate, suborbicular or obscurely 3-lobed. Flowers yellow, with purple centres, on solitary stalks in axils of upper leaves. Styles 10; carpels 10, covered with reflexed bristles. White Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=P. glechomæfolia= A. Rich. KULAM & KUNUTAL (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Rigid herb with slender hirsute branches. Leaves ovate, cordate, slightly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate. Flowers yellow, about 1 in. across, with 5 free, oval bracteoles. Ripe carpels 5, without beak.
Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur (Kulme); Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
=P. triloba= Hochst.
Erect, bushy herb; stems long-pilose. Leaves more or less trilobed, about 1¼ in. long, with two types of stellate hairs below. Epicalyx persistent, of several linear bracts.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=P. arabica= Hochst.
Erect tomentose perennial. Leaves as long as stalks, oblong, subcordate. Peduncles solitary, axillary; epicalyx of 10-20 linear, villose bracts, arching over the ripe fruit. Corolla pink, longer than calyx. Fruit subglobose, size of a pea.
Red Sea Prov.; 21° N. Lat.; Darfur Prov.
=P. Kotschyi= Hochst.
Densely villose, low growing, woody perennial. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, 3-5 nerved. Epicalyx of 10 linear bracts. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. Corolla yellow, about 1 in. across. Carpels 5, each with 2 large wings.
Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
=P. zeylanica= Cav.
Leaves digitately divided almost to the base, lobes 3-5, oblanceolate, 1 in. long, densely tomentose below with stellate hairs; flowers solitary, on long pedicels; epicalyx of 10 linear bracts; fruits slightly winged.
Red Sea Prov. (Karora).
=P. macrophylla= E. Mey.
Tall pilose herb or undershrub. Leaves long-stalked, oval, cordate- acuminate, or 3-lobed, crenate-serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Epicalyx of usually 5 foliaceous segments; petals pink; styles 8-10; carpels 5, obovate.
White Nile Prov.
222 =Kosteletzkya adoensis= Hochst.
Large herb or undershrub. A line of hairs along one side of the stem shifts to the other side at each successive joint. Leaves long-stalked, roundish-cordate, acuminate, 3-nerved, sometimes 3-pointed, hispid. Epicalyx of 7-10 linear-lanceolate bractlets. Corolla yellow. Carpels 5; seeds flat.
Fung Prov.
=K. flava= Bak. f. (K. Buettneri Gürke).
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, up to 5 in. long and ½ in. broad, the lower often hastate at the base, serrulate, scabrid. Flowers solitary, axillary. Epicalyx of 7-10 linear bracts a little shorter than the calyx. Fruits depressed, pentagonal, bristly.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=K. Chevalieri= Hochr.
Erect herb with rod-like stems, about 4 ft. high, densely strigose- hispid. Leaves suborbicular, widely cordate at the base, slightly 3-lobed, about 2 cm. diameter, softly stellate-pilose. Flowers in dense terminal spikes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land; Bongo-land; Kulongo).
223 =Senra incana= Cav.
Soft, downy undershrub; corolla deep purple. Epicalyx of 3 cordate palmi-nerved leaflets. Capsule 5-valved, ovoid; seed 3-pilose. Leaves palmately 3-5 lobed.
Fung & White Nile Provinces.
224 =Hibiscus Trionum= Linn.
Much branched, hispid annual. Flower yellow, with a purple centre; calyx persistent, ventricose, accrescent. Epicalyx 7-12 linear segments. Leaves long-stalked, usually deeply palmately 3-5 lobed.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin & Soturba); Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=H. dictyocarpus= Webb.
Stem woody, erect, hairy. Leaves long-stalked, 3-5 lobed, central lobe longest. Epicalyx of 10-12 linear, spathulate bracts. Peduncles solitary, axillary. Corolla yellow, with purple centre. Styles 5. Fruit roundish, 5-winged.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=H. vitifolius= Linn.
Tall, much-branched perennial. Flowers bright yellow, with a purple centre; bracteoles 5-8. Leaves palmate, 3-5 lobed, serrate. Capsules 5-winged. Epicalyx of 8-12 linear bracts.
Red Sea Prov.; Fung Prov. (Saoleil).
=H. obtusilobus= Gärcke.
Herb, 18 in. high. Leaves longer than stalks, cordate, 3-5 lobed, central longest. Epicalyx of 6-9 linear-oblong bracts, shorter than calyx; calyx segments 1-nerved. Capsule covered with forked bristles.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=H. diversifolius= Jacq.
Tall, prickly herb. Flowers large, yellow, with red-purple centre; bracteoles 5-8. Leaves palmate, 3-5 lobed, long-stalked. Capsule pointed, hispid, ultimately smooth. Epicalyx of numerous subulate segments.
Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).
=H. corymbosus= Hochst.
Erect, stellate-tomentose perennial, 2-3 ft. high. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed, upper simple, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, crowded, corymbose. Epicalyx of 8-10 linear segments.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: near Dogguru, & Niamniam-land: Gumba & Bendo).
=H. physaloides= Guill. & Perr.
Herb with somewhat irritant hairs. Flowers solitary, pale yellow, with maroon centre, or purple. Leaves variable, long-stalked. Epicalyx of about 10 filiform segments, shorter than calyx. Capsule ovoid, beaked, hispid.
Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=H. intermedius= A. Rich.
A weak herb with deeply 3-5 lobed glandular leaves, pilose on the nerves, with weak hairs; flowers axillary, solitary, pale-yellow with purple centre; pedicels ⅓ in. long. Epicalyx of 10 linear bracts; capsule pubescent.
Red Sea Prov. (Has Has); Bahr el Jebel (Sheikh Tombé).
=H. rhabdotospermus= Gärcke.
Woody herb, downy or villose. Leaves cordate, ovate, palmately 5-7 nerved. Epicalyx of 15-20 linear segments; corolla yellow, 1 in. across. Capsule ovate, woody.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=H. articulatus= Hochst.
Herb with yellow flowers, up to 2 in. diameter. Leaves short-stalked, rough, upper ones palmately 3-5-partite, lower ones roundish. Epicalyx of 8-10 strap-shaped segments.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Wau & Deim Zubeir); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=H. surattensis= Linn.
Scrambling, prickly herb, with solitary, showy pale-yellow flowers with a purple centre, 2-4 in. across. Epicalyx of 10-12 linear-spathulate segments. Leaves palmately 3-5 lobed, secondary nerves distinct.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Nabambisso River).
=H. lunariifolius= Willd. SHALIGA (Kordn.) & MIMLIGADA (Fung)—Arab.
Tall herb, with showy yellow flowers, with dark centre; bracteoles 5-7, linear, as long as sepals. Leaves ovate, cordate, generally 3-5 lobed, coarsely serrate dentate, densely tomentose with stiff stellate hairs.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper Nile Prov. (Renk).
Yields a good fibre.
=H. rostellatus= Guill. & Perr.
Prickly and hairy herb. Leaves cordate, angular, palmately 5-lobed. Epicalyx of 10 linear segments, much shorter than calyx and each provided at apex with a spoon-shaped appendix. Flowers pink, rather large.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Nabambisso River).
=H. calycinus= Willd.
Undershrub. Leaves downy to subglabrous, obtusely 3-5 angled. Flowers solitary, large, yellow, with purple centre. Epicalyx of 5 broadly spathulate, acute bracts, equal to the 5-nerved segments of calyx.
Fung & White Nile Provinces.
=H. panduriformis= Burm. BUTNIEID (Dilling)—Nuba.
Bushy herb, up to 6 ft. high and covered with bristly hairs. Leaves ovate, often somewhat 3-lobed, cordate, tomentose. Flowers yellow with purple centre; bracteoles 7-10, connate below, spathulate-linear.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli, Wad El Abbas, & Jongol’s Post); Nuba Mountains Prov. (Dilling); Mongalla Prov. (Bari country); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=H. Grantii= Mast.
Erect, villous undershrub. Leaves very short-stalked, sub-cordate, somewhat wedge-shaped at base and slightly 3-lobed at apex. Flowers numerous, in terminal leafy panicles. Epicalyx of 12 linear bracts; petals pink.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=H. Sabdariffa= Linn. KARKADE, KIRKEN or JO (Darfur)—Arab; KOKORO (Kadugli)—Nuba; LAKBUR—Bari; TED (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer; NOMBA—Zande.
Erect annual or perennial. The cultivated plant usually takes a deep red colour. Capsule ovoid, pointed. Leaves entire or with shallow lobes.
Generally cultivated, but occurs wild in Southern Sudan. The fleshy calyx is subacid and is used to prepare a refreshing drink. The plant yields a strong, silky fibre; it is known as Rozelle or Red Sorrel in the West Indies.
=H. cannabinus= Linn. TIL—Arab; N’ZEEBEE—Zande.
Tall herb; all parts hairy. Flowers yellow with maroon centre. Leaves deeply 5-7 lobed. Epicalyx of 5-7 segments. Capsule pointed.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile; Upper White Nile, Kordofan; Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
Two varieties are in cultivation, both are used for the fibre which is made into Sagia ropes. The seeds yield an oil; the leaves possess aperient properties.
=H. micranthus= Linn. GHUBEISH (N. Kordn.)—Arab. Undershrub with spreading branches and stellate pubescence. Leaves 3-nerved, wedge- shaped at base, about 1 in. long. Flowers ½ in. long, pink. Epicalyx of 7-8 linear segments. Seeds numerous, cottony.
Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (El Dueim); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Sungur); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=H. micranthus= Linn., =var.= ABUTKULA—Hadendowa.
Procumbent herb, with white flowers, turning pink after fertilisation.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov.
=H. ternatus= Mast.
Erect branching herb. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, upper leaves more deeply cut. Epicalyx none; calyx lobes 3-nerved; corolla yellow, under 1 in. long. Capsule pointed, hairy. White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
=H. Solandra= L’Herit.
Tall, woody herb, not unlike Wissadula rostrata in general appearance. Leaves ovate to more or less deeply 3-lobed, cordate, dentate-serrate. Flowers pink, ½ in. across, in few-flowered terminal raceme; bracteoles none.
Blue Nile Prov. (Geneib Assad).
=H. sudanensis= Hochst.
Woody, with prickly stems. Leaves triangular, truncate at base, up to 6 in. long, dentate, glabrous above, glabrescent or pubescent below. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3. Bracteoles 10, linear.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
=H. esculentus= Linn. BAMIA & WEIKAH—Arab; KWEINDE (Dilling)—Nuba; KARAN—Hameg; FOMAH (Renk)—Dinka; BARA (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer.
Tall, erect, woody herb. Leaves long-stalked, palmately 5-lobed. Corolla large, yellow, with purple centre. Capsule 4-6 in. long.
Cultivated. The young pods are used as a vegetable, the stem yields a good fibre.
225 =Cienfuegosia digitata= Cav. GUTUB & GID EL GUTN (N. Kordn.), MĀNAGIGA (Meshra El Zeraf) and GUTN EL KHAL—Arab.
Hairy herb or undershrub, somewhat like a small cotton plant. Leaves 5-lobed; ovary black punctate.
Kordofan Prov. (Fertangul & North Kordofan); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
226 =Thespesia near Garckeana= F. Hoffm. NAJIKAR (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Small tree. Leaves palmate, 3½ in. broad, stellate-pubescent below. Capsule the size of a chestnut, seeds hairy, said to be edible.
Nuba Mountains Prov. (J. Daier).
227 =Gossypium arboreum= Linn. =var. rosea= Watt.
Cotton plant.
Semi-cultivated in various parts of the country.
=G. Nanking var. Roji= Watt.
White Nile Prov.
=var. soudanensis= Watt.
Semi-cultivated.
=var. Brouniana= Watt. ALAS—Dinka.
Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
=var. Bani= Watt.
Khartoum Prov.
=G. obtusifolium= Roxb. =var. africana= Watt.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin); White Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=var. Wightiana= Watt.
Darfur Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
=G. hirsutum= Linn. GUTN AMERICANI—Arab.
Cultivated in northern provinces under irrigation and as a rain crop in the south.
=G. peruvianum= Cav.
Hybrids of this species are cultivated in the Central Sudan under the name of Egyptian Cotton.
=G. cf. G. mexicanum= Tod.
Two varieties with yellow and red flowers, respectively, are found among native cultivation in the Fung Province.
=G. purpurascens= Poir. GUTN ARABI, GUTN MUMTAZ—Arab.
Found semi-cultivated in various parts of the country.
=G. herbaceum= Linn.
Darfur Prov. (cultivated).
=G. brasiliense= Macf. ROKO—Zande. Kidney Cotton.
Stout, woody plant, up to 15 ft. high. Corolla, calyx, ovary and bracts punctate. Seeds cohering; staple short. The cotton is called RAMU by the Zande.
Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
=EUPHORBIACEÆ.=
228 =Synadenium Grantii= Hook. f.
Shrub, 8-10 ft. high. Leaves alternate, thinly fleshy, oblanceolate or obovate, 3-7 in. long. Cymes axillary, repeatedly forked. Invol. 2-sexual or male, ¼ in. diameter, saucer-shaped with a red entire, spreading gland-rim, from the inner edge of which spring 5 inflexed, fringe lobes, overtopping the rim. Inside the invol. the stamens (male flowers) arranged in 5 groups, separated by membranous walls; ovary (female flowers) when present, central, stalked, with a rudimentary 3-crenate rim as per., 3-lobed, as most common in this family; styles 3, deeply bifid, recurved.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
229 =Euphorbia convolvuloides= Hochst.
Bushy herb, 6-20 in. high, tomentose. Leaves opposite, oblong or ovate- lanceolate, ⅓-1½ in. long, acute, obliquely subcordate; stipules subulate, free or connate. Flowering branchlets short, bearing clustered white or tawny minute involucres; invol. differs from above by the rim- gland which is not continuous but 4-lobed; gland-lobes entire or crenulate. Capsules obtusely 3-angled, 1/12 in. diameter, tomentose, separating into 3 lobes from the central axis, as in all this genus.
Kordofan Prov. (J. Kon, Obeid).
=E. hirta= Linn. ABULEBBEN—Arab.
Yellow hairy herb, 4-16 in. high, with milky juice as in all this genus. Leaves opposite, obliquely lanceolate, or rhomboid-oblong, or ovate, ⅓-2 in. long, serrulate. Cymes axillary globose or divided into 2-3 globose heads; invol. crowded, minute, rim-glands 4, with minute dorsal appendage. Capsules globose 3-angled, puberulous, minute.
Khartoum Prov.
The root is said to be given to allay vomiting.
=E. hypericifolia= Linn. MABLEBEN (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GNIOR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Herb, 3-18 in. high. Leaves opposite, from linear-oblong to ovate, ¼-1½ in. long, usually denticulate. Cymes axillary, ⅙-½ in. diameter; few or many-flowered. Invol. cup-shaped, minute, rim-glands minute, appendaged, white; styles deeply bifid.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: around Matamma); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Jebel; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=E. scordifolia= Jacq. MALBEINA HAMRA & UMLEBEINA (Kordn.)—Arab.
Bushy, woolly herb. Leaves opposite, oblong or oblong-elliptic, ¼-¾ in. long, obtuse, obliquely subcordate, serrulate. Invol. usually crowded along axillary, leafy branchlets. Flowers much as above.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Erkowit, Soturba); Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Turra); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=E. granulata= Forsk. LIBBEYN or LIBBEIN—Arab.
Hirsute prostrate weed. Leaves opposite, oblong or oblong-obovate, oblique at base, under ½ in. long. Infl. in short, leafy axillary racemes. Invol. campanulate, green, minute; rim-glands 4 or 3, appendages 2-3 lobed.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Berber Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Darfur Prov.
=var. glabrata= Boiss. GONOIH (Halfa Prov.)—Arab.
Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Rim-glands somewhat more petaloid than in type.
Wadi Halfa (Islands); Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.); Kordofan Prov.
=E. polycnemoides= Hochst.
Bushy herb, glabrous. Leaves opposite, usually minute, up to 1 in. long, linear to linear-oblong, often falcate, mucronate, base unequal, sharply denticulate. Invol. solitary, axillary spaced along branchlets, green or purplish, minute; rim-glands 4, with or without a minute notched or 2-lobed appendage. Seeds 4-angled rugose.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma & Goz Regeb: J. Erimbat); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Jur Ghattas).
=E. ægyptiaca= Boiss. MALBEINA & UMLEBEINA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Small prostrate herb. Leaves opposite, up to ½ in. long, oblong, unequal at base, slightly toothed; stipules free usually. Infl. in short leafy axillary racemes. Invol. minute campanulate, open down one side for extrusion of capsules; rim-glands 4, appendages minute or obsolete.
Nubia (deserts & between Suakin & Berber); Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat.); Dongola Prov. (Dongola to Merowe); Berber Prov. (Abu Hamad, banks of the Nile & Mesherif); Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum & Wad Shellai); Blue Nile Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
Used in native medicine as a purgative.
=E. sanguinea= Hochst. & Steud.
Prostrate weed. Leaves opposite, under ½ in. long, oblong or obliquely elliptic, very oblique at base, rounded at apex, often with a red spot. Infl. as above; invol. campanulate, minute; rim-glands 4, appendages narrow, usually 2-3 lobed.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat.).
=E. prostrata= Ait.
Small prostrate weed, puberulous on upper side. Leaves up to ⅓ in. long, oblong to elliptic, more or less toothed, rounded at apex. Infl. as above; invol. campanulate, minute; rim-glands 4, minute, with appendage just exceeding the margin or obsolete.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat.).
=E. crotonoides= Boiss.
Erect herb, 1-2 ft. high, with narrow wings decurrent from short, flat petioles. Leaves alternate, except at forking of flowering branches, linear to lanceolate, ¾-3 in. long, irregularly serrate. Flowering branches raceme-like, 1½-8 in. long. Invol. sessile or subsessile, solitary, woolly, pubescent; rim-glands 4, distinctly stalked, entire, red or purple. Capsules with long, soft, spreading hairs.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Kordofan Prov.
=E. bongensis= Kotschy & Peyr.
Bushy herb, up to 1 ft. high, with perennial rhizome. Leaves alternate, linear, ½-1½ in. long. Invol. solitary, terminal, minute, subsessile; rim-glands 4-5; 2-lipped or obliquely funnel-shaped. Capsules velvety.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur River, Kutshook Ali’s Zariba).
=E. arabica= Hochst. & Steud.
Erect, glabrous annual. Leaves opposite, short petiolate, linear, ½-1 in. long, straight or curved. Infl. on axillary peduncle-like branchlets or on peduncles, up to ⅓ in. long, with 2-3 invol. and sometimes one in axil at base; invol. minute; rim-glands 4, minute, appendages inconspicuous or none.
Red Sea Prov. (J. Waratab & 21° N. Lat.); Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb).
=E. dracunculoides= Lam.
Erect, glabrous annual, 3-12 in. high. Leaves opposite above, alternate below, sessile linear or linear-lanceolate, ⅓-2 in. long. Invol. solitary at forks or ends of branches, minute; rim-glands minute, narrowly oblong or half-moon shaped, 2-horned.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Suakin 21° N. Lat.).
It yields a clear oil, used as drying-oil and for burning. The fruit is said to remove warts.
=E. acalyphoides= Hochst.
Annual, 6-15 in. high. Leaves alternate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, ¾-1¾ in. long; petals ¼-1¼ in. long. Peduncles axillary, shorter than petals, bearing 1-3 sessile invol., which are minute; glands elliptic or elliptic-oblong, pubescent.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=E. macrophylla= Pax.
Perennial, 18 in. high. Leaves alternate, 3-5 whorled at base of umbels; stem-leaves obovate to elliptic, 3-6 in. long, whorl-leaves varying from oblong to rhomboid or lanceolate. Umbels terminal, 3-5 rayed, compound or simple by abortion, with 2-3 distant flowering nodes; invol. ⅓ in. diameter; glands 5, ⅙ in. diameter, elliptic-oblong, shortly 2-lipped.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).
=E. schimperiana= Scheele.
Erect herb, ½-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, or with a whorl of 3-5 under the umbel, ¾-3½ in. long, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, narrowed to base, sessile, glabrous. Cymes terminal, 3 to many times forked, sometimes terminating in a 3-5 rayed umbel; bracts opposite, sessile, ¼-1 in. long, triangular-ovate. Invol. solitary sessile or nearly so, minute, cup-shaped; glands 4, minute, somewhat half-mooned shaped, 2-horned.
Fung Prov. (Bunzaga).
=E. arguta= Soland.
Herb, 3-15 in. high. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate or oblanceolate, serrate. Umbels 3-5 rayed, terminal or axillary near the apex; rays up to 5 in. long, cymosely 2-4 times divided. Invol. solitary, sessile, or nearly so, minute; glands 4, minute, transversely oblong, entire.
Nubia (Wadi Halfa).
=E. agowensis= Hochst.
Undershrub, with herbaceous branches. Leaves alternate, with a whorl of 3 at base of umbel and opposite on its branches, elliptic-obtuse, ½-1¼ in. long, denticulate. Umbels terminal, 3-branched, 1-3 times forked or lateral and axillary, 1-10 in. long. Invol. in cymes of 3 at ends of umbel branches, minute; glands 4, transversely oblong, minute.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).
=E. cyparissioides= Pax.
Bushy, glabrous herb, about 1 ft. high. From a perennial root stock. Leaves alternate on stem and branches, whorled or opposed under the cyme or umbel, sessile, linear, ⅓-1¼ in. long. Invol. solitary or in subcapitate cymes, terminal, minute. Glands 5, rarely 7, minute, margins straight or creniculate. Capsules much exserted.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit, Deim Gudju, Niamniam-land, at River Ibba).
=E. cuneata= Vahl.
Woody shrub, up to 10-12 ft. high; branches horizontal, often spine- tipped, glabrous or at first puberulous. Leaves alternate, scattered and, on short secundary branches, tufted, usually ⅓-1 in. long, linear- cuneate to cuneate-spathulate. Cymes umbel-like, ⅓-⅔ in. long, axillary or terminal, with 1 or 3-5 invols. with reduced leaves under cymes and invols. Invol. 1/5-1/4 in. diameter, broadly cup-shaped; glands 5, peltate, concave, elliptic or suborbicular, about 1/12 in. diameter. Capsules erect, ¼ in. diameter, puberulous.
Red Sea Prov. (J. Kuureb, J. Waratab, sea coast, 21° N. Lat., Karora).
=E. nubica= N.E. Br. JAGIA (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Unarmed green, early-leafless shrub, up to 6 ft. high; branches alternate, cylindrical; leaf-scars prominent. Leaves not seen. Umbels terminal of 5-7 simple rays, about ½ in. long; bracts early deciduous, oblong, acute, ½ in. long, whorled at base of umbel, and orbicular- obovate, ⅙ in. long, paired below the invols. Invol. ¼ in. diameter, shallowly cup-shaped; lobes scarcely toothed or ciliate, but sometimes bifid; glands 4, transversely elliptic or orbicular. Capsules ¼ in. diameter, much exserted.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Daier); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Duli Konga, 7,500 ft.).
=E. consobrina= N.E. Br.
Shrub of habit much as above. Leaves soon deciduous, sessile, linear- lanceolate, acute, ⅙-¼ in. long. Umbel of 3, or less, simple rays, up to ½ in. long, terminal, based by a whorl of leaves. Invol. solitary, about ⅙ in. diameter, shallowly cup-shaped, the 5 lobes subquadrate, subentire, slightly ciliate; glands as above. Capsules slightly exserted, curved to one side.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, Wadi Teeke, between Suakin and Berber).
=E. scoparia= N.E. Br. KURKABAN & SHAGAR EL SIM (Baggara)?—Arab; IMGEIL (Dilling)?—Nuba.
Unarmed tree, 15-25 ft. high; branchlets alternate, abundant, green, cylindrical, fleshy, ¼-½ in. thick, marked with leaf scars. Leaves caducous, alternate, scattered below, clustered at ends of branchlets, linear, sessile, about ½ in. long. Invols. in dense sessile clusters, about ⅙ in. in diameter at tips of branches, cup-shaped, minute; lobes 5, ovate subciliate; glands 5, minute, transversely elliptic, entire. Ovary erect on stout pedicel as long as invol.
Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Dakhila, south of Roseires); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling)?
=E. venenifica= Trém. SHAGAR EL SIM—Arab; RIS (Tagele)—Nuba; JIANGO—Zande.
Bushy shrub, up to 7 or 8 ft. high, with fleshy, cylindrical branches armed with conical prickles. Leaves deciduous, 3-11 in. long, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-cuneate, tapering into the short petiole. Cymes solitary in axils of spine tubercles, ½-¾ in. long including the short peduncle, once or twice forked, the branches bearing 3 invols.; central invol. sessile, lateral short pedicellate, about 1/7 in. diameter, cup- shaped, lobes 5, broadly cuneate, fringed at top, rim-glands 1/12 in. diameter, transversely oblong. Capsules deeply 3-lobed, erect, about ⅓ in. diameter.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas & Abu Gurun’s Zariba, Mittu: Dukutu, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
Used by natives for poisoning arrows.
=E. Teke= Schweinfth.
Very large tree; young branches fleshy, 4-angled, about ½-¾ in. diameter, armed with geminate, diverging stipular spines, about ⅙ in. long, blackish. Leaves glabrous, elongated cuneate-obovate, 3-12 in. long, tapering into the ⅓-1 in. long petioles. Cymes axillary, sessile, of 2-4 peduncle-like branches, 1½-2½ in. long, each with 2, about ½ in. long branches, each end ending in a solitary sessile invol.; bracts under invol. nearly ¼ in. long, ovate, deciduous. Invol. under ½ in. diameter, broadly cup-shaped; lobes 5, broadly cuneate, fringed; glands 5, transversely elliptic-oblong; ovary erect, glabrous.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru and Diagbe Rivers).
=E. triaculeata= Forsk. =var. triacantha= N.E. Br.
Spiny, succulent, leafless bushy plant, 5-20 in. high; stems with branches about ½ in. thick, usually 3-5 angled, angles often prominent, with deep notches forming triangular teeth, each margined with a horny shield bearing 1 straight needle-like spine up to 1 in. long and 2 small prickles at its base. Cymes small, solitary in axils of teeth, with 3 invols.; bracts scale-like. Invol. minute; lobes 5-6 transversely rectangular, fringed; glands united into a 5-lobed spreading rim; ovary not exserted.
Red Sea Prov. (J. Waratab & Khor Seterra).
=E. monacantha= Pax.
Succulent, much branched, very spiny, leafless plant, 4-8 in. high; stems about ½ in. thick, with several spiral series of tubercles or tuberculate angles, each tubercle bearing 1 spreading spine ⅓-¾ in. long, with or without a pair of minute prickles at its base on a 3-lobed horny shield. Leaves scale-like, deciduous. Invols. 3 together in axils of the shields, sessile or nearly so, with a pair of oblong toothed bracts, cup-shaped, about 6⅛ in. diameter, lobes 5, cuneate; glands variable contiguous or separated; ovary sessile.
Red Sea Province (Suakin).
=E. Thi= Schweinfth. ANKHAU—Hadendowa; DAMBOTIT—Rashida.
Succulent, spiny, leafless bush, 2-4 ft. high; branches erect, up to about 2 in. diam., 4-6 angled, constricted at intervals of 1-2½ in.; angles compressed, lobed by the constrictions with continuous horny margins; spines varying from ⅙-¾ in., in pairs, diverging, ⅙-½ in. apart. Cymes solitary in axils of spines, subsessile, with 3 invols.; bracts small, ovate. Invol. ⅙ in. diam., lobes 5, cuneate, fringed; glands 5, transversely oblong. Caps. ⅛ in. diam., partly exserted.
Nubia (Wadi Teeke, between Suakin & Berber); Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat).
=E. abyssinica= Gmelin. SHAGAR EL SIM—Arab; HEID—Hadendowa.
Tree with succulent, leafless branches, which are ascending, forming a large crown and up to 8- (usually 6-) angled; angles scolloped or crenate owing to frequent constrictions; spines continuous on top of angles, in groups of 5 or 2, divaricate, about ½ in. long. Cymes crowded at top of branchlets; invol. with 5 transversely-elliptic, yellow glands. Capsules with a distinct 3-lobed calyx at base, crimson streaked with white when ripe.
Red Sea Prov.: Between Suakin & Berber; Bahr El Jebel (Sudd country?).
=E. Murieli= N.E. Br. SHAGAR EL SIM—Arab.
Large tree with ascending, leafless and spineless branches, forming a large crown; branches slightly constricted at regular or irregular distances; constrictions all of same diameter; angles 4, sometimes 5, margins even; spines 0; spine shields horny, oblong, ¼-½ in. apart, not connected by horny border. Leaves rudimentary, minute. Cymes numerous at top of branchlets; pedicels ½-1 in. long bearing, on branches ¼-⅓ in. long, 3 invols.; bracts minute, suborbicular; invol. ¼ in. diameter; lobes 5, short; glands 5 erect, contiguous or nearly so, reniform, forming a lip. Capsules exserted, curved to one side, ⅓ in. diameter.
Bahr El Jebel.
=E. Erythrææ= N.E. Br.
Small, leafless, succulent, spiny tree; branches ascending, candelabrum- like, 3-4 or 5-7 angled, irregularly constricted; angles wing-like, up to about 1 in. broad, straight or wavy; spines in pairs up to ⅓ in. long, on suborbicular shields close together but not connected. Flowers and fruit not known.
Nubia (between Suakin & Berber: Harassa valley).
=E. calycina= N.E. Br.
Succulent, spiny, leafless tree, 30 ft. high; branches 4-angled, wing- like, faintly sinuate, with small central core; constrictions slight, 5-7 in. apart or more; spines up to ⅙ in. long, in pairs ½-¾ in. apart, on oblong or suborbic. shields which are not connected by horny border. Leaves scale-like. Cymes on peduncles ½-¾ in. long, bearing a central, sessile, male invol. and 2 lateral hermaphr., on short branches. Invol. about ¼ in. diameter, shallowly cup-shaped; lobes 5, broad, fringed; glands 5, subcontiguous, transverse reniform, 2-lipped with ends decurved. Ovary exserted.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, Mittu-land: at Legbi).
=E. Candelabrum= Trémaut. SHAGAR EL SIM—Arab; AURI (J. Daier)—Nuba; BAKUNGI & FUFUMI—Bari; KAKOB—Bongo; BOL & BUAL (Bahr El Jebel)—Dinka; BULL—Nuer.
Armed tree with stem up to 3 ft. diameter, forming a large crown of candelabrum-like habit; branchlets fleshy, 3-4 or 5-angled, not wing- like, constricted at intervals; core thicker than in preceding; spines geminate, diverging, up to ⅙ in. long, on rounded horny cushions which are not decurrent. Flowers and fruit not known.
Southern Sudan (on poor soil or rock).
The milky juice is used for poisoning arrows.
230 =Bridelia scleroneuroides= Pax. APIAT (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; INZI—Golo.
Shrub or small tree; branchlets yellowish hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 in. long, pubescent above when young, softly and densely pubescent beneath; lateral nerves straight to the margin. Flowers monœcious; male flowers small, numerous, subsessile in leaf-axils; sepals 5, ovate; petals 5, broad-ovate, toothed at apex; stamens 5; female flowers fewer or solitary: sepals as in male; petals elliptic-ovate, thick, slightly bifid; styles 2, bifid. Drupe globose, ¼ in. diameter, 2-celled.
Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas; Khor Tela).
=B. ferruginea= Benth. =var. orientalis= Hutchinson.
Shrub or small tree; branchlets rusty, hairy. Leaves elliptic, short- acuminate, 2-4 in. long, pubescent on nerves and veins below; lateral nerves 11-13, unbranched to margin. Male flowers: sepals 5, ovate- lanceolate, slightly hooded, pubescent outside with long adpressed hairs; petals 5, minute, obovate, toothed; stamens 5; disk thick, wrinkled. Female flowers: sepals as in male; petals lanceolate, acute; disk bottle-shaped, enclosing ovoid ovary, pubescent; styles 2, bipartite. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1-celled.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Okel; Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=B. micrantha= Baill.
Densely crowned tree, 20-40 ft. high; branchlets rusty-tomentose when young. Leaves oblong-elliptic to obovate, 2-7 in. long, shining above; lateral nerves 8-16, ascending and finally forming a marginal nerve. Male flowers small, short-stalked; sepals 5, triangular, pubescent at base; petals 5, obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed or toothed. Female flowers sessile; sepals as above; petals ovate entire; disk almost enclosing the ovoid ovary, densely pilose outside; styles 2, 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid, ⅙-¼ in. diameter, 1-celled.
Mongalla Prov, (Yei River).
A food plant of the African Silk Worm (Anaphe infracta) in Uganda. The timber is white and very durable.
231 =Megabaria ugandensis= Hutchinson. KAPAH—Kaliko.
Tall tree; branchlets glabrous. Leaves alternate, clustered towards ends of branchlets, broadly elliptic, 3-11 in. long, glabrous. Infl. diœcious; male in glabrous panicles at ends of branchlets, axis 6-8 in. long, bracts ovate-triangular, up to ⅙ in. long; spikelets up to ½ in. long, each with a membranous bract at base; calyx 5-partite, lobes broad-ovate; petals 5, small, elliptic; stamens 5; disk-glands 5. Female infl. a panicle of racemes; calyx and petals as in male; disk cupular; ovary and fruit ovoid.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Deim Guju in Dar Fertit); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
232 =Amanoa Schweinfurthii= Baker & Hutchinson.
Monœcious, glabrous shrub, about 10 ft. high. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, slightly emarginate, shining above, 3-4 in. long. Flowers in axillary spicate clusters on short lateral leafy branches. Male flowers several in each head; sepals 5, ovate; petals 5, short, scale-like. Female flowers solitary in each head.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mayob).
233 =Andrachne aspera= Spreng.
Monœcious diffuse, scabrous herb, about 1 ft. high, from a perennial root stock. Leaves alternate, orbicular or sub-reniform, ¼-¾ in. broad. Flowers axillary; male flower fasciculate; sep. ovate-lanceolate, minute, 5-6; pet. 5-6, equalling sep., lanceolate; disk-glands 5-6, opposite petals; female flower solitary; sepals longer than in male, oblong-lanceolate; pet. very small, lanceolate; disk-glands 5; styles 3, 2-partite; ovary 3-celled. Capsule globose, ⅛ in. diam.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Suakin, 21° N. Lat.).
234 =Antidesma venosum= Tul. YUKDASHI—Golo.
Diœcious, willow-like shrub or small tree. Leaves alternate, elliptic or oblanceolate, up to 6 in. long, glabrous or pubescent above and thinly pubescent to tomentose below. Male spikes up to 6 in. long, silky; calyx 3-5 partite; pet. 0; stamens 3-5. Female racemes 1-5 in. long. Flowers pedicellate, ellipsoid, glabrous about ⅓ in. long.
Damp places; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dar Nuba); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (moist ground near Khors: Dar Fertit, Niamniam-land and Jur); Mongalla Prov. (Gigging).
The juice is said to be substitute for collyrium.
235 =Mæsobotrya floribunda= Schweinfth.
Diœcious tree or shrub. Leaves alternate, elliptic, 3-6 in. long, shortly acuminate, margin remotely repand denticulate; pet. ½-1¼ in. long, stout. Male racemes crowded in leaf-axils, about 2 in. long; calyx 5-6 lobed, minute; pet. 0; stamens 5-6 free; disk-glands large, fleshy. Female racemes solitary or geminate, axillary, about 3 in. long; cal. lobes ovate, imbricate; disk cupular, short ovary ovoid, styles 2, short, bilobed. Flowers ovoid, ¼ in. long, purple.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land, Assika River).
Wood yellowish white, works well, density 0.651; suitable for joinery.
236 =Hymenocardia acida= Tul. GARE & GERE—Bongo; KWANGE & GARA—Golo; AKAN—Jur; BAGBODI—Zande.
Tall, diœcious, apetalous shrub; branchlets rusty puberulous. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate to elliptic-oblong, up to 3½ in. long. Male flower in catkin-like spikes, up to 2½ in. long; cal. cupular, shortly 5-lobed, pinkish; stamens 5; anthers with a golden gland on the back near the top. Female flower in axillary short racemes; calyx 5-8 partite, pubescent; ovary glabrous, winged; styles 2. Fruit 2-winged, much like that of a small maple.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Gurgus forest); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur, Dinka & Mittu-lands); Bahr El Jebel (Mongalla Prov. southwards).
The bark yields a red tan; it is also used by the Bongos as an antiseptic.
237 =Drypetes (Cyclostemon) Mildbrædii= Hutchinson.
Large diœcious, apetalous shrub; bark light-grey; branchlets angular, puberulous. Leaves alternate, oblong or elliptic, shortly acuminate, 4-8 in. long, midrib and lat. nerves pubescent. Flowers fasciculate on 2-year-old wood; pedicels very short. Male flower sep. 4, suborbicular, ⅙ in. diam.; stamens 10, free, inserted round the fleshy, lobed disk. Female flower sep. 4, a little larger than male; disk annular, thick; ovary slightly bilobed; stigmas flat, 2-fid.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru River).
238 =Phyllanthus inflatus= Hutchinson. =sp. nov.=
Leafy branchlets arising from short scaly branchlets. Leaves ovate- elliptic, 1¼ in. long, ¾ in. broad, glaucous. Fruit large, bladder-like, 1½ in. long, crustaceous; stalks ½ in. long.
Mongalla Prov. (Lado District: Kagi Ko, Yei River).
=P. reticulatus= Poir. KOROPONGO—Golo.
Erect or scrambling, monœcious, apetalous shrub, at length nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate, oblong or elliptic, ½-1¼ in. long; stip. lanceolate, acute. Male flower small, axillary, fascicled; sep. 5, ovate-elliptic, 1-nerved; stamens 5, 2 or 3 of the filaments connate, the others free and shorter; disk-glands 5, obovate. Female flower solitary or few; sep. as in male and disk also; ovary depressed globose; styles 3 short, erect. Fruit ¼ in. diam., fleshy or coriaceous.
Berber Prov. (Atbara: El Leya, Zeidab); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Wad El Haddad); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau, Mittu-land: Mvolo, Niamniam-land); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
The roots yield a red dye. The leaves have diuretic and cooling properties.
=P. floribundus= Muell. Arg.
Armed monœcious trailing or climbing shrub. Leaves alternate, ovate or ovate-elliptic, mucronate, ¾-3 in. long. Racemes fascicled in axils of branchlets, up to 2 in. long, bearing clusters of 2-3 male and 1 female flower. Male flower sep. 5, oblong, minute, disk-glands 5, fleshy; stamens 5, free. Female flower sep. soon deciduous; disk cupular; ovary ellipsoid; styles 4-5, bilobed. Fruit depressed globose, small.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Diagbe River).
=P. discoideus= Muell. Arg.
Shrub to tall tree, diœcious. Leaves ovate-elliptic to obovate- oblanceolate, 1-4 in. long. Male flowers numerous, in axillary fascicles; bracts large orbicular, deciduous; sep. 4, obovate-oblong, very small; disk fleshy entire; stamens 4, free. Female flower axillary, geminate; sep. 4, larger than male; disk fleshy; ovary ellipsoid. Capsule 3-4 lobed, ⅓ in. diam.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=P. capillaris= Schum. & Thonn.
Whitish pubescent monœcious shrub, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, ⅓-1 in. long, glaucous beneath. Male flower axillary, fascicled; pedicels ¾ in. long; sep. 5, minute, obovate; glands 5, fleshy; stamens 5, free. Female flower mostly solitary; sep. 4-5, ovate- elliptic, minute; disk saucer-shaped; styles 3, bipartite. Fruit depressed, globose, minute.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=P. nummulariæfolius= Poir.
Small monœcious shrub. Leaves obovate or rounded-obovate, ¼-¾ in. long, otherwise as above.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land): Sueh River & Mt. Baginze); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=P. pentandrus= Schum. & Thonn.
Woody monœcious herb, 18 in. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lin.-lanc., up to ¾ in. long. Male flower axillary in lower leaves, 2-3 together; sep. 5, ovate, glands 5, flat; stamens 5, free. Female flower solitary in axils of upper leaves; sep. and disk as male; styles shortly bifid. Capsule depressed-globose, minute.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin 21° N. Lat.); Kordofan Prov. (Rahad, Obeid, etc.); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).
=P. amarus= Schum. & Thonn.
Monœcious herb, 1 ft. high. Leaves oblong or elliptic, ⅙-½ in. long; one male and one female flower in each leaf axil. Male flower sep. 5, ovate, minute, glands small; stamens 3, filaments connate. Female flower sep. larger than male; disk 5-lobed; styles 3, short, bifid. Capsule depressed 3-lobed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas).
=P. maderaspatensis= Linn.
Erect monœcious herb or undershrub; flower branchlets almost winged. Leaves lin.-lanceolate or oblanceolate, up to 1½ in. long; stip. lanceolate and auricled about ⅛ in. long. Male and female flower sometimes together in leaf axils, or female solitary, much larger than males; ped. 1/12 in. Male flower, sep. 6, oblong-lanceolate, minute; disk-glands 6, flat; stamens 3, filaments connate. Female flower, sep. 6, 2-seriate ovate-elliptic; disk of 6 flat glands; styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-lobed, ⅛ in. diam.
Nubia (between Suakin & Berber); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: woods north of Matamma); Fung Prov. (Roseires & Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf southwards); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
An infusion of the leaves is used for headaches. Cattle eat the leaves.
=P. prostrata= Welw.
Small prostrate, monœcious herb. Leaves elliptic, spinescent at apex, ¼ in. long. Male flower axillary and geminate in lower parts; sep. 6, oblong, minute; glands 6, orbicular; stamens 3, filam. connate. Female flower solitary in upper parts; sepals 6, in 2 rows oblong; disk annular; styles 3, bifid. Capsule depressed globose, ⅙ in. diam.
Khartoum Prov.
=P. odontadenius= Muell. Arg.
Monœcious annual, 2-3 ft. high; branches winged. Leaves oblong, ⅓-¾ in. long. Male flower axillary in lower leaf-axils, few together; sep. 6, oblong, minute; glands minute; stamens 3, filam. connate. Female flower solitary in upper leaf axils; sep. 6, biseriate, larger than male; disk annular crenate; styles 3, bilobed. Capsule enclosed by whitish persistent sepals.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=P. Niruri= Linn. ERGANA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Erect branched monœcious herb, 1 ft. high, with fine feathery foliage. Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, ¼-½ in. long. Male flower solitary in lower parts of branchlets; sep. and glands 6 resp., small; stamens 3, filaments connate. Female flower solitary in upper parts of branchlets; sep. 6, larger than male; disk flat, about 10-toothed. Capsule globose- trilobed, 1/10 in. diam.
Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol): Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
The leaves are used medicinally for various disorders.
=P. rotundifolius= Klein.
Monœcious herb, 1 ft. high. Leaves rounded-obovate, under ½ in. long. Two or three male and one female flower together in each axil. Male, sep. 6, glands 6; stamens 3, filaments connate. Female, sep. larger than male, ovate; disk crenulate, small; ovary depressed globose.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin 21° N. Lat.).
239 =Fluggea microcarpa= Blume. DABALAB (Blue Nile)—Arab; MALI—Hameg; BUGGULTYEN (Dilling)—Nuba.
Diœcious, apetalous shrub or small tree, growing in moist ground. Leaves alternate, elliptic or obovate, obtusely pointed or emarginate, up to 2½ in. long. Male flowers numerous in axillary fascicles; ped. ⅙ in.; sep. 5, unequal, largest 1/12 in. long, obovate; disk-glands large and fleshy with 3 or 4 depressions on outside; stamens 5, free. Female flower also in axillary fascicles, numerous; sep. as male; disk annular; ovary ovoid; styles 3, connate at base, bilobed, rarely absent. Fruit white, depressed globose about ⅙ in diam.
Kassala Prov. (Gendua River & Goz Regeb); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Tonga & Kodok); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam- land); Bahr El Jebel.
Wood reddish-yellow, close-grained, strong and durable. The bark is astringent and is used as a fish poison.
240 =Croton lobatus= Linn. UMDILEIDMĀN (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Tall monœcious woody herb. Leaves digitately 3-5 partite, 1-4 in. long, alternate, crenate, pet. up to 4 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal, up to 5 in. long, bearing female flower below, male above, 2 ft. to each bract. Male flower, sep. 5, greenish, minute; pet. 5; stamens 10-13. Female flower, sep. 5, ¼ in. long, lin.-lanceolate, glandular-hairy; pet. 5, represented by a minute hair each; disk shortly 5-lobed; styles 3, free, 6-7 lobed. Capsule ¼ in. long.
Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); White Nile Prov. (rocky hills); Kordofan Prov. (between Taiara & Gefil).
=C. polytrichus= Pax.
Shrub? Monœcious; branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves oblong-ovate or obl.-elliptic, acuminate, biglandular at base, 1-2 in. long, stellate pubescent. Racemes stellately pubescent terminal, 4 in. long, upper ⅔ male, female below. Male flower, sep. 5, minute; pet. 5, minute; disk- glands fleshy, suborbicular; stamens 15. Female flower, sep. 5; pet. a tuft of hairs; disk undulately lobed; styles 3, bilobed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Abu Gurun’s Zariba).
=C. niloticus= Muell. Arg.
Diœcious shrub; stems and branches clothed with scaly pubescence. Leaves dimorphic—of the young branchlets broadly ovate or ovate-rhomboid, 2-4 in. long, digitately 5-nerved; of the older branches 1 ft. long and broad deeply cordate, 7-nerved; pet. 1-6 in. long. Male flower not known; female racemes axillary and terminal, 3½ in. long; sep. 5, minute; pet. 0; disk saucer-shaped, fleshy; styles deeply bilobed.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=C. gratissimus= Burch. NIMARDAK (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Large monœcious shrub, twigs and under surface of leaves covered with silvery scaly tomentum. Leaves alternate ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. Racemes terminal, up to 2½ in. long, bisexual. Male flower, sep. and pet. 5, ovate 1/10 in. long, scaly; disk-glands thick, opposite the sepals; stamens 10-5. Female flower, sep. and pet. 5; disk minute; ovary densely clothed with fringed scales. Capsule ⅛ in. long, slightly 3-lobed.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Daier, Talodi: Um Qualeet).
A decoction is drunk for malaria, and also used as a massage lotion in cases of fever.
=C. leuconeurus= Pax.
Monœcious tree, 15-20 ft. high. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, 2-5 in. long, crenate-serrate with short stipitate glands between the teeth. Racemes terminal, interrupted. Female flowers few, mixed with males. Male flower hairy; sep. and pet. 5, 1/10 in. long; glands small and fleshy; stamens about 18. Female flower, sep. 5, pet. rudimentary, pilose; disk fleshy; ovary globose densely tomentose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Mvolo).
241 =Jatropha tuberosa= Pax.
Monœcious, 1-2 ft. high; root tuberous. Leaves sessile, upper deeply 3-lobed, 6 in. long, lower lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, serrulate. Cymes terminal, dichotomous. Female flower terminating each axis, male lateral; bracts ¼ in. long, glandular-toothed; sep. 5, pet. 5, all minute; glands 5; stamens 8 in 2 series, 3 inner filaments connate. Female flower, sep. and pet. 5, larger than male; disks 5-lobed, lobes toothed; styles bifid.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Mangob).
=J. melanosperma= Pax.
Monœcious herb, 18 in. high. Leaves deeply 3-lobed to subentire 2½-6 in. long, serrulate. Cymes small; flowers crowded, much as above; seeds black, shining ¼ in. long; the bracts are smaller and eglandular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land).
=J. lobata= Muell. Arg.
Monœcious undershrub, about 1 ft. high. Leaves digitately 3-5 lobed, 1½-3 in. long and broad, serrate. Cymes few-flowered, 1 in. diam.; bracts ¼ in. long, gland-toothed; sep. and pet. minute, gland-toothed; glands small; stamens 8. Female flower, sep. and pet. larger than male; disk 5-lobed. Capsule ½ in. long, buff-coloured.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, etc.); Kordofan Prov. (Katul Gumbara).
=J. aceroides= Hutchinson.
Small shrub. Leaves digitately 5-lobed, 1-4 in. long, coarsely dentate. Cymes few-flowered. Male flower, sep. 1/10 in.; pet. 1/5 in. long; glands large round contiguous; stamens 8; filaments partially connate. Female flower, sep. larger than male; pet. 0; disk deeply 5-lobed. Fruit not known.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Ashat, Khor Gwob).
=J. Curcas= Linn. HABB-EL-MELUK (Egypt)—Arab.
Sappy shrub. Leaves 5-lobed or entire, ovate-rounded, 3½-5½ in. long and wide; pet. 3-7 in. long. Cymes shorter than leaves. Male flower, sep. 1/7 in. long; pet. 2/9 in. long, pilose within, connate below; disk- glands cylindric; stamens 8, 3 inner connate. Female flower, sep. larger than male; pet. ¼ in. long, pilose; disk deeply 5-lobed. Capsule ellipsoid, 1 in. long.
Introduced: Khartoum Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Renk); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Deim Zubeir, planted by Marchand); Bahr El Jebel.
It is used as a hedge-plant. The seeds are poisonous and act as a violent purgative. An oil is extracted from the seeds which is used for making soap.
=J. glandulosa= Vahl.
Shrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves 3-lobed, orbicular in outline, 1-2½ in. long and wide, hairy, glandular-dentate; stip. reduced to a mass of sessile glands. Cymes 2 in. diam.; bracts glandular-toothed. Male flower, sep. pubescent, glandular-toothed, minute; pet. 1/5 in. long, connate lower ⅔; disk-glands fleshy; stamens 8, filaments connate half-way. Female flower, sep. pubescent, gland-toothed; pet. 0; disk 5-lobed, fleshy.
Between Suakin & Kassala (J. Iskeneib).
=J. gallabatensis= Schweinfth.
Shrub, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves simple to 3-lobed, 2-3 in. long; fimbriate- glandular-serrate; stip. fimbriate, glandular. Cymes terminal, 1¼ in. diam.; bracts ¼ in. long, stipitate-glandular. Male fl.: sep. toothed, minute; pet. ⅙ in. long; disk-glands flat; st. 8, 3 inner connate. Fem. fl.: sep. glandular-fimbriate, ⅙ in. long; pet. 5, ¼ in. long; disk 5-lobed. Seeds pale, ⅓ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
=J. Schweinfurthii= Pax.
Densely tomentose herb. Leaves 3-lobed to middle, 3-6 in. long, serrate. Cymes corymbose; peduncle up to 3 in. long. Male fl.: crowded; sep. and pet. 5, small, obovate; disk-glands obovate; st. 8, 3 inner connate. Fem. fl.: sep. lanceolate, pubescent outside, small; pet. free, ⅙ in. long, disk 5-lobed. Caps. tomentose, ½ in. long; seeds ⅓ in. long, shining.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Bongo: Gir); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=J. æthiopica= Muell. Arg.
Soft, fulvous-haired herb, 9 in. high. Leaves 3-partite, up to 4 in. long and broad, sharply serrulate; stip. glandular-fimbriate. Cymes 1½ in. diam. on 1½ in. long, stout peduncles. Male fl.: sep. small, toothed above; pet. free, small; st. 8, free. Fem. fl.: sep. ⅙ in. long, fimbriate; pet. 1/5 in. long, free; disk 5-lobed, ovary ellipsoid.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur).
242 =Manniophyton africanum= Muell. Arg.
Diœcious shrub or climber; branches scabrous-stellate. Leaves alt., from ovate to 2-3 lobed, 3½-6 in. long; basal nerves 5; pet. up to 4 in.; stip. rigid, subulate, small. Male panicles solitary or 2-3 together in upper axils, up to 10 in. long, rough stellate-hairy; fl. clustered; calyx lobes 5 triangular, ⅛ in. long; pet. 5 connate, glabrous, 1/7 in. long; disk glands small; st. 17-20, free. Fem. panicle smaller and fewer flowered than male; cal. as male; cor. tomentose outside; disk absent. Caps. deeply trilobed, ab. 1 in. long, rusty hairy.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: near Um Yuru River).
243 =Caperonia serrata= Presl. LASAKWA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
An erect, monœcious, hispid annual. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, sharply serrate, 2-4 in. long, glabrous or nearly so. Racemes axillary 2-4 in. long, nearly glabrous; upper fl. male, lower fem., all solitary to a bract. Male fl.: calyx lobes 5, ovate-triangular; pet. 5, spathulate- oblong, subequal; st. 10, connate below, 2-seriate above, disk 0. Fem. fl.: sep. 8-10, unequal, inner larger; pet. 5, shorter than inner sep. Caps. ¼ in. wide; accrescent sepals 1/10-1/8 in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Sobat River (Nasser); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Abu Gurun’s Zariba).
244 =Chrozophora plicata= A. Juss. =var.= (α) =typica= Prain. TERBA (Blue Nile), AKASA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GHANEM (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Prostrate branching herb, with thick root stock. Leaves nearly orbicular or subtrilobed, margin undulate, plicate, ab. 1 in. long, woolly. Racemes monœcious, axillary dense, upper fl. male. Male fl. calyx 5-lobed valvate; pet. 5, pink; st. 12-15 connate below, 3-seriate above. Fem. fl.: calyx 5-lobed, pet. 5; disk-glands alt. with petals. Caps. 3-coccous, red-purple, ⅓ in. wide, pubescent.
Nubia; Dongola Prov.; On river banks and depressions on cotton soil in most parts of the Sudan; Blue Nile Prov. (Wad Medani, Sennar, Abu Surga); White Nile Prov. (Geteina & Salati); Kordofan Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Nuer District).
=var.= (β) =obliguifolia= Prain.
Leaves up to 2 in. Petals yellow.
Nubia; Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (near Shendi); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
The fruit yields a blueish dye. A strong fibre is yielded by this plant but it is not easily detachable. The seeds and leaves have purgative properties.
=C. oblongifolia= A. Juss.
Bushy white or tawny herb or undershrub. Leaves ovate-rhomboid or oblong to lanceolate, margins sublobed, 1-4 in. long. Racemes as above. Male fl.: calyx as above; pet. yellowish-white; st. 5-10, 1-2 seriate. Fem. fl. much as above, but pet. linear. Caps. 2-coccous, blue-purple, ½ wide, scaly and with fringed margins.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (hills & sea-coast).
=C. brocchiana= Vis. =var.= (α) =typica= Prain. AGASSIR (Kordn.) & TARBA (Darfur)—Arab.
Woolly herb or undershrub. Leaves rhomboid or ovate, ¾-1½ in. long, margin undulate, often 3-lobed, velvety. Racemes very dense, sessile. Male fl.: calyx pubescent; pet. yellow; st. 5-10, 1-2 seriate. Fem. fl.: sep. and pet. ¼ in. long. Caps. 3-coccous, white, tinged violet, ⅓ in. wide, scaly.
Nubia; Dongola Prov. (Debba); Kassala Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Sennar); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Garad, Goghan); Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=var.= (β) =Hartmanni= Schwfth. ATTARR (Kordn.)—Arab.
Leaves rather larger, 1-2 in. long, margin distinctly 3-lobed; long spreading stellate hairs on both surfaces.
Berber Prov. (Saggaddi); Between Atbara & Red Sea Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
245 =Manihot utilissima= Pohl. BABWA (sweet var.) & BAZMANGI (bitter var.)—Zande.
The Manioc or Cassava.
Shrub or tall woody herb with tuberous roots and 3-7 lobed leaves.
Cultivated on the Bahr El Jebel and the southern portion of the Bahr El Ghazal.
It is cultivated for its tubers which are eaten when cooked. The juice of the uncooked tuber is poisonous. The tubers also yield tapioca.
246 =Cephalocroton cordofanus= Hochst.
Monœcious undershrub, highly aromatic when young. Stems and leaves stellate- and often glandular-pubescent when young. Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, dentate, ½-2 in. long. Male perianth 4-lobed, hairy, st. 8; fem. perianth 4-lobed, lobes bi-tri-pinnatipartite, ovary 3-lobed, tomentose, styles 3, many times divided.
Nubia; Kassala Prov. (North of Meharrakat & Gedaref, Matamma); Atbara River (Hillet Idris); Fung Prov. (Roseires, Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.
247 =Erythrococca bongensis= Pax.
Diœcious, apetalous shrub, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves alt., short-petioled, ovate, base cuneate, margin obscurely crenate, 1-2 in. long; stipules accrescent, usually spinulose. Male fl. minute, in sessile glomerules; per. 3-lobed; sta. 9-12; fem. fl. not known.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Gurfala).
=E. africana= Prain.
Diœcious shrub; bud-scales persistent. Leaves alt., short-petioled, ovate, acuminate, 2-2½ in. long, margin faintly crenate; stipules minute, scarious. Fl. small, in slender-peduncled racemes. Male fl. per. 4-lobed, green; st. 24, filaments shorter than anthers. Fem. fl. per. deeply 2-lobed. Ovary usually 2-celled; stigmas connate at base, papillose. Caps. didymous, rarely 3-coccous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land).
=E. flaccida= Prain.
Shrub or small tree; bud-scales persistent. Leaves ovate, acuminate, base cuneate, denticulate, pubescent; stip. scarious, minute. Fl. small, in slender-peduncled racemes, male up to ½ in. long, female 1¼ in. long, 12-16 flowered.
Male per. 4-lobed; st. ab. 34; fem. per. 2-lobed; ovary 2-celled, stigmas linear-ovate, at length recurved. Caps. didymous; seeds with red aril.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
248 =Micrococca mercurialis= Benth.
Sparingly hirsute annual, ½-2 ft. high. Leaves alt., except the lowest, petioles ½-⅔ in. long; limb oblong or ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, margin bluntly toothed. Racemes slender, axillary, 2-3 in. long. Male fl. minute, per. 3-lobed; st. usually 6, 2-seriate, sometimes up to 20, multiseriate; fem. per. 3-partite; styles short, fimbriate. Caps. 2-4-coccous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Mbomo on the River Lessi).
249 =Acalypha Grantii= Baker & Hutchinson.
Shrub ab. 6 ft. high, probably diœcious. Leaves alt., ovate, acuminate to caudate, rounded or subcordate, digitately 5-nerved at base, 2-2½ in. long, coarsely serrate; pet. ½-1¼ in. long; stip. linear, deciduous. Male fl. not known. Fem. spikes terminal, ab. ¾ in. long; bracts small, minutely toothed; sep. 3, ovate, ciliate above; ovary 3-celled, pilose above; styles 3, purple, deeply laciniate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Sabbi); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=A. paniculata= Miq.
Monœcious herb, 2-5 ft. high; stems densely pilose above. Leaves ovate, subcordate or truncate and 5-nerved at base, sparingly bristly on both sides, coarsely crenate-serrate, 1½-3½ in. long; pet. 1-3½ in. long; stip. subulate. Male racemes solitary, axillary, 2½-5 in. long; buds small, 4-lobed; st. 8? Fem. fl. in terminal oblong panicle 6-8 in. long; branches simple up to 2½ in. long, a few male fl. at the base of each; sepals 5; ovary slightly 3-lobed with wart-like lumps; styles deeply 4-6 partite.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=A. senensis= Klotzsch.
Monœcious shrub or undershrub; stems angular or deeply grooved, usually hirsute. Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, gradually acuminate, cordate and 5-nerved at base, serrate, 1¼-7 in. long; pet. ½-1¼ in. long. Male spikes axillary, ¾-2½ in. long. Fem. spikes terminal, ¾-1¼ in. long; bracts suborbicular, deeply 7-10 toothed; sep. 4; ovary 3-4 lobed; styles 3-4, slightly connate at base, purple, slightly laciniate, ab. ½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land; Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=A. ornata= Hochst.
Monœcious undershrub or woody herb; branches somewhat grooved and hirsute. Leaves ovate, caudate, 5-nerved at base, coarsely serrate, sparingly pilose on nerves, 2-4½ in. long; pet. ½-2½ in. long; stip. subulate. Male infl. axillary, solitary, slender, 1½-2 in. long. Fem. infl. terminal, solitary, 2-3½ in. long; bracts ovate-rhomboid, acuminate, ¼ in. long, 1-flowered, toothed. Ovary 3-lobed, pilose above; styles 3, laciniate.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Gindua River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam- land: Kulenjo).
=A. villicaulis= Hochst.
Monœcious herb from a woody root stock; stems angular hirsute. Leaves linear-lanceolate to ovate, hirsute, acuminate, cordate and 5-7 nerved at base, crenate-serrate, 1½-4½ in. long; pet. ½-2½ in. long, hirsute, often with 2 glands at apex. Male infl. axillary, solitary, peduncled, 1½-2½ in. long. Fem. spikes 1-3 together at end of each shoot; bracts small, toothed, pubescent; sep. coriaceous ovate, pilose on back. Ovary densely pilose; styles 3, laciniate, ab. ⅓ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: on the banks of the Gendua River); Darfur Prov. (Kulme 3,600 ft.); Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=A. fruticosa= Forsk. RIKTUDA—Rashida; MŪT—Hadendowa.
Shrub. Leaves alt., ovate, shortly acuminate, usually abruptly cuneate, also 3-5 nerved at the base, crenate to serrate, up to 4 in. long and bearing golden-coloured glands on lower surface. Infl. axillary, up to ½ in. long, consisting of 2-3 unilateral dentate bracts each containing a solitary fem. fl. and of a very short terminal male spike; ovary with golden glands; styles 3, much branched.
Red Sea Prov. (Karora); Bahr El Jebel.
The leaves are used in India as a stomachic in dyspepsia and in cholera.
=A. brachystachya= Hornem.
Slender monœcious annual, 6-12 in. high. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, cordate or rounded and 5-7 nerved at base, serrate, ½-1½ in. long; pet. ½-1¾. long. Infl. bisexual, short, axillary, solitary or geminate, of 6-9 fem. fl. below, and male fl. in short, dense terminal cluster; axis pubescent. Fem. bracts tripartite; sep. 3; ovary bristly; styles slender, laciniate.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=A. psilostachya= Hochst.
Herb or undershrub; stems hirsute when young. Leaves ovate or rhomboid, acutely caudate, rounded or cordate and 5-7 nerved at base, 2-3½ in. long, serrate, bristly on both surfaces. Infl. bisexual, axillary, solitary, 1-3 in. long, of 3-4 fem. fl. near the base, otherwise male. Fem. bracts 5-lobed; sep. 3, ovate; ovary hirsute; styles 3, ¼ in. long, laciniate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land).
=A. hochstetteriana= Muell. Arg.
Monœcious annual, up to 2 ft. high, sparingly hairy. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, slightly acuminate, 3-5 nerved at base, ¾-3 in. long, crenulate, pellucid-dotted. Male spikes solitary in each leaf axil together but separate from a solitary fem. fl. Male fl., sep. 4. Fem. fl., bract small, saucer-shaped; sep. 3; ovary warted; styles short, laciniate.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
=A. ciliata= Forsk.
Monœcious herb, ab. 3 ft. high; stem grooved, shortly pubescent. Leaves ovate, caudate, 5-nerved at base, 1½-4½ in. long, crenate-serrate, slightly scabrous; pet. 1-3½ in. long. Infl. bisexual, axillary, solitary or in pairs, ¾-1 in. long, with ab. 10 fem. fl. in the lower part, upper part male, spicate. Fem. bracts suborbicular, laciniate- toothed, ribbed; sep. 3, small; ovary slightly pubescent; styles 3, slender, laciniate.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).
=A. glomerata= Hutchinson.
Erect branched herb; stem sulcate pubescent with short and with gland- tipped hairs. Leaves ovate- to rhomboid-elliptic, obtuse, 5-nerved at base, 1-2½ in. long, crenate, rough-pubescent; pet. quite as long as leaves. Infl. monœcious, crowded in clusters at ends of branches. Fem. bracts small, sub-reniform, with 8-10 triangular gland-tipped teeth, crowded; sep. 3, ciliate; ovary 3-lobed, pubescent; styles short, slender, divided almost to the base.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Addai & Gir).
=A. crenata= Hochst.
Annual, up to 18 in. high; stem grooved, short-pubescent. Leaves ovate, 5-nerved at base, 1-2 in. long, crenate, glabrous; pet. at least as long as leaves. Infl. bisexual; fem. fl. crowded at base and a few abortive ones at tip, male fl. in between, few. Fem. bracts ciliate, not gland- tipped; ovary pilose, styles 3, laciniate, slender.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Kordofan Prov.
=A. indica= Linn.
Erect, almost unbranched herb, up to 3 ft. high, shortly pubescent and angular. Leaves lanceolate- to rhomboid-ovate, acute, cuneate and 5-nerved at base, 1-2½ in. long, serrate, glabrous except on nerves; pet. usually longer than blade. Infl. bisexual, axillary, solitary, or in pairs, up to 2½ in. long with 1-7 distant fem. fl. below and few terminal male fl., with 1 abortive fem. fl. at tip. Fem. bracts 1-2 flowered, suborbicular, up to ⅓ in. broad, with 10-12 triangular teeth; sep. 3; ovary deeply 3-lobed, pilose; styles short, laciniate.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Khartoum Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
The roots, leaves and tender shoots are used in India for various disorders. The juice of the plant is esteemed as an emetic for children.
=A. bipartita= Muell. Arg.
Climbing shrub, branches angular. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or subcuneate and digitately 15-nerved at base, 1¼-2½ in. long, serrate, densely pubescent on nerves below; pet. ½-¾ in. long, pubescent. Infl. bisexual, axillary, solitary, pedunculate; ped. ab. 1 in. long with a fem. 2-fl. bract slightly above middle, upper part male, spicate, 1-1½ in. long.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
250 =Lepidoturus laxiflorus= Benth.
Diœcious shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, acuminate, rounded and 3- (rarely 5-) nerved at base, 3-5 in. long, closely crenate, shining and glabrous above, long hairy on nerves below; pet. 1-1½ in. long. Male spikes numerous from below the leaves, at length 2-3 in. long; bracts scarious, ovate; calyx usually 4-lobed; st. 8, filam. slightly connate at base. Fem. spikes few-flowered; calyx 3-5-sect; ovary 3-celled, pubescent; styles long, slender, simple; capsule 3-dymous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River & Linduku River & Kulenjo).
251 =Alchornea cordifolia= Muell. Arg.
A. cordata Benth.
Shrub or small tree, erect or half-climbing. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, 4-8 in. long. 3-6 in. broad, subentire, with a gland in the axil of each nerve at the base. Male spikes in copious axillary panicles. Styles 2. Fruit puberulous.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=A. glabrata= Prain.
Shrub or tree, up to 40 ft. high. Leaves alt., almost subsessile, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to base, entire or crenate, 4-6 in. long, with 1-2 pairs of glands at or near the base below. Infl. diœcious. Male spikes panicled, terminal; calyx 4-lobed; st. 8 or less, free or slightly connate at base. Fem. spikes simple, terminal; calyx- lobes usually 4 (to 6); caps. 3-celled, smooth, ⅓ in. across; styles simple, linear.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru River).
252 =Neoboutonia macrocalyx= Pax.
Diœcious tree, up to 65 ft. high. Leaves cordate-orbicular, 5-7 nerved at base, 8 in. long, hoary-stellate and sparsely lepidote on nerves beneath; stip. lanceolate, under ½ in. long. Male fl. copiously panicled, nearly ¼ in. across; calyx 2-fid, stellate pubescent; sta. ab. 30, connective of anther with a terminal gland. Fem. fl. in simple or sparingly branched racemes, ¾ in. wide; sep. 5, accrescent, connate below; styles 2-fid, rather broad; caps. 3-coccous, ½ in. across. Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=N. canescens= Pax.
Diœcious tree, 25-40 ft. high; twigs rusty-scurfy. Leaves petioled, orbicular-cordate, acute, entire, 5-7 nerved at base, 4-8 in. long, sparingly stellate-scurfy on main nerves above, beneath closely adpressed scurfy. Male fl. copiously panicled; calyx glabrous; sta. ab. 20, filaments hardly longer than anthers; connective usually with 3 apical glands. Fem. fl. in copiously branched racemes, small; ovary with tufts of stellate hairs; styles narrow with 2 linear lobes. Caps. 3-coccous, brown-scurfy, ¼ in. across.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).
253 =Mallotus oppositifolius= Muell. Arg.
Diœcious shrub, 6-12 ft. high. Leaves opp., ovate-acuminate or acute, cordate or obtuse and 3-nerved at base, 6-7 in. long, somewhat sinuate- dentate, rusty-stellate on nerves and glandular beneath. Racemes axillary, rachis rusty-pubescent. Male 4-5 in. long; fl. glomerate; calyx 4 (-5) valved; sta. numerous, free, purple. Fem. in fl. 2½-3 in. long; sep. 4-5; ovary 3-celled, globose; stigmas plumose. Caps. 3-coccous, ¼-⅓ in. wide.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River, Dar Fertit: Biri River near Deim Zubeir, Bongo-land: Baiko); Belgian Congo (Niamniam- land: Diagbe River).
254 =Macaranga Schweinfurthii= Pax.
Armed diœcious shrub to lofty tree; spines on stem and branches. Leaves alt., ovate, shallow lobed, irregularly toothed, 6-18 in. long; base narrowly deep-cordate and with a pair of glands at junction with petiole; pet. 8-16 in. long; stip. ovate, 1¼ in. long. Male fl. in lateral panicles, fascicled in axils of fallen leaves; sta. 2-5. Fem. fl. in short lateral racemes; ovary glabrous, 2-3 celled; stigmas spreading; caps. 2-coccous; cocci ½ in. across.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Yuru & Diagbe Rivers).
255 =Ricinus communis= Linn. =var. genuina= Mull. Arg. HURUA or KHIRUWI—Arab; BULLAS—Hadendowa; BOMBŌR (Dilling) & PWA (Kadugli)—Nuba; HOLLOLA or SHUNSHUMUT—Hameg; FAP—Nuer; BUNGA—Zande. The Castor-Oil Plant.
Tall herb or shrub, with deeply 7 or more lobed palmate leaves. Fl. in large pyramidal panicles, males below, fem. above. Caps. prickly; seeds mottled.
Semi-wild on river banks; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.
The seeds yield the Castor-Oil of commerce. The leaves, pounded into a paste, are applied externally for headaches.
=var. africana= Muell. Arg.
Fruit with only few prickles.
Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (J. Kōn).
256 =Dalechampia scandens= Linn. =var. cordofana= Muell. Arg. DEMCHIRAI (Meshra El Zeraf) & ABULISEIG (N. Kordn.)—Arab; GADIANG (or AGADIANG) (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Slender, monœcious climber; stem pubescent; leaves deeply 3-5 partite; lobes rather wide-oblong, acute or obtuse; base cordate, 5-7 nerved; length 2-5 in. Fl. in dense, long peduncled axillary heads, subtended by a pair of yellowish, ½-¾ in. long and broad bracts.
Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb); Khartoum Prov. (J. Malakhit); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Obeid to Melbes); Upper White Nile Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bor, Dinka-land).
It is used for scorpion stings.
257 =Tragia cannabina= Linn. f. DEMCHIRAI (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; MADIAB-DIAB (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Sub-erect or rambling herb, 2-5 ft. high, sometimes hispid with white, stinging hairs. Leaves alt., deeply 3-partite, sometimes 5-partite at base, sometimes without lateral lobes, central lobe oblong, 2½ in. long, margin lobulate; nerves bristly; pet. ¼-½ in. long. Racemes bisexual, leaf-opposed, 1-2 in. long on naked, bristly 2-3 in. long peduncles; male fl. rather lax, numerous, fem. fl. 2-3 below the male; bracts lanceolate, small. Male sep. 3, ovate; sta. 3. Fem. calyx segm. 6, with dense white bristles, accrescent later. Ovary bristly; styles 3, connate in lower half. Caps. 3-coccous.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Sobat River (Nasser); Bahr El Jebel (Shambé and Bari country); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=var. Brouniana= Prain.
Herb, 4-6 in. high, hispid, and with white, stinging hairs. Leaves short-petioled, deeply 3-partite, narrow-lanceolate, central lobe 2 in. and lateral ½ in. long; margin sparingly toothed. Racemes terminal, occasionally leaf-opposed, under 1 in. long.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post, Saoleil); Up. White Nile Prov. (Kaka); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Kadugli).
The root is chewed and applied to scorpion stings.
=var. intermedia= Prain.
Stems erect or sub-erect, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous or pubescent, beset with white, stinging hairs. Leaves distinctly petiolate, the lowest 3-partite, the upper sometimes all without lateral lobes, central lobe lanceolate, 3½ in. long, sparingly sharply toothed. Racemes leaf- opposed.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile (Dinka country).
=T. tripartita= Schwfth.
Erect herb, 1½-2 ft. high, woody below; stem with sparse stinging hairs. Leaves deeply 3-partite, lobes lanceolate or lin.-lanceolate, the central one 4-7 in. long, margin subentire; pet. up to ⅓ in. long. Racemes bisexual, terminal and leaf-opposed, 2 in. long on naked peduncles 1-3 in. long; male fl. above and 1-3 fem. fl. below; bracts ab. ⅙ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
=T. cordifolia= Vahl.
Slender twiner, without stinging hairs, puberulous. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, long acuminate, cordate, 2½-4 in. long; margin serrate or almost fimbriate dentate, puberulous and bristly on nerves; pet. ½-2½ in. long. Racemes bisexual, terminal, rather lax, 1½-2½ in. long, with a naked peduncle ½-2 in. long. Male fl. numerous above and a solitary basal fem. fl. Pedicels, both sexes, as long as their bracts and usually solitary.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. El Amira); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=T. mitis= Hochst.
Slender twiner without stinging hairs. Differs from above in being diœcious and in the male fl. being above on the raceme in 3-fl. glomerules and from middle downwards in lax 3-fl. cymules.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma & near Hammad).
=T. bongolana= Prain.
Slender climber. Leaves retrosely hispid on nerves and petioles. Male fl. twice as large as in above, otherwise much alike.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Sabbi & between Kero & Reggo).
=T. Benthami= Baker.
Slender climber, finely puberulous and with few stinging hairs. Leaves ovate acute or acuminate, shallowly or rarer deeply wide cordate, sharply serrate, 2-4 in. long, sparingly bristly on nerves; pet. ¾-2½ in. long, bristly with stinging hairs. Racemes lateral and terminal on lateral branches, ½-¾ in. long with a naked peduncle, ¼-⅓ in. long, densely set with stinging hairs; male fl. numerous above and 2-3 basal fem. fl.; pedicels, both sexes, solitary, almost as long as the bracts.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).
=T. Schweinfurthii= Baker.
Diœcious herb from woody base, 4-8 in. high, densely pilose, without stinging hairs. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, 1½-2 in. long, minutely serrate, sessile or nearly so. Racemes terminal and leaf- opposed, more numerous on male plant. Male racemes 1½-4 in. long with a short pilose peduncle; pedicels shorter than the lanceolate bracts; sep. 3; sta. 3. Fem. racemes ¾-1½ in. long, with a pilose peduncle ⅓-½ in. long; fl. 3-6; pedicels longer than bracts; calyx-segm. 6, at length accrescent; styles 3, short, connate at base; caps. 3-coccous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit & Golo country).
=ULMACEÆ.=
258 =Celtis integrifolia= Lam. IBNU (Baggara), LEBINGA (Fung Prov.) or MAHAGAYA (Kordn.)—Arab; EIRĀL (Dilling) & DOMBELABAI (Fan Yan)—Nuba; BAKKA—Bari.
Large tree with smooth, grey bark. Leaves alt., shortly petioled, ovate, short acuminate, base unequally rounded, entire, 1½-3 in. long, 3-nerved. Infl. polygamous, axillary, shorter than the leaf, cymose, hermaphr. fl. above, few, male fl. below, numerous, shorter stalked; calyx 4-5 lobed; stamens 4-5, minute; stigma bifid, sometimes twice so. Drupe ovoid, globose, about ⅓ in. long.
Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Dueim); Kordofan Prov. (near Singukai); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dar Nuba); Sobat River; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dinka: Ghazal River, Mittu: Mvolo, Rohl River); Bahr El Jebel.
Wood perishable, yellowish white, density 0.750.
259 =Trema guineensis= Ficalho.
Shrub or tree; branches hairy. Leaves alt., ovate-oblong, acute to acuminate, base unequally cordate, 2½-4 in. long, margin denticulate, basally 3-nerved; petiole short. Infl. axillary, polygamous dense; fl. 5-merous, minute. Drupe small.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land).
260 =Chætacme microcarpa= Rendle.
Shrub or small tree, armed with solitary or paired axillary spines. Leaves alt., distichous, elliptic-oblong to ovate, apiculate, 2-4 in. long. Infl. monœcious, male fl. greenish, axillary, cymose; calyx 5-partite; sta. 5; fem. fl. solitary or few; calyx 5-partite; style 2-branched; drupe globose, ⅓ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=ROSACEÆ.=
261 =Rubus sp.=
Scandent shrub. Leaves pinnate, with prickly axis; leaflets ovate- oblong, acutely acuminate, doubly serrate, 2-3 in. long, pubescent on the nerves beneath. Flowers paniculate; buds ovoid silky, with long glabrous tips.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River)
262 =Parinarium curatellifolium= Planch.
Small or moderate-sized tree, tawny-tomentose on extremities. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 4½ in. long. Flowers terminal or from the upper axils, in panicles 3-6 in. long; calyx tube campanulate; petals 5, inserted in mouth of calyx tube; stamens 7 to many, united into a tube at base. Drupe size of a plum, edible.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Wau & Biselli).
Hard, heavy wood, light brown in colour, suitable for joinery. Fruit the size of a plum, edible.
263 =Potentilla supina= Linn.
Decumbent herb, up to 1 ft. high, with pinnately 3-5 fol. leaves and leaf-opposed yellow flowers.
Berber, Khartoum, Blue Nile, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
The plant is rich in tannin and is probably astringent and tonic. The root is sometimes used as a febrifuge.
264 =Neurada procumbens= Linn.
Tomentose annual, with procumbent branches. Leaves ovate-oblong with 1-4 obtuse lobes on each side, ab. ½ in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary, roundish, hairy. Fruit orbicular, ¾ in. across, prickly.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab, & 21° N.L.)
=CHAILLETIACEÆ.=
265 =Dichapetalum Schweinfurthii= Engl.
Large shrub. Leaves obliquely oblong-elliptic, acute, the large about 6 in. by 2½ in., slightly pubescent on the nerves below. Flowers axillary, clustered white or yellow, sweet smelling. Petals bilobed. Fruit globose, tomentose.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).
=CÆSALPINIACEÆ.=
266 =Cæsalpinia pulcherrima= Sw.
Shrub with bi-pinnate leaves and orange-red flowers, with very long tassel-like stamens.
Introduced. Cultivated for its brilliant orange-red flower.
267 =Poinciana elata= Linn. OGOI—Hadendowa.
Small to middle-sized tree. Leaves abruptly bi-pinnate; flowers large whitish, turning orange when fading.
Red Sea Prov.
Wood yellow, close, even-grained, easily worked, weight 45-48 lbs. per cft.
=P. regia= Bojer. The Flamboyant or the Gold Mohur Tree.
Large tree, frequently flowers before the leaves appear. Leaves abruptly bi-pinnate; pinnæ 8-20 pair. Flowers large. Introduced. Highly ornamental.
268 =Parkinsonia aculeata= Linn. SESABAN (wrongly named)—Arab.
Small spiny tree. Leaves bi-pinnate; secondary petioles abruptly pinnate, somewhat flattened; leaflets small. Flowers yellow; pods constricted between the seeds. Throughout the Sudan (Introduced).
269 =Cassia Kotschyana= Oliv. SENNA & UMKATSHU—Arab; GAFELE & BOYEH—Golo; OKIL—Jur; RATU—Zande.
Small tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate; flowers in long drooping panicles, showy, yellow; pods cylindrical, up to 2 ft. long and ab. ½ in. in diameter, break transversely.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur, Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
=C. occidentalis= Linn. ’SORIB (Baggara) & SENNA—Arab; ASHASHI (Dilling) & ASHASHINI (J. Ghulfan)—Nuba.
Semi-woody herb, up to 5 ft. high. Leaves abruptly pinnate; rachis 4-6 in. long, with a gland at base; leaflets 4-5 pair, narrow with acute apex. Flowers yellow; pod linear, slightly compressed between the seeds.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Berber Prov. (Shendi); Khartoum, Blue Nile, Fung, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
The leaves, roots, and seeds are used medicinally, i.e., pounded leaves for healing fresh wounds, the seeds in ringworm, and the root as diuretic. An infusion of the leaves is considered useful in bilious fevers. The seeds toasted, and ground, are used as a substitute for coffee.
=C. Sieberiana= DC.
Small tree, glabrous or extremities puberulous. Leaflets 6-14 pair, ovate-elliptical, up to 3½ in. long. Racemes 4-18 in. long; bracts present during flowering; flowers yellow; 3 stamens longer than the other 7. Pod sub-cylindrical, elongate.
Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Mongalla Prov.
Wood very hard and heavy, fibrous, yellow ochre colour, density 0.818. Difficult working, suitable for joinery, cart building. Resistant to pests.
=C. Arereh= Del. GARADAYA (Fung)—Arab; KAFA—Burun; UMFLOGORU—Hameg; GAFELE—Golo; MASISI—Bongo.
Shrub or small tree. Leaflets 7-9 pairs, ovate to lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, reticulately-veined, 2½ in. long. Racemes terminal short; bracts present at flowering time; petals yellow; 3 stamens longer than the rest. Pod cylindrical, up to 20 in. long and 1 in. in diam., dehisces longitudinally showing numerous dissepiments.
Nubia; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (South); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Chak Chak); Mongalla Prov.
=C. Tora= Linn. HEREISHAH—Arab; KAITELANG (Dilling)—Nuba; KIAR (Mongalla)—Dinka.
Erect annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 3-pair, obovate, with a gland on the rachis between the lowest one or two pairs. Flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs; pod 6-8 in. long, thin, quadrangular, curved when young.
Kassala Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Agade); Mongalla Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
Has similar properties to C. occidentalis Linn. (above).
=C. obovata= Collad. SANNA or SENNA EL KELB—Arab; AMBARKI—Hadendowa; ALL’A (Dilling)—Nuba.
Bushy herb. The flat pod has a series of crested plaits on its sides. Leaflets 3-7 pairs, obovate to oblong. Racemes axillary, bracts rotundate, ovate; 2 anthers longer than the rest.
Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov., and most parts of the Northern Sudan.
The leaves are occasionally mixed with those of the true Senna.
=C. holosericea= Fresen.
Shrubby and velvety. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, ovate to oblong, 1 in. long. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Pod 1½ in. long, broadly falcate.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Seterri, South of Suakin); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. didymobotrya= Fres.
Shrub, 10 ft. high. Leaflets 8-16 pairs, oval-oblong, apex rounded, mucronate, base obliquely rounded. Racemes 5-12 in. long, from upper axils, flowers packed at first in imbricate, caducous bracts. Pod linear-oblong, 3-4 in. long.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=C. acutifolia= Del. SENNA or SENNA EL RIF (N. Kordn.) & SENNA MEKKA—Arab.
Undershrub. The flat pod has no crest on its side. Leaflets 4-5 pairs, oval to lanceolate, acute. Racemes from axils of upper leaves, much longer than the leaves; pods broadly oblong, slightly curved, without crest on the sides, ab. 2 in. long.
North Sudan; Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile, Darfur & Kordofan Provinces.
The pods and leaves constitute the true Alexandrian Senna of commerce.
=C. Absus= Linn. HABBAT EL AIN (N. Kordn.) & HAB EL AIN (Port Sudan)—Arab.
Erect annual, 1-2 ft. high, covered with bristly glandular hair. Leaves small; rachis swollen at the base and with a gland between every one of the 4 pairs of leaflets, which are broadly oval or obovate-oval; pod 1-2 in., hairy, linear, ab. ¼ in. broad.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
The seeds are used for ophthalmia and the ringworm.
=C. mimosoides= Linn.
Shrubby. Leaflets very small, linear, unequal sided, usually 10-80 pair; flowers yellow; pod linear, ab. 2 in. long, slightly pilose.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid & Tekele); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=C. nigricans= Vahl. SURIB (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Erect herb, up to 5 ft. high, somewhat similar to above. Leaflets small, 8-18 pair; flowers very small. Pod linear, ab. 2 in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Harun); Kordofan Prov. (near Rahad); Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov.
=C. goratensis= Fresen.
Shrub or small tree. Leaflets 7-9 pairs, oblong to obovate-elliptic, rounded both ends, pubescent, 1½ in. long, with inter-petiolular glands. Flowers corymbose, crowded at ends of branches; petals yellow, large, unequal. Pods constricted, up to 4 in. long.
Blue Nile Prov. (Upper); White Nile Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (near Gigging).
270 =Bauhinia fassoglensis= Kotschy. KARAUERAU—Arab; PAJ (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka & Jur; USIN—Golo; KORA—Hameg.
Scandent shrub. Leaves bilobed, like a camel’s foot, up to 4½ in. broad. Flowers in leaf-opposed or terminal racemes, 1 ft. long; calyx strongly keeled; cor. white; stamens 10, of which usually only 2 perfect.
Kassala & Blue Nile Provinces (Sennar to Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi).
=B. rufescens= Lam. KULKUL—Arab; TARWARA (Dilling)—Nuba.
Small tree, with smooth, white bark. Leaves bilobed, small, usually under 1 in. diam. Flowers white, small, fragrant, in terminal racemes or corymbs; calyx spathaceous; stamens 10, perfect. Pod linear, coriaceous, curved, up to 3½ in. long.
Kordofan, Nuba Mts. & Darfur Provinces.
Wood hard, homogeneous, close and fine grained, density 0.713, light brown in colour, used in carpentry. The bark is employed for making ropes, and also for tanning leather. As with other species of this genus various parts are used in native medicine.
=B. reticulata= DC. ABU KHAMEIRA, TAMBAREIB & KHARUB—Arab; KUBUY (Dilling); KIRKONGAW (J. Eliri), BĀSIGSI (Kadugli) & KADAWDO (Rashad- Talodi)—Nuba; POFFEH—Bari; PAI (Renk) & PAJ (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; PAJ—Jur; KWIELIA or USIN—Golo; MUGGAL—Hameg; DANG & NGWAIN—Nuer; FOICHA—Burun; DAGPA—Zande.
Small tree; young parts rufous. Leaves large, bilobed. Flowers numerous; calyx rufous; petals white. Pod long, flat, somewhat twisted, glossy, dark brown, up to 1 ft. long and 3 in. broad.
South of Lat. 13° N.
Wood rather hard, light brown in colour, density 0.707, homogeneous, works easily, but is seldom of useful size, it makes poor fuel. Ropes and clothes are made from the bast fibre by Golo-women. The seeds are eaten. A decoction of leaves is used as a gargle for toothache. From the roots a mahogany-coloured pigment is obtained.
=B. variegata= Linn. Camel-foot tree.
Moderate-sized tree, with bilobed leaves and axillary racemes of purple and cream-coloured flowers. Pod 6-18 in. long, linear, flat.
Introduced. Grown in gardens.
271 =Isoberlinia sp.= KOBBO—Bongo.
Leaflets, 4 pairs, ovate, oblique, 5-6 in. long, 3 in. broad, reticulate. Flowers paniculate. Sepals velvety. Bracts small, deciduous. Fruits woody. Seeds orbicular, flat.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land).
272 =Berlinia acuminata= Solander. ERIANGA & KOBA—Dinka; KA & AKKA—Golo; KOBA—Jur; KAWBAW—Bongo.
Large tree with rough, exfoliating bark; occasionally forms pure crops. Leaves large, abruptly pinnate; leaflets 3-6 pair, 3-9 in. long. Pods up to 15 in. long and 3 in. broad, flat, olive green, velvety, curling up spirally after dehiscing. Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
Wood fibrous, density 0.649, light brownish yellow in colour, works well, but is readily attacked by insects. Useful for small furniture, boats, carts, etc.
273 =Pahudia (Afzelia) africana= Smith. RIANG—Dinka; PO—Golo; BEI—Jur; PAWE—Zande.
Very large tree. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets 6-10, glossy, alternate. Pods up to 9 in. long and 3 in. wide, thick, woody, splitting into two flat, boat-shaped halves; seeds black, surmounted by orange-coloured aril at the base.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (near Mongalla).
Timber reddish, resembling Mahogany, strong, somewhat coarse-grained.
274 =Daniellia thurifera= Bennett. KELA—Bongo; BELIN & SHANDA—Dinka; BU or BINDA—Golo; SHANDA—Jur; BOVOTODE—Zande.
Very large tree, with a clean bole, up to 50 ft. before branching; bark smooth, light grey. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 5-9 pairs, coriaceous, 2-7 in. long. Pods flat, broad-falcate, 1-seeded, the seed being attached by a long, thread-like process to a membrane, which acts as a parachute in disseminating the seed.
Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
Timber light, streaky brown, moderately hard, light, density 0.505, coarse-grained, works easily, but readily attacked by insect pests; useful for light furniture, packing cases, knife handles. Good firewood. The tree yields a Frankincense (the Ogea gum of Sierra Leone) which exudes from holes made by boring insects or by tapping, and is collected and sold for body perfume. Bee-hives are made from strips of the bark.
275 =Tamarindus indica= Linn. ARDEIB—Arab; SHEKERE (Dilling), KUASHI (J. Eliri) & DANUFI (Kadugli)—Nuba; BASHA & PATTA & (fruit), KITTEH—Bari; SHOWI (Renk & Bahr El Ghazal), SHWAI (Mongalla), TCHUWOI (Goz El Siada) & SHWAYAI (Kaka)—Dinka; SHWAH—Shilluk; KUAR & KWAT—Nuer; YENNO—Burun; SHOWI—Jur; ARUB or WASSA—Golo; MALAT—Hameg; MAHA—Bongo; ABANZA—Zande.
Large tree with dark-coloured, fissured bark. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 3-6 in. long; leaflets small, 10-15 pair. Pod pendulous, 3-8 in. long, 1 in. broad, the inner pericarp consisting of a red, acid pulp; seeds brown, hard.
Southern Sudan; Blue Nile Prov. (Upper); Kordofan Prov.; Red Sea Prov. (Has Has).
Fruit called TAMR HINDI by Arabs, used for cooling drinks, also medicinally as laxative. The bark is said to have astringent and tonic properties. The seed yields an oil which may be used for varnish. The seed rubbed on a roughstone, with water, is a specific for carbuncular boils. The wood is hard, fibrous and heavy, density 0.777. It is rather difficult to work, but is very suitable for cabinet work as the heart- wood is beautifully mottled black and brown. It is resistant to insect pests, and is useful for carpentry, ship-building, carts, pestles and mortars.
276 =Detarium microcarpum= Guill. & Perr. ABU LEILA—Arab; GUDI (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; LOYO, LOIGO or MPORO or M’BOLO—Golo; AKUTI—Jur; MALAGUTU—Bongo.
Small to middle-sized tree. Leaves pari-pinnate; leaflets 6-12, alternate or opposite, undulate-crenate. Pod disc-shaped, 1½ in. in diameter, ½ in. thick; the inner pericarp is a sweet pulp, traversed by fibrous processes from the bony endocarp.
Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land & Jur-land).
The sweet pulp is eaten as a substitute for sugar. The tree grows to a large size in Nigeria; its timber is one of these exported under the name of “African Mahogany.” It is grey in colour, with a fine and regular grain, density 0.779. It is hard but works well. It is very resistant to pests and lasts long under water. Very suitable for carpentry, piles, fences, joinery, etc. It exudes a fragrant resin.
277 =Burkea africana= Hook. f.
Small tree, 25 ft. high. Leaves bipinnate, up to 3 ft. long, collected towards ends of branches; pinnæ ab. 3 pairs; leaflets 6-12 per pinna. Flowers spicate, white, at end of branches. Pod up to 2½ in. long, oblong or elliptical, flat, coriaceous.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
Wood clear brown in colour with a fine close grain, density 0.677. It splits easily and is suited to light carpentry and furniture. Not very resistant to insect pests.
278 =Erythrophlæum guineense= Don. KURU (Wau) & THIEPAGOK (Rumbek)—Dinka; BANGI or BEI—Golo; KOLU—Jur; IRRIK & GARO—Zande. The Red Water tree or Sass wood.
Very large tree. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnæ 2-4 pairs; leaflets 6-11 per pinna. Flowers in dense spiciform panicles, small, white or pale yellow. Pod 3½ in. long and 1¾ in. broad, black, woody.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Khors).
Wood reddish brown, very heavy and hard to work, density 0.821. Close grained, fibres twisted. Suited to joinery and cabinet making. Very resistant to pests. The seeds, pods and bark are poisonous. The seeds are used by Dinkas as a test of a person’s guilt when accused of causing death by witchcraft or poison. The accused has to swallow some four of the seeds with water after these have been cut in two. If he dies he is guilty, but innocent if he is only sick.
=MIMOSACEÆ.=
279 =Parkia biglobosa= Benth.
Tree, 50 ft. high. Leaves 9-18 in. long, bipinnate; pinnæ 14-30 pairs, with sessile glands at the base of 1 or 2 last pairs; leaflets 1-nerved, 50-70 pairs. Flowers red, in pendulous globose heads. Pods several in a bunch, 8-12 in. long, depressed between the seeds.
Upper White Nile.
Wood whitish, soft, density 0.699, medium grained, very flexible. Easily worked and suited to carpentry. The dry pulp of the pods furnishes a reddish flour containing 60 per cent. of sugar which is eaten with rice and meat; it is also used in the preparation of a fermented liquor. The bark and pods are used as a fish poison.
=P. filicoidea= Welw. UMRASHAD or MUDUS—Arab; AKON—Dinka; KOFO, LU or ULU—Golo; NWANA—Jur; RU—Bongo; ABONGBA—Zande.
Large tree with dark outer bark. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnæ 6-9 pairs; leaflets 16-24 pairs, triplinerved. Flowers in dense pendulous, globose heads, ab. 1½ in. across, scarlet. Pods usually several together, flat, 8-12 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
Timber white, coarse, not durable. The mealy pulp in which the seeds are embedded is eaten. The bark is used for tanning.
280 =Entada Wahlbergii= Harv.
Slender, unarmed climber. Leaves bipinnate; pinnæ 2-4-jugate; leaflets 4-18 pairs, linear-oblong up to 1 in. long. Spikes solitary or panicled; cor. reddish-brown. Pod flat, arcuate, the chord 4-6 in. long, with up to 13 articulate divisions, sutures thick, persistent after fall of the articles.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=E. sudanica= Schwfth. SESABAN (Fung), UMKASHO (Baggara) & LAYUK (Jongol’s Post)—Arab; DEZA—Hameg.
Small tree with bipinnate leaves and large pods, the woody margins of which persist after the joints containing seeds have fallen out. Pinnæ 5-8-jugate; leaflets 14-20 pairs per pinna.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Mongalla Prov.
=E. abyssinica= Steud.
Small tree. Differs from the above by the greater number (14-18 pairs) of pinnæ and also (25-50 pairs) of leaflets in the pinnæ. Pods hardly constricted, ab. 6-12 in. long.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
281 =Piptadenia africana= Hook. f.
Tree. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnæ 9-13 pair; leaflets 30-60 pair, small, linear; pod 9 in. long and ¾ in. broad, flat, linear; seed ¾ in. long and ¼ in. broad, narrow oval, furnished with a winged membrane nearly 3 in. long; flowers in cylindrical spikes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=P. sp.=
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River: Batuka).
282 =Prosopis oblonga= Benth. ABU SURUG—Arab; AIRI, GALL & GIER—Bongo; JIER (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; IJI, INJI or JI—Golo; KADOL—Jur; DIGRA—Burun; ZANGARE & INGE—Zande.
Moderate to fairly large tree, with rough bark; pinnæ 2-3-jugate, with a sessile gland between each pair; leaflets 5-11-jugate. Leaves abruptly bipinnate. Flowers in spikes, ab. 3 in. long, white. Pod smooth, oval in cross section. Seeds dark brown.
Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla); Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada).
Wood hard, very heavy, density 1.44, regular, strong, fine grained, takes good polish, dark reddish-brown in colour, is used by Bongos and Jurs for making charcoal for iron smelting. Good for carpentry, implements, boat building. Bark used for tanning, also as an antiseptic. Pods used for poisoning fish.
283 =Amblygonocarpus Schweinfurthii= Harms. BINDI & NGUASSA—Dinka; BINDI—Jur; M’BOSSO & BISHI—Golo; DURA—Krej; GIER—Bongo.
Large tree, 1-3 ft. diam. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets broadly-elliptic, ¾ in. long, ½ in. broad, glabrous. Racemes 4 in. long. Flowers very numerous, dense, about ¼ in. long, anthers much curved. Fruits quadrangular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Golo-land & Dar Fertit).
Wood light, fine grained, easily working, useful for joinery.
284 =Dichrostachys nutans= Benth. KADADA—Arab; BARTO (J. Daier), KWĀR (Dilling) & KĒTIER (J. Eliri)—Nuba; RILEH—Bari; KĪR (White Nile), KI (Goz El Siada), KĪR & SHĪR (Mongalla)—Dinka; BAKANGO—Golo; ARBIT—Hameg; KIROH—Shilluk; TILLA or KITCHUN—Burun.
Large armed shrub, the spines being often leaf-bearing. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; pinnæ 5-10-jugate, with a stipitate gland between each pair; leaflets 12-22 pairs. Flowers in dense pink and yellow cylindrical heads; pods much twisted.
Kordofan Prov. & Southern Sudan.
Wood hard, compact, density 0.620, yellow ochre colour, good for cabinet making.
285 =Neptunia oleracea= Lour.
Aquatic herb, often floating. Leaves bipinnate; pinnæ 2-3 pair, opposite; leaflets 8-20 pair. Flowers in an oblong head, ½-1 in. long, yellow; stamens 10. Pod 1 in. long by ¼ in. wide, long-stalked.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov.
Eaten as a pot-herb.
286 =Mimosa asperata= Linn. HAB BITA EL AIN (Baggara), SHAGAR EL FAS & HABBAS—Arab; MOSAGHANI—Hameg; M’BASE—Golo.
Straggling, prickly shrub. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive; pinnæ 7-16 pair; leaflets 25-40-jugate. Flower heads globose, pinkish, on ab. 1 in. long axillary peduncles. Pod very hairy, compressed, linear-oblong, 1 in. long.
Southern Sudan (Edges of watercourses).
The fruit is used as medicine for the eyes in Kordofan.
287 =Acacia Sieberiana= DC.
Moderate-sized tree, sometimes large. Stipular thorns straight, usually short on flowering shoots. Leaves bipinnate, as in other Sudan species; pinnæ 10-30 pair, with a large gland near base of rachis; leaflets 20-40 pair. Flower-heads globose, on 1-2 in. peduncles, which are solitary below and fascicled above. Pod 6-7 in. long, 2-valved, straight or slightly curved, compressed, ¾ in. broad.
Darfur Prov.: Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods).
Wood hard, yellow ochre colour, density 0.946 heartwood, 0.851 sapwood, readily attacked by insects (white ants, etc.); useful for packing cases, light furniture, mortars, implements. A decoction of the root acts as a vermifuge.
=A. spirocarpa= Hochst. SAYAL—Arab; TAWĀR or TOWAI—Hadendowa; KANDIA (J. Daier)—Nuba; MUTU—Bari.
Large tree with bipinnate leaves and straight stipular spines. Flower- heads globose, greenish-white; pods spirally twisted. Pinnæ 4-10 pairs; leaflets 7-15 pair, very small.
Northern Sudan; Blue Nile, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
The bast yields a strong fibre. The pods are called ULLAF—Arab.
=A. tortilis= Hayne. SAMR—Arab; SANGANEIP & SANGANĒ—Hadendowa; SAKBE—Rashida.
Obconical, flat-topped, large shrub or small tree, with straight and curved spines. Flower-heads globose, whitish; pods twisted. Pinnæ 2-5 pairs, glands on rachis minute or absent, leaflets 8-12 pairs, linear- oblong.
North Sudan.
Sapwood moderately dark or brown, heartwood small, dark brown. Medullary rays fine. Pores uniform, moderate sized, in concentric lines of flat arcs. Wood fairly hard and heavy, used in the Red Sea Prov. for ribs of boats and for pulleys and blocks. It is liable to attacks of boring insects.
=A. nilotica= DC.
Characters as in the next species, but pods quite glabrous.
Red Sea Prov. (near Suakin); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Berber Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Wad Shellai).
=A. arabica= Willd. SANT, SNUT or SUNT—Arab; ALLWI (Goz El Siada)—Dinka; LENG—Burun; GARAD (Tagele)—Nuba.
Large tree with straight spines, up to 2 in. long. Flower-heads globose, yellow. Pods white, tomentose, much contracted between the seeds. Pinnæ usually 3-12 pairs with or without gland between lowest and, at times, 1 or 2 upper pairs; leaflets 10-30 pairs, linear-oblong.
North Sudan; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile (from 10° N.L. Northwards, rare South of Jebelein); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada).
=var. A. Adansonii= Guill. & Perr.
Differs from above in the pods, which are not or hardly contracted between the seeds.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid).
The young bark yields a fibre. Timber hard, heavy, density 0.945 heartwood and 0.827 sapwood, durable, short fibred and somewhat brittle, resistant to water and white ants, used for construction work and boat building, building, etc. The pods, called GARAD by Arabs, as well as the bark, used for tanning, a decoction is administered in dysentery. The pods are also used as a dye. The gum, although inferior to that of A. Verek, is an article of commerce; that from India is known as “Ghatti gum.”
=A. verugera= Schwfth. KŪK—Arab; ABELAINY (Dilling), KWEILE (J. Eliri) & KUSSI (Kadugli)—Nuba; SHEBIL—Hameg; PUKULI—Bari; KOG (Kaka), TEP (Mongalla), TIP (Renk) & TIPAGOK (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; TIAP—Shilluk; TEF—Nuer; DAGLIE—Zande.
Very large tree with grey-white bark and with straight, white spines, 1½ in. long. Pinnæ 7-14 pair, leaflets 20-30 pairs. Flowers globose, white, about ¾ in. across. Pod up to 6 in. long, slightly curved, flat, thick, ¾ in. wide, green.
Kassala Prov. (near Kassala); South of Lat. 13° N.
Wood white, not durable. The qualities of the gum have yet to be investigated.
=A. nubica= Benth. EL UT or AUD & LAOT—Arab; GAMEROT—Rashida; ANJERA (J. Daier), MAIN (Dilling), UNGUS (Tagele) & MA (J. Ghulfan)—Nuba; ANAN (Renk) & KONYAI (Kaka)—Dinka; AFIAD—Shilluk.
Obconical shrub with spines ab. ½ in. long, somewhat recurved. Pinnæ 3-12 pairs with or without 2-3 minute sessile glands; leaflets 6-15 pairs, small, oblong. Pod linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, almost narrowly-winged, yellowish, 2-3 in. long. Flowers in globose heads on 1-3 axillary peduncles.
Kassala, Red Sea, Blue Nile, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
The bark is used for tanning. The bast yields a good fibre.
=A. etbaica= Schwfth. ARRAD or GARRAD—Hadendowa and Rashida.
Small tree; extremities at first red-brown; stipular thorns straight, short. Pinnæ 3-6 pairs, without glands; leaflets 14-30 pairs. Peduncles 3-5 in each axil, bearing rather few-flowered globose heads. Pods linear, compressed, almost straight, brown, glabrous up to 3½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov.
The bark is used for tanning.
=A. Seyal= Del. TELEH (Baggara), TALH HAMRA or TALHA—Arab; ME (J. Daier), SHALEIH (Dilling), TEILI (J. Eliri) & TIRIGO (Kadugli)—Nuba; KUKATI—Bari; BI (Kaka), RATT (Renk) & TEP (Mongalla)—Dinka; MELA—Hameg; TEIB & LUOR—Nuer; ALLAD—Shilluk.
Small to middle-sized tree, with rufous bark; spines white, straight or nearly so, up to 1½ in. long. Pinnæ 11-12 pairs; leaflets 18-22 pairs. Flowers globose, yellow, about 1 in. diam. Pods ab. 3 in. long, curved, slightly contracted between the seeds.
Throughout the Sudan.
Wood white, not durable, liable to attacks of insects, especially if cut green. The gum is of good quality but inferior to that of A. Verek. The bark is used for tanning and the bast yields a fibre. Native women fumigate themselves with the wood smoke.
=A. Seyal= Del. =var. Fistula= Schwfth. TALH BEID & SOFFAR—Arab; SHALEIH WIWI (Dilling)—Nuba; BAGU—Hameg; KONAIYER (Kaka) & TEP (Mongalla)—Dinka; ASHAR—Shilluk.
South Sudan.
Much like preceding but bark white and the bases of the thorns inflated.
Moister parts of the Sudan.
Has the same qualities as Red Talh.
=A. Ehrenbergiana= Hayne. SALLAM—Arab.
Shrub with brown papery bark. Flower-heads globose, golden yellow. Spines slender, straight, also hooked. Pinnæ 1-2 pairs; leaflets 8-10 pairs, oblong. Pod narrow-linear, falcate, constricted between the seeds, up to 4½ in. long.
Northern Sudan, usually in arid tracts.
Yield a gum.
=A. stenocarpa= Hochst.
Small tree; spines straight, short. Flowers globose, yellow; pods curved as in A. Seyal. Pinnæ 4-10 pairs with at least 1 gland, sessile at base of the rachis; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear oblong.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Jebel (Nyangara); Mongalla Prov.
One of the species affording the Gum-arabic of commerce.
=A. Verek= Guill. & Perr. HASHAB & SUBAHI (Wad Medani)—Arab; KALIALMO (J. Daier) & TŪT (Dilling)—Nuba; KADOFI—Bari; ATĪYDOK (Kaka) & CHIANDOK (or CHIANDAK) (Mongalla)—Dinka; GARANDAK—MESHIRG—EDIN—Hameg; ADHWAG—Shilluk; BAM—Nuer.
Small to moderate-sized tree; spines 3, stout, sharp, dark brown, short, two straight and one recurved. Pinnæ 3-5 pairs; leaflets 10-15 pairs. Flowers in lax cylindrical spikes, white. Pods thin, straight, papery, 3 in. long.
Southern Nubia; From Berber Province to Mongalla; Fung, Darfur & Kordofan Provinces.
Wood dark, durable. This tree yields the best gum of commerce.
=A. glaucophylla= Steud. HASHAB (Kassala & Karora)—Arab.
Large shrub or small tree, glabrous, or extremities puberulous; infra- stipular prickles 2-3, short, straight or slightly recurved, often absent. Pinnæ 3-6-jugate, with small gland at base of rachis; leaflets 12-20 pairs, oblong. Spikes 1-3 in axils; flowers white. Pod linear, flat, narrowed each end, 3-4 in. long.
Between Suakin & Berber (Omareg); Kassala Prov. (J. Kassala); Red Sea Prov. (Karora hills).
=A. mellifera= Benth. KITTIR—Arab; KAWTAW (J. Daier) & URŪM (Kadugli)—Nuba; NARAH (Renk)—Dinka.
Small tree or shrub; infra-stipular prickles 2, short, recurved. Pinnæ 2-jugate; leaflets 1 pair per pinna, obovate-oblong or -rotundate. Spikes axillary, fascicled, white. Pod 2 in. long, flat, oblong.
Red Sea Prov. (between Sinkat & Erkowit & Katai Geraite); Around Kassala & Gedaref routes; From Khartoum to Upper Nile Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Wad Medani to Sennar); Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
This tree, which grows gregariously, forms often most impenetrable thorny thickets. The fibre from the liber is largely used in making sacks to hold gum.
=A. læta= R. Br.
Small tree; prickles short, black, shining. Pinnæ 2-3 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oblanceolate, oblong. Spikes axillary, solitary or fascicled. Pod 2-3 in. long, flat, oblong, often once or twice constricted, coriaceous.
Red Sea Prov. (J. Waratab, near Suakin); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Nyemati); Kordofan Prov.
=A. albida= Del. HARAZ—Arab; SIRTU (J. Daier), NAGAN (Tagele), URĀD (Dilling & J. Ghulfan) & FORWEK (Kadugli)—Nuba.
The largest of Sudan Acacias; branches whitish; spines short, straight. Flowers white, in spikes, which are axillary, solitary or in pairs. Pinnæ 4-6 pairs, with a gland between each pair; leaflets 7-17 pairs, oblong. Pod 2-5 in. long, flat, curved, often sinuous.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); From Dongola to Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Blue Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
Wood white, liable to attacks of insects, used for boat-building. Pod fleshy, somewhat twisted, called KHARUMA by Arabs, good cattle fodder.
=A. Suma= Kurz. KAKAMŪT & SINEIN—Arab; PANKAJA (Dilling)—Nuba; FIIT (Renk) & PAIT (Kaka)—Dinka; ODU—Hameg; NIARUD—Shilluk; NGWER—Nuer; VURRA—Zande.
Small to moderate-sized tree with dark, fissured bark. Prickles broad- based, sharply recurved. Pinnæ 10-30 pairs, with a gland at the base of each pair and another below the first pair; leaflets 30-50 pairs. Flowers in pale-yellow spikes. Pods 3-4 in. long, crustaceous, brown when ripe.
Fung, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces; Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Mongalla Prov.
Usually in more or less wet ground. Timber dark coloured, strong, used in making ploughs. The wood probably yields a Catechu.
=A. hecatophylla= Steud.
Tree, branches hoary-tomentose; prickles short, recurved. Pinnæ 10-30 pairs; leaflets 30-50 pairs, larger than in A. Suma, Kurz, oblong, obtuse. Flowering spikes white, solitary or fascicled. Pod oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, 7 in. long.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=A. ataxacantha= DC.
Small tree or shrub, with short, decurved, scattered prickles. Leaf- rachis with a raised gland near the base; pinnæ 7-15 pairs; leaflets 20-40 pairs, linear-subfalcate. Flower spikes dense, white, solitary or in pairs, axillary. Pod broad-linear, flat, papery.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi); Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=A. macrostachya= Reichenb.
Tree, green parts rusty-tomentose; prickles short, recurved, scattered. Leaf-rachis with a sessile gland near the base; pinnæ 14-30 pairs; leaflets 25-50 pairs, linear, subfalcate. Spikes 3-4 in. long, axillary, fascicled.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
=A. pennata= Willd.
Scandent shrub; prickles sharp, recurved, scattered over branchlets, under petioles and on inflorescence. Pinnæ 8-20 pairs; leaflets up to 70 pairs. Flower-heads globular, white or pale yellow. Pod reddish-brown, thin, ab. 4 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé & Bongo-land).
=A. near reficiens= Wawra & Peyr. SALGAM (Kordn.)—Arab; IMGYEN (Dilling)—Nuba.
Tree, in habit not unlike A. spirocarpa; twigs nodose; spines straight, up to 1½ in. long. Flowers not seen; pods curved, somewhat turgid. Bark dark and rough; heartwood dark brown. Leaflets about 15 pairs, oblong, ⅙ in. long, ciliate.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (from Sungikai South).
Heartwood very dark brown. Exudes a gum.
=A. near gummifera= Willd. MIT—Bari.
Tall tree, with habit and bark of A. arabica; timber light red, without heartwood. Flowers not seen; pods curved, somewhat turgid.
Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
=A. near papyracea= Hochst.
Prickles ⅙ in. long, hairy at the base. Leaflets about 15 pairs, oblong, ⅙ in. long, veinless, glabrous. Flowers in heads about ⅓ in. diam. Fruits not seen.
Kordofan Prov. (J. Kon).
=A. sp. near albida= Del.
Small tree, 15-20 ft. high. Leaflets about 25 pairs, linear-oblong, rounded at the apex, glaucous, ⅓ in. long, the lowermost pair very small. Flowers in spikes, white; pod not seen.
Mongalla Prov. (Lado).
=A. Farnesiana= Willd.
Shrub; spines straight, stipular. Pinnæ 4-8 pairs; leaflets 12-20 pairs. Flower-heads globose, deep yellow, sweet-scented; pod 2-3 in. long, turgid.
Introduced.
288 =Albizzia amara= Boivin. ARRADA—Arab; SUK (J. Daier), ORBOL (Dilling) & MINKIGILI (Kadugli)—Nuba; MĪLLOA (Goz El Siada)—Dinka; BIMYA—Burun.
Unarmed moderate-sized to large tree. Leaves bipinnate; pinnæ 10-20 pairs; leaflets 25-35 pairs, linear. Flower-heads dense, ab. 1 in. in diameter, yellow or pinkish. Pod linear-oblong, 4-8 in. long, edges undulate.
Blue Nile Prov. (Sheikh Talha); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (between Meshra El Rek & Tonj); Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Goz El Siada).
Timber strong; yields a gum.
=A. anthelmintica= A. Brongn. TĀKIRNI, UMTAKIRNI, UMGIRSH & GERFET EL DŪD (All Kordofan)—Arab; EIBELAINY (Dilling)—Nuba; AGWAR—Shilluk.
Moderate-sized tree, with smooth, grey bark, unarmed. Leaves bipinnate with 1 or more sessile glands on the rachis. Pinnæ 1-4 pairs; leaflets 2-5 pairs, the upper larger, sometimes up to 1¾ in. long, obliquely obovate, mucronate. Flower-heads fascicled or solitary in upper axils, whitish. Pod 2-6 in. long, sinuous, crustaceous.
White Nile Prov.; Kordofan & Nuba Mts. Prov. (from Habbania southwards); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf W.S.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Deim Guju).
Heartwood red, very hard, durable, works well. The bark (?) is used by Abyssinians against Tape-worm.
=A. ferruginea= Benth. ?SIAP—Dinka; BEKILI & BIRI—Golo; M’BALIM—Bongo; N’ZANGARNE—Zande.
Medium-sized tree with rusty pubescence. Pinnæ 3-6 pairs; leaflets 8-16 pairs, oblong, obtuse, ab. ½ in. long. Flower-heads capitate, more or less silky. Pod straight, linear, 4-6 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
=A. Lebbek= Benth. LABAKH, LEBBEK—Arab.
Large tree with dark-grey bark. Pinnæ 2-4 pairs; leaflets 5-9 pairs, rather large, unequal sided. Flowers white in few flowered heads. Pod up to 12 in. long, up to 2 in. wide, linear-oblong, thin, pale yellow.
Introduced as a shade-tree.
Wood handsome, brown, fine grained, takes a good polish, is known in the trade as “Indian Walnut.” Does not last long in exposed situations. The bark is used for tanning and the seeds are astringent. The tree yields a gum not unlike Gum-arabic.
=A. Aylmeri= Hutch. SEREIRA, GARADAYA—Arab.
Large tree, 75 ft. high, 8 ft. in girth. Leaflets oblong-elliptic, rounded on one side, cuneate on the other at the base, 1-1½ in. long, ½-1 in. broad, glaucous green and puberulous below, with about 8 pairs of looped lateral nerves. Peduncle 1½ in. long, thinly pubescent. Calyx- lobes villous. Fruit 8 in. long, 1¼ in. broad, glabrous, obscurely transversely nervose.
Fung Prov. (River Dinder).
=A. Brownei= Walp. ?ĀKATAGAN—Jur.
Moderate-sized tree. Leaf-rachis with 1 sessile gland at base and another between uppermost pinnæ; pinnæ 2-3 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, rhomboid to ovate, up to 3 in. long. Flower-heads forming broad corymbose racemes, 3-4 in. long. Pod linear-oblong, 4-6 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur & Bongo-lands, Dar Fertit); Mongalla Prov. (Yambi Khor).
Wood is durable and suitable for building purposes.
=A. Welwitschii= Oliv.
Large tree, up to 80 ft. high; extremities glabrous or tawny-puberulous. Leaf-rachis 3-10 in. long, with 1 gland near the base and 1 or more above; pinnæ 3-5 pairs; leaflets 4-8 pairs obliquely ovate to rhomboid, up to 2 in. long. Flower-heads forming short terminal corymbs or 1-2 together, axillary. Pod straight or slightly curved, 4-5 in. long.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).
=A. sp.= MANDOMI—Bari.
Tree, 30-40 ft. Leaflets 4 pairs, very obliquely oblong, about 1½ in. long, ¾ in. broad, glabrous, except the puberulous midrib. Fruits 5½ in. long, 1 in. broad, reticulate.
Mongalla Prov. (Sillitoe No. 191).
=A. sp.= BENDE—Golo or Dinka.
Fruits flat, 5 in. long, 1 in. broad, glabrous. Seeds broadly elliptic, flat, ½ in. long, with a large wrinkled aril.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (by the Pongo River, 8° N.L.)
=PAPILIONACEÆ.=
289 =Lotononis Leobordea= Benth.
Small procumbent herb, silky pubescent. Flowers 2-5, sessile, in axils of 3-fol. leaves; calyx with 4 upper teeth more or less connate; corolla yellow; stamens 10, monadelphous, the tube slit along the top. Pod length of calyx, linear-oblong, turgid.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab).
290 =Rothia hirsuta= Baker.
Small annual; corolla white to pale violet; stamens 10, monadelphous; tubes slit along the top; calyx deeply 5-cleft. Pod lanceolate, inflated. Leaves 3-fol.
Khartoum & Kordofan Provinces.
291 =Crotalaria thebaica= DC. TAKTAKA (Atbara), UMANKEIT or NUTTASH (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Shrubby herb; flowers pale yellow; stamens 10, monadelphous, in a tube slit along the top; style abruptly bent upwards in this genus; pod ¼ in. long. Leaves simple, sessile, oblong, silky.
North Sudan; Between Goz Regeb & Kassala; Berber Prov. (Atbara); Kordofan Prov. (North & West); Darfur Prov. (60 m. N.E. of El Fasher).
Used as one of the ingredients to cure gonorrhœa.
=C. Vogelii= Benth.
Erect, hairy herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves simple, linear to linear- lanceolate. Flowers in lax racemes, yellow, veined purple. Pod ⅜ in. long, linear-oblong.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. calycina= Schrank.
Erect herb, 1-2 ft. high, or more, very hairy; leaves variable, nearly sessile, simple. Flowers large, hairy, yellow, 4-8 in terminal racemes, peduncles stout, deflexed in fruit, bracts in pairs, beneath each flower; calyx large, equalling petals; pod rather short, glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. sphærocarpa= Guill. & Perr.
Annual with 3-fol. leaves; leaflets sessile, linear-oblong. Flowers in long-stalked, lax racemes; cor. yellow. Pod roundish-oblong, ⅙ in. long.
Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land & Niamniam-land).
=var. angustifolia= Hochst.
Leaflets linear-oblong, sessile, glabrous above, appressed-pubescent below. Racemes many-flowered, 3-6 in. long. Pods sessile, obovoid, ¼ in. long, pubescent, often 2-seeded.
Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
=var. grandiflora= Schwfth.
Leaflets linear-oblanceolate. Flowers larger: keel ¼-⅓ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=C. atrorubens= Hochst.
Herb 18 in. to 3 ft. high; corolla yellow, tinged with red; pod sessile, ⅜ in. long, silky. Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3, subsessile, terminal, one oblanceolate, silky beneath.
Kordofan Prov., Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=C. ononoides= Benth.
Herb. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, acute, 1-2 in. long, pubescent below. Pod sessile, glabrous, ⅓ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai).
=C. lupinioides= Hochst.
Shrubby plant. Fl. yellow in elongate racemes; pod much curved upwards, filled with silky hairs. Leaflets 3, subsessile.
Nubia (between Suakin & Berber); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Berber Prov.
=C. spinosa= Hochst.
Shrubby, spiny annual, 6-18 in. high. Leaflets 3, emarginate. Flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs from the axils of spines.
Widely distributed in White Nile & Bahr El Jebel; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nganye).
=C. laburnifolia= Linn.
Semi-shrubby herb. Leaves 3-fol.; keel of corolla very long-beaked; pod long-stalked, inflated.
Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
=C. near laburnifolia= Linn.
Shrub plant, under cultivation reaching 8-10 ft. in height. Corolla yellow, not streaked with purple; keel much recurved.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling).
=C. polysperma= Kotschy.
Rufous, villous herb. Leaflets 3, short-stalked, obovate-oblong. Flowers 6-8, in lax, lateral, long-peduncled racemes.
White Nile Prov.
=C. polysperma= Kotschy. =subspecies C. Grantii= Baker. TAKTAKA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; DIAGNE (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Villous herb; corolla blue in bud. Pod subsessile, turgid, with fine brown hairs; seeds 30-40.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf & southwards).
=C. intermedia= Kotschy.
Annual, 2-3 ft. high. Corolla usually yellow, but in specimens from the Bahr El Jebel it is much streaked with purple and sometimes quite purple.
Upper Nile Prov. (Tonga: Ragaba); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land); Mongalla Prov. (Gemeiza & Mongalla); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The Bongos make strong string from its fibre.
=C. brevidens= Benth.
Erect herb. Leaflets 3, subsessile, glabrous, linear. Flowers in few- flowered terminal racemes. Pod cylindrical, glabrous, 1½ in. long.
Nubia.
=C. cannabina= Schwfth. URU—Golo; KHOLO—Bongo; AWIRKI—Zande.
Tall, shrubby herb, erect, stems sulcate, winged. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong or oblong-elliptic, 2-4½ in. long. Flowers large, numerous, in racemes. Pods oblong-cylindric, 1½-2 in. long, becoming glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Niamniam & Bongo lands).
The fibre is used for ropes and in Bongo-land the plant is cultivated.
=C. maxillaris= Klotzsch. ABKILEH (Atbara) SAFEIRA, SABARIG & TAWILA (Abu Haraz, Blue Nile)—Arab.
Shrubby herb, 2-3 ft. high, downy. Leaflets 3, subsessile, oblong. Racemes terminal, many-flowered; corolla yellow. Pod oblong, very silky, ⅜ in. long.
Berber Prov. (near El Damer); Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Tueir & El Greo); Darfur Prov.
=C. Forbesii= Baker.
Undershrub, 12-18 in. high, densely grey-downy. Flowers yellowish, axillary, solitary or in pairs. Pod silky, under ½ in. long.
Fung Prov. (Abu Naama).
=C. Dilloniana= Baker.
Herb; leaflets 3, glabrous, central one 3½ in. long and 1 in. broad. Pod ¾ in. long, linear, deflexed on elongated terminal racemes.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=C. Quartiniana= A. Rich.
Silky herb, 1 ft. high. Leaflets 3, central one 1½ in. long. Racemes lateral, 3-4 flowered; corolla reddish. Pod 1 in. long and ½ in. thick, glabrous.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei); Kordofan (Obeid).
=C. microphylla= Vahl.
Tufted herb, up to 1 ft. high. Leaflets 3, very small, sessile. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, yellow. Pod oblong, glabrous, under ½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Geteina).
=C. microcarpa= Hochst.
Herb, 6-12 in. high, thinly brown-silky. Leaflets 3, central one ½ in. long, linear-oblong. Flowers yellow, in clusters of 2-4. Pod ¼ in. long, silky.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=var. Dawei= Baker fil.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
Rather woody; cor. tinged with red. Leaves rather broader than in type.
Mongalla Prov. (Bari-land).
=var. Sudanica= Baker fil.
Slender annual. Leaves narrow, ashy grey; racemes lax, 2-3 flowered. Pod sessile, sub-globose.
Nuba Mts. Prov.
=C. podocarpa= DC.
Herb 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 3, sessile, oblanceolate. Flowers axillary, 2-3 together, yellow. Pod up to 1 in. long and ½ in. thick.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=C. goreensis= Guill. & Perr.
Shrubby herb, 1-3 ft. high. Stipules ¼ to ½ in. long, lanceolate- falcate. Flowers 10-20 in dense heads, yellow tinged with red. Pod oblong ¾ in. long.
Nubia; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).
=C. Deflersii= Schwfth. (= =C. senegalensis= Bacle). FARTAGA (Bl. Nile)—Arab.
Bushy herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 3-fol.; leaflets sessile, oblong to oblanceolate. Racemes terminal, 20-30 flowered; corolla bright yellow. Pod about ½ in. long, 10-12 seeded.
Red Sea Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Upper); White Nile Prov. (Hillet Abbas); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=C. elata= Welw.
Erect undershrub, 2-3 ft. high. Leaflets 3, oblong-lanceolate, adpressed brown silky below. Flowers yellow, 1 in. long, 3-6 together on short leaf-opposed peduncles. Pod oblong, subsessile 1½ in. long, with dense brown silky hairs.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=C. pycnostachya= Benth.
Herb, about 18 in. high. Leaflets 3, central one 1 in. long. Flowers 20-50 in dense lateral racemes 2-3 in. long. Pod cylindrical, ⅜ in. long, downy.
Fung Prov. (near Roseires).
=C. astragalina= Hochst.
Herb, about 1 ft. high. Leaflets 3, central one 1½ in. long. Flowers 6-12 in dense lateral racemes, yellow, streaked with purple. Pod cylindrical, ½ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: by the Gendua River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=C. bongensis= Baker fil.
Annual with slender branches. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 0.5 cm. broad, pilose beneath. Racemes axillary. Flowers small. Pod subsessile, oblong, 7-8 cm. long, at first densely pubescent, 8-seeded.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, Jur-land: Jur Ghattas).
=C. retusa= Linn. URU—Golo.
Woody herb. Leaves simple, oblanceolate, sessile, 2 in. long. Racemes 4-6 in. long, terminal. Corolla yellow. Pod linear, 1½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
The fibre is used for ropes and nets.
=C. falcata= Vahl.
Shrubby, 2-3 ft. high. Leaflets 3, obovate, central one 1½ in. long. Racemes lax, terminal and axillary; cor. yellow, keel much upcurved. Pod 1½ in. long, cylindrical.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat River, Nasser).
=C. striata= DC. BIRBUS—Arab; URU—Golo.
Erect woody herb, up to 6 ft. high. Pod glabrous, 20-30 seeded, ½ in. long. Cor. bright yellow. Leaflets 3.
Nubia; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The fibre is used in the Bahr El Ghazal for making nets for catching big game.
=C. zanzibarica= Benth.
Small undershrub. Flowers yellow; legumes oblong. Racemes terminal of 10-20 flowers.
Upper White Nile Prov. (between Abwong & Nasser).
=C. platycalyx= Steud.
Bushy herb; cor. white or yellow; keel long-beaked, much upcurved. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Pod long-stalked, cylindrical, ab. 1½ in. long. Leaflets 3, central one 2½ in. long.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf to Malakal).
292 =Lupinus Termis= Forsk. TIRMIS—Arab.
Silky herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves digitate, 5-7 fol. Racemes of 4-12 flowers. Cor. blue and white. Pod 3 in. long and ab. ½ in. thick.
Sudan North.
Cultivated for the seed which is highly nutritious and credited with mild medicinal properties.
293 =Argyrolobium abyssinicum= Jaub. & Spach.
Herb, 6-18 in. high. Leaves 3-fol.; leaflets linear or oblanceolate. Racemes axillary, 2-3 flowered; calyx bilabiate, the two upper teeth free; cor. pale yellow. Pod linear, grey silky, ab. 1 in. long.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21°-22° N.L.); Blue Nile Prov. (Upper).
=A. Schimperianum= Hochst.
Small shrub. Leaves 3-fol.; leaflets obovate, blunt, not more than 1 in. long. Flowers 3-8 in terminal heads, yellow. Pod linear brown-silky.
Kordofan Prov.
294 =Trigonella Fœnum-græcum= Linn. HELBA—Arab.
Annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 3, obovate-cuneate. Flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs, axillary. Pod linear-falcate, 2-4 in. long.
Northern Sudan. (Cultivated as a vegetable.)
The seeds yield a yellow dye; the yellow decoction gives a fine permanent green with Sulphate of Copper. Medicinally the seeds are used to cure dyspepsia, diarrhœa and dysentery.
=T. hamosa= Linn.
Annual. Leaflets 3, obovate-cuneate, the upper margin inciso-crenate. Flowers yellow, 6-12 in axillary racemes. Pod linear-falcate.
Dongola Prov. (Opposite Letti); Berber Prov. (Shendi); Khartoum; White Nile; Kordofan Prov. (Habaga).
=T. occulta= Del.
Annual; leaflets toothed near apex; stipules deeply laciniate from the apex. Flowers yellow, in axillary clusters of 2-4. Pod elliptical, reticulated.
Khartoum, Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
The seeds are sometimes used for dysentery; the plants and pods are eaten as a pot-herb.
=T. laciniata= Linn.
Diffuse glabrous annual. Stipules laciniate; leaflets 3, deeply serrated. Racemes of 6-12 axillary, yellow flowers. Pod linear oblong, transversely veined.
Dongola Prov.
295 =Medicago sativa= Linn. BERSĪM HEGAZI—Arab. Lucerne.
Herb; pod spirally contorted, so as to form 2 or 3 flat spires. Leaflets 3, linear-oblanceolate, serrate on upper margin; stipules narrow. Flowers violet or blue, in axillary racemes.
Introduced.
The Arabian variety is mostly cultivated in the Sudan. Under irrigation it is an excellent fodder crop.
296 =Trifolium fragiferum= Linn.
Herb; heads globular; flowers small; calyx inflated after flowering. Leaflets 3, obovate, toothed.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=T. procumbens= Linn.
Slender, glabrous or slightly downy annual; flower-heads loosely globular. Leaflets obovate or obcordate, toothed.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=T. alexandrinum= Linn. BERSĪM BALADI—Arab.
Glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Flowers 20-30 in. in dense oblong, long- stalked heads, yellow. Pod minute. Leaflets sessile, obovate-cuneate, toothed.
Northern Sudan (cultivated).
297 =Lotus nubicus= Hochst.
Procumbent herb, 3-6 in. high; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-5, the lowest pair close to the axil. Flowers reddish-yellow, 1-4 together with a leaflet-like bract at the base of the cluster. Pod linear-oblong, small.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab, etc.); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol, etc.).
=L. arabicus= Linn. LŪTABELAIN (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; AKIA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Prostrate or procumbent herb with thick rootstock. Leaflets 5. Flowers reddish, 2-4 together with a leaflet-like bract. Pod linear, slightly torulose up to 1½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L. & Akik); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf to Khor Attar).
It is said to be poisonous to cattle when young.
=L. glinoides= Del.
Shrubby herb, 6-12 in. high. Leaflets 5. Flowers reddish, 1-4 together, with a 3-fol. bract. Pod linear, subtorulose.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab).
=L. Garcini= DC.
Shrubby herb, 6-12 in. high. Leaflets 3. Flowers reddish, solitary, axillary sessile. Pod linear, nearly ½ in. long.
White Nile Prov.
=L. sp. near L. Ehrenbergii= Schwfth.
Small herb, woody at base; stems and leaves villous; leaflets very small, obovate. Flowers 3-4 in a cluster, pink. Pods linear, ¾ in. long, pilose.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=L. corniculatus= Linn.
Decumbent or ascending herb, usually small; leaflets 5, of which the lower pair is close to the stem; flowers in an umbel of 5 or more; pod cylindrical.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: high elevation).
=L. sp.=
Stems elongated, sparsely leafy, pilose. Leaves small, villous. Flowers ½ in. long; calyx lobes subulate, 2 mm. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).
298 =Psoralea plicata= Del. RUBL or RUML (N. Kordn.)—Arab; HURGIG—Hadendowa.
Low spiny shrub. Leaflets 3, deeply crenate and silvery pubescent. Flowers 4-6 in axillary spikes; cor. creamy white. Pod villose, black.
Kassala Prov. (Um Adam); Berber Prov. (Nile banks); Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Fung Prov. (Singa); Kordofan Prov.
299 =Cyamopsis senegalensis= Guill. & Perr.
Herb, 6-12 in. high. Leaves 3-7 pinnately fol. Flowers 4-6 in axillary racemes, reddish. Pod linear, subtetragonous.
Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Dimehadit); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
300 =Indigofera linifolia= Retz.
Annual, 6-9 in. high; leaves simple; pod globose. Flowers red, in axillary racemes. Anthers, in this genus, with apiculate connective.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
It is given medicinally in febrile eruptions.
=I. Dewevrei= M. Mich.
Undershrub; stems angular. Leaves simple, linear, very acute, 2-2½ in. long, shortly strigose-pubescent on both sides. Fls. axillary, solitary.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).
=I. tetrasperma= Schum. & Thonn.
Much branched undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves simple linear. Flowers scarlet, 1-2 in axils of leaves. Pod linear with a mucro.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Agada, Bongo-land: Sabbi).
=I. bongensis= Kotschy & Peyr.
Small procumbent herb. Leaves simple, obovate. Fl. purple, in axillary racemes. Pod narrow-linear, silky, ¾ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land & Bongo-land).
=I. achyranthoides= Taubert.
Stems short from a woody rhizome, minutely pubescent. Leaves simple, obovate-oblanceolate, acutely mucronate, very closely appressed- puberulous. Racemes spike-like, axillary, 3½ in. long. Fls. at length reflexed; calyx-lobes subulate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau).
=I. Schweinfurthii= Taubert.
Leaves simple or up to 4-foliate; leaflets linear-oblanceolate acutely mucronate, up to 2 in. long and ⅙ in. broad, appressed-setulose. Racemes much longer than the leaves. Fls. very small.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Kutshuk Ali & Bongo-land: by the Lehsi River).
=I. arenaria= A. Rich.
Small herb densely branched from base. Leaves usually simple rarely 3-5 fol. Flowers axile in subsessile abbreviated racemes; cor. bright purple. Pod narrow-linear, silky, ½ in. long.
Suakin to Berber (Obak); Dongola Prov.
=I. pulchra= Vahl.
Undershrub, 2-5 ft. high. Leaflets 3-7. Infl. various, panicled or solitary; cor. scarlet, silky outside. Pod small, oblong, villose.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Kutshuk Ali).
=I. diphylla= Vent.
Woolly herb or undershrub, up to 2 ft. high. Leaflets 2, terminal one longer. Fl. pink in short dense, axillary racemes. Pod linear, beaked silky, ½ in. long.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (50 m. east of El Fasher).
=I. bracteolata= DC. DERMA (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 3-5. Racemes with a leaflet-like bract at the base of each reddish flower. Pod small, oblong, mucronate.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); North Kordofan Prov. (W. of Mazrul); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=I. strobilifera= Hochst.
Herb, 1 ft. high. Leaflets 5-7. Flowers in dense heads with large roundish bracts concealing the flowers. Pod small, oblong, subterete, mucronate.
White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
=I. spinosa= Forsk. SANGADD—Hadendowa.
Branched shrub, with rigid spines 1½ in. long. Leaves simple and 3-fol. Flowers red, solitary from the spines. Pod ½ in. long, linear, mucronate, subtorulose.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit to 22° N.L.); between Suakin and Berber (Wadi Arab).
=I. sparsa= Baker. =var. bongensis= Baker fil.
Herb 9 in. high. Leaflets 3-7. Flowers red, solitary or in pairs, axillary. Pod linear, glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir).
=I. suaveolens= Jaub. & Spach.
Woody erect herb. Leaflets 3. Flowers solitary to 4 clustered laxly. Pod linear, subtetragonous, 1 in. long.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces; Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=I. viscosa= Lam.
Herb, 1-4 ft. high, branches clothed with glandular hairs; leaflets 7-13. Racemes axillary, 4-6 flowered. Cor. reddish. Pod linear, 1 in. long.
Fung. Prov. (Saoleil); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=I. pilosa= Vahl.
Small herb, densely silky. Leaflets 3. Flowers solitary to 4 together, axillary, pink. Pod linear, black when ripe.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (Um Durein); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).
=I. dendroides= Jacq.
Erect herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 21-31. Racemes lax, 8-12 flowered; cor. pink. Pod narrow-linear, 1½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai).
=I. parviflora= Heyne.
Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 5-7. Fl. lilac, in short axillary racemes. Pod linear, deflexed, silvery when young.
Nubia; Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Mongalla Prov.
=I. stenophylla= Guill. & Perr.
Tall herb. Leaflets 7-13 short pet.; flowers purple or pink in lax axillary racemes. Pod linear-mucronate, up to 2 in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov.
=I. Welwitschii= Baker.
Branched annual, 1 ft. high. Leaflets 3. Racemes of 4-9 bright red flowers. Pod linear, upcurved.
Bahr El Ghazal (Bongo-land: Addai & Gir).
=I. pseudo-subulata= Baker fil.
Herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate; leaflets oblong or narrowly obovate. Racemes many-coloured; peduncle whitish hairy. Pod straight, recurved at the apex, hairy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi & Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River).
=I. subulata= Vahl.
Annual or biennial, 2-3 ft. high. Leaflets 5. Racemes lax, axillary, of ab. 20 flowers; cor. lilac. Pods narrow-linear, deflexed, 1-2 in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).
=I. hirsuta= Linn.
Villous herb, 2-3 ft. high, with spreading reddish hair. Leaves 5-7 fol. Racemes dense, 2-5 in. long; cor. scarlet; pods deflexed, hairy, linear ¾ in. long.
Blue Nile Prov. (J. Moya); White Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Opposite Tonga); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Um Durein); Mongalla Prov. (Kagulu, Yei River District); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=I. paucifolia= Del. DAHASSIR—Arab; LO (Kenissa)—Dinka.
Bushy undershr. with variable leaves; leaflets 3-7; pods torulose, linear, hoary. Flowers in dense axillary racemes; cor. scarlet, silvery outside.
Northern Sudan; Blue Nile, White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
Good camel fodder. The root, boiled in milk used as a purgative.
=I. oblongifolia= Forsk. DAHASSIR (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Shrub, silver in all its parts. Leaflets 3-5, obovate-oblong, appressed pubescent on both surfaces, about ½ in. long. Pod torulose, glaucous, 6-8-seeded, ⅔ in. long.
Khartoum Prov. (6th Cataract); Blue Nile and Kordofan Provinces.
=I. astragalina= DC.
Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 7-11, white hairy. Racemes dense, 1-4 in. long. Cor. yellow; pods narrow-linear, ½ in. long.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Surutj).
=I. alternans= DC.
Prostrate herb with silvery hairs. Leaflets 7-9. Racemes dense 12-20 flowered. Cor. violet; pods deflected, linear, ½ in. long.
Darfur Prov. (foothills of Jeb. Marra 5,000 ft.).
=var. paucijuga= Schwfth.
Leaflets 3-5. Pods ⅓ in. long.
Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Haraza).
=I. semitrijuga= Forsk. EL SHEREI’A (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Bushy herb, glaucous-silvery. Leaflets 3 pairs and an odd one, which is stalked. Racemes 6-12 flowered. Pods linear, ¾ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (coast); between Suakin & Berber; Berber Prov. (near Abu Hamed); Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
=I. Garckeana= Vatke.
Shrub with winged stems. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 7-11, ovate or elliptic, 1½-2 cm. long, about 1 cm. broad, finely appressed-pubescent. Racemes dense, ¾ as long as the leaves, with long linear bracts. Pods reflexed, 2 in. long, strigose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=I. Quartiniana= A. Rich.
Undershrub, 2-3 ft. high. Leaflets 5-7, thinly silky. Racemes short; cor. purplish. Pod linear, spreading, 1½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (coast, 22° N.L.).
=I. Binderi= Kotschy.
Scabrous undershrub. Leaflets 3-7, obovate, emarginate and mucronate. Racemes of ab. 20 flowers.
White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land: Addai).
=I. Schimperi= Jaub. & Spach.
Much branched shrub, up to 10 ft. high, silvery. Leaflets 5-7, obovate. Flowers purplish, ab. 20 in close, axillary racemes. Pod linear, 1 in. long, deflexed.
Red Sea Prov.
=I. secundiflora= Poir.
Bushy herb, clothed with red or greyish hairs mixed with stalked glands. Leaves subsessile, 9-13 fol. Racemes dense; cor. reddish. Pod linear- oblong, ¾ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=I. microcarpa= Desv.
Canescent annual or biennial. Leaflets 8-12, opposite, oblanceolate, rounded at the apex. Racemes rather lax-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Pods ellipsoid, ⅙ in. long, strigose.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).
=I. articulata= Gouan.
Shrub, up to 12 ft. high, very glaucous. Leaflets 9, opposite, obovate, appressed-pubescent. Racemes about ⅓ as long as the leaves. Pods sickle- shaped, tomentose, torulose, ½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov. (Barbadiap, Atbara); Blue Nile Prov. (J. Kon); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé); Red Sea Prov. (Khor Aiet).
=I. argentea= Linn. NIL BALADI—Arab.
Much-branched shrub, silvery. Leaflets 9, silvery on both sides, obovate. Racemes of 12-20 yellow flowers. Pod falcate, terete, deflected, ½ in. long.
Nubia; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).
Yields an indigo.
=I. arrecta= Hochst.
Much-branched shrub, silky. Leaflets 13-17, oblanceolate, turn black when dried. Racemes of 6-12 yellow flowers. Pod deflexed, linear, up to ¾ in. long.
Blue Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, near Gindi, 7,400 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land & Mittu-land).
The chief Indigo producing plant in Africa, largely cultivated in Java.
=I. tinctoria= Linn.
Bushy shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with white appressed hairs. Leaflets 7-11; pod linear, cylindrical, apiculate.
Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
Yields a large percentage of the Indigo of commerce. It is also suitable for green manure.
=I. emarginella= Steud.
Undershrub, 3-4 ft. high, almost glabrous. Leaflets 9, obovate, apex rounded, mucronate. Flowers yellow, in dense axillary conical racemes. Pod narrow-linear, deflexed, ¾ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Sueh River).
=I. anabaptista= Steud.
Branched shrub. Leaflets 3-5 oblong-oblanceolate up to 1 in. long, appressed-pilose. Racemes very short. Flowers and pods reflexed, the latter curved, flat, ¾ in. long, laxly pubescent.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Berber Prov. (Zeidab & Shendi); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=I. aspera= Perr.
Herb, 1 ft. or more high. Leaflets 5, linear-lanceolate, silvery. Flowers pink, 20-30 in axillary racemes, 2-3 in. long. Pod deflexed, narrow-linear, 1 in. long.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
=I. arabica= Jaub. & Spach.
Branched, bushy herb, silky. Leaflets 3-5 obovate, lateral ones often folded, with decurved point. Racemes axillary short, of 6-10 scarlet flowers. Pod linear-oblong, mucronate, subtorulose, under ½ in. long.
White Nile Prov.
=I. cordifolia= Roth.
Bushy herb, 6-9 in. high, densely villous. Leaves simple, cordate-ovate. Flowers red, in dense axillary clusters, 3-6 together. Pods oblong, cuspidate, minute.
Nubia; Blue Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
=I. conjugata= Baker
Shrubby; branches almost 4-angled. Leaflets 3, the terminal one up to 2½ in. long and up to ½ in. broad. Racemes axillary; short-stalked, of 20 fl. and more. Cor. yellowish. Pod deflexed, linear, 1 in. long.
White Nile Prov.
=I. capitata= Kotschy.
Shrub. Leaflets 7-9. Flowers in dense, rounded terminal heads, 1 in. broad; bracts pinnate. Pod oblong, small.
White Nile & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
=I. parvula= Del.
Trailing herb; leaflets 3, small cuneate. Flowers in lax, subsessile clusters of 2-4. Pod linear, ½ in. long.
Nubia; Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=I. costata= Guill. & Perr.
Scabrous herb. Leaflets 13-15. Racemes slender, axillary, 2-3 in. long. Cor. pink. Pod linear, deflexed, 1 in. long.
Darfur Prov.
=I. oxalidea= Welw.
Small herb. Leaflets 3-5, the lateral ones alternate. Racemes lax, of 6-20 purplish flowers. Pod deflexed, linear, under ½ in. long; style persistent.
Fung Prov. (Harun forest); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=I. endecaphylla= Jacq.
Bushy herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaflets 7-9, oblong. Racemes dense, 1-4 in. long. Cor. purple. Pod linear, deflexed, ¾ in. long.
Nubia; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=I. orthocarpa= Baker.
Branched undershrub; pods cylindrical, straight, deflexed. Leaflets 9-13, obovate. Racemes sessile, 10-20 flowered; cor. yellow.
Nubia (from Berber southwards); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan Prov.
=I. suffruticosa= Mill.
Undershrub. Leaflets about 10, oblong or obovate. Pods much curved, ⅔ in. long.
Blue Nile Prov. (J. Moya).
=I. tritoides= Baker.
Prostrate herb. Leaflets 3, obovate, very acute, up to 1 in. long, densely appressed-pilose. Racemes elongated, lax-flowered. Pods nearly straight, 1¾ in. long, shortly pubescent.
Nubia (Suakin to Berber).
=I. near Bainesii= Baker.
Erect undershrub; pods recurved, nearly ½ in. long. Leaves simple, narrowly obovate, ⅓ in. long, closely appressed hairy.
Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan & Dongonab).
301 =Helminthocarpum abyssinicum= A. Rich.
Wiry, silky herb, 1 ft. high. Leaflets 7. Flowers 4-6 together in short- stalked axillary heads. Cor. yellow and red, twice the length of calyx. Pods small, spirally twisted, of 1 spiral only or less.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 7,000 ft.).
302 =Biserula Pelecinus= L.
Slender herb. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets about 12 pairs, obovate, widely emarginate, ⅙ in. long, pilose. Flowers in axillary racemes, few. Fruits flat, 1 in. long, with broad dentate wings.
Darfur Prov. (J. Kurku: Darfur Plain, 3,600 ft.).
303 =Tephrosia humilis= Guill. & Perr.
Herb, under 1 ft. high. Leaflets 9-11, linear-oblong, silky beneath. Racemes leaf-opposed, of 6-12 pink flowers; anthers, in this genus, not apiculate. Pod downy, linear, upcurved, up to 2 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=T. nana= Kotschy.
Small herb; leaflets 9-11, linear-oblanceolate. Racemes leaf-opposed, of 6-12 purple flowers. Pod linear, falcate, silky.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=T. Vogelii= Hook. f. DAWA NA SAMAKI—Arab (Tuku-Tuku dialect).
Shrub, 10 ft. high, with rusty-silky tomentum. Racemes terminal, of 20-30 flowers, 4-6 in. long. Cor. violet, rarely white, ab. 1 in. deep; style bearded. Pod 5 in. long, ½ in. broad, brown-velvety. Leaflets 17-25.
Mongalla Prov. (Opari District); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Yuru River).
Used to stupefy fish, the leaves and branches are pounded and thrown on the surface of the water; the fish rise after a few minutes and are quite wholesome and fit for food.
=T. aff. T. hirtæ.= Boj.
Stout, bushy herb with fulvous hairs; pods densely villous.
Mongalla Prov.
=T. Kotschyana= Hochst.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate, about 2 in. long, finely appressed pilose below; lateral nerves numerous, ascending. Racemes long-stalked, lax- flowered. Pods falcate, 2 in. long, puberulous, about 10-seeded.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=T. linearis= Pers.
Copiously branched perennial. Leaflets 5-17 linear, grey-hairy. Racemes lax, 4-8 flowered. Cor. reddish. Pod linear, 1-2 in. long, narrow, downy.
Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land).
=T. nubica= Baker. UM SABA (Medani)—Arab.
Much-branched undershrub, 12-18 in. high; stems woolly. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, 6-12 flowered; cor. pink. Pods densely white-silky, 1-seeded.
Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Serg).
=T. obcordata= Baker. IDEINAT EL FAR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Woody herb or undershrub. Stem and leaves white woolly. Plant often adorned by white feathery tassel-like galls. Leaves subsessile, simple, obcordate.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur-Kordofan border, 13° N. Lat.
=T. rigida= Baker.
Undershrub. Leaflets 13-17, linear. Racemes terminal, dense, 2-4 in. long. Cor. pale-red. Pod 2 in. long, ¼ in. broad, slightly upcurved.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=T. purpurea= Pers.
Much-branched perennial, 1-2 ft. high; leaflets 5-10 pair and a terminal one, on pilose stalk; pods ab. 1½ in. linear, slightly curved, mucronate.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid).
Fresh root-bark ground and made into a pill with a little black pepper, is frequently given in cases of obstinate colic.
=var. pubescens= Baker.
Darfur Prov.
=T. leptostachya= DC.
Stems ultimately glabrous, but pod silky, slightly falcate, 1¾ in. long. Leaflets about 14, mucronate, 1 in. long, shortly appressed-pubescent. Flowers few, in long lax racemes.
Fung Prov. (Disa); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=T. Apollinea= DC. AMAYOK—Arab.
Bushy herb, 12-18 in. high. Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Racemes terminal or lateral, loosely 6-12 flowered; cor. red. Pod narrow-linear, 1½ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (22° N.L.); Wadi Halfa; Dongola Prov. (Merowe); Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Medani); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
Said to be used to adulterate Senna.
=T. vicioides= A. Rich.
Diffusely-branched herb, silky. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong. Flowers purple, axillary, solitary or in pairs. Pod 1 in. long, narrow-linear, recurved.
Berber Prov. (Shendi); Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad).
=T. lathyroides= Guill. & Perr. UM SABA (Medani)—Arab.
Herb. Leaves pinnate 5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate, subacute, about 1¼ in. long, thinly setulose. Flowers axillary, clustered. Pod slightly curved, 1¾ in. long, thinly pilose, about 8 seeded.
Between Suakin & Berber (Wadi Leimab); Blue Nile Prov. (Medani); Kordofan Prov.
=T. uniflora= Pers.
Bushy herb. Leaves about 8-foliolate; leaflets very silky, oblanceolate, mucronate, ½-⅔ in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired. Pod slightly curved, 2 in. long, shortly pubescent.
Between Suakin & Berber (Omareg); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (El Greo).
=T. lupinifolia= DC. KEREIWIT EL GHURAB (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Wide trailing perennial with digitate leaves; leaflets 5-7. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, up to 1 ft. long; corolla reddish. Pod linear, sometimes oblong, 1-6 seeded.
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Plains 40-80 m. N.E. of El Fasher).
=T. emeroides= A. Rich. SUREP (Medani)—Arab.
Somewhat woody herb. Leaves pinnately 5-7 fol. Flowers yellow, solitary to 3 in the axils of leaves. Pods 2 in. long, narrow, densely rusty- tomentose.
Blue Nile Prov. (Medani).
=T. dichroocarpa= Steud.
Tall, hairy herb or undershrub. Leaflets 11-15. Racemes terminal, 6-9 in. long; cor. red. Pod narrow, silky, 2 in. long.
Fung Prov.
=T. fulvinervis= Hochst.
Herb, 2-3 ft. high; tawny silky. Leaflets 9-13, linear, the midrib tawny. Racemes lateral with 3-4 distant, tawny-silky flowers. Pod 2 in. long, narrow, silky.
Kordofan Prov.
=T. subtriflora= Hochst.
Perennial. Leaflets 5-7. Flowers 1-3, sessile in axils of the leaves; cor. purple. Pod 1¼ in. long, narrow.
Dongola & Kordofan Provinces.
=T. anthylloides= Hochst. UM ATFEIR—Arab.
Bushy herb or undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 7-9. Flowers 1-3 axillary, purple. Pod up to 2½ in. long.
Khartoum Prov. (J. Malakit); Blue Nile, White Nile, Kordofan & Mongalla Provinces.
=T. longipes= Meissn.
Herb; leaflets up to 9, linear, up to 2 in. long. Racemes terminal and lateral, of 6-10 purple flowers. Pod 2 in. long; linear, straight.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=T. incana= Graham.
Grey woolly undershrub or herb. Leaflets 11-13 oblanceolate. Racemes terminal or lateral, 6-12 in. long, lower flowers in clusters of 3-4; cor. reddish. Pod deflexed and recurved, 2 in. long, very silky.
Kordofan Prov. (Gefil).
304 =Mundulea suberosa= Benth.
Small tree or large arborescent shrub; young twigs pilose; leaflets 13-23. Racemes terminal and leaf-opposed 4-6 in. long; cor. red. Pod 3-5 in. long and under ½ in. broad, torulose, silky.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft.).
305 =Milletia Barteri= Dunn.
Leaflets 4 pairs and an odd one, opposite, obovate-elliptic, obtusely acuminate, 3-4 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous. Flowers rose, in large panicles. Calyx cupular, silky.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Yabo River).
306 =Sesbania punctata= DC. TAURI—Arab.
Erect shrub with paripinnate leaves. Leaflets 20-50 pair. Racemes 6-12 flowered; corolla yellow, much spotted with purple. Pod 8-12 in. long.
Nubia; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov.
Recommended for growing as a green manure.
=S. ægyptiaca= Pers. SESABAN—Arab; KAILKAIL (Dilling) & KENTII (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Copiously branched shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Leaflets 10-20 pairs; pod pendulous, narrowly linear, usually somewhat twisted, 6-8 in. long. Racemes 6-12 flowered; cor. yellow.
Found in most parts of the Sudan. In India the bark is made into ropes, and the wood into charcoal; the leaves furnish cattle fodder. It is very quick-growing and forms a good temporary shelter for slower-growing plants.
=S. ægyptiaca= Pers. =var. bicolor= Wight & Arn. SENA—Arab.
Standard petal and tips of wing-petals suffused with purple.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Berber Prov. (Zeidab); Khartoum Prov.; Fung, White Nile & Kordofan Provinces.
=S. aculeata= Pers.
Erect herb, 2-4 ft. high; branches ascending, more or less prickly. Leaflets 20-50 pairs; pod 6-9 in. long, erect or spreading, not twisted. Cor. pale yellow.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); White Nile Prov.
Yields a fibre durable under water, and useful for ropes and fishing nets. Suitable for a green manure.
=S. microphylla= Harms.
Small herb; flowers yellow mottled with purple or black spots. Leaflets very small, about ⅙ in. long. Pod 4½ in. long, linear, moniliform.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab).
=S. mossambicensis= Klotzsch.
Small herb; corolla standard striate, not mottled. Leaflets as in preceding species. Pod 2½ in. long, moniliform.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Yubbo River).
=S. pachycarpa= DC.
Annual, 1-3 ft. high; corolla dotted; pod about 6 in. long, ¼ in. broad. Leaflets 15-20 pairs, linear-oblong, ½-¾ in. long.
Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
=S. arabica= Hochst. SURA & TAURI (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Claws of corolla appendaged; standard conspicuously spotted. A tall herb. Leaflets up to 30 pairs, linear-oblong, ⅔ in long. Pods much constricted between the seeds.
Fung Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=S. tetraptera= Hochst. SURIB (Fung), & ?KOL (White Nile)—Arab.
Shrubby herb up to 3 or 4 ft. high. Pod 4-winged. Leaflets 15-20 pairs. Racemes 4-6 flowered; cor. yellow.
Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Nuba Mts. Prov.
The leaves are eaten as a pot-herb.
307 =Astragalus prolixus= Sieb.
Prostrate herb, 1 ft. or more long, silky. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 11-13. Racemes 6-12 flowered. Pod oblong-turgid, partly divided inside by a longitudinal membrane, ¼ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Dongola Prov.; between Berber & Khartoum; Khartoum Prov.
May be one of the several species which yield “Gum-Tragacanth.”
=A. abyssinicus= Steud.
Shrubby herb, 3-4 ft. long. Side-leaflets 10-15 pair. Racemes dense, 4-6 long. Cor. yellow. Pod 1 in. long, linear, completely divided inside by a longitudinal membrane.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 8-9,000 ft.).
308 =Glycyrrhiza glabra= Linn.
Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets about 6 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, emarginate, 1½ in. long, ⅔ in. broad, gland-dotted below. Flowers in slender axillary racemes half as long as the leaves.
Sudan; Libyan Desert (Khor Wau).
309 =Taverniera lappacea= DC.
Stems procumbent, shrubby. Joints of the pods with rigid hooked bristles. Leaves 3-fol. Flowers yellowish, axillary, solitary or in pairs.
Nubia.
=T. ægyptica= Boiss.
Much-branched low shrub; pods densely bristly. Leaves simple, obovate- cuneate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary.
Nubia.
310 =Alhagi maurorum= Desv.
Low shrub, 1-3 ft. high, armed with spreading spines, 1 in. long. Leaves simple, obovate-oblong, drooping from spines and branches. Flowers red, solitary or in pairs from the spines. Pod falcate, 1 in. long.
Nubia.
Said to yield “manna.” The plant has antibilious properties.
311 =Herminiera Elaphroxylon= Guill. & Perr. AMBATCH, AMBAJ & TUROR—Arab; ADĪT (Kenissa) & WOR (Renk)—Dinka; RUR & TYEF—Nuer.
Small tree with showy yellow flowers and prickly branches. Stems swollen at base consist of pith-like substance. Leaves abruptly pinnate; stamens monadelphous; pods spirally contorted.
Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile (from Abba Island southwards) & affluents; Kordofan Prov. (Rahad).
The swollen stems which consist of pith, are used to make rafts and canoes. This species is very similar to Æschynomene Pfundii Taub.
=H. excelsa= Kotschy. ?ADDIT (Renk)—Dinka.
White Nile Prov.
This and the next species are known only by name.
=H. humilis= Kotschy.
Fung Prov.
312 =Æschynomene uniflora= E. Meyer.
Shrubby up to 4 ft. high. Legumes deeply sinuate, dividing into dissepiments. Leaflets 10-20 pair, sensitive. Flowers mostly solitary, yellow.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=Æ. Indica= Linn.
Annual, 1-3 ft. high. Leaflets 40-70, alternate, sessile; pod 1-1½ in., narrow, slightly curved, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow, 2-4 in. lax, short-peduncled racemes.
Kordofan Prov. (in marshes); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, Shambé, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Bor); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=Æ. cristata= Vatke.
Shrub with hollow stems. Leaflets about 20 pairs, narrowly oblong, ⅓ in. long, nearly glabrous. Flowers few, axillary, pedunculate. Petals crested. Pods flat, breaking up into segments.
Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).
=Æ. Rüppellii= Baker.
Low shrub; twigs viscid, brown. Leaflets 8-12 pair. Racemes axillary 6-8 flowered; cor. yellow. Pods ¼ in. long, with 2 constricted joints.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=Æ. nilotica= Taub.
Twiggy. Leaves very short. Leaflets about 12 pairs, oblong, mucronate, ⅙ in. long. Flowers subsolitary. Petals slightly fringed.
White Nile Prov. (by J. Nyemati).
=Æ. Pfundii= Taub.
Shrub 6-8 ft., with soft wood. Leaflets numerous, oblong, serrulate, 1 in. long. Flowers few in racemes. Calyx villous. Petals not crested. Pods ¾ in. broad, pilose, breaking up into narrowly oblong segments.
Kordofan Prov. (Bir Rahad); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
This species closely resembles Herminiera Elaphroxylon G. & P., but branches not spiny.
=Æ. aspera= Linn. f.
Perennial 2-4 ft. high, stem spongy, pith-like; pod 3-4 in. long, over ¼ in. wide, nearly straight, 6-7 jointed, each joint with sharp asperities in the centre. Leaflets 40-70 or more.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The Sola Pith Plant of commerce. The soft pith-like wood is used in India to make helmets, floats, toys, etc. It is also used in surgery for the manufacture of tampons.
=Æ. Telekii= Schwfth.
Tree. Leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, ⅓ in. long, glabrous. Flowers solitary, pedicellate, large. Petals crested. Pods with yellowish bristly hairs, flat, 3 in. long, not jointed.
Banks of the Nile.
=Æ. Schimperi= Hochst.
Annual, 2-3 ft. high.; pod articulated, smooth or bristly, divisions 10-15. Leaflets 12-30 pairs, sensitive. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary.
White Nile Prov.
313 =Smithia Kotschyi= Benth.
Erect shrub; branches covered with weak yellow bristles. Leaflets 20 pairs. Racemes axillary, 6-12 flowered. Pod 7-8 jointed, small.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli).
=S. Schweinfurthii= Taub.
Shrub with long leafy branches with scattered hairs. Leaflets about 10 pairs, obliquely oblong, 3-nerved at the base, ⅓ in. long. Flowers with leathery striate bracts and sepals nearly hiding the corolla.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: by the Doguru).
314 =Stylosanthes flavicans= Baker.
Copiously branched herb. Leaves 3-fol. Flowers in dense terminal heads; bracts densely imbricated; stamens monadelphous. Pod ¼ in. long, with 2 articulations.
Kordofan Prov.
315 =Arachis hypogæa= Linn. FUL-SUDANI—Arab; BUL GWATH (Zeraf)—Nuer; WANDE—Zande. The Earth-nut or Monkey-nut.
Diffuse herb. Leaflets 4. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow. The pod buries itself in the ground to ripen.
Cultivated everywhere for food.
316 =Zornia diphylla= Pers.
Prostrate or ascending annual. Leaflets 2, dotted; stamens monadelphous; pod indehiscent, jointed; joints 2-5, set with short straight spines.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
A useful fodder.
317 =Desmodium spirale= DC.
Annual 1-2 ft. high. Leaflets 3. Racemes terminal and axillary; cor. greenish and purple. Pod ½ in. long with 4-6 joints, often spirally twisted.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=D. gangeticum= DC.
Procumbent herb; leaves 1 fol.; flowers rose-red; pod small, sessile, somewhat curved, joints 4-8.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: shady Khors and woody places); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=D. dimorphum= Welw.
Branched undershrub, 2 ft. high. Leaves oblong, rounded or cordate at base. Racemes 1 in. long, sessile, axillary and terminal; cor. red. Pod ¼ in. long, lower margin deeply sinuate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=D. lasiocarpum= DC.
Erect undershrub, 3-6 ft. high, densely brown pubescent.
Leaves cordate-ovate, 4-5 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal; cor. red. Pod ¾ in. long, hispid, 4-5; jointed lower margin deeply sinuate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, Niamniam-land).
=D. sennaarense= Schwfth.
Densely hispid undershrub. Stipules cordate, amplexicaul; leaflets 3, central ovate, 3-4 in. long. Racemes stalked; corolla reddish. Pod 1 in. long, joints 4 to 6, lower margin slightly waved.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung. Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=D. Scalpe= DC.
Erect undershrub. Leaves 3-fol., ovate, 1½-2½ in., the terminal somewhat larger, rhomboidal; flowers light red, in pairs on terminal panicles; pods constricted; joints 3-4, as broad as long, much sinuate.
Blue Nile Prov. (Geneib Assad); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Wadi Gindi, 7,300 ft.).
=D. Dregeanum= Benth.
Grey silky undershrub. Leaflets 3. Flowers in short terminal panicles. Pod ½ in. long, slightly waved beneath, 2-4 jointed.
Æthiopia.
=D. paleaceum= Guill. & Perr.
Semi-woody, erect, 3-4 ft. high. Leaflets 3, central ovate, 3-5 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal, stalked; cor. reddish. Pod ab. ¾ in. long, slightly indented below, articulations 4-5, stiff-hairy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=D. delicatulum= A. Rich.
Annual, 9 in. high, silky. Lower leaves simple, upper 3-fol. Racemes terminal, sessile, 2-4 flowered. Pod ab. ½ in. long, 4-6 jointed, glabrous, lower suture indented ⅓ down.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=D. triflorum= DC.
Matted, trailing herb. Leaves small, lower ones often 1-fol., otherwise 3-fol., glabrous ab. slightly silky beneath; flowers very small, usually 3 together in axils of leaves; pods up to ½ in. long, slightly constricted on ventral margin, 2-4 jointed.
Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
Would make a good green manure and cover crop.
318 =Pseudarthria confertiflora= Baker.
Erect undershrub. Leaflets 3, terminal one 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong. Racemes axillary and terminal, the latter often compound. Pod linear, not articulated.
White Nile Prov.
=P. Hookeri= Wight & Arn.
Undershrub, 3-4 ft. high, downy. Leaflets 3, central obovate, 4-6 in. long. Flowers red, in dense terminal panicles. Pod 1 in. long, linear, torulose, downy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai & Niamniam-land: Nganye).
=P. sp.=
Leaflets 3, the central ovate, acute, 5 in. long, 3 in. broad, softly pubescent below, widely crenate. Flowers very small in lax terminal panicles.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land: Kulensho).
319 =Uraria picta= Desv.
Semi-shrubby perennial; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-7; flowers small, blue, in dense cylindrical spikes, up to 18 in. long.
Banks of the White Nile; Mongalla Prov.: Bahr El Jebel (Madi); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
Reported to be a remedy for snakebite in India.
320 =Alysicarpus monilifer= DC. FERAISHA (Kordofan)—Arab.
Diffuse herb. Leaves small, 1-fol., ovate, usually cordate; pods with 2-6 globose, pubescent swellings. Racemes axillary and terminal.
Kordofan Prov.
=A. vaginalis= DC.
Diffuse herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves up to 2 in. long, 1-fol., variable in shape; pod glabrous, little or not moniliform, ½-¾ in. long. Racemes denser than above.
Nubia; South Kordofan Prov. (Um Durein); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek & Niamniam-land: by the Ibba River).
=A. Zeyheri= Hard.
Branched perennial, 1 ft. high. Leaflet 1, cordate-oblong. Racemes terminal, lax, ¾ in. long. Pod under ½ in. long with 3-4 distinct constrictions.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Gir).
=A. rugosus= DC. SHELĪNI (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Copiously branched herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves 1-fol., linear-oblong; corolla violet purple; pods moniliform, much wrinkled, 2-5 jointed, short.
Nubia; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé).
321 =Cicer arietinum= Linn. HUMMUS—Arab; Chick Pea or Gram.
Annual, up to 18 in. high. Leaves pinnate, rachis ending in a tendril; leaflets 12-16, deep-dentate. Flowers purple, solitary, axillary. Pod oblong, silky, ¾ in. long.
Cultivated generally.
322 =Vicia faba= Linn. FUL—Arab. The Bean plant.
Cultivated generally.
323 =Lens esculentus= Moench. ’ADS SURGAM (Dongola)—Arab.
Dongola Prov. (Cultivated).
324 =Lathyrus sativus= Linn. GILBAN—Arab. Chickling Vetch.
Herb. Leaves 2-fol., the rachis ending in a tendril. Flowers reddish- purple, solitary, axillary. Pod 1½ in. long, oblong, narrowly winged on each side of the dorsal suture.
Cultivated mainly in North Sudan.
325 =Abrus precatorius= Linn. HABIL ER RUS or HABILARUS—Arab; YAGOMO—Golo.
Twining perennial. Leaves abruptly pinnate, deciduous; leaflets 10-15 pairs; inflorescence shorter than leaves; cor. reddish; pods oblong; seed polished, bright scarlet, tipped with black.
Fung & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
The root is said to be a substitute for liquorice. The seeds are used as a purgative, only small doses being given. They are also used in affections of the eyes. When raw, the seeds are poisonous, but the active principle, Abrin, is destroyed by boiling.
=A. pulchellus= Willd.
Differs from above by having inflorescence longer than leaves, which have only 5-10 pairs of leaflets; pods linear and seeds black. Cor. pale-purple.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=A. Schimperi= Hochst.
Shrub with slender woody branches; seeds dark brown. Leaflets 12-15 pairs. Racemes lax, 3-4 in. long; cor. reddish.
Nubia (Ronga); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
326 =Clitoria ternatea= Linn. ERG EL AGRAB & TAWILA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GRENAME (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves imparipinnate, with stipels; 5-7-fol. Flowers large, over 1 in. long; corolla blue (in wild plants light blue); standard very large; pod linear, ab. 3 in. long.
Nubia; Khartoum Prov. (cultivated); Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein, White Nile Prov. to Meshra El Zeraf); Upper White Nile Prov.
The root is powerful cathartic, like jalap; the powdered seeds are also purgative. An infusion of leaves is used for eruptions, and the pounded root is applied to scorpion stings.
327 =Glycine hedysaroides= Willd.
Climbing perennial. Leaflets 3. Flowers 4-6 in axillary racemes. Cor. pale red. Pod 1½ in. long, straight, flat, 5-6 seeded.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=G. Borianii= Baker.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves 1-3 fol.; flowers red, 12-20 in subsessile axillary racemes. Pod linear, silky, 2-seeded.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=G. javanica= Linn.
Herbaceous twiner; young shoots very silky. Leaves 3-fol., with stipels; corolla bright red, in copious peduncled axillary racemes, linear, nearly straight, silky, 4-6 seeded.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
328 =Teramnus labialis= Spreng.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers small, reddish, in very lax racemes; pods linear up to 2 in. long; tipped with a short stout beak or hook.
Nubia; Fung Prov. (Karkoj); Kordofan Prov. (Melbes); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (by the Kit); Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
329 =Erythrina tomentosa= R. Br. ’ZĀN (Baggara), BET EL ARUS & HABILARUS—Arab; SHUMTI (Dilling)—Nuba; ARIENGO—Jur; BANGRIBAKAKE—Zande.
Shrub to middle sized tree with trifol. leaves; flowers orange red, in dense spikes, appearing before the leaves; pods constricted; seeds scarlet.
Nuba Mts. & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
=E. Brucei= Schwfth.
Moderate sized tree with short, stout spines on the young stem and branches. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers scarlet, appearing before the leaves; pods constricted.
Khartoum Prov. (Introduced).
=E. Dybowskii= Hua.
Leaflets very broadly ovate-triangular, emarginate, 3 in. long and about 4 in. broad, softly tomentellous on both surfaces; petioles with reflexed prickles. Pods tomentose, constricted.
Darfur Prov. (Kulme).
330 =Mucuna pruriens= DC. KOPA—Zande. Cow-Itch.
Semi-woody twiner. Leaves 3-fol. with stipels, pubescent above, with dense silvery hair beneath. Flowers large, dark purple, in drooping racemes; pods up to 3 in. long, covered with orange-brown irritant hairs.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Sabbi, also Niamniam-land).
The young pods are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, but when ripe they are covered with hairs which are exceedingly irritating. Various medicinal properties are attributed to the roots and seeds.
331 =Canavalia virosa= Wight & Arn.
Herbaceous climber. Leaves 3-fol., with stipels; flowers nearly white to bright pink; pod 4 in. long by 1½ in. wide, thickened on either side of the dorsal suture.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: by the Yokko).
=C. regalis= Dunn. TAMBUI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves 3-fol. with stipels; pods up to 9 in. long, thickened on either side of the dorsal suture; seeds nearly 1 in. long, deep pink.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
In the Bahr El Ghazal bracelets of strung seed are worn to bring luck in the chase.
=C. ensiformis= DC. LUBIA EL FIL (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; BOLUKI (Dilling)—Nuba; NZERAHNA—Krej.
Strong herbaceous climber. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers pink; pod about 6 in. long with a rib on either side of the dorsal suture; seeds dark.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile, Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
The Sword Bean, wild and cultivated.
332 =Phaseolus lunatus= Linn. Lima, Burma, Sugar, or Butter Bean.
Twining herb. Leaves 3-fol., central leaflet ovate-deltoid, 4 in. long. Racemes axillary; cor. violet. Pod 3 in. long, flat, broad crescent- shaped.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Cultivated).
The ripe seeds contain Prussic acid, which is, however, destroyed in cooking.
=P. Mungo= Linn. GESHARINGEIK (Sudan) & KASHARINGI (Egypt)—Arab; BAKWA—Bongo; ABAGPA—Zande.
Sub-erect annual, yellowish hairy. Leaflets 3. Racemes axillary, 4-6 flowered; cor. yellowish. Pod linear, terete 2 in. long, tawny hairy.
Cultivated.
In Basutoland the seeds are used by the natives to mature boils, abscesses, etc. The seeds are chewed and applied to the sore. The green pods and seeds are used for food, and the whole plant for fodder.
=P. adenanthus= E. Meyer.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves 3-fol., with stipels; flowers pink; pod 5-6 in. long and over ½ in. wide; seeds 12-16, almost circular, black.
Nubia; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.
The tuberous root is eaten in India.
=P. vulgaris= Linn. LUBIA KHADRA or LUBIA HAMRA—Arab. The Kidney, French, or Haricot Bean.
Climbing annual. Leaflets 3. Peduncles in pairs, 2-3-flowered; cor. white or lilac. Pod 5 in. long, straight.
Cultivated.
=P. stenocarpus= Harms.
Twiner with wiry stems. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1½-2 in. long, glabrous. Flowers very small. Pods linear, falcate, 3 in. long, glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Bongo-land: Kulengo).
=P. trilobus= Ait.
Prostrate perennial. Leaves 3-fol.; leaflets deeply sinuate-lobate; stipules peltately attached; pod 1-1½ in. long, linear. Flowers 2-4 on 3-6 in. long peduncles, reddish.
Cultivated.
Yields pulse.
=P. sp.=
Leaves long-petiolate, trifoliolate; leaflets ovate, mucronate, 4-5 in. long, 2½-3 in. broad, laxly reticulate, minutely setulose. Flowers and fruits not seen.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (mouth of Bahr El Arab; in Sudd, Schwfth. 1133).
333 =Vigna incana= Taub.
Undershrub, silky-tomentose all over. Leaves appearing after flowering. Peduncles elongate, 2-flowered. Flowers subsessile. Pod terete, silky.
Darfur Prov. (J. Kurku).
=V. membranacea= A. Rich.
Herbaceous twiner, thinly grey-silky. Leaflets 3, membranous, ovate- rhomboidal, up to 2½ in. long. Flowers 2-4 on slender flexuose peduncles, 1-2 in. long; cor. pink. Pod linear straight, subterete, 2½ in. long.
Nubia.
=V. golungensis= Baker.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves trifol., with stipels; flowers yellow, 2-4 on 6-9 in. long peduncle.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Renk).
=V. linearifolia= Hutch.
Very slender twiner with wiry stems. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets subsessile, linear, acute, 3-4 in. long, ¼ in. broad, glabrous, with numerous strongly reticulate lateral nerves on each side. Flowers yellow. Pods spirally coiled when ripe, 2½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=V. vexillata= Benth.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaflets 3, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, apex cuspidate; flowers large, pink; keel beaked.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=V. sp.=
Herbaceous climber. Leaflets 3, linear-lanceolate, about 3 in. long; corolla yellow, heavily streaked with purple.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (Bor).
=V. caerulea= Baker.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaflets 3, more or less hastate, sometimes darker coloured at the base; corolla deep blue, in pairs on peduncles 4-6 in. long. Pod linear, terete, 3 in. long, black when mature.
Mongalla Prov.
=V. reticulata= Hook. f.
Silky-hairy herbaceous climber. Leaflets 3, papery, with raised reticulate veins beneath, grey-hairy. Flowers reddish, 2-4 close together on 2-4 in. long peduncles. Pod linear, straight, terete, nearly 3 in. long, bristly, black when ripe.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=V. nilotica= Hook. f.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate; flowers yellow, about ¾ in. long, in close racemes on peduncles 3-5 in. long. Pod 2-3 in. long and ¼ in. broad, slightly curved, pendulous.
White Nile Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (Khor near Talodi); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd).
=V. Kotschyi= Schwfth.
Densely grey tomentose climber. Leaflets 3. Flowers reddish, 2-3 together on long or short peduncles from leafless branches.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Gumango).
=V. sinensis= Endl. =forma spontanea= A. Brongn. LUBIA HELLU—Arab.
Annual subglabrous twiner. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, subpeltate. Leaflets 3, central roundish. Flowers yellow or reddish, in 6-12 fl. racemes on peduncles up to 1 ft. long Pod pendulous, 6-12 in. long; seeds red, white or black.
Nubia; cultivated on river banks and sagias.
=V. luteola= Benth.
Prostrate, trailing herb. Leaflets 3, oval to obovate, narrow at base, rounded at the apex; flowers yellow; pod 2-2½ in., broadly linear, subcylindrical.
Nubia.
334 =Voandzeia subterranea= Thouars. ABU GAWI—Arab.
Herb. Leaves 3-foliolate; pod 1-seeded, ripens underground. Flowers 1-3 on flexuous peduncle which is at first only up to ½ in. long. Cor. yellow, often abortive.
Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Boma Plateau.
Boiled and eaten for food, but not of high value.
335 =Psophocarpus palustris= Desv.
Herbaceous climber with lilac-coloured flowers and short 4-winged pods. Root tuberous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Mvolo); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
336 =Dolichos Lablab= Linn. LUBIA—AFIN—Arab.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaflets 3, broadly ovate-rhomboid; flowers usually purple; style bent, much laterally flattened, strongly bearded. Pod oblong up to 2 in. long and nearly 1 in. broad, 2-4 seeded.
Northern Sudan.
Cultivated largely as a fodder crop.
=D. Schweinfurthii= Harms.
Leafless or nearly so at time of flowering; stems erect, simple, about 1 ft. high. Leaves trifoliolate, subsessile; leaflets oblanceolate with 3 parallel nerves about 5 in. long, glabrous. Flowers in clusters, ¾ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
=D. pseudo-pachyrhizus= Harms. JEKORO—Golo.
Climber with a tuberous root which attains a length of 6-8 ft.; leaves 3-fol.; leaflets more or less lobed, 3-nerved at the base, up to 6 in. long and broad; very glabrous. Pods velvety, 4 in. long.
White Nile & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
Commonly cultivated in tropics, the tuberous roots being eaten as a food, and a starch obtained therefrom. Both the tubers and the beans contain a poisonous resin which is an active fish poison.
In the Bahr El Ghazal the tuber is mixed with the sap of the Heglig and used as a substitute for soap.
=D. splendens= Welw.
Undershrub, 4 ft. high, stems densely grey-silky. Leaflets 3, densely grey-silky, tomentose beneath. Flowers in long lax, terminal racemes. Cor. bright red, 1 in. deep. Pod over 2 in. long, linear, recurved, grey downy, with ½ in. long style twisted at the base.
Mongalla Prov.
=D. uniflorus= Lam.
Twining perennial. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, glabrous; corolla yellow; pod over 2 in. long, flattened, with a long beak.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=D. biflorus= Linn.
Erect, hairy herb, nearly allied to foregoing; flowers yellowish-white. Pod linear, nearly straight, 1¼ in. long, tipped with the persistent style.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (around Jur Ghattas).
An important food, fodder and green manure crop.
337 =Sphenostylis Schweinfurthii= Harms.
Herb up to 6 ft. high. Leaflets 3, linear-lanceolate, emarginate, mucronate, 3½ in. long, ½ in. broad, glabrous, reticulate. Racemes head- like, axillary, few-flowered. Flowers yellow. Pod linear, pubescent.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=S. stenocarpus= Harms.
Herbaceous climber with 3-fol. leaves and red flowers, 1 in. long in 3-12 flowered racemes. Pod 4-5 in. long, hard, straight, sutures much thickened.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
338 =Adenodolichos macrothyrsus= Harms.
Leaves opposite, trifoliolate; leaflets ovate-rhomboid subacute, rounded at the base, 4-6 in. long, 2½-3 in. broad, gland-dotted below. Flowers in loose panicles. Pods 2 cm. long, acuminate, crispate-pubescent; seeds black.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Gir).
339 =Cajanus indicus= Spreng. ADS SUDANI—Arab. The “Dal” plant.
Erect shrubby plant, up to 8 ft. high. Leaves 3-fol., gland-dotted; flowers yellow or purple, in 2-8 flowered axillary racemes. Pod 2-3 in. long, ab. ½ in. broad, pubescent.
Northern Sudan; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land).
Cultivated for its pulse, which is highly nutritious.
340 =Rhynchosia cyanosperma= Benth.
Woody climber, rusty-pubescent when young. Leaflets 3, coriaceous, central roundish, 4-5 in. long. Racemes lax, 6-9 in. long, on woody peduncles. Cor. brick red or white. Pod equalling the calyx, oblong, grey-velvety.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Assika).
=R. flavissima= Hochst.
Herbaceous twiner. Leaves trifol., glabrous, gland-dotted, as in all this genus; flowers yellow, in lax 6-12 fl. racemes, 2-4 in. long on spreading peduncles. Pod ¾ in. long, narrowed to the base, glabrous.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Blue Nile Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf).
=R. minima= DC. EL TURBA (Hillet Abbas)—Arab.
Slender herbaceous twiner. Leaves small, 3-fol.; leaflets rhomboid to oval, obtuse, apiculate, black-dotted; flowers small, yellow; pods 2-seeded, slightly turgid.
Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (El Dueim & Hillet Abbas); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai); Mongalla Prov.
=R. caribæa= DC.
Herbaceous, grey pubescent twiner. Leaflets 3, central one broad ovate or subrhomboidal. Racemes lax, 2-6 in. long on short peduncles; cor. yellow. Pod ¾ in. long, under ½ in. broad, thinly grey silky when young, turgid.
White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Bahr El Jebel (Lat. 7° 37′ N.).
=R. viscosa= DC.
Semi-woody twiner. Leaves 3-fol., leaflets over 2 in. long, almost sessile, broadly ovate, subcordate or truncate at base, acute. Flowers yellow often heavily streaked with deep purple; pods 2 seeded; seeds with small aril.
Nubia; Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Derago); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
=R.= (probably form of) =viscosa= DC.
Leaflets somewhat 3-lobed; flowers yellow, lightly striped with purple; pods viscous.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Sobat River: Nasser).
=R. Memnonia= DC. RA’AFA or LUWEIS (N. Kordn.); WADĀN EL FĀR, BĀL & FARAH EL GUMRI (Khartoum)—Arab.
Grey-silky herbaceous climber. Leaflets 3, central nearly round, up to 1 in. across. Racemes 2-6 in. long, lax 6-20 flowered on short peduncles; cor. yellow. Pod ¾ in. pubescent.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.); Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (South, Abu Gerad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (near Nuer villages).
=R. glutinosa= Harms.
Stems branched from the base, about 2 ft. high, pubescent. Leaflets 3, broadly ovate, rounded at base, apex subacute, 1 in. long and broad, glandular and shortly pubescent below. Racemes few-flowered, 2 in. long; standard very striate. Pod 1 in. long, slightly pubescent.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Derago).
=R. Schweinfurthii= Harms.
Twiner. Leaves long-petiolate, trifoliolate; leaflets obovate-orbicular, shortly cuneate at the base, 1½ in. long and broad, rather densely covered with golden glands below but not pubescent. Racemes nearly sessile, axillary, few and dense-flowered; sepals very acuminate, ½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land).
=R. teramnoides= Harms.
Slender twiner. Leaves shortly petiolate, trifoliolate; leaflets lanceolate, acute 1-2 in. long, very minutely pubescent below, strongly reticulate. Flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils. Calyx silky pubescent. Pod curved, ¾ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Bongo-land: Sabbi).
=R. resinosa= Hochst.
Somewhat woody glandular and pubescent twiner. Leaflets 3, ovate- rhomboidal, 2-3 in. long and broad. Racemes 2-3 in. long on woody peduncles; cor. yellow. Pod ½ in. long enclosed in calyx.
Nubia.
=R. ferruginea= A. Rich. SINGĪD (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Herbaceous densely rusty-pubescent twiner. Leaflets 3, central broad ovate, 1½ in. long, mucronate. Racemes lax, exceeding the leaves; cor. yellow, veined with purple.
Fung Prov. (Harun); Kordofan Prov.
341 =Eriosema pulcherrimum= Baker f.
Stem erect, herbaceous, 1 ft. high, covered with soft white hairs. Leaves simple, ovate, subcordate, 4-7 in. long, 2½-4 in. broad, silky hairy. Flowers in dense terminal racemes 2-4 in. long. Calyx villous. Pod villous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=E. holophyllum= Baker fil.
Stem erect, rather woody, 1½ ft. high, pubescent. Leaves simple, ovate- lanceolate, rounded or cuneate at the base, 3½-6 in. long, finely pubescent. Flowers in subglobose terminal and axillary racemes. Pod oblong, villous, ⅔ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Gumba).
=E. cajanoides= Hook. fil.
Erect, branching shrub, up to 5 ft. high. Leaflets 3, central oblanceolate, 2-3 in. long, gland-dotted, as generally in this genus, fine grey pubescent beneath. Racemes 2-4 in. long on firm peduncles 1-2 in. long; cor. yellow. Pod over ½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas, Bongo-land: by the Dogguru River, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=E. macrostipulum= Baker pl.
Stem herbaceous, up to 2 ft. high, pubescent. Leaflets 3, ovate, acute, base rounded, 2½-3½ in. long, 1¼-1¾ in. broad, softly pubescent. Stipules ¾ in. long. Flowers crowded in racemes up to 1½ in. long. Pod oblong, ½ in. long, villous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=E. sparsiflorum= Baker fil.
Stem virgate, rather woody. Leaflets 3, narrowly oblong, 2-2½ in. long, acute, pubescent. Flowers in lax axillary racemes. Pod flat, 1½ in. long, pubescent.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas & Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=E. oblongum= Benth.?
Stems branched, about 8 in. long, from a woody rhizome, densely hirsute. Leaflets 3, elliptic, rounded at the apex, 1¼ in. long, softly villous below, nervose. Racemes head-like, long-pedunculate, few-flowered. Pods 1 in. long, densely villous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Penyo).
=E. linifolium= Baker fil.
Stem erect, rather woody. Leaflets 3-5, very long, up to 7 in., narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, whitish pubescent below. Stipules nearly ½ in. long. Racemes terminal, lax, 2-6 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Gir, & Niamniam-land, Bendo).
=E. Schweinfurthii= Baker fil.
Stem erect, herbaceous, 3-4 in. high, from a tuberous root. Leaves simple, subsessile, narrowly lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, up to ½ in. broad, grey canescent below. Stipules lanceolate, ½ in. long. Flowers closely racemose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=E. flemingioides= Baker.
Shrub, densely yellowish-grey or rusty downy. Leaflets 3, central oblong 4-5 in. long, lower surface permanently grey downy. Racemes short stalked, fairly dense, 2-3 in. long; bracts scarious, in unexpanded heads concealing the flowers; cor. pale to deep red Pod ab. ¾ in. long, tawny.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Duggu); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
342 =Dalbergia Melanoxylon= Guill. & Perr. BABANUS or EIBNUSA—Arab; ORŪM (Dilling) & KUNG (J. Eliri)—Nuba; FAITI & FUNITI—Bari; ERRIT (Goz El Siada), RED (Kenissa), RĒT (L. Powendael) and RĪT (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; RIT—Jur; BOKANGO or EBANOS—Golo; TARI—Hameg; LURR & GEL—Nuer; GIUOM—Burun.
Small to middle-sized tree of irregular growth; branches spiny. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 9-13, alternate; flowers white, sweet-scented; pods flat, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded.
White Nile Prov. (Jebelein) & south of Lat. 13° N.
The timber is black like ebony, for which it is used as a substitute; good-sized and sound logs are, however, rare. It is difficult to work but takes a beautiful polish. It is resistant to insect pests, and is useful for cabinet making.
=D. sp.= (leaf only) =No. 1295= S.G.H.
Tall, graceful tree. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets alternate.
Nuba Mts. Prov. (near Dilling).
=D. sp.= HURHAR—Arab (Pod only).
Tree.
Kordofan Prov. (Muriel L/160).
343 =Pterocarpus lucens= Guill. & Perr. TARAYA—Arab; DIGDIG—Dinka & Jur; M’BOLO & GANA—Golo; IMMIRORA—Hameg; TIRMA—Bongo.
Tall and straight tree. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 3-7, alternate; flowers yellow, sweet-scented; pod indehiscent, disk-like, with a winged margin.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
The wood, which is yellowish white in colour and strong, works well. It is suited to carpentry, joinery and cabinet making. The bark, which contains a gum allied to “Kino,” is astringent, and is used for tanning and for dysentery. The leaves excite the appetite, and are a remedy for stomach troubles.
344 =Lonchocarpus laxiflorus= Guill. & Perr. AMGINEIDILAD (Baggara) & KHASHKHASH AZRAK (Fung), K. EL SUGHUR & HARHAR (Baggara)—Arab; LAKUDI—Bari; ZIDI—Zande.
Small tree. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong; flowers light-purple, monadelphous, in dense panicles. Pod 3-4 in. long, nearly ¾ in. broad, membranous, straight.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
Wood, heavy, yellow. A very showy tree when in flower.
345 =Andira inermis= H.B. & K.
Tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, terminal obovate 2-3 in. long, subcoriaceous, glabrous. Flowers pink in pyramidal panicles up to 1 ft. long. Fruit plum-like, hard, 1½ in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
346 =Afrormosia laxiflora= Harms. M’BANGA—Golo; M’BANGA & LEBBE—Bongo.
Middle-sized tree with imparipinnate leaves and inconspicuous greenish flowers, due to white petals falling off early. Leaflets 9-11, glabrous, coriaceous. Pods flat, thin, 4 in. long, with an intra-marginal nerve.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau, Jur).
The wood is dark and hard, and close grained: density 1.1 (sap-wood and 1.14 heart-wood). It is difficult to work, but takes a good polish. An excellent wood for cabinet making.
347 =Swartzia madagascariensis= Desv.
Tree, 20-30 ft. high. Leaflets 9-11, alternate, oblong, coriaceous, 2-3 in. long. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered racemes; petal 1 only orbicular, silky on back. Pod up to 1 ft. long, up to ¾ in. thick, cylindrical, slightly furrowed.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
Wood very hard and heavy, density 1.08; difficult to work, and suited for piles and fences. The heart-wood is dark reddish brown, the sap-wood yellow. It takes a fine polish and makes handsome furniture, etc.
348 =Cordyla africana= Lour. DONJIJUAK (Bahr El Ghazal)—Dinka; BOLI, CHINYA & TINA—Golo.
Large tree with rough bark. Leaves gland-dotted, imparipinnate; leaflets 19-25 up to 2 in. long. Flowers in 6-12 flowered racemes, 1-2 in. long; petals 0; stamens numerous; filaments free or very slightly connate. Pod stalked at first, then yellow, pulpy, the size of a small lemon.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau); Mongalla Prov. (Gondokoro).
Yields a dark gum. The fruit is eaten.
=SALICACEÆ.=
349 =Salix Safsaf= Forsk. SAFSAF—Arab; URU—Hameg. Willow.
Large riverside shrub. Leaves alt., lanceolate, usually 2-3 in. long, glabrous, sometimes villous when young. Infl. diœcious; catkins 1-2 in. long. Capsule rather broad and blunt; seeds silky hairy.
Atbara River; Nile below Khartoum; Blue Nile and tributaries; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra).
The twigs are used for basket making. A black dye obtained from the leaves, is used for dyeing mats.
=S. Murielii= Skan. SAFSAF—Arab; URŪ—Hameg.
Riverside shrub. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1½-3 in. long, densely grey- silky hairy. Catkins 1-3 in. long. Capsule broadly ovoid without style.
Nubia (between Berber & Khartoum); Blue Nile Prov. (Sennar & Dinder).
=S. Schweinfurthii= Skan.
Young branches grey-tomentose, finally brown and glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrulate, up to 5 in. long. Catkins 1-2½ in. long. Capsule ovoid, beaked, nearly ¼ in. long.
Nubia; Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov.
=MORACEÆ.=
350 =Chlorophora excelsa= Benth. & Hook. DORO—Kaliko.
Tall tree with milky juice, with bole clean up to 60 ft. Leaves alt., elliptic, acuminate, cordate, serrate-dentate, 6-7 in. long (shorter on old trees), tomentose, especially when young; pet. ½-1½ in. long. Infl. diœcious. Male fl. on catkin-like spikes up to 7 in. long; calyx 4-partite; sta. 4. Fem. fl. in globose or cylindrical spikes up to 2½ in. long; calyx segm. 4; ovary enclosed in calyx; style simple or unequally bifid. Fruit a fleshy syncarp.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Assika River).
Wood brownish yellow with lighter longitudinal lines, hard, but works well. A beautiful wood suitable for cabinet work.
351 =Dorstenia bicornis= Schwfth.
Herb, 1 ft. high, from a creeping rhizome, pubescent on petioles, which are long for lower leaves. Leaves thin, elliptic to obovate or obcuneate, apex mucronulate, acute to acuminate, undulate to coarse- dentate, 4-5 in. long. Infl. monœcious solitary; fl. crowded on a foliform, lunately curved, stalked receptacle, ab. 1 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Tuhami’s Zariba).
=D. psilurus= Welw.
Herb, 1-2½ ft. high, from a creeping rhizome. Leaves polymorphic, varying from ovate-elliptic to 3- or several-lobed. Infl. solitary, long-stalked vertical; receptacle linear-lanceolate up to 1½ in. long passing above into an erect, linear appendage 2½-3½ in. long, slightly dilated at apex; base prolonged beyond the stalk forming an upward curving appendage, ½ in. long.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=D. Walleri= Hemsl.
Fleshy plant; stem simple from a disciform tuber, 8-16 in. high. Leaves crowded at top of stem, elliptic with unequal base, 2½-5½ in. long. Infl. solitary; stalk 1-2 in. long; receptacle stellate, 4-7 rayed, up to 1 in. diam.; rays ¾-3 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River).
=D. barnimiana= Schwfth.
Stemless, tuberous herb. Leaves radical fleshy cordate to cordate-ovate, the ultimate leaf sometimes 3-sect, segments again 2-3 sect, many- toothed; pet. 6 in. long or more. Peduncles as long as petioles; receptacle green, vertical, linear to oblong, with a narrow margin and linear bracts, the terminal one the longest up to 1¼ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat; Khor Koki, near Matamma); Fung Prov. (J. Fazoghl, Famaka, Fazoghli).
=var. tropæolifolia= Rendle.
Smaller than above. Leaf solitary, peltate, roundish, 1 in. diam.; pet. under 2 in. long. Peduncle 2-4 in. long, bracts on receptacle ⅓-½ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat; left bank of Gendua River).
=D. foetida var. obovata= Engl.