33. Missouri's Third Attempt to Capture Joseph Smith…

33. Missouri's Third Attempt to Capture Joseph Smith

1843

Conspiracy Against Joseph Smith

When John C. Bennett wrote to Sidney Rigdon and Orson Pratt, saying he was on his way to Missouri to obtain a new requisition for Joseph Smith and others, it was not an idle threat. Not many weeks had passed before reports reached Nauvoo that new indictments had been found against President Smith, based on the old Missouri charges, and that John C. Bennett was making desperate threats. Moreover, Bennett must have had some definite information which caused him to say that Governor Ford would acknowledge the new requisition. A conspiracy, evidently, was on foot, in which the governors of the two states were to play their parts. Further evidence that Governor Ford was a party to the conspiracy is discovered in a communication dated June 10, 1843, from Sam C. Owens of Independence, to the governor of Illinois. Owens, one of the bitterest persecutors of the Saints in Missouri, stated in his letter that John C. Bennett had authorized him to write to Governor Ford, "without hesitation" in regard to the charges against Joseph Smith. "At the last term of the circuit court of Daviess County," he wrote, "an indictment was found by the grand jury against Joseph Smith for treason against the state," and necessary papers were on the way to Governor Thomas Reynolds, who, on receipt thereof, would issue a requisition, and Mr. Joseph H. Reynolds would be sent as a special agent "to attend to the business." Owens also said that "Dr. Bennett further writes that he has made an agreement with Harmon T. Wilson, of Hancock County (Carthage seat of justice), in whose hands he wishes the writ that shall be issued by you to be put. From the tenor of his letter I am induced to believe that he has made the same suggestion to you."

A Warrant for His Arrest

June 13, 1843, Governor Reynolds issued the requisition and Joseph H. Reynolds was dispatched to Illinois. Governor Ford lost no time in issuing the warrant for the arrest and placed it in the hands of Harmon T. Wilson, who, with Reynolds, immediately started for their prisoner. The night before the warrant was issued Governor Ford incidentally remarked to Judge James Adams that the next day he would issue such a writ. Judge Adams sent an express at once to Nauvoo to warn the Prophet of impending danger. His message arrived in the evening of Sunday, June 18, but President Smith was not at home. On the 13th, he and his family had gone north to visit with Mrs. Wasson, sister of Emma Smith, who resided near Dixon, Lee County, Illinois. Hyrum Smith sent William Clayton and Stephen Markham on horse back with all speed to warn his brother Joseph. They arrived at Wasson's on the afternoon of Wednesday, June 21, a distance of two hundred and twelve miles. Hearing their report, Joseph said: "I have no fear. I shall not leave here; I shall find friends, and Missourians cannot hurt me, I tell you in the name of the Lord." He cancelled an appointment to preach in Dixon, and concluded to remain with the Wassons, fearing that if he started for home he might fall into the hands of his enemies where he had no friends.

His Arrest by Reynolds and Wilson

From some source Reynolds and Wilson learned that Joseph was at Dixon and thither they went with haste. On the way to Wasson's they passed William Clayton, who had been sent to spy out the land, but as they were disguised, Clayton did not know them. Arriving at their destination the sheriffs represented themselves to be "Mormon" elders and were directed to the Wasson home. President Smith was in the yard when they arrived. Springing upon him like fiends, and without showing any papers for his arrest, they pointed cocked pistols at his head and with many vile oaths, threatened to shoot him if he stirred. They repeatedly jabbed the muzzles of their pistols in his ribs, and were for hurrying him off to Dixon without giving him a chance to say farewell to his family or friends, or obtain his hat and coat. Stephen Markham grabbed the horses by the bits and held them saying: "There is no law on earth that requires a sheriff to take a prisoner without his clothes." They threatened to shoot him, but he paid no heed to their threats, and Emma Smith brought her husband his hat and coat. As the wagon rolled away, Joseph called to Markham to go to Dixon and secure a writ of habeas corpus. On the way the officers repeatedly thrust their pistols in the Prophet's sides with accompanying oaths of blasphemy, and did not desist until shortly before reaching Dixon, when Markham, who had overtaken them, upbraided them for their cowardice and brutal treatment of their prisoner, who was defenseless.

Arriving at Dixon, the officers placed their prisoner in a room of the tavern, and ordered fresh horses to be ready in five minutes. Joseph asked them if he could interview counsel, but was cruelly treated for his request. A man passed the window and the Prophet shouted to him to secure him a lawyer, for he was falsely imprisoned. Attorney Edward Southwick came to the door, but it was shut in his face, with a threat. Shepherd G. Patrick, another attorney, also came and was insulted in like manner. The neighborhood was soon aroused, and Mr. Dixon, owner of the house, with some friends surrounded the door and threatened violence to the inhuman sheriffs if they did not alter their brutal course. This had a sobering effect upon them, and lawyers Southwick and Patrick came into the room. President Smith showed them his bruised sides, and asked them to obtain a writ of habeas corpus. A messenger was sent by Mr. Dixon to Mr. Chamberlain, master-in-chancery, who lived some six miles away, and another messenger was sent for Attorney Cyrus Walker, who happened to be campaigning near that place. Walker, Whig candidate for Congress, said he would come provided Joseph Smith would promise to vote for him, which the latter said he would do. This promise, Walker thought, would give him the united vote of the "Mormon" people, which would insure his election. About eight o'clock the master-in-chancery arrived and issued a writ of habeas corpus returnable before Judge John D. Caton, of the ninth judicial district, at Ottawa, which was served on Reynolds and Wilson. The same day William Clayton was sent by the Prophet to notify his brother Hyrum, and get assistance.

Reynolds and Wilson Under Arrest

Stephen Markham went before a justice of the peace and obtained a warrant for Reynolds and Wilson for threatening his life. He later obtained other warrants from the circuit court of Lee County against them for threatening the life of Joseph Smith, and for false imprisonment, claiming ten thousand dollars damages, on the ground that the writ issued by Governor Ford was a void writ in law. As they could not obtain bondsmen outside of Missouri, they were taken into custody by Sheriff Campbell of Lee County. They also obtained a writ of habeas corpus and under these circumstances the entire party, including the lawyers and Mr. Dixon, started for Ottawa.

President Joseph Smith's Discourse at Pawpaw Grove

Saturday night, June 24, they arrived at Pawpaw Grove, thirty-two miles distant from Dixon, and the following morning the people assembled at the hotel and requested that the Prophet preach. To this Reynolds objected, saying that Joseph Smith was his prisoner, and the people must disperse. They had witnessed his abuse of his prisoner, and a Mr. David Town, an aged gentleman, who was lame, advanced and gave Reynolds to understand that he could not interrupt gentlemen. Bringing his heavy walking stick down with a thud, he said:

"You--Infernal puke, we'll learn you to come here and interrupt gentlemen. Sit down there (pointing to a very low chair), and sit still. Don't open your head till General Smith gets through talking. If you never learned manners in Missouri, we'll teach you that gentlemen are not to be imposed upon by a nigger-driver. You cannot kidnap men here, if you do in Missouri; and if you attempt it here, there's a committee in this grove that will sit on your case; and, sir, it is the highest tribunal in the United States, as from its decision there is no appeal!"

Reynolds very meekly and in fear took the seat while President Smith addressed the people for one hour and a half.

The Issuing of New Writs

It was learned that Judge Caton was in New York, so they all returned to Dixon, where new writs were obtained, made returnable before the nearest tribunal in the fifth judicial district, at Markham's request. Provision was now made to go to Quincy, where Judge Stephen A. Douglas was holding court. Twice on the way Reynolds and Wilson engaged in plots to raise mobs and carry Joseph Smith to the mouth of Rock River where there was a company from Missouri waiting to receive him; but each time the plans were discovered and foiled.

On the way Joseph convinced Sheriff Campbell and the attorneys that the court of Nauvoo was nearer than that of Quincy, and had full power to try his case, and hither they bent their way. Reynolds and Wilson endeavored to get Sheriff Campbell, who had them in custody, to go by way of Rock River, to Quincy, not knowing that their plots were discovered, saying that they would never go through Nauvoo alive. Joseph Smith pledged his word of honor that they would not be molested, and the journey was resumed by land in the direction of Nauvoo.

A Party to the Rescue

William Clayton arrived in Nauvoo on Sunday, June 25, 1843, and at the afternoon meeting in the temple Hyrum Smith requested to see all the brethren. He informed them of his brother Joseph's arrest, and called for volunteers to go to his assistance. That evening a company of about one hundred and seventy-five men left on horseback. Wilson Law refused to go unless his expenses could be met, whereupon President Brigham Young went to work and raised seven hundred dollars by subscription. About seventy-five men on board the Maid of Iowa, under Captain Dan Jones, went down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois River, thence up that river toward Peoria, to examine the steamboats, suspecting the Prophet might be forced on one of them to be carried down the river to Missouri.

Shortly after the party with the Prophet left Geneseo on the 27th, the advance guard of the brethren, nine in all, from Nauvoo came up, and Reynolds and Wilson began to tremble fearing for their lives. Reynolds asked if "Jim" Flack was in the crowd. When he was informed that he would be present the next day, the criminal sheriff replied: "Then I am a dead man; for I know him of old." When Stephen Markham, who had gone to locate the brethren from Nauvoo, rode up, Reynolds said, "Do I meet you as a friend? I expected to be a dead man when I met you again," but he was assured that he would not be hurt. Thursday, June 29, James Flack with others of the brethren met the company a short distance south of Monmouth. President Joseph Smith took Flack to one side and charged him not to harm Reynolds, for he had given his word of honor that he would not be injured. This Flack promised to do although he had cause for vengeance.

Arrival at Nauvoo

Other bodies of men from Nauvoo joined the company from time to time and when they reached that place there were about one hundred and forty riding on horse back, who were joined by the populace in procession and thus they marched into the town. President Smith was greeted with cheers and the firing of cannon. He was still a prisoner in the hands of Reynolds and Wilson, and they in turn were prisoners in the hands of Sheriff Campbell. The Prophet took them to his house and placed Reynolds and Wilson at the head of the table, where about fifty persons were served. This was a very different reception from the one he had received from these men when they took him prisoner in Lee County, at the Wasson home.

The Trial Before the Municipal Court

The same day they arrived in Nauvoo the municipal court convened, and a requisition was made on Reynolds to return the writ, but he refused to recognize the summons, whereupon the Prophet petitioned the court for a writ of habeas corpus to be directed to Reynolds, commanding him to bring his prisoner before the court. The summons was issued and Reynolds complied with the attachment and delivered the Prophet into the hands of the marshal of the city. That afternoon President Smith addressed the people at great length, declaring that he would not peacefully submit again to such ill-treatment. While he was speaking Reynolds and Wilson with a lawyer named Davis, of Carthage, left for that place threatening to raise the militia and come again and take President Smith out of Nauvoo.

Saturday, July 1, 1843, the court convened to examine the writ of habeas corpus. Messrs. Cyrus Walker, Shepherd G. Patrick, Edward Southwick and a Mr. Backman defended Joseph Smith while Attorney Mason was counselor for Reynolds. Witnesses were examined and the case tried on its merits, Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, Brigham Young, George W. Pitkin, Lyman Wight and Sidney Rigdon giving testimony, at the conclusion of which the prisoner was discharged.

The Citizens of Lee County Thanked

July 1, 1843, a mass meeting of the citizens of Nauvoo was held in the assembly hall and it was "unanimously resolved that Messrs. Sager and Dixon, of the town of Dixon, and the citizens of Dixon, Pawpaw Grove, and Lee County, receive the warmest thanks for the firm patriotism, bold and decided stand taken against lawless outrage and the spirit of mobocracy, as manifested in the arrest or capture of General Joseph Smith, while on a visit to his friends in that district of country."

Reynolds' Further Attempt to Obtain Joseph Smith

The proceedings of the municipal court of Nauvoo in this case were promptly forwarded to Governor Ford, with affidavits from the attorneys and others bearing upon the case and the kindly treatment Reynolds and Wilson had received in Nauvoo. Judge James Adams came from Carthage with the information that Reynolds and Wilson were exciting the people there to mobocracy, and petitioning the governor for a posse forcibly to take Joseph Smith, on the grounds that he had been unlawfully taken out of their hands. A remonstrance against the Carthage proceedings was prepared and forwarded to Carthage by Messrs. Southwick and Patrick, and a petition was sent to Governor Ford praying him not to issue any more writs.

Governor Ford refused to comply with the request of Sheriff Reynolds, and subsequently, when Governor Reynolds of Missouri requested him to call out the militia--a method they had of doing in Missouri--to retake Joseph Smith, Governor Ford replied that Joseph Smith had been tried before the municipal court of Nauvoo on a writ of habeas corpus, and discharged from arrest. He, as governor, had fully executed the duty which the laws imposed, and had not "been resisted either in the writ issued for the arrest of Smith or in the person of the officer appointed to apprehend him," and the constitution would not permit him to take such action, as the Missouri official proposed.

The Case of O. P. Rockwell

Orrin Porter Rockwell, who was accused as the principal in the shooting of ex-Governor Boggs, went into retirement with the Prophet when Governor Ford issued papers for his extradition. He traveled east as far as New Jersey where he remained for some time. Following the discharge of President Joseph Smith by Judge Pope, Rockwell concluded to return to Nauvoo, evidently by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. In St. Louis he was recognized by Elias Parker who had him placed under arrest, March 4, 1843. They carried him to Independence in chains, where he was placed under bonds in the sum of five thousand dollars, which they knew he could not raise, as no person outside of Missouri would be accepted by the court as bondsman. In the custody of the notorious Joseph H. Reynolds, sheriff of Jackson County, he was cast into prison bound hand and foot. Here he remained a prisoner for eight months. March 15, 1843, the Prophet wrote: "I prophesied in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, that Orrin Porter Rockwell would get away honorably from the Missourians."

On Christmas evening, 1843--the last Christmas day Joseph and Hyrum Smith celebrated on earth--a large party assembled at the Prophet's home, and spent the time in music, dancing and a social visit. During the festivities, a man with long shaggy hair, apparently drunk, came in and acted like a Missourian. A scuffle ensued and the Prophet had an opportunity to see the stranger's face. To his great surprise and joy he discovered his "long-tried, warm, but cruelly persecuted friend, Orrin Porter Rockwell." The party came to order while Rockwell related in detail his experiences and sufferings while in Missouri.

Orrin P. Rockwell's Story

The story is too long to tell in full at this point. It is sufficient to relate the following incidents. When he arrived in Independence a large crowd had gathered and suggested hanging him at once, but he was placed in jail. In two or three days he underwent a mock trial, where false witnesses testified against him. The magistrate said he found no evidence against him, but placed him in prison for safe keeping, where Sheriff Reynolds chained him hand and foot. One time he was able to escape, but was recaptured and only by the providence of the Lord was saved from being hanged. About the time that President Smith was demanded by the governor of Missouri, Reynolds, the sheriff, came to Rockwell and said that he had discovered from letters that Joseph Smith had unlimited confidence in Rockwell, and if Rockwell would only "tote him out by riding or any other way," so that the Missourians might apprehend him, Rockwell might please himself whether he stayed in Illinois or returned to Missouri, they would protect him, and any pile that he would name the citizens of Jackson County, would club together and raise. "You only deliver Joe Smith into our hands, and name your pile." Rockwell replied: "I will see you all damned first, and then I won't."

The time of further trial was continually delayed, but on the 13th of December, he was taken before the court and tried--not on the charge of shooting Boggs, but for breaking jail! He was found guilty and sentenced to "five minutes' imprisonment in the county jail," but was kept there five hours, while his enemies tried to think of some other charge to make against him. He was finally released and with great difficulty made his way to Nauvoo, where he arrived that Christmas night.

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34. Joseph Smith's Candidacy for President--Nauvoo Conspiracy

1843-1844

Threats of the Mob

Following the unsuccessful attempt to carry President Joseph Smith into Missouri, the hatred of his enemies became intense. Lying accusations were published in anti-"Mormon" papers and circulated against the Saints. Threats were made, both in Missouri and Illinois, of mob attacks and the legion was kept in readiness to withstand any mob assault. The governor was apprised of these conditions from time to time, and petitioned for protection, but refused to give credence to the rumors, or take any measures to repel any proposed invasion. This attitude increased the boldness of the enemies of the Saints, who declared, in reference to the governor, should he attempt to protect the "Mormons" in their rights: "If he opens his head we will punch a hole through him! He dare not speak! We will serve him the same sauce we will the 'Mormons!'"

Growth of Nauvoo

Through the gathering of converts from Great Britain as well as from various parts of the United States, Nauvoo had become the foremost city of Illinois. It had risen from a swamp and wilderness in 1839, to a commonwealth of some twenty thousand souls. The people were frugal, industrious and law-abiding. Many factories had been established, and measures were on foot, at the suggestion of President Smith, to dam the Mississippi for water power purposes. He also suggested that Congress be petitioned to build a canal around the Des Moines rapids to admit of the passage of boats for commercial purposes.[1] He instructed the Saints to be producers and to manufacture from the raw materials, rather than to be consumers only, and under his direction and inspiration the city prospered.

Jealousy of Other Towns

All this augmented the jealousy and hatred of the neighboring towns, where thrift and unity were lacking. Another thing that increased the opposition, especially of the politicians, was the fact that the Saints usually voted as a unit. It was this tendency which caused Cyrus Walker to seek the favor of Joseph Smith in the summer of 1843. However, the voting of the "Mormons" in this manner was not due to instruction from the leading councils of the Church, but from necessity and for self-preservation. Both the Whig and the Democratic office-seekers sought the support of the Saints, and when it was not forthcoming, hatred filled their breasts, and vengeance was threatened. The constant arrival of immigrants, who were instructed to gather at Nauvoo, was also looked upon as an attempt to lay plans to control the state. So strong were the Latter-day Saints that they held the balance of power in the elections and naturally threw their support to those most friendly to them, which aroused the animosities of their opponents to a murderous degree.

In the August (1843) election Robert D. Foster and George W. Thatcher were elected to county offices. They went to Carthage to give bonds and take their oaths and were threatened by Harmon T. Wilson and some fifteen or twenty others, who were armed with knives and pistols. The bonds, however, were accepted, and the mob gave notice of a meeting of anti-"Mormons" to consider the question of the "Mormons" holding office. At their meeting they made all manner of accusations and threats, stating that they "pledge themselves in the most determined manner" to aid Missouri should another demand be made for Joseph Smith, which gave encouragement to the enemies of the Saints within that state.

Near the close of the year 1843, they openly resorted to mob violence. Daniel Avery and his son Philander, were kidnapped and delivered to the Missourians. On false accusations they were imprisoned and brutally treated for some time. The son finally made his escape and the father was later released on habeas corpus proceedings.

Joseph Smith and the Presidency of the United States

From the time of the organization of the Church the Saints had suffered most cruelly at the hands of enemies. Governors and lesser state dignitaries, had aided in the persecutions. No redress, even from the government of the United States, could be obtained. Mobs still menaced them, and their chances for protection by lawful means were not the best, for the governor of Illinois was intimidated by mob threats. It was agreed, therefore, to inquire of the various candidates for the presidency of the United States what their feelings would be, if elected, towards the Latter-day Saints, and their course of action in relation to the cruel oppression the Saints had suffered. Accordingly letters were sent to the leading candidates. Only two, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, deigned to make reply. Their answers were so unsatisfactory that the "Mormon" people decided they could vote for neither of them. Clay replied that if he ever entered that high office he must go into it free and unfettered, with no guarantees but such as were to be drawn from his whole life, character and conduct, although he had sympathized with the Saints in their sufferings under injustice. Calhoun was more frank, stating that the case of the Saints in Missouri, candor compelled him to say, "did not come within the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, which is one of limited and specific powers."

Under these conditions the citizens of Nauvoo felt that the only consistent step they could take was to place their own candidate in the field. Consequently, at a political convention held in Nauvoo, January 29, 1844, Joseph Smith was nominated as a candidate for the presidency of the United States, and on May 17, a state convention was held in Nauvoo where his nomination was sustained. There was no thought on the part of President Joseph Smith or the Saints that he would be elected, but it gave to them an opportunity to express their feelings, and to sustain a candidate who would advocate their rights against oppression. In the Times and Seasons (Feb. 15) an editorial was published entitled: "Who Shall be our Next President?" in which the reasons for selecting their own candidate were clearly and emphatically stated by the editor (John Taylor) in behalf of the Latter-day Saints.

James Arlington Bennett, of New York, was asked to become their candidate for the vice-presidency, but as he was born in Ireland, was not eligible. Sidney Rigdon, who had moved from Nauvoo to Pittsburgh--contrary to revelation and to the feelings of the Prophet--was selected for that place.

Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government

In February, 1844, Joseph Smith published to the world his "Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States." After speaking of the greatness and glory of the United States under the early presidents he says that "'since the fathers have fallen asleep,' wicked and designing men have unrobed the government of its glory." He advocated the reduction of the number of congressmen by two-thirds; the pardoning of prisoners in state prisons; the making of laws to provide for useful employment of prisoners on roads, public works or elsewhere, where they may be taught more wisdom and more virtue, and only murderers should be confined or put to death. He would turn the prisons into seminaries of learning; and petition the inhabitants of the slave states to abolish slavery by 1850, or before, "and save the abolitionist from reproach and ruin, infamy and shame." This should be done by Congress paying every man a reasonable price for his slaves out of the revenue from the sale of public lands, and deducted pay from members of Congress, that liberty may be granted to all men. He would abolish the practice of trying men by court martial for desertion, and if a man deserts send him his pay with instructions that his country will never trust him more and that he has forfeited his honor. Make honor the standard with all men; render good for evil, "and the whole nation, like a kingdom of kings and priests, will rise up in righteousness." He advocated more economy; less taxes; greater equality, and less distinction among the people. Also the establishment of a national bank, with branches in each state and territory, the net revenue therefrom to be applied to government interests. The president should have full power to send an army to suppress mobs, and there should be a repeal of the requirement for governors to petition the president for troops in cases of invasion or rebellion. A governor himself may be a mobber and power should be given the president to protect citizens in such an event. Oregon, by right, and with the consent of the Indian, should belong to the United States, and he would invite Texas, Canada, Mexico, to join the sons of liberty, and let the Union spread.

Such, in brief, is the platform of Joseph Smith, and when it was circulated throughout the United States, it created much commotion and favorable comment for its direct and fearless advocacy of principles which other candidates, for policy's sake, dared not express.

The Contemplated Expedition to the West

The rising tide of persecution portended a repetition of the cruel Missouri scenes. President Joseph Smith knew full well, even in the face of continued urging of the Saints to build Nauvoo and make her towers glorious, that the time would come when they would have to seek a new home in the wilderness. The prophecy of August 6, 1842, had stamped this fact upon the minds of others, and the Prophet had referred to it from time to time. He records in his history under date of February 20, 1844, the following:

"I instructed the Twelve Apostles to send out a delegation and investigate the locations of California and Oregon, and hunt out a good location, where we can remove to after the temple is completed, and where we can build a city in a day, and have a government of our own, get up into the mountains, where the devil cannot dig us out, and live in a healthful climate, where we can live as old as we have a mind to."

The next day another meeting was held in the mayor's office, in Nauvoo, most of the twelve were present, and Jonathan Dunham, Phineas H. Young, David D. Yearsley, and David Fullmer, volunteered to go. Alphonzo Young, James Emmett, George D. Watt and Daniel Spencer were requested to go, and another meeting was called to meet on February 23, to further discuss matters pertaining to this expedition. On that date President Smith and the twelve met again. Patriarch Hyrum Smith and Sidney Rigdon were also present. The Prophet instructed them saying he wanted an exploration of all the mountain country. Perhaps it would be best for them to go by way of Santa Fe. "Send twenty-five men," he said, "let them preach the Gospel wherever they go. Let that man go that can raise $500, a good horse and mule, a double-barrel gun, one barrel rifle and the other smooth bore, a saddle and bridle, a pair of revolving pistols, bowie-knife, and a good sabre. Appoint a leader and let them beat up for volunteers. I want every man that goes to be a king and a priest. When he gets on the mountains he may want to talk with his God; when with the savage nations, have power to govern. If we don't get volunteers, wait till after the election." On this occasion, Samuel Bent, Joseph A. Kelting, Samuel Rolf, Daniel Avery and Samuel W. Richards were added to the expedition and others joined from time to time. Sunday, February 25, the Prophet predicted that within five years the Saints would be out of the power of their old enemies, whether they were apostate or of the world, and commanded the brethren to write it down "that when it comes to pass they need not say they had forgotten the saying."

Memorial to Congress

March 26, 1844, a memorial was prepared by President Joseph Smith asking Congress to pass an ordinance for the protection of citizens of the United States emigrating to the territories and that indefinite country known as California and Oregon. He asked for authorization to raise a company of one hundred thousand volunteers, at such times and places as he might find necessary for this purpose. At this time Oregon was a disputed territory, unsettled, and held by the United States and Great Britain jointly by treaty. Texas was asking for admission into the United States, but had been denied. Orson Pratt and John E. Page and later Orson Hyde, were sent to Washington to urge the consideration of the scheme. Most of the Illinois delegation favored it. For political reasons no official action was ever taken, but the general sentiment of the politicians, who were afraid to act openly, was in favor of the proposition.

Traitors From Within

It was not so much from Missouri and among the mobocrats of Illinois, that the Prophet had cause to fear, but from traitors within the councils of the Church. In the highest quorums, men were found who secretly plotted against his life. He remarked in a discourse in October of 1843: "This generation is as corrupt as the generation of the Jews that crucified Christ; and if he were here today, and should preach the same doctrine he did to them they would put him to death. I defy all the world to destroy the work of God; and I prophesy they never will have power to kill me till my work is accomplished, and I am ready to die." In January, 1844, it became necessary to increase the police force for the protection of the city. Joseph Smith, as mayor, addressed these newly appointed officers of the peace, and instructed them in their duties. In the course of his remarks he said:

"I am exposed to far greater danger from traitors among ourselves than from enemies without, although my life has been sought for many years by the civil and military authorities, priests, and people of Missouri; and if I can escape from the ungrateful treachery of assassins, I can live as Caesar might have lived, were it not for a right-hand Brutus. I have had pretended friends betray me. All the enemies upon the face of the earth may roar and exert all their power to bring about my death, but they can accomplish nothing, unless some who are among us and enjoy our society, have been with us in our councils, participated in our confidence, taken us by the hand, called us brother, saluted us with a kiss, join with our enemies, turn our virtues into faults, and, by falsehood and deceit, stir up their wrath and indignation against us, and bring their united vengeance upon our heads. All the hue-and-cry of the chief priests and elders against the Savior, could not bring down the wrath of the Jewish nation upon his head, and thereby cause the crucifixion of the Son of God, until Judas said unto them, 'Whomsoever I shall kiss, he is the man; hold him fast.' Judas was one of the Twelve Apostles, even their treasurer, and dipt with their Master in the dish, and through his treachery, the crucifixion was brought about; and we have a Judas in our midst."

"The Wicked Flee"

These remarks gave offense to William and Wilson Law, William Marks, Leonard Soby, Dr. Foster and others. William Law was the Prophet's second counselor, and his brother had been honored with the position of major general of the Nauvoo Legion, and was also prominent in the Church. William Marks was president of the Nauvoo Stake of Zion. Commenting on their fears, President Joseph Smith stated: "What can be the matter with these men? Is it that the wicked flee when no man pursueth . . . or that Presidents Law and Marks are absolutely traitors to the Church, that my remarks should produce such excitement in their minds? Can it be possible that the traitor whom Porter Rockwell reports to me as being in correspondence with my Missouri enemies is one of my quorum?[2] The people in the town are astonished, almost every man saying to his neighbor, "Is it possible that Brother Law or Marks is a traitor, and would deliver Brother Joseph into the hands of his enemies in Missouri? If not what can be the meaning of all this? The righteous are bold as a lion."

Councils of Apostates

It soon developed that some of these men were secretly plotting the death of the Prophet and the destruction of the Church, claiming that he had fallen from his high and holy calling. Among them were those who had been tinctured by the wickedness of John C. Bennett, from which they did not recover. Others had been guilty of immoral conduct within more recent months and had been exposed. Their vengeance was directed against President Joseph Smith towards whom they now entertained a murderous spirit.

Experience of Scott and Harris

In the spring of 1844, a number of secret meetings were held by these conspirators, to which all whom they could trust among the disaffected spirits, were invited. Two young men, Denison L. Harris and Robert Scott, the latter living with the family of William Law, were invited to attend. Young Harris was also asked to invite his father, Emer Harris. The boys pondered over the invitation and then consulted with Emer Harris, who concluded to lay the matter before President Joseph Smith. After hearing the story the Prophet advised the father to stay away, but said he would like to have the boys attend, but they must first receive some advice from him. As they were instructed, they attended the first two meetings and each time made their report to the Prophet. These gatherings were given over to abuse and falsehood affecting President Smith, and the discussion of future plans. When the young men reported the second time, Joseph was in doubt whether they should go again and asked them to visit him for further instructions just before the third meeting, which, like the others, was to be held on the Sabbath day. When the time came he said to them: "This will be the last time that they will admit you into their councils. They will come to some determination, but be sure that you make no covenant, nor enter into any obligations whatever with them." Arriving at the place of meeting the young men were astonished to see it guarded by men with muskets, and after due scrutiny they were admitted. In the meeting the Prophet and his brother Hyrum and others were accused of the most wicked acts. Joseph was called a fallen prophet, and his death was said to be necessary to save the Church. An oath had been prepared which each member present was required to take. The candidate would step forward to the table, where Francis M. Higbee, a justice of the peace, was stationed, and he would ask: "Are you ready?" Receiving a favorable reply he administered the following oath:

"You solemnly swear, before God and all holy angels, and these your brethren by whom you are surrounded that you will give your life, your liberty, your influence, your all, for the destruction of Joseph Smith and his party, so help you God!"

The person being sworn would then say "I do," after which he would lay down the Bible on which the oath was taken, and sign his name to a written copy of the oath in a book, which would then be acknowledged by the justice of the peace.

The boys sat in amazement wondering how these men, formerly faithful in the councils of the Church, could fall so low. In this manner the oath was administered to about two hundred, among whom were three women, heavily veiled.

Their Lives Threatened

Presently the turn for the two youths came to take the pledge, and they both manfully refused, stating that Joseph Smith had done them no harm and they were too young to understand these things. This aroused the anger of the conspirators, and when coaxing and argument failed, they threatened them with death. "Come boys," they said, "do as we have done. You are young, and will not have anything to do in the affair, but we want you should keep it a secret, and act with us; that's all." "No," they replied, "we cannot take an oath like that against any man who has never done us any injury." They tried to pass out, but one of the band stopped them saying: "No, not by a--! You know all our plans and arrangements, and we don't propose that you should leave in that style. You've got to take the oath, or you'll never leave here alive." The boys were surrounded by these evil conspirators, who with drawn swords and knives, were determined to take their lives. The leaders, no less determined, concluded that the deed of blood could not be committed there, as the house was too near the street. So the young men were taken to the cellar and preparations were made for their murder. At this point, however, as if by an act of Providence, someone spoke up and said it was evidently known by the parents of these boys that they were there, and if they did not return a search would be put on foot that might prove to be very dangerous to the plotters. The result was that after some consultation they were released, with a strict injunction, and many threats, not to reveal to any one what they had heard, or they would be killed, and under a guard they were permitted to depart. They immediately took their course towards the river in the opposite direction from their homes, conveying the impression to their enemies by word and act, that they would keep their secret. On the river bank they met the Prophet and an elder brother of Robert Scott, and to them they told their story (Contributor, vol. 5:25).

On the 27th day of March, 1844, Abiathar B. Williams and M. G. Eaton, each made affidavit before Daniel H. Wells, justice of the peace, confirming the story of these young men, and implicating Chauncy L. Higbee, Robert D. Foster, Joseph H. Jackson and Wilson and William Law, as the leaders among the plotters. Shortly afterwards (April 18, 1844) the two Laws and Robert D. Foster, were excommunicated from the Church. Others prominent in this conspiracy were Austin Cowles, Francis M. Higbee, Charles Ivins and Charles A. Foster.

Apostates Attempt to Organize a Church

An attempt was made by these apostates to organize a church of their own, patterned after the Church of Christ, with William Law at the head. Their following was small and the attempt was a failure. They soon joined hands openly with the most bitter enemies of the Saints and aided them in all their anti-"Mormon" persecutions. They advocated the repeal of the Nauvoo Charter; insulted the officers of the city and maliciously violated the ordinances, endeavoring to bring the city into ill-repute. Their evil deeds they laid at the door of others, and with lying tongues made brutal accusations against the innocent, and openly threatened the life of the Prophet.

Plot to Kill Joseph Smith

May 25, 1844, William Law, Robert D. Foster and Joseph H. Jackson, had Joseph Smith indicted at Carthage on the charge of polygamy and perjury. Two days later Joseph left for Carthage, accompanied by a number of his friends, and voluntarily gave himself up for trial. He secured legal assistance and endeavored to have his case tried, but the opposition insisted on the case going over until the next term of court. On the way to Carthage, Charles A. Foster overtook the Prophet and his company, and had some conversation. When they reached their destination Foster called Joseph Smith aside and informed him of a conspiracy against his life. His brother Robert D., with tears in his eyes, also said there were persons there who had planned to kill the Prophet before he left that town. The spark of repentance kindled in their breasts, however, soon died out, and these two men again banded with the conspirators in Nauvoo, to bring to pass the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith.

The "Nauvoo Expositor"

To better advance their malicious course, the conspirators of Nauvoo procured a press and proposed the publishing of a paper to be called the Nauvoo Expositor. The object of the paper, as set forth in the prospectus was, to advocate "the unconditional repeal of the Nauvoo City Charter, to restrain and correct the abuses of the unit power, to ward off the iron rod which is held over the devoted heads of the citizens of Nauvoo . . . to advocate an unmitigated disobedience to political revelations, and to censure and decry gross moral imperfections wherever found, either in plebeian, patrician or self-constituted Monarch--to advocate the pure principles of morality." In plain words to attack the Church and destroy the protection of the Saints guaranteed by the Charter of Nauvoo.

The first and only number of the Expositor appeared June 7, 1844, filled with vile and malicious slanders against the Prophet and the leading citizens of Nauvoo. In attacking the charter, these wicked conspirators knew they were taking a course which would gain them the sympathy and aid of all the enemies of the Church, as nothing else could do. The charter, with its liberal provisions, had aroused the hatred of anti-"Mormons" because it prevented their sinister and diabolical designs. These same evil actors had lived under the charter from the beginning, and had been loud in its praise and defense, until Satan entered their hearts and their minds became darkened. They knew that the Latter-day Saints, without the charter would be a prey to their enemies, and at the mercy of their apostate persecutors, the small minority of the population, who could wreak vengeance upon their former brethren without restraint.

The circulation of the first number of this paper filled the hearts of the people with righteous indignation. Their liberty was attacked, their lives threatened, and the prospect, from the circulation of falsehoods within their city, and bitter hatred without, was another expulsion from their homes. Were they to submit peaceably to such attacks?

The Expositor Declared a Nuisance

At a meeting of the city council held June 10, after full consideration, the Expositor was declared a public nuisance and was ordered to be abated. The city marshal John P. Greene was instructed to proceed to the printing office and carry out the order of the council. Taking with him a few men he proceeded to inform the proprietors of his mission and demanded entrance into the building which was denied. With little effort he opened the door, pied the type, carried out the press and burned the printed papers that were found. He then reported to the mayor who immediately forwarded an account of the proceeding to the governor of Illinois.

In a rage the conspirators set fire to the building and hastened to Carthage, stating that their lives were in danger and they had been driven from their homes. The fire was discovered and extinguished before any damage had been done, but the falsehoods circulated aroused the people of Carthage and other towns. Indignation meetings were held and mobs began to gather under arms.

Notes

1. Such a canal was built, and completed in 1877, at a cost to the government of more than four million dollars.

2. It was later discovered that William Law was in league with the Missourians.

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35. The Martyrdom

1844

Charge of Francis M. Higbee

June 11, 1844, Francis M. Higbee made complaint before Thomas Morrison, a justice of the peace at Carthage, charging Joseph Smith and the members of the Nauvoo city council with riot committed in destroying the press of the Expositor. The warrant was served by Constable David Bettisworth the following day. It required that the accused should go before the justice issuing the warrant, "or some other justice of the peace, for trial." The Prophet expressed his willingness to go before some other justice, as he had lawful right to do, but was not willing to be taken to Carthage to be tried before his mobocratic enemies. Bettisworth, in anger, declared that he would take him to Carthage. His attention was called to the nature of the warrant and that his actions were contrary to law, and with righteous indignation Joseph Smith obtained a writ of habeas corpus and was legally tried before the municipal court of Nauvoo and discharged. Each of the members of the city council did the same, and were likewise discharged.

Anger of the Mob

When Bettisworth returned to Carthage without his prisoners, the disappointment of the mobocrats was intense, and they threatened to go against Nauvoo in force. Indignation meetings were held in Warsaw and Carthage, and inflammatory speeches were made against the Saints. The assembled mobbers in each place adopted resolutions in which they said, "We hold ourselves at all times in readiness to co-operate with our fellow-citizens in this state, Missouri and Iowa, to exterminate, utterly exterminate, the wicked and abominable 'Mormon' leaders, the authors of our troubles." All members of the Church, or sympathizers with Joseph Smith, were warned to leave these townships on pain of instant vengeance. A deputation was sent by them to the governor, stating that Joseph Smith and others had refused to obey the mandate of the writ, and with other falsehoods they attempted to prejudice him in their favor. The minutes of these unlawful and wicked proceedings were published in the Warsaw Signal and other papers of the state.

The Saints Threatened

The Saints also sent messengers to the governor with full and correct accounts of the proceedings at Nauvoo, and asking for protection. In the meantime, without waiting for the governor's reply, the mob forces commenced their brutal attacks upon the Saints residing outside of Nauvoo, threatening them with destruction unless they immediately accepted one of the following propositions: Deny Joseph Smith as a Prophet of God and join the mob in securing his arrest; gather up their effects and move to Nauvoo; or give up their arms and remain quiet until the affair was over. Runners were dispatched to Missouri for aid from the mobbers there, and the whole country was inflamed by the spread of diabolical falsehoods.

Advice of Judge Thomas

The Prophet did everything in his power to allay excitement and kept the governor posted with numerous affidavits and documents regarding the state of affairs. Judge Jesse B. Thomas, of the circuit court, advised the Prophet to go before some justice of the peace in the county and have an examination on the writ issued by Morrison, which action would take away all excuse of the mob, and then he could take steps to have them bound to keep the peace. For his pains, Judge Thomas was threatened by the mob with a coat of tar and feathers. The Prophet accepted his advice and was tried before Justice Daniel H. Wells, a non-"Mormon," and after a full investigation was discharged. His enemies knew that this trial was lawful, as the previous one had been; but they were determined not to be thwarted in their wicked purpose. They thirsted for the blood of the Prophet and were determined to drag him to Carthage, with or without process of law, there to slay him. A mass meeting was held in Nauvoo, pacific resolutions were adopted, and messengers chosen to go forth in the surrounding country to declare the truth and allay excitement; but the prejudice was too great and little was accomplished.

Nauvoo Under Martial Law

Because of threats of mob vengeance from both Missouri and Illinois information was sent to President Tyler of the United States, acquainting him with the danger and asking for protection. Nauvoo was placed under martial law, and the legion mustered into service in self-defense. The Prophet stood before them in his uniform as lieutenant-general and addressed them at length, in defense of their liberties. In the course of his remarks he said:

"It is thought by some that our enemies would be satisfied by my destruction, but I tell you as soon as they have shed my blood, they will thirst for the blood of every man in whose heart dwells a single spark of the spirit of the fulness of the Gospel. The opposition of these men is moved by the spirit of the adversary of all righteousness. It is not only to destroy me, but every man and woman who dares believe the doctrines that God hath inspired me to teach to this generation."

Appeal to the Governor for Protection

On June 16, Joseph wrote Governor Ford, calling his attention to the mob meetings at Carthage and Warsaw, and the threats made to exterminate the Saints. He requested the governor to come to Nauvoo to make further investigation, and to quell insurrection. Instead of going to Nauvoo, Governor Ford went to Carthage, and sent word to Nauvoo that he was there in the interest of peace, and asked that well-informed and discreet persons be sent to him. Elders John Taylor and Dr. John M. Bernhisel were immediately sent to Carthage; but to their surprise and disappointment they found the governor surrounded by some of the worst element in Illinois. The Laws, Fosters and Higbees, with Joseph H. Jackson, an adventurer and murderer, the publishers of the Expositor, had his ear. Elders Taylor and Bernhisel could not get an interview with the governor except in the presence of these vicious enemies who had pledged themselves to bring to pass the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. As they told their side of the story they were constantly interrupted by this rabble with, "that's a -- -- lie," and other unseemly epithets of like character. The governor treated them very rudely, showing that he was under the influence of the mob. He stated that Joseph Smith and the members of the city council should come to Carthage to be tried on the original writ as nothing short of that would satisfy the people. When the messengers protested because of the murderous spirit of the mob, the governor strenuously advised that they come without arms and pledged his faith that they should be protected. He also sent a written communication to Joseph Smith, in which he said the city council, in destroying the Expositor press, had committed a gross outrage upon the laws and liberty of the people. He ignored the trial before the municipal court and also that before Daniel H. Wells, justice of the peace, demanding that all who were accused should submit themselves "to be arrested by the same constable, by virtue of the same warrant, and be tried before the same magistrate whose authority has heretofore been resisted. Nothing short of this can vindicate the dignity of violated law and allay the just excitement of the people." Governor Ford must have blushed with shame when he penned these lines, for he knew he was violating his oath of office and declaring an untruth, for the sake of finding favor with the mob. If his demand was not complied with he threatened to come with sufficient force to execute his order. "You know the excitement of the public mind," he said. "Do not tempt it too far. A very little matter may do a very great injury; and if you are disposed to continue the causes of excitement and render a force necessary to coerce submission, I would say that your city was built, as it were, upon a keg of powder which a very little spark may explode." "And I will," he continued, "also guarantee the safety of all such persons as may thus be brought to this place from Nauvoo either for trial or as witnesses for the accused."

The same day (June 22) the Prophet respectfully replied to this cravenly penned communication, defending his course and denying the false accusations contained in the governor's letter. He called attention to the promises made in Missouri, but when witnesses came they were cast into prison, and since "a burnt child dreads the fire," they were not to be blamed if they refused to place themselves in the hands of a blood-thirsty mob openly making threats to take their lives. The Prophet expressed a willingness to go before any other justice in the state, except at Carthage, or before the circuit court, but did not feel legally bound to go to Carthage to be butchered.

The governor's letter to Joseph Smith caused no small surprise among the Saints. It was evident that they could not look to him for help, for he had joined himself entirely with their enemies. He had ignored the law; refused to recognize the legality of the courts, and the right of a fair and impartial trial before an unprejudiced judge and jury.

Hyrum Refuses to Leave his Brother

So serious had the matter become that a letter was sent to President Brigham Young and the apostles who were in the mission field, instructing them to return to Nauvoo at once. The Prophet had previously (June 20) advised his brother Hyrum to take his family and go at once by steamboat to Cincinnati. Hyrum replied: "Joseph, I can't leave you," whereupon Joseph remarked to his brethren, "I wish I could get Hyrum out of the way, so that he may live to avenge my blood, and I will stay with you and see it out."

The Proposed Journey to the West

In the afternoon of June 22, Joseph was in consultation with Hyrum Smith, John Taylor, Willard Richards and Dr. John M. Bernhisel, when it was decided that he should go to Washington and lay the whole difficulty before President Tyler. At dusk another consultation was held, when the Prophet called these same brethren and William W. Phelps, Abraham C. Hodge, John L. Butler, Alpheus Cutler and William Marks, to his office in his upper room. The governor's letter was read and the Prophet said, "There is no mercy--no mercy here." Hyrum said, "No; just as sure as we fall into their hands we are dead men." Joseph replied, "Yes: what shall we do, Brother Hyrum?" Hyrum replied, "I don't know." All at once the Prophet's countenance brightened up and he said, "The way is open. It is clear to my mind what to do. All they want is Hyrum and myself; then tell everybody to go about their business, and not to collect in groups, but to scatter about. There is no doubt they will come here and search for us. Let them search; they will not harm you in person or property, and not even a hair of your head. We will cross the river tonight, and go away to the West." On this date Joseph wrote: "I told Stephen Markham that if Hyrum and I were ever taken again we should be massacred, or I was not a prophet of God. I want Hyrum to live to avenge my blood, but he is determined not to leave me."

Between nine and ten o'clock Hyrum Smith came out of the Mansion House and gave his hand to Reynolds Cahoon, saying, "A company of men are seeking to kill my brother Joseph, and the Lord has warned him to flee to the Rocky Mountains to save his life. Good-bye, Brother Cahoon, we shall see you again." A few minutes later, as Joseph, Hyrum and Willard Richards were waiting on the river bank, William W. Phelps was instructed to take the families of the Prophet and Patriarch to Cincinnati. About midnight the three brethren were rowed across the river by Orrin P. Rockwell, who returned with instructions to obtain horses and pass them over the river the next night secretly, and be ready to start for the Great Basin in the Rocky Mountains.

The Governor's Threat

At ten o'clock on the morning of the 23rd the governor's posse arrived in Nauvoo to arrest the Prophet, but not finding him they returned, leaving one of their number to watch for him. This posse said that if Joseph and Hyrum Smith were not given up the governor was determined to send his troops into the city and guard it until they were found, if it took three years.

Joseph Smith Accused of Cowardice

At one p.m. Emma Smith sent Orrin P. Rockwell to entreat the Prophet to come back. Reynolds Cahoon accompanied him with a letter to the same effect. Reynolds Cahoon, Lorenzo D. Wasson and Hiram Kimball accused Joseph of cowardice for wishing to leave the people, saying that their property would be destroyed, and they would be left without house or home. Like the fable, when the wolves came the shepherd ran from the flock.

The Return to Nauvoo

The persecutions of enemies were easy to bear, but when he was thus accused by those who should have been his dearest friends, the Prophet was stung to the quick. It was not for himself he sought safety, but for his people. If this was all they cared, he would not seek to save himself. He replied: "If my life is of no value to my friends, it is of none to myself." Turning to Rockwell he said, "What shall I do?" Rockwell answered: "You are the oldest and ought to know best; and as you make your bed, I will lie with you." Joseph then turned to Hyrum and said: "Brother Hyrum, you are the oldest, what shall we do?" Hyrum said, "Let us go back and give ourselves up, and see the thing out." The Prophet remained in deep reflection for some time, and then remarked: "If you go back I will go with you, but we shall be butchered." Hyrum said, "No, no; let us go back and put our trust in God, and we shall not be harmed. The Lord is in it. If we live or have to die, we will be reconciled to our fate."

They then returned, and the first thing the Prophet did was to notify Governor Ford, by the hands of Theodore Turley and Jedediah M. Grant, that he would be ready to go to Carthage on the morrow. The governor promised to send a posse to protect him on the way, but through the influence of the Nauvoo conspirators, he changed his mind and ordered the Prophet and Patriarch to come to Carthage without escort.

The Start for Carthage

Early on the morning of the 24th of June, Joseph and Hyrum with the accused members of the city council and a few tried friends, left Nauvoo for Carthage. On the way the Prophet hesitated, and looked back with admiration upon the city, the temple, and his farm. "This is the loveliest place, and the best people under the heavens," he said; "little do they know the trials that await them!" They passed the home of Esq. Daniel H. Wells, who was unwell. The Prophet stopped and called on him, and as he parted, he said: "Squire Wells, I wish you to cherish my memory, and not think me the worst man in the world either."

The Governor's Demand for Arms

About four miles from Carthage, they met Captain Dunn with a company of about sixty mounted militia, who presented the Prophet with an order from the governor for delivery of all the state arms in possession of the Nauvoo Legion, which Joseph promptly countersigned. It was not enough for the governor to demand the presence of the Prophet and Patriarch at Carthage to be murdered, but the people in Nauvoo were to be left defenseless against their enemies. This order for the delivery of the state arms was evidently intended to exasperate the Saints to commit some overt act, which might be construed as treason. Fearing that the inhabitants of Nauvoo would show resistance, Captain Dunn requested that the whole company return with him to Nauvoo, and pledged to protect them even with his life. A messenger was sent to the governor explaining the reason for the return to Nauvoo. Notwithstanding the many threats, which the governor constantly had heard against the lives of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, no action was taken to disarm the mob, who were mustered into the governor's service. It appeared very much like a repetition of the Missouri scenes, in making the Saints defenseless while in a peaceful attitude, and arming their murderous enemies with state arms.

A Lamb to the Slaughter

When the company met Captain Dunn, the Prophet said:

"I am going like a lamb to the slaughter, but I am as calm as a summer's morning. I have a conscience void of offense toward God and toward all men. If they take my life I shall die an innocent man, and my blood shall cry from the ground for vengeance, and it shall be said of me, 'He was murdered in cold blood!'"

When the work of Captain Dunn was accomplished, he thanked the people for their peaceful compliance and promised them protection. Late that afternoon the journey to Carthage was commenced again. It was midnight when the company arrived at that town, and while passing the public square many of the troops of the Carthage Greys made murderous threats. "Stand away, you McDonough boys," they yelled, "and let us shoot the damned 'Mormons'" "---- you, old Joe, we've got you now. Clear the way and let us have a view of Joe Smith, the prophet of God. He has seen the last of Nauvoo. We'll use him up now, and kill all the damned Mormons."

Governor Ford's Promise to the Mob-Militia

On hearing these threats Governor Ford put his head out of a window and said, "I know your great anxiety to see Mr. Smith, which is natural enough, but it is quite too late tonight for you to have the opportunity; but I assure you, gentlemen, you shall have that privilege tomorrow morning, as I will cause him to pass before the troops upon the square, and I now wish you, with this assurance, quietly and peaceably to return to your quarters." With a faint "Hurrah for Tom Ford," they complied with his wish.

The Charge of Treason

Early on the morning of the 25th the prisoners voluntarily surrendered themselves to Constable Bettisworth. Shortly afterwards Joseph and Hyrum were again arrested by Bettisworth on the charge of "treason" against the state of Illinois, on complaint of Augustine Spencer and Henry O. Norton.

The Governor's Inflammatory Speech

Shortly after eight o'clock Governor Ford called all the troops together and formed them in a hollow square. He then addressed them in a most inflammatory manner against the Prophet Joseph and the Patriarch Hyrum Smith. They needed little encouragement, as he well knew, for they even then were inflamed to a murderous degree. At the close of his speech he fulfilled his promise to the troops as they were drawn up in file, by taking Joseph and Hyrum Smith before them, and introduced them as Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith. The Carthage Greys refused to receive them by such title, and made threats against their lives, to which the governor paid little heed.

His Lack of Sincerity

When Joseph Smith reported to Governor Ford that he had been before Daniel H. Wells, a justice of the peace, and had been tried, the governor replied that no other justice would do to try the case but the one who had issued the writ, therefore they must be tried before Justice Morrison. His lack of sincerity is shown in the fact that they were now taken before Justice Robert F. Smith, captain of the Carthage Greys and a most bitter mobocrat. The governor's object was to drag them to Carthage to their enemies, and there was no thought of justice or right in making his demand. The accused brethren were bound over to appear at the next term of the circuit court. It was evident that the magistrate intended to place their bail at a figure which could not be met, in order to cast them into jail, but the bond was given, and Justice Smith left the court house without calling on the two prisoners, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, to answer to the charge of treason.

False Imprisonment

About eight p.m. Constable Bettisworth appeared at their lodgings at the Hamilton House and insisted on Joseph and Hyrum going to jail. They demanded to see the copy of the mittimus, which was refused. Their counsel, Messrs. H. T. Reid and J. W. Woods, informed the constable that they were entitled to a hearing before a justice, whereupon the constable produced a mittimus which falsely stated that they had been brought before Justice Robert F. Smith and the trial had been postponed by reason of the absence of material witnesses. They vigorously protested against such false and outrageous proceedings. Justice Smith asked the governor for advice, since his mittimus was illegal, and therefore this was a false committal, when Governor Ford replied, "You have the Carthage Greys at your command!" The hint was sufficient, and Captain Robert F. Smith thereupon commanded his "Greys" to execute the illegal action of Justice Robert F. Smith, and the Prophet Joseph and Patriarch Hyrum Smith were thrust into jail in defiance of all law. Elder John Taylor protested to the governor, but was answered by that craven individual that he had no power to interfere, and the law must take its course.

The Governor's Broken Pledge

On the morning of June 26, Joseph requested an interview with Governor Ford, which had been denied him the day before. This time it was granted and the whole cause of the trouble was reviewed. Governor Ford contemplated going to Nauvoo the following day to investigate certain charges of counterfeiting, and the Prophet said he considered himself unsafe in Carthage and requested to be taken to Nauvoo. The governor gave his word of honor that he would take him when he went, but failed to keep his promise.

The Illegal Summons

In the afternoon, Frank Worrell appeared before the jail with the Carthage Greys and demanded that the prisoners be delivered up to the constable to be taken before Justice R. F. Smith for trial. The jailer, who had been instructed to keep them in custody "until discharged by due course of law," protested such proceedings; but by threats Worrell compelled the jailer to surrender the prisoners. They were taken before Justice Smith, where their counsel, who had been given no notice of a trial, asked for a continuance that they might obtain witnesses. A continuance was granted until noon the following day. A new mittimus was made out and the prisoners committed again to prison, and without consultation on their part the time of trial was changed until the twenty-ninth.

Threats of the Mob

It was common conversation on the camp ground and at the hotel, in the presence of Governor Ford, that "The law is too short for these men, but they must not be suffered to go at large;" and "if the law will not reach them, powder and ball must." Previously the governor had said, in order to quiet the impatience of the Carthage Greys, that they should have "full satisfaction."

The Night in Jail

The evening of the 26th of June was spent by the prisoners and a number of friends, viz., John Taylor, Willard Richards, John S. Fullmer, Stephen Markham and Dan Jones, in conversing on the scriptures, Hyrum Smith occupying most of the time. They all retired to bed late, except Dr. Willard Richards who sat up writing until his last candle burned out. The Prophet and Patriarch occupied the bed, while the other brethren slept on a mattress on the floor. The report of a gun caused Joseph to arise from the bed, and going over to the mattress, he lay down on the floor between Dan Jones and John S. Fullmer. Stretching out his right arm he said to John S. Fullmer, "Lay your head on my arm for a pillow, Brother John." He then conversed with Brother Fullmer on many topics and gave expression to the presentiment he had from the beginning that he was to die. "I would like to see my family again," he said, and "I would to God that I could preach to the Saints in Nauvoo once more." After air was quiet he turned to Dan Jones and whispered, "Are you afraid to die?" Dan said, "Has that time come, think you? Engaged in such a cause I do not think that death would have many terrors." The Prophet replied, "You will yet see Wales and fulfil the mission appointed you before you die."

The Plotting by the Mob

Early on the morning of the 27th, John P. Greene and William W. Phelps called at the jail, and the Prophet sent Dan Jones out to inquire what the firing of a gun in the night near the jail was for. Frank Worrell, of the Carthage Greys, and officer of the guard, replied, "We have had too much trouble to bring Old Joe here to let him ever escape alive, and unless you want to die with him you had better leave before sundown; and you are not a damned bit better than him for taking his part. And you'll see that I can prophesy better than Old Joe, for neither he nor his brother, nor anyone who will remain with them will see the sun set today." Dan Jones reported to the Prophet who directed him to go to the governor and tell him what had taken place. On his way he overheard an officer making a speech, in which he said, "Our troops will be discharged this morning in obedience to orders, and for a sham we will leave the town; but when the governor and the McDonough troops have left for Nauvoo this afternoon, we will return and kill these men, if we have to tear the jail down." This was greeted by three cheers from the troops.

The Governor Warned

Jones immediately reported to the governor what he had heard. Governor Ford replied: "You are unnecessarily alarmed for the safety of your friends, sir, the people are not that cruel." Irritated by this remark, Jones urged the necessity of placing better men to guard the jail, and he said: "The Messrs. Smith are American citizens, and have surrendered themselves to your Excellency upon your pledging your honor for their safety; they are also Master Masons, and as such I demand of you protection of their lives."

Governor Ford's face turned pale, and Jones continued: "If you do not do this, I have but one more desire, and that is, if you leave their lives in the hands of those men to be sacrificed--"

"What is that, sir?" Ford asked in a hurried tone.

"It is," said Jones, "that the Almighty will preserve my life to a proper time and place, that I may testify that you have been timely warned of their danger."

Jones then returned to the prison, but the guards drove him away. Going to the hotel he witnessed the discharge of the troops, as the officer had predicted, and shortly afterwards Governor Ford with the McDonough militia, the most friendly to the Saints, departed for Nauvoo, leaving the Carthage Greys, the most blood-thirsty of the troops, to guard the jail. The plot was working admirably without a hitch in the proceedings.

"A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief"

John S. Fullmer and Stephen Markham, who had gone forth on errands, were also refused admittance again to the jail, while John Taylor and Willard Richards remained with their leaders. The day passed on, the prisoners and their two friends spent the time in bearing testimony to the truth of the Gospel, the divinity of the Book of Mormon, and in writing to their friends. Almon W. Babbitt called at the jail in the forenoon with a letter from Oliver Cowdery. Shortly after three o'clock there was excitement among the guards.

At this hour Elder John Taylor sang the hymn "A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief." When he had finished, the Prophet asked him to sing it through once more, which he did. At four o'clock the guard was changed. At five o'clock the jailer, Mr. Stigall, suggested that the prisoners retire to the cell below, where they would be safer.

The Martyrdom

Shortly after five o'clock there was a rustling at the outer door of the jail and a cry of surrender, and the discharge of three or four firearms. Dr. Richards glanced out of the window and saw about one hundred armed men around the door. Many of them had their faces blackened. It is said the guard elevated their guns and boisterously threatened the mob, but took good care to fire over their heads. The mob encircled the building and some of them rushed past the guard up the flight of stairs, burst open the door and began their work of death, while others fired through the windows. Joseph, Hyrum and Elder Taylor had their coats off. The Prophet sprang for his coat to get a six barreled pistol which Cyrus Wheelock had given him, and Hyrum reached for a single barrel pistol that had been left by John S. Fullmer. They all then braced themselves against the door, Elder Taylor armed with a heavy walking stick of Elder Markham's and Dr. Richards with Elder Taylor's cane. In an instant a ball whistled up the stairway, and Joseph Smith, John Taylor and Willard Richards sprang to the left of the door, and tried to knock aside the guns of the ruffians. Hyrum Smith retreated back and in front of the door, snapping his pistol, when a ball struck him on the left side of the nose. He fell on his back saying: "I am a dead man!" As he fell on the floor another ball from the outside entered his left side, and passed through his body with such force that it completely broke to pieces the watch he wore in his vest pocket. At the same instant another ball grazed his breast, entered his throat, and passed into his head, while another was fired into his leg. A shower of bullets was pouring into the room. Joseph reached around the door casing and discharged his six shooter into the passage, some barrels missing fire, while Elders Taylor and Richards continued to parry the muskets which were sticking through the door. When Hyrum fell, the Prophet said: "Oh, dear brother Hyrum!" Seeing there was no safety in the room, and without doubt thinking to spare his other companions, he turned calmly from the door, dropped his pistol on the floor, and sprang into the window. Two balls pierced him from the door, and one entered his right breast from without. He fell outward into the hands of his murderers, exclaiming: "O Lord, my God!" With a cry that he had jumped from the window, the assassins who were in the building rushed down the stairs. Elder Taylor was also severely wounded; four balls piercing his body, one ball struck his watch as he attempted to jump from the window, throwing him back into the room.

When the ruffians left the building, Elder Richards who had miraculously escaped, except that a ball grazed his ear, started for the door. Elder Taylor called to him; he returned and carried the wounded man upstairs into the "dungeon" and stretched him on the floor. Covering him with a bed, he said: "This is a hard case to lay you on the floor, but if your wounds are not fatal, I want you to live to tell the story." He then returned to the room below, expecting the next moment to be shot.

Terror of the Mob

After accomplishing their deed of blood, terror seized the hearts of the assassins who fled from the scene of their diabolical crime in utmost confusion. Governor Ford, three miles out of Nauvoo, on his way to Carthage, met George D. Grant and Constable Bettisworth hastening to Nauvoo with the news of the martyrdom. With terror on his countenance, he carried them back to Carthage, that they might not spread the awful tale, until he should be at a distance beyond the vengeance which he feared. Arriving at Carthage, he advised the citizens to flee for their lives before the infuriated "Mormons" came to burn their town, and suiting action to his words he fled with his posse towards Quincy. Conscience-stricken and with the blood of prophets on his hands, he did not stop until he arrived at Augusta, eighteen miles away.

Sorrow of the Saints

In the meantime word of the horrible tragedy was sent by Dr. Willard Richards to Nauvoo. He said he had pledged his word to the frightened citizens of Carthage, that no violence or vengeance would be attempted by the Saints, and for the Saints to keep the peace and be prepared for an attack from Missouri. Indeed, there was no thought of summary vengeance by the Saints. With heads bowed down and hearts filled with grief--for the greatest sorrow in all their history had come upon them--they silently wept and prayed, leaving vengeance to Him who said, "Vengeance is mine; I will repay!"

The Burial

The next day, June 28, 1844, the bodies of the martyred prophets were taken to Nauvoo by Dr. Willard Richards, Samuel H. Smith and a guard of eight soldiers sent by General Deming. On the 29th, they were interred amidst the deep mourning of a stricken people.

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Chapter 36

The Succession of the Twelve Apostles--Preparation to Leave Nauvoo

1844-1846

A Crisis in the Church

The martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith came as a terrible shock to the members of the Church. The thought that the Prophet was to be taken from them had not entered their minds, notwithstanding the many predictions he had made regarding his approaching death. He was only in his thirty-ninth year. His constitution was strong and he was possessed of exceptional vitality. The Lord had saved him so many times from perils and threatened death, that the Saints fully expected the same power to shield him always.

His death brought about a crisis in the Church, for it was the first disorganization of the presiding quorum of the Priesthood. Very little thought had been given to the subject of succession in the Presidency, even by the leading brethren, for such a contingency seemed to them to be very remote. The revelations were clear on that point, but there had been no occasion for consideration of the subject. In the revelation on Priesthood, given to the apostles in 1835 (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 107), the Lord said that the council of the apostles was equal in authority with the First Presidency, and Joseph Smith stated that its place was second only to the presidency of the Church, and where there was no First Presidency, the apostles would preside. When the Saints were left without the guiding hand of the Prophet, they were in confusion, not fully understanding this order of the Priesthood. Sidney Rigdon, first counselor to President Joseph Smith, had lost the spirit of the work. Contrary to the direct command of the Lord in a revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 124:108-9) he moved his residence to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he was of little assistance as a counselor in the presidency. For many months before his death, Joseph Smith had suspected Sidney Rigdon of being in league with his enemies. The Prophet openly accused Sidney of being guilty of such treacherous action, from which accusation he was not entirely cleared. He had manifested much sympathy for John C. Bennett, the arch-traitor, although he denied any direct communication with him. At the October conference, 1843, the Prophet refused to sustain Sidney Rigdon as a counselor, but through the merciful pleadings of Hyrum Smith and others, he was sustained. On that occasion the Prophet said: "I have thrown him off my shoulders, and you have put him on me; you may carry him, but I will not." Amasa M. Lyman had been chosen to act as a counselor in his stead. William Law, Joseph's second counselor, had been excommunicated for apostasy, and was one of those who brought to pass the martyrdom.

Sidney Rigdon's Attempt to be "Guardian to the Church"

Most of the apostles were in the Eastern States on missions at the time of the martyrdom. Only two were at Nauvoo, and one of them seriously wounded. As soon as Sidney Rigdon heard of the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, he hastened to Nauvoo, where he arrived Saturday, August 3, 1844. Elders Parley P. Pratt and George A. Smith had arrived a few days before. The apostles invited Sidney Rigdon to meet with them the following morning, at eight o'clock at the home of John Taylor, where they might discuss the affairs of the Church, which Sidney Rigdon promised to do. Instead of doing so he met with William Marks and a few others, and endeavored to lay plans for the appointment of a trustee-in-trust and a "guardian" for the Church, before others of the apostles could arrive. At ten o'clock a public meeting was held and Sidney Rigdon preached declaring that a "guardian" must be appointed, "to build up the Church unto Joseph," and stating that he, Sidney, was the identical man spoken of by the ancient prophets to do the work they had spoken of in prophecy. Another meeting was held in the afternoon, at which Elder William Marks, president of the Nauvoo Stake, announced that there would be a special meeting of the Church on Thursday, August 8th, "for the purpose of choosing a guardian." Sidney Rigdon had requested that the meeting be held on the 6th, but William Marks announced it for the 8th, which was providential, for President Brigham Young and most of the other apostles arrived in Nauvoo on the evening of the 6th. The next morning the apostles held a council meeting at the home of Elder Taylor. At four o'clock the apostles met with the high council of Nauvoo and the high priests. Sidney Rigdon was invited to express his views. He spoke at some length, relating a vision he claimed to have had, and stating that there could be no successor to Joseph Smith, but that the Church must be built up to him. He, Sidney, had been called to be a spokesman to Joseph Smith, and he proposed to be a guardian to the Church, if the people would receive him.

President Young's Remarks

President Brigham Young said he did not care who presided over the Church, but one thing he would have to know and that was what the Lord said about it. "Joseph conferred upon our heads," he said, "all the keys and powers belonging to the apostleship which he himself held before he was taken away, and no man or set of men can get between Joseph and the twelve in this world or in the world to come. How often has Joseph said to the twelve: 'I have laid the foundation and you must build thereon, for upon your shoulders the kingdom rests.'"

The Special Meeting of Thursday, the 8th of August

Thursday, August 8, 1844, the special meeting called by William Marks in behalf of Sidney Rigdon was held at 10 o'clock. Sidney Rigdon, from a position in a wagon in front of the stand in the grove, addressed the vast assembly for about one hour and a half. He presented himself to them as a "guardian" for the Church, that it might be built up unto Joseph Smith. The longer he talked, the more the people were convinced that he was without the inspiration of the Lord, and they left the meeting feeling that his was not the voice of the true shepherd.

Transfiguration of Brigham Young

At the close of the morning meeting, President Brigham Young, made a few remarks and announced that there would be another meeting at 2 o'clock. At the appointed time a great multitude of Saints assembled. The various quorums of the Priesthood were arranged in order before the stand, and after the opening exercises President Brigham Young addressed the congregation. He spoke with great power and the people were convinced that the authority and power of presidency was with the apostles. When he first arose to speak the people were greatly astonished, for President Young stood transfigured before them and they beheld the Prophet Joseph Smith and heard his voice as naturally as ever they did when he was living. It was a manifestation to the Saints that they might recognize the correct authority. Following his remarks in the afternoon, Amasa M. Lyman, William W. Phelps and Parley P. Pratt each spoke endorsing the remarks of President Young.

The Apostles are Sustained

After the other brethren had spoken President Young arose and was about to put the question to the assembly whether or not they wanted Sidney Rigdon for a leader and to be a "guardian" for the Church, but at the request of Elder Rigdon the question of supporting the apostles as the presiding quorum of the Church was presented first by President Young as follows:

"I will ask you as quorums: Do you want Brother Rigdon to stand forward as your leader, your guide, your spokesman? President Rigdon wants me to bring up the other question first, and that is: Does the Church want, and is it their only desire to sustain the twelve as the First Presidency of this people?

"Here are the apostles, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants--they are written on the tablet of my heart. If the Church want the twelve to stand as the head, the First Presidency of the Church, and at the head of this kingdom in all the world, stand next to Joseph, walk up into their calling, and hold the keys of this kingdom, every man, every woman, every quorum is now put in order, and you are now the sole controllers of it.

"All that are in favor of this, in all the congregation of the Saints manifest it by holding up the right hand."

There was a universal vote, after which President Young called for the negative as follows:

"If there are any of the contrary mind, every man and every woman who does not want the twelve to preside, lift up your hands in like manner."

There were no hands raised, and President Young then remarked that since the vote was unanimous it superseded the other question of presenting Sidney Rigdon as "guardian" and also trying the vote by quorums. In this manner the apostles, who were the rightful authorities according to the revelations of the Lord, were sustained by the vote of the people and by common consent, as the Lord had commanded that all things should be done. The matter of succession was properly and rightfully decided, and was now binding on the members of the Church. At the close of the services the Saints returned to their homes, their minds at rest, for they were, with very few exceptions, no longer in doubt regarding the authority of the Priesthood and the presidency of the Church.

Excommunication of Sidney Rigdon

Manifesting a bitter spirit and great disappointment, Sidney Rigdon returned to Pittsburgh. However, before he left Nauvoo he gave expression to his feelings declaring that the Church had not been led by the Spirit of the Lord for a long time, and he refused to sustain the apostles in their calling. A charge was made against him and his case was presented before the high council, with Bishop Newel K. Whitney presiding. After a lengthy hearing he was cut off the Church by the unanimous vote of the council. His case was then presented to the congregation of the Saints, and they sustained the action of the high council, only ten persons voting in the negative. After his return to Pittsburgh, he organized a church with officers after the order of the Church of Jesus Christ. He published a paper and prophesied that all who followed the apostles would go with them to destruction. He gathered around him a few of the disaffected spirits from Nauvoo, but his organization did not prosper and soon came to an end.

Action Against William Marks

At the October conference, 1844, the apostles were again sustained as the presiding quorum of the Church by a united vote of the members. When the name of William Marks, president of the Nauvoo Stake, was presented, objection was raised and he was rejected, only two persons voting to sustain him. He had favored the claim of Sidney Rigdon, although he supported the apostles, but his spirit was no longer in the work and he was found in rebellion. He later left the Church and followed James J. Strang[1] and others, and was excommunicated.

Trial of the Murderers of Joseph and Hyrum Smith

In October, 1844, a grand jury selected by the Hancock County circuit court, brought into court two bills of indictment against nine individuals for the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. The trial took place in May, 1845, but proved to be nothing but a farce. The sentiment throughout the country was so bitter against the Saints that no attempt was made to obtain justice, which the governor had faithfully promised them. The jurors were instructed by the court to bring in a verdict of "not guilty," which was accordingly done. Yet every man in the place, including the court and jury, knew that the defendants were among those who committed the murder. The blood of the martyrs was left unavenged to cry from the ground against their enemies, and with the blood of all the martyrs, shall continue to cry until the Son of Man shall come "red in his apparel" to take vengeance upon the ungodly.

Growth of the Work

After the question of the presiding quorum was decided, the Saints settled down to their usual duties, and the progress of the Church continued with greater strides than ever before. At the October conference in 1844, a great deal of important business was transacted. At that time and subsequently many brethren were ordained to the ministry, a number of quorums of seventy were organized, and missionaries were called to go to various parts of the United States and abroad with the message of salvation. The building of the temple was continued with renewed diligence, and prosperity was manifest in the settlements of the Saints. On the 6th of December 1844, the last of the thirty capitals on the temple was erected, and the following April, the capstone was laid amidst solemn and enthusiastic services. Each room was dedicated separately as it was finished, and ordinance work for the Saints, as well as baptisms for the dead, were performed.

Mob Activities Renewed

The enemies of the Latter-day Saints thought that the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith would be the end of "Mormonism." They rejoiced in the accomplishment of their frightful deed of blood, and boasted of the downfall of the Church. To their great surprise the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church. The object they hoped to gain was not attained; therefore their anger was rekindled against the Church. Other leaders had arisen and the progress of the work was steady and onward. Those who had caused the death of the Prophet and the Patriarch now turned their attention to the destruction of the entire "Mormon" people. Through their papers, the Warsaw Signal, Alton Telegraph, Quincy Whig and others, they circulated all manner of false reports. They accused the Saints of theft and every other abominable crime in order to stir up the populace against them. Schemes were launched to provoke the "Mormons" to commit some overt act, that it might be seized upon as a pretext to gain the aid of the officials of the state under color of law; yet by the anti-"Mormons" the laws were constantly broken without restraint. Their malicious and murderous threats passed unnoticed so far as any check upon such actions was concerned.

Attitude of Governor Ford

During all the trouble Governor Thomas Ford went out of his way to inform the Saints that they were bitterly hated, and that the great majority of the citizens of the state rejoiced in the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Notwithstanding his bitterness, he made an investigation of the charges circulated against the Saints and reported that--

"On my late visit to Hancock County I was informed by some of their (the 'Mormons') violent enemies, that their larcenies had become unusually numerous and insufferable. They indeed admitted that but little had been done in this way in their immediate vicinity. But they insisted that sixteen horses had been stolen by the Mormons in one night, near Lima, in the County of Adams. At the close of the expedition, I called at this same town of Lima, and upon inquiry, was told that no horses had been stolen in that neighborhood, but that sixteen horses had been stolen in one night in Hancock County. This last informant being told of the Hancock County story, again changed the venue to another distant settlement in the northern edge of Adams County."

In his message to the legislature he said in reference to this subject:

"Justice, however, requires me to say, that I have investigated the charge of promiscuous stealing, and find it to be greatly exaggerated. I could not ascertain that there were a greater proportion of thieves in that community, than in any other of the same number of inhabitants; and perhaps if the city of Nauvoo were compared with St. Louis, or any other western city, the proportion would not be so great."

The leaven of opposition, however, was at work, and the citizens were aroused. Nothing but the departure of the "Mormon" people from the state would satisfy their unjust and iniquitous demands. They appealed to the governor to aid them in expelling the people who had done nothing to provoke opposition, but who were unpopular because of their faith. While the governor informed them he could take no legal action warranting such expulsion, yet he privately advised the Saints to depart peaceably towards the West, as the Prophet Joseph Smith had contemplated doing, and there, said he, they could set up an independent government of their own. So lacking was he in the disposition to enforce the law and protect the innocent, that the enemies of the Church were encouraged in their unlawful course.

Repeal of the Nauvoo Charter

The city charter of Nauvoo had proved a protection to the Saints, and guaranteed safety against the plottings of the wicked. It was the aim of the Nauvoo conspirators to cause its repeal. The first attempt to do this, as we have learned, failed. Now, however, the opposition had become so strong that the enemies of the Latter-day Saints accomplished their purpose. The charter was repealed by the legislature in January, 1845. Some of the murderers of Joseph and Hyrum Smith sat in that body and violently denounced the "Mormons," although it was well known that their hands were stained with innocent blood. After the repeal of the charter, and without hope of protection from the officers of the state, the Saints were at the mercy of their enemies. The prediction of the Prophet Joseph that after they had shed his blood they would seek the lives of every soul in whom was found the testimony of the Gospel, was literally fulfilled. The plots of the wicked were now turned against President Brigham Young and the leading brethren, who were forced to go into hiding from time to time.

Attacks Upon the Saints

In September, 1845, the scattered families of Saints were sorely persecuted. Many were driven from their homes, which were burned. Sheriff J. B. Backenstos endeavored to perform his duty, and took a determined stand against mob law. For his pains he was arrested on the charge of murder, as a mobber had been killed, but violence against the "Mormons" was permitted to go unchecked. Governor Ford had promised and pledged his word, that the murderers of the Prophet and Patriarch should be brought to justice. When he appealed to the citizens of Warsaw to sustain him in this pledge, they positively informed him that they would do nothing of the kind. Similar answers were given by other citizens, who not only took a stand in opposition to the trial of the murderers, but brazenly appealed to the governor to give his aid in expelling the "Mormons" from the state. That weak and pusillanimous individual, by his subsequent actions, acknowledged his defeat and the abdication of government in Illinois.

The Quincy Mass Meeting

September 22, 1845, a mass meeting was held in Quincy to take action against the Saints. Their removal from Illinois was advocated. Those who assembled fully understood that the Prophet Joseph Smith had contemplated a removal to the West, and that plans were on foot early in 1844 to send an exploring expedition out to locate a site for a new home in the Rocky Mountains. A committee was appointed by this mass meeting to wait upon the authorities of the Church and ascertain their intentions regarding a removal from the state of Illinois, and to impress upon the brethren that such a move was determined upon by the citizens. Following the meeting the Quincy Whig made this statement in this boasted land of liberty:

"It is a settled thing that the public sentiment of the State is against the 'Mormons,' and it will be in vain for them to contend against it; and to prevent bloodshed, and the sacrifice of many lives on both sides, it is their duty to obey the public will and leave the State as speedily as possible. That they will do this we have a confident hope and that too, before the next extreme is resorted to--that of force."

The Reply of the Saints

The committee appointed waited upon President Brigham Young and the apostles, and acquainted them with the action of the mass meeting and desired a reply. On the 24th, the reply was given in a written communication. The persecutions of the Saints were mentioned and the statement made that the "Mormons" had endeavored to live in peace and desired to do so with all men. In relation to their removal they answered as follows:

"We would say to the committee above mentioned and to the Governor, and all the authorities, and people of Illinois, and the surrounding states and territories, that we propose to leave this country next spring, for some point so remote that there will not need to be any difficulty with the people and ourselves, provided certain propositions necessary for the accomplishment of our removal shall be observed, as follows, to wit:

"That the citizens of this and surrounding counties, and all men, will use their influence and exertion to help us to sell or rent our properties, so as to get means enough that we can help the widow, the fatherless and the destitute to remove with us.

"That all men will let us alone with their vexatious lawsuits so that we may have time, for we have broken no law; and help us to cash, dry goods, groceries, good oxen, beef-cattle, sheep, wagons, mules, horses, harness, etc. in exchange for our property, at a fair price, and deeds given at payment, that we may have means to accomplish a removal without the suffering of the destitute to an extent beyond the endurance of human nature.

"That all exchanges of property shall be conducted by a committee, or by committees of both parties; so that all the business may be transacted honorably and speedily.

"That we will use all lawful means, in connection with others, to preserve the public peace while we tarry; and shall expect, decidedly, that we be no more molested with house-burning, or any other depredations, to waste our property and time, and hinder our business.

"That it is a mistaken idea, that we have proposed to remove in six months, for that would be so early in the spring that grass might not grow nor water run; both of which would be necessary for our removal. But we propose to use our influence to have no more seed time and harvest among our people in this country after gathering our present crops; and that all communications to us be made in writing.

"By order of the Council,"

"Brigham Young,""President."

"W. Richards.""Clerk."

Decision of the Quincy Citizens

The Quincy citizens accepted the proposition of the Church authorities to move, but very graciously declined to make any promise to buy or to assist in the purchase of the abandoned property of the Saints. Why should they put themselves out to do such a thing, when the property would naturally fall into their hands when it was abandoned?[2]

The Carthage Convention

On the 1st and 2nd of October another convention of citizens from nine counties adjacent to Hancock, was held at Carthage. Resolutions were adopted in which the "Mormons" were accused of depredations upon the persons and property of the other citizens of Hancock County, and adjudged guilty, in spite of the personal investigation of the governor, himself unfriendly to the Latter-day Saints. Much bitterness of spirit was manifested at this meeting, which decided that it was too late to settle any difficulties between the "Mormons" and the other inhabitants, and only one thing would suffice and that was the removal of the "Mormons" from the state. They declared that the "Mormons" were not being persecuted, but were suffering for their dishonest acts; at the same time they declared that from "long acquaintance with the old citizens of Hancock County," they could vouch for their "honor, integrity, and strict observance of the laws of their country," notwithstanding it was universally known that these same citizens had taken part in the assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith by mob force and contrary to law; moreover, that these same law-abiding citizens within the past few weeks had driven "Mormons" from their homes and burned their houses to the ground; had forced them from their fields where they had gone to gather crops; had whipped their men and stolen their cattle without any protest. It appeared that the old citizens, like the king, could do no wrong, if their depredations were committed against the Latter-day Saints. A most regrettable feature in connection with these troubles is the fact that O. H. Browning, Stephen A. Douglas and others, who had defended the Prophet Joseph Smith, now gave their influence to the mob and assisted in bringing to pass the expulsion of the "Mormon" people from Illinois. Bitter feelings against the Saints increased. Judges were intimidated, and even the officials of the state dared not raise a voice in protest above a whisper, or invoke the majesty of the law.

Duplicity of Governor Ford

The anti-"Mormons" of Illinois became impatient for the removal of their enemies before spring arrived. Their agreements were violated, and the Saints were not permitted to dwell in peace. Vexatious lawsuits, based on falsehoods, were planted against the apostles to embarrass them and hinder the progress of their work. Even Governor Ford, fearing that the Saints would not leave the state within the stipulated time, resorted to duplicity to force them from the borders of Illinois. December 29, 1845, he wrote to Sheriff Backenstos stating that indictments in the United States Court had been found against the leading "Mormons" which would bring them for the first time in collision with the United States. "If the 'Mormons' remain in the state," he wrote, "a strong force will be ordered to Nauvoo by the Secretary of War," and he thought the government at Washington would interfere and prevent the "Mormons" from going west of the Rocky Mountains, as many intelligent persons believed that they would there join the British, and "be more trouble than ever." He thought that this consideration was likely to influence the government. He later sent word by Sheriff Backenstos that he had turned against the Saints and Major Warren was making calculations to prevent their going away. In his History of Illinois, Governor Ford admitted that he had resorted to deceit to make the "Mormons" believe that they would be prevented from going west, in order to hasten their departure.

President Young's Reply

Commenting on the governor's letter to the sheriff, President Young remarked:

"Should Governor Ford's speculations and suppositions in relation to U. S. troops prove correct, and the government send a regular force to arrest us, we will run no risks of being murdered by them as our leaders have been; and as to fearing a trial before the courts, it is all gammon, for our danger consists only in being held still by the authorities while mobs massacre us, as Governor Ford held Joseph and Hyrum Smith, while they were butchered."

Loyalty to the Government

Answering the charge that when they got away from the borders of the United States, the Latter-day Saints would join the forces of some other nation which might be at war with the American Government--a thought which rightfully might have been entertained after the treatment the "Mormon" people had received within the borders of that land--the high council and authorities of the Church replied:

"We also further declare for the satisfaction of some who have concluded that our grievances have alienated us from our country, that our patriotism has not been overcome by fire, by sword, by daylight nor by midnight assassinations which we have endured; neither have they alienated us from the institutions of our country.

"Should hostilities arise between the Government of the United States and any other power, in relation to the right of possessing the territory of Oregon, we are on hand to sustain the claim of the United States Government to that country. It is geographically ours, and of right; no foreign power should hold dominion there; and if our services are required to prevent it, these services will be cheerfully rendered according to our ability. We feel the injuries that we have sustained, and are not insensible of the wrongs we have suffered; still we are American."

Preparations to Leave Nauvoo

During the fall and winter months preparations went steadily on for the removal of the entire body of the Latter-day Saints in the spring. Work on the temple continued with increased diligence, as if there was no thought of a removal, until that structure was completed. January 1, 1846, the work of finishing the assembly room for dedication was nearing completion. The general conference of the Church was held in the building in October, 1845, according to the commandment of the Lord through Joseph Smith in October, 1841. In December, the ordinance work in the temple was commenced, and thereafter the building was occupied both day and night to afford the Saints the opportunity to receive their endowments. This continued until most all of the Saints had departed on their westward journey. May 1, 1846, after the majority of the people had departed from the city, the temple was publicly dedicated in the presence of about three hundred persons.

In the meantime every available building in Nauvoo had been converted into a shop where wagons, harness and other necessary articles could be manufactured for the journey. The timber for the wagons was cut and brought to Nauvoo, where it was prepared and boiled in salt and water or kiln dried. Teams were sent to various parts of the country to procure iron; and blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters and other workmen were kept busy night and day. There was very little sale of property because of the opposition of the citizens of the country, who used their influence to discourage sales by making threats against the new settlers as well as harassing the Saints.

Notes

1. James J. Strang, a man of some ability and commanding presence, joined the Church shortly before the martyrdom. After the death of the Prophet and Patriarch he claimed to have been chosen and appointed by Joseph Smith as his successor. He exhibited a letter which purported to have been written by the Prophet, in which such appointment was claimed to be set forth. He gathered quite a following of the discontented element at Nauvoo and established himself on Beaver Island, in Lake Michigan, where later he was crowned "king." He was shot and killed by one of his followers, and his organization soon afterwards crumbled to pieces. Out of its fragments some years later there arose another organization known as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," unto which there were gathered the majority of those who had become disaffected and had been excommunicated from the Church.

2. Dr. Conyers, in his Hancock County Mob, makes the following comment on the action of the Quincy citizens:

"The first one [resolution] in our opinion, is unique. They accepted and recommended to the people of the surrounding counties to accept an unconditional proposition to remove. But understand, Mr. Mormon, though we accept it and recommend the surrounding counties to do so likewise, [reprobate you, unconditionally] we do not intend to bring ourselves under any obligation to purchase your property, or to furnish purchasers; but we will be very kind and obliging, and will in no way hinder or obstruct you in your efforts to sell, provided, nevertheless this shall not be so construed as to prevent us from running off the purchaser. But we expect this small favor of you, viz., that you must dispose of your property and leave at the appointed time."

Part Five

The Settlement in the Rocky Mountains

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37. The Exodus from Nauvoo

1846

The Abandonment of Nauvoo

Wednesday, February 4, 1846, the first of the Saints left Nauvoo and crossed the Mississippi River on the journey to the West.[1] On the 6th of February Bishop George Miller and a company with six wagons crossed the river, and a few days later the work of ferrying the Saints to the Iowa side was kept up day and night. Elder Parley P. Pratt left Nauvoo on the 14th of February, and the following day President Brigham Young, Willard Richards and George A. Smith with a large company of Saints crossed the Mississippi on the ice and continued their journey about nine miles to Sugar Creek, in Lee County, where a temporary camp was formed for the exiles fleeing from Nauvoo.[2] President Young spent the 16th in organizing the camp into companies and Elder Heber C. Kimball with another company arrived on the 17th. On the 18th President Young and some of the brethren returned to Nauvoo to transact some necessary business and give instruction to those who were left there in command. Elder Joseph Young, president of the seventies, had been left at Nauvoo to preside over the Saints who still remained. The exiles tarried on Sugar Creek for some time where a number of council meetings were held and the needs of the people were duly considered.

At the October conference in 1845, the members of the Church, on suggestion of President Brigham Young, unanimously covenanted as follows: "That we take all the Saints with us, to the extent of our ability, that is, our influence and property." After the motion was carried, President Young remarked: "If you will be faithful to your covenant, I will prophesy that the Great God will shower down means upon this people to accomplish it to the very letter." The members of the Church had been constantly instructed to prepare for the journey by laying up stores of provisions for many months. It was discovered that many who had come to Sugar Creek were without supplies to last them more than a few days, and this caused serious reflection and some anxiety among the leading brethren. It was winter time and supplies could not readily be obtained in the wilderness. However, those who had, shared with those who were destitute, and the Lord blessed them in their substance.

Conspiracy in Washington

While camped on Sugar Creek a letter was received by President Young from Samuel Brannan, in which there was presented a proposition from Amos Kendell, formerly Postmaster-General, A. G. Benson and others, to use the Church authorities as their tools to secure land in California. They represented to Brannan that there was a movement on foot to disarm the Saints and prevent their movement towards the West. However, they declared, the power was in their hands to avert the calamity, which they would do on certain terms. Their terms were that when the Saints arrived in California they would secure the lands and that every alternate section should be deeded to this combination of conspirators. They falsely represented that the President, James K. Polk, was a party to the scheme. For their service these men promised that the Saints should be permitted to travel to their destination without molestation, and with the protection of the government. With righteous indignation President Young and the Apostles refused to make reply.

Petition to the Governor of Iowa

On the 28th of February a petition was addressed to the governor of Iowa, imploring his protection and influence in behalf of the Saints while they passed through that territory, or remained temporarily within its borders, to raise crops and to render assistance to those who would follow after. No reply to this petition was received and the Saints continued without aid or interference.

The Journey Resumed

March 1, 1846, camp was broken and the journey was resumed. The weather was extremely cold and stormy, and a great number of the people were without proper clothing and necessary shelter. Many of the wagons were without covers, and others had covers which would not shed the rain. Several members of the camps died from exposure and lack of proper care. The roads were almost impassable because of the constant storms.[3] At this time there were some four hundred wagons on the road, heavily laden and without sufficient teams to permit of rapid travel. In this condition the exiles continued their toilsome journey over the plains of Iowa. By the latter part of April the great body of the Latter-day Saints had left Nauvoo and were slowly wending their way seeking a haven in the west.

Organization of the Camps

While encamped near the Chariton River on the east fork of Shoal Creek, the organization of the camps was reduced to a more systematic order. They were divided into companies of hundreds, fifties and tens, with officers appointed to preside over each. The apostles were appointed to take charge of divisions, and the camps were divided into two grand divisions. Over one of these President Brigham Young had command. He was also sustained as "president over all the camps of Israel." Elder Heber C. Kimball was appointed to the command of the other grand division. In addition to these officers there were appointed a contracting commissary and a distributing commissary for each fifty. The duties of the former were to agree on terms, prices, etc., concerning the purchase of provisions and necessities for the camp. The latter were to distribute among the camps the grain and provisions furnished for that purpose, judiciously and with singleness of heart. This organization led to better discipline. The companies were more susceptible to advice and counsel, and the principle of obedience was more fully understood. Less selfishness was manifested among the people, and a better spirit prevailed. Of necessity the regulations in the camps were strict, yet the freedom and rightful privileges of the Saints were safely guaranteed. Much of the dross had been left behind, and the "fair weather friends," as they were called by Col. Thomas L. Kane, had forsaken the tents of Israel and had sought the tents of ease. In this manner the camps were purged of those who were not faithful enough to face the perils and deprivations of the eventful journey. Although there were difficulties and differences to be settled from time to time, President Young was led to declare that he doubted if there had ever been a body of people, since the days of Enoch, who had done so little grumbling under such unpleasant and trying circumstances.

Garden Grove

At the beginning of the journey about one hundred men, under command of Colonel Stephen Markham, were selected as pioneers, to travel in advance of the companies to build and repair the roads; also to seek out temporary places for shelter where fields could be cultivated and homes--humble though they, of necessity, would have to be--might be provided for the exiles. The advance companies arrived at a place on the east fork of Grand River, some one hundred and forty-five miles west of Nauvoo, April 24, 1846. Here a temporary settlement was selected which they named Garden Grove. Two days later a council meeting was held and three hundred and fifty-nine laboring men were reported in the camp. From these one hundred were selected to cut trees and make rails; ten to build fences; forty-eight to build houses; twelve to dig wells and ten to build bridges. The remainder were employed in clearing land and preparing it for cultivation. Every one was busy, and in a few days a respectable village, magic like, had risen in the wilderness. A temporary organization was effected with Samuel Bent as president, and Aaron Johnson and David Fullmer as counselors. At this point President Young addressed the Saints saying it would be necessary to leave some of their number here, because they could not continue the journey, while the main body would push on and "lengthen the cords and build a few more stakes," and so continue on until they could all gather at the place appointed, and "build the house of the Lord in the tops of the mountains."

Proposition to Explore the West

It was the intention of President Young and the apostles to fit out a strong company of able-bodied men, unencumbered with families, and send them to the Rocky Mountains, there to build houses and plant crops, and prepare for the coming of the people as they were able to gather from year to year. "Were matters to be so conducted," he said, "none would be found crying for bread or destitute of clothing, but all would be provided for, as designed by the Almighty. But instead of taking this course the Saints have crowded on us all the while, and have completely tied our hands by importuning and saying, 'Do not leave us behind. Wherever you go, we want to go, and be with you;' and thus our hands and feet have been bound, which has caused our delay to the present time. And now hundreds at Nauvoo are continually praying and importuning with the Lord that they may overtake us, and be with us." An estimate of what would be required for a company of pioneers to take such a journey was made and the project was considered, but subsequent events prevented the undertaking until the following year.

Mount Pisgah

On the 18th of May President Young and several of the apostles reached the middle fork of Grand River, some twenty-seven miles west of Garden Grove. Here Parley P. Pratt with a company was found encamped. He had called the place Mount Pisgah, and here it was decided to make another settlement for the Saints. Several thousand acres of land were fenced for cultivation, after the manner of the settlement at Garden Grove, and this place became a resting place for the weary exiles for several years while crossing the plains. Elder William Huntington was chosen to preside with Elders Ezra T. Benson and Charles C. Rich as counselors. The camps were now traveling through an Indian country, where there were no roads, no settlements and only Indian trails. The spring rains having ceased, however, greater progress was made although a road had to be prepared all the way, and bridges built over all the streams.

At the Missouri River

On the 14th of June, President Young, Heber C. Kimball, Parley P. Pratt and others arrived on the banks of the Missouri, not far from Council Bluffs, with their respective companies. The next day a council meeting was held and it was decided to move back on to the bluffs where spring water could be obtained, and they would be protected from Indians. The Pottawattamie Indians were very friendly, and their chiefs showed the Saints some favor. A ferry boat was built and on the 29th the companies commenced crossing the river. About this time Elder Wilford Woodruff, who had just returned from presiding over the British Mission, and Elder Orson Hyde, who had been laboring in Nauvoo, joined the camp.

President Young was still very anxious to send an exploring company to the Rocky Mountains in advance. The camps were called together, there being about five hundred wagons on the ground and others on the way, and President Young addressed them advising them of his desire to get a company off for the Rocky Mountains. He feared, he said, that something would happen to stop the movement, and was impressed that "everything that men and hell could invent would be hatched up to prevent the camp from making any progress." He spoke plainly on the subject and said if the members of the Church should be blown to the four winds, and never gathered again, he wished them to remember that he had told them when and where to gather, and if they failed to do so to remember and bear him witness in the day of judgment, that they had received such information and advice.

A Call From the Government

June 26, 1846, Captain James Allen, of the United States army, arrived at Mount Pisgah and had an interview with the brethren there. He was the bearer of a message to the "Mormon" people making a requisition on the camps for four or five companies of men, to serve as volunteers in the war with Mexico, which had recently been declared. The brethren at Mount Pisgah did not feel authorized to take any action, and therefore advised Captain Allen to visit President Young and the apostles at Council Bluffs. Captain Allen arrived at Council Bluffs on the 30th day of June, and the following day met with the Church authorities and presented his credentials for raising five hundred men. Such a demand caused some surprise and a little dismay among the camps. However, President Brigham Young declared that the volunteers would be forthcoming. It was moved by Heber C. Kimball and seconded by Willard Richards, that a battalion of five hundred men be raised, which was carried unanimously at a meeting of the brethren of the camp who were called together to consider the requisition. Consequently President Young and Elder Kimball returned to Mount Pisgah to raise volunteers, while letters were sent to Garden Grove and to Nauvoo bearing on the subject. Monday, July 13, 1846, in obedience to the call of the authorities, the camps of the Saints met on Mosquito Creek, where they were addressed by President Young, Captain Allen and Colonel Thomas L. Kane, who had arrived in the camp to be of service to the people. Four companies of the battalion were raised on that and the following day, and the fifth company a few days later.

An Important Council Meeting

July 16, a council meeting was held at the bluffs and Ezra T. Benson was ordained an apostle in the stead of John E. Page, who had been excommunicated. Elders Orson Hyde, Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor were appointed to go to England to take charge of the affairs of the Church in that land and set them in order. Reuben Hedlock and Thomas Ward, who had been in charge, had been guilty of misconduct in the use of funds and had been disfellowshipped. The same day four companies of the battalion were mustered into service by their respective captains, and on the 20th left for Fort Leavenworth in the service of the United States. The fifth company left the following day, and the entire body arrived at their destination August 1, 1846, numbering at the time five hundred and forty-nine men.

President Young's Instructions to the Battalion

In giving instructions to the members of the battalion before their departure, President Young requested that they prove themselves to be the best soldiers in the service of the United States. He instructed the captains to be fathers to their companies, and to manage the officers and men by the power of the Priesthood. They should keep neat and clean; teach chastity, gentility, and civility. No swearing should be indulged in; no man was to be insulted, and they should avoid contentions with Missourians, or any other class of people. They were to take their Bibles and Books of Mormon with them, but were not to impose their belief on others. They were advised to avoid card playing and if they had any cards with them to burn them. If they would follow the instructions given they would not be called on to shed the blood of their fellow men, and after their labors were over, they probably would be discharged within eight hundred miles of the proposed settlement of the Saints in the Great Basin, where the next temple would be built in a stronghold free from mobs.

Reasons for the Call for Troops

January 20, 1846, while the high council of Nauvoo was considering the abandonment of that place and journeying to the Rocky Mountains, the subject of sending an advance company was discussed. There had been some talk of the government building block houses and forts along the road to Oregon, and the matter was then before Congress. It was decided at this meeting that "In the event of the President's recommendation to build block houses and stockade forts on the route to Oregon becoming a law, we have encouragement of having that work to do, and under our peculiar circumstances, we can do it with less expense to the government than any other people." Six days later Elder Jesse C. Little was appointed to preside in the Eastern States, and was furnished a letter of appointment in which the following occurs:

"If our government shall offer any facilities for emigrating to the western coast, embrace those facilities, if possible. As a wise and faithful man, take every honorable advantage of the times you can. Be thou a savior and a deliverer of that people, and let virtue, integrity and truth be your motto--salvation and glory the prize for which you contend."

Acting on this advice Elder Little wrote an appeal to President Polk in behalf of the Latter-day Saints, and afterwards called upon him and also the vice-President and members of the cabinet. At the time of his interview, June 1, 1846, word of the commencement of hostilities between Mexico and the United States had reached Washington, and those governments were in a state of war. The authorities in Washington accepted the suggestion of Elder Little, thinking it might be opportune to call upon the "Mormons" for volunteers. This was a very different action than that hoped for by the authorities of the Church, as they were looking for the opportunity to labor along the road toward Oregon over which they were destined to travel. Nevertheless they had asked for aid and now they were determined to carry through the proposition of the government, hoping thereby that a blessing would be obtained and some benefit accrue to them. In complying with the order from the government over five hundred of their most vigorous young men were taken from their camps to travel westward by another route thus greatly weakening the camps.

Winter Quarters

The call of these able-bodied men for the battalion made it impossible for the Saints in their weakened condition, to continue their journey towards the West. It became necessary, therefore, for them to seek quarters where they could prepare for the coming winter. Captain James Allen secured from the chiefs representing the Pottawattamie tribes their voluntary consent for the Saints to make the Indian lands an abiding place as long as they should remain in that country. He also wrote an open letter stating what he had done in this matter. The Indian sub-agent also endorsed the letter which Colonel Thomas L. Kane forwarded with a communication of his own, to the President of the United States. Measures were taken to gather to this place all the scattered Saints who were on the plains. Twelve men were chosen to form a high council, and a site was chosen on the west bank of the Missouri River for their settlement. A committee of twelve men was appointed to arrange the temporary city into wards, over which bishops were chosen to preside. During the summer hay was cut in sufficient quantities to provide for their stock in the winter. Every family labored diligently to construct some kind of a house in which they could find shelter, although many of these were merely dugouts built in the side of the hill. The place was named Winter Quarters and was laid out regularly into streets. The Indians gave some trouble and it became necessary to build a stockade around the town. Through kind treatment, President Young and the Saints obtained the good will of most of the Indians, so that they lived in comparative peace.

Major Harvey's Opposition

Major H. M. Harvey, the superintendent of Indian affairs and some others, made trouble for the Saints. Mr. Harvey called on President Young in November, and stated that he wished the Saints to move from the lands belonging to the Indians, and complained that the people were burning the Indians' wood. He said he had instructions from the government to permit no settlers on the lands without authority from Washington. President Young explained that the reason for the encampment was due to the sudden demand of the United States for troops, and if the government prevented them from continuing their journey, some consideration and protection in return should be offered. Later developments indicated that the opposition was instigated by the enemies of the Saints. Through the intercession of J. K. Kane, father of Colonel Thomas L. Kane, the government gave permission for the exiles to remain where they were through the winter. Colonel Kane proved himself a faithful friend to the Latter-day Saints, and was yet to perform valiant service. He wrote to Elder Willard Richards, the camp historian, stating that he was intending to secure a lease from the government of the Omaha lands, on which some of the Saints had located. "Trust me," he said, "it is not fated that my forces shall depart before I have righted you at the seat of government, and have at least assured to you a beginning of justice besides an end of wrong."

Activities at Winter Quarters

A gristmill was built at Winter Quarters; also a council house, where meetings could be held. This was done as much for the sake of keeping the people employed as it was for their convenience. During the winter they suffered greatly. The scurvy broke out among them and continued until potatoes were obtained from Missouri, and horse-radish was discovered in an abandoned fort near the camp. Meetings were regularly held and the spiritual as well as the temporal welfare of the refugees was not neglected. Much of the time of the leading brethren was spent in giving employment to the Saints and in devising means for the continuance of the journey when the time should come in the spring for them to move.

Mob Uprisings at Nauvoo

In the summer of 1846, hostilities were renewed against the members of the Church who still remained in Nauvoo. The great body of the Saints had left and only a remnant remained, composed of the poor, sick and afflicted, who had been unable to get away. They were all anxious to depart and were exerting all their energies to obtain means for that purpose. President Young and the apostles also were doing all in their power to aid them to depart. Notwithstanding their straitened circumstances and their inability to move--which was due mainly to mob violence they had suffered--their enemies became impatient at their delay and continued their vicious persecution. The new citizens, who had purchased property from the Saints, also came in for a share of the bitterness of the mob.

Major Warren's Proclamation

Major W. B. Warren, who had been stationed in Hancock County with a small force, took up his quarters at Nauvoo by order of the governor and published a proclamation to the citizens of Hancock County attempting to quiet their opposition, in which, in part, he said:

"I have been in Nauvoo with my detachment a week, and can say to you with perfect assurance, that the demonstrations made by the 'Mormon' population, are unequivocal. They are leaving the state, and preparing to leave, with every means that God and nature has placed in their hands. Five ferry boats are running at this place night and day, and many are crossing at Nashville and Fort Madison. This ought to be satisfactory.

"The anti-'Mormons' desire the removal of the 'Mormons;' this is being effected peaceably, and with all possible dispatch. All aggressive movements, therefore, against them at this time, must be actuated by a wanton desire to shed blood, or to plunder. This course, I know, is deprecated by three-fourths of the anti-'Mormon' population, and must not be indulged in. I therefore exhort all good citizens to stay at home, with an assurance that they shall be duly advised of all movements which may take place, in which they feel interested.

"A man near sixty years of age, living about seven miles from this place, was taken from his house a few nights since, stripped of his clothing, and his back cut to pieces with a whip, for no other reason than because he was a 'Mormon,' and too old to make successful resistance. Conduct of this kind would disgrace a horde of savages."

A proclamation of this kind, issued by one who was himself none too friendly to the "Mormon" people, was without effect. At the time he wrote, John McAuley and Levi Williams--the latter a Baptist preacher, and one of the mob who took part in the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith--with a strong force were preparing to gather under arms, contrary to the proclamation of the governor to the effect that not more than four persons with arms should assemble together, other than the state troops. Though his force was small, Major Warren notified these mobbers that he had law and moral force on his side and was able to meet successfully any mob which could assemble in that county. He advised the "Mormons" to go on with their preparations to cross the river, as speedily as they could, and leave the fighting to him; if he should be overpowered, then they could recross the river and defend themselves and property.

Kidnapping of Phineas H. Young and Others

On the 11th day of July, eight of the citizens of Nauvoo went into the country about eleven miles from Nauvoo, to harvest wheat. While engaged in their work they were surrounded by a mob who ransacked their wagons, seized their weapons, and then took them one at a time and brutally beat them with hickory goads. Several of the mobbers engaged in this were recognized, and two, John McAuley and a man named Brattle, were arrested. While they were under arrest, a second party of five "Mormons," Phineas H. Young, Brigham H. Young, Richard Ballantyne, James Standing and James Herring, were waylaid and taken prisoners. When they asked why they were treated in that manner the answer was given that they had committed no offense, but they were "Mormons," and were to be held as hostages for the safety of McAuley and Brattle. They were held by their persecutors for fourteen days, several times facing guns expecting to be shot, from which they were saved only by interposition of Divine power. Attempts were made to poison them, and they were most inhumanely treated. Finally they made their escape and returned to Nauvoo.

The "Resistance of Law"

When the two mobbers were arrested a gun was found in the possession of McAuley belonging to one of the harvesters. It was recognized and seized by William Pickett, a non-"Mormon." For this action Pickett and two others were arrested by the mobbers on a "warrant" for "stealing." Pickett had incurred the hatred of the mob, and knowing that the charge against him was only a trick to get him into their hands, he was not inclined to yield. When John Carlin came from Carthage to arrest him, Pickett asked if he would be guaranteed safety. Carlin answered no; whereupon Pickett resisted arrest. Though later he went before the magistrate at Green Plains, who issued the warrant, and was released.

The "resistance" by Pickett was the thing most desired by the mob, who only wanted a pretext to attack Nauvoo. Now there had been a defiance of law. "Nauvoo was in rebellion," and Carlin issued a proclamation calling upon the citizens to come as a posse comitatus, and assist him in executing the law. The citizens of Nauvoo petitioned the governor for protection, for the mob forces were collecting under command of James W. Singleton, assisted by J. B. Chittenden, N. Montgomery, James King, J. H. Sherman and Thomas S. Brockman. The governor very graciously sent Major Parker with a force of ten men, and authorized him to take command of such forces as he could raise from volunteers, and defend the city against mob attacks. There were very few members of the Church in Nauvoo at the time, less than one hundred and fifty men who were available for defense.

Counter Proclamations

Parker issued a proclamation calling upon the mobs in the name of the state and by virtue of his authority, to disperse. Carlin and his crowd answered by a counter proclamation, stating that they would consider the government forces as a mob. Parker wrote to Singleton desiring a compromise without shedding blood. Articles of agreement requiring all the Saints to leave Nauvoo within sixty days, were drawn up and signed by Singleton and Chittenden for the mob, and Major Parker and three others for the government forces. In this manner Parker treated the mobbers as his equals and agreed to their terms.

Threats Against the Saints

It appears that the object for which the mob forces were ostensibly raised was entirely forgotten, and no more was heard of the resistance of the officers by Pickett, but the attacking forces now determined that all the "Mormons" should go. Singleton in his communication to Parker said: "When I say to you, the 'Mormons' must go, I speak the mind of the camp and the country. They can leave without force or injury to themselves or their property, but I say to you sir, with all candor, they shall go--they may fix the time within sixty days, or I will fix it for them."

Attack Upon Nauvoo

These terms did not satisfy the mob. Sixty days was too long a time for them to wait for the departure of the remnant of the "Mormons" that they might plunder and rob, and besides they thirsted for blood. Singleton and Chittenden withdrew from the command of the mob forces, and wrote to Parker saying that the mob had rejected their treaty, which they considered reasonable enough. Carlin, the constable, thereupon placed Thomas S. Brockman in command, and gave orders for the mob to march. Parker also withdrew from service and Major Benjamin Clifford, Jr., took command of the government forces at Nauvoo by a commission from Governor Ford. September 10, Brockman and his mob approached Nauvoo. Many of the new citizens, seeing the danger they were in, fled from the city, leaving but a small force of volunteers to aid Major Clifford in the defense of Nauvoo. The defenders converted some steamboat shafts into cannon and threw up some fortifications on the north side of Mulholland street facing the mob. This small force made a determined stand, although outnumbered two or three to one. On the 10th, 11th and 12th, there was desultory firing on both sides. On Saturday the 12th Brockman sent a communication "to the commander of the 'Mormon' forces in Nauvoo," demanding a surrender and the delivery of arms, to be returned as soon as the "Mormons" had crossed the river and were out of the state. The same day Major Clifford replied stating that there was no "commander of 'Mormon' forces" in that place; that he was there "by order of the governor and commander-in-chief of the Illinois militia to disperse your (Brockman's) forces in the name of the people of Illinois." The reply continued: "So far I have acted on the defensive, and for the sake of humanity; if for no other purpose, I hope you will at once see the propriety and justice of dispersing your forces. The armed force under your command is not necessary for any lawful purpose in this city or county."

The Battle of Nauvoo

Upon receiving this reply, Brockman advanced upon Nauvoo, endeavoring to gain entrance at the head of Mulholland street, the main street of the city. He was driven back after a determined resistance by the defenders of the place. The cowardly mob forces were somewhat disconcerted at the sound of cannon in Nauvoo, for they thought the besieged citizens were poorly armed, and that to enter the city would be an easy thing to do. During the battle three of the defenders lost their lives, namely, Captain William Anderson, his son, August L., a lad fifteen years of age, and David Norris. Several others were wounded. It cannot be ascertained how many were killed on the side of the mob, but a large number were wounded. The fighting continued until the 16th, and the mob was repulsed four times. On the latter day a treaty of surrender was entered into, through the agency of a committee of citizens from Quincy, who were in sympathy with the mob. This treaty which was signed by Andrew Johnson for the Quincy Committee, Thomas Brockman and John Carlin for the mob, and A. W. Babbitt, J. L. Heywood and J. S. Fullmer for the Latter-day Saints, stipulated that the city of Nauvoo should surrender September 17, at three o'clock p.m. The arms of the besieged were to be delivered up to the "Quincy Committee," to be returned at the crossing of the river. The citizens and property were to be protected from all violence. The sick and helpless were to be protected and treated with humanity, and the "Mormon" population was to leave the state as soon as they could cross the river. There were provisions of minor importance, one of which was that five men--including the trustees of the Church--were to be permitted to remain in the city to dispose of property, free from all molestation and violence. However, William Pickett, the man so much wanted according to the first reports of the mob for resisting the law, and on whose account the mob had gathered, was not to be one of this committee, nor was he to remain in the city.

Valiant Defenders

Among those who took valiant part in the battles during the siege of Nauvoo were the two Andersons, father and son, and David Norris, who lost their lives. They belonged to a company known as the "Spartan Band," because of the perilous situation in which they were stationed in the defense of the city. Also "Squire" Daniel H. Wells, Captain Andrew L. Lamereaux, William L. Cutler, Alexander McRae, Almon Fullmer, Benjamin Whitehead, John E. Campbell and Curtis E. Bolton. In fact the entire band of noble defenders are worthy of special mention, and their names should be recorded among the true sons of liberty.[4]

The Violation of the Treaty

According to the agreement, the mob forces entered Nauvoo on the 17th, and in keeping with the usual mob spirit, failed to regard their agreement. Immediately they commenced to drive the Saints from the city, and treated some of the men in a most brutal manner. They commenced their diabolical deeds by searching the wagons on the bank of the river waiting to be ferried across, and ransacked their contents taking all firearms and scattering the goods over the ground. Families of the poor were ordered from the city at the point of the bayonet. The sick were sorely abused, and even those who were engaged in the burying of their dead were molested. They entered the temple, ascended the tower and rung the bell, shouting and yelling, and giving vent to filthy oaths in a fiendish manner. They plundered the homes of the people, irrespective of whether they were members of the Church or not. Colonel C. M. Johnson was sentenced to death, but his persecutors could not agree on the manner of his execution and he escaped. With such inhuman treatment, the members of the Church remaining in Nauvoo, were forced across the Mississippi River in their poverty and distress. Their condition was pitiable, but it could not move the hearts of the mobs of Illinois. These outcasts camped on the bank of the river for several days, where the Lord in his mercy fed them, as he did the children of Israel, with a supply of quails, until help arrived from the camps of Israel in the wilderness. As soon as they could leave they bid farewell to the inhospitable boundaries of "civilization" and took up their journey toward the west, there to build a city of refuge, and find a haven of rest among the more tender-hearted savages of the desert.

Notes

1. The same day two hundred and thirty-five members of the Church, from branches in the New England and the Atlantic States, under the direction of Samuel Brannan, sailed from New York for California. They had chartered the ship "Brooklyn" at twelve hundred dollars per month, the lessee to pay the port charges. They carried with them farming implements of all kinds, blacksmith, carpenter and wheelwright tools and fixtures, the necessary parts for two gristmills and sawmill irons. They also carried text books on various subjects and many other volumes. The press and type on which the Prophet--a paper published by the Church in New York--was printed, and sufficient paper and other things as would be needed to establish a new colony in their distant home. They arrived at Yerba Buena, now San Francisco, Wednesday, July 29, 1846, having gone around Cape Horn and touched at the Hawaiian Islands. On their arrival they found the American flag waving over the fort the guns of which had saluted them on their entrance into the bay. Three weeks earlier the United States Flag had been raised and the country occupied in the name of the government. In January, 1847, Samuel Brannan commenced publishing a newspaper at Yerba Buena called the California Star, the first English paper published in California.

2. On the first night of the encampment of Sugar Creek nine infants were born. The weather was inclement and extremely cold and the people without proper shelter. Writing of these conditions, Eliza R. Snow, the poetess, has said: "As we journeyed onward, mothers gave birth to offspring under almost every variety of circumstances imaginable, except those to which they had been accustomed; some in tents, others in wagons--in rainstorms and in snowstorms. I heard of one birth which occurred under the rude shelter of a hut, the sides of which were formed of blankets fastened to poles stuck in the ground, with a bark roof through which the rain was dripping. Kind sisters stood holding dishes to catch the water as it fell, thus protecting the newcomer and its mother from a showerbath as the little innocent first entered on the stage of human life; and through faith in the Great Ruler of events, no harm resulted to either.

"Let it be remembered that the mothers of these wilderness-born babies were not savages, accustomed to roam the forest and brave the storm and tempest--those who had never known the comforts and delicacies of civilization and refinement. They were not those who, in the wilds of nature, nursed their offspring amid reeds and rushes, or in the recesses of rocky caverns; most of them were born and educated in the Eastern States--had there embraced the Gospel as taught by Jesus and his apostles, and, for the sake of their religion, had gathered with the Saints, and under trying circumstances had assisted, by their faith, patience and energies, in making Nauvoo what its name indicates, "the beautiful." They had lovely homes, decorated with flowers and enriched with choice fruit trees, just beginning to yield plentifully.

"To these homes, without lease or sale, they had just bade a final adieu, and with what little of their substance could be packed into one, two, and in some instances three wagons, had started out, desertward, for--where? To this question the only response at that time was, God knows" (Women of Mormondom, Tullidge, ch. 32).

3. It was not the intention of the Saints to leave Nauvoo until the springtime had fully arrived. But the human fiends, who hated the religion of the Saints and coveted their substance and property, were not willing for them to wait. What cared they for the suffering and exposure of an innocent people, driven from their homes and sheltered by the broad canopy of heaven in the midst of winter? "We could have remained sheltered in our homes," said President Brigham Young, "had it not been for the threats and hostile demonstrations of our enemies, who, notwithstanding their solemn agreements, had thrown every obstacle in our way, not respecting either life, or liberty, or property; so much so that our only means of avoiding a rupture was by starting in mid-winter. Our homes, gardens, orchards, farms, streets, bridges, mills, public halls, magnificent temple, and other public improvements we leave as a monument of our patriotism, industry, economy, uprightness of purpose, and integrity of heart; and as a living testimony of the falsehood and wickedness of those who charge us with disloyalty to the Constitution of our country, idleness and dishonesty" (Manuscript History of the Church).

4. Daniel H. Wells, who had joined the Church August 9, 1846, after the departure of most of the members of the Church, but who had always been a true friend to the Prophet Joseph and Patriarch Hyrum Smith, addressed the remaining members of the Church, while they were in the hands of their enemies, as follows:

"There is no use in the small handful of volunteers trying to defend the city against such an overwhelming force. What interest have the Saints to expect from its defense? Our interests are not identified with it but in getting away from it. Who could urge the propriety of exposing life to defend a place for the purpose of vacating it? I have been in the councils of Joseph and Hyrum and the twelve, and I know they were desirous that the Saints should leave the state and go westward. Have not the twelve and most of the Church gone, and is not their counsel for us to follow? Have not they told us that our safety was not in Nauvoo, but in our removal westward?

"The trustees have no means with which to carry on the defense; they are already involved. Major Parker, who was sent by the governor to aid us, when he left, promised to raise men and return immediately to our assistance, but he has forsaken us, and is it not well known that the Quincy Committee was prepared to join the mob, if a treaty was not effected? Under these circumstances, I have thrown in my influence with the trustees for the surrender of Nauvoo upon the best terms we could get, and as being the best and only wise policy left for us to pursue.

"Brethren, reflect, we have nothing to gain in defending Nauvoo, but everything to lose; not only property, but life also, is hourly in peril."

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38. The Mormon Battalion

1846-1847

Captain Allen's Circular

When Captain James Allen arrived in the Camps of the Saints, he issued a "Circular to the 'Mormons,'" which read as follows:

"I have come among you, instructed by Colonel S. W. Kearny, of the U. S. Army, now commanding the Army of the West, to visit the 'Mormon' Camp, and accept the services for twelve months of four or five companies of 'Mormon' men who may be willing to serve their country for that period in our present war with Mexico; this force to unite with the Army of the West at Santa Fe, and be marched thence to California, where they will be discharged.

"They will receive pay and rations, and other allowances, such as other volunteers or regular soldiers receive, from the day they shall be mustered into the service, and will be entitled to all comforts and benefits of regular soldiers of the Army, and when discharged, as contemplated, at California, they will be given gratis their arms and accoutrements, with which they will be fully equipped at Fort Leavenworth. Thus is offered to the 'Mormon' people now--this year--an opportunity of sending a portion of their young and intelligent men to the ultimate destination of their whole people, and entirely at the expense of the United States, and this advance party can thus pave the way and look out the land for their brethren to come after them.

"The pay of a private volunteer is seven dollars per month, and the allowance for clothing is the cost price of clothing of a regular soldier.

"Those of the 'Mormons' who are desirous of serving their country on the conditions here enumerated, are requested to meet me without delay at their principal camp at the Council Bluffs, whither I am now going to consult with their principal men, and to receive and organize the force contemplated to be raised.

"I will receive all healthy, able men of from eighteen to forty-five years of age.

"J. Allen, Captain 1st Dragoons."

"Camp of the 'Mormons,' at Mount Pisgah, one hundred and thirty miles east of Council Bluffs, June 26th, 1846."

Scarcity of Able-Bodied Men

When this call came a great part of the young men of the ages required were scattered over the plains. Many had gone to St. Louis and other points for employment to obtain means to help them carry their families to the west. All of the Saints were poor, and some in dire want. Those who were able to travel were under the necessity of helping along the weak, the aged and infirm, who could not be left behind. Among the teamsters were found mere children, who had been forced into such service because of the limited number of men.

The Equipment of the Battalion

At Fort Leavenworth the battalion was equipped.[1] They received one tent for every six privates and were provided with flint-lock muskets, a few cap-lock yauger rifles for sharp-shooting and hunting, and other camp accoutrements. July 5, they drew their check for clothing, forty-two dollars each, paid one year in advance. A goodly portion of this money was sent back for the support of their families and the gathering of the poor from Nauvoo. They also contributed to help Elders Orson Hyde, Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor on their way to Great Britain and Elder Jesse C. Little to return to his field in the Eastern States. The paymaster was much surprised to see every man of the battalion able to sign his name to the roll, whereas only about one out of every three of the Missouri volunteers, who previously had received their pay, could put his signature to the document.

Death of Colonel Allen

Captain James Allen, the recruiting officer for the battalion, was selected by General Stephen W. Kearny, to take command of the "Mormon" troops, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. At Fort Leavenworth Colonel Allen was taken ill, and on the 12th of August, ordered the battalion to take up its march while he remained for a few days to recuperate, but on the 23rd, he died. He was much lamented by the battalion members, for they had learned to love him for his kindness.

Lieutenant Smith in Command

After the death of Colonel Allen, the command devolved upon Captain Jefferson Hunt, of Company "A." The promise had been made to President Young, by Colonel Allen, that no officers would be chosen for the battalion, except himself, outside of their ranks. On what authority the promise was made, does not appear. However, shortly afterwards Lieutenant A. J. Smith, of the regular army, was given command, contrary to the wishes of the men. With Lieutenant Smith there came Dr. George B. Sanderson, whom Colonel Allen had appointed to serve with the battalion as surgeon. According to the journals of the men, they were caused to suffer considerably because of the "arrogance, inefficiency and petty oppressions" of these two officers. Sanderson was from Missouri, and perhaps was none too friendly towards the troops; however, the enforcement of discipline, to which they were not accustomed, may have magnified the ill-treatment in their eyes to some extent. The heat of the summer was excessive, their rations were reduced, and through the drinking of brackish water, many were taken with malaria. They had already become weakened from their long marches across the plains of Iowa, in inclement weather, without proper food and shelter, so that they were more susceptible to disease. Dr. Sanderson prescribed calomel and arsenic, refusing to permit the men to resort to their own simple remedies, and evincing skepticism in the laying on of hands and their exercise of faith.

The Line of March

Their line of march from Fort Leavenworth had taken them across the Kansas River and then westward to the Arkansas, which they followed upstream for about one hundred miles. From that point they journeyed southwest to the Cimarron River and passed near what is now the junction of the states of Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma, on a southwesterly course to the old Spanish town of Santa Fe. From Santa Fe their route was by way of the Rio Grande, southward near the present city of El Paso, and thence to the west, through the city of Tucson--which was deserted by its garrison as the battalion approached--across the Gila and Colorado to San Diego.

The Families Ordered to Pueblo

As the battalion was leaving the Arkansas River, the commanding officer gave orders that a number of families which had accompanied the troops to that point, should be detached and sent to Pueblo, a Mexican town situated at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. There was some protest because it was contrary to a promise given at the beginning of the march; but it was really a necessary action. For the families of members of the battalion to travel with the companies was a hindrance to the rapid progress they were called upon to make. Captain Nelson Higgins and a guard of ten men were detailed to make the journey to Pueblo. They departed September 16, 1846, and on the way one of their number, Norman Sharp, was accidentally killed.

Colonel Cooke Takes Command

Leaving the Arkansas the battalion resumed its journey to Santa Fe. On the 2nd of October they crossed Red River where they were divided into two divisions the following day. The strongest and most able-bodied men pushed on with all speed and arrived at Santa Fe on the 9th of that month. Here they were received with a salute of one hundred guns by Colonel Alexander Doniphan, the post commander. On October 12, the second division arrived, and immediately afterward Captain Phillip St. George Cooke, an officer of dragoons, succeeded to the command with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, by appointment of General Kearny. The appointment of Col. Cooke was another disappointment to the men, who still hoped for the appointment of Captain Hunt; but they learned to respect and honor this rugged officer who was a thorough soldier and just and honorable. Lieutenant A. J. Smith remained with the battalion as acting commissary, and Dr. Sanderson continued to administer his calomel and arsenic to the men.

The Sick Sent to Pueblo

At Santa Fe a council of officers was held with Colonels Doniphan and Cooke, and it was decided to send all the sick together with the remaining women and children in the camp, to Pueblo for the winter, with the privilege of journeying towards the main body of pioneers in the spring, at government expense. Colonel Cooke detailed Captain James Brown and Lieutenant Elam Luddington to take charge of this company on the march to Pueblo. October 18, 1846, Captain Brown left Santa Fe with nearly ninety men reported as incapable of undertaking the journey to California because of physical ailments. Accompanying them were a number of women and children. Sanderson, the physician, discharged some of these men without pay or means to procure conveyance to the states, whereupon Colonel Doniphan, in charge of the post, went to Col. Cooke and countermanded the order with the statement that General Kearny would never discharge a man under circumstances of that kind, and ordered the men with the laundresses and others, to be sent to Pueblo and to draw their pay. Their journey took them over a rough country a distance of some two hundred miles. Several died on the way and others succumbed after Pueblo was reached. They arrived November 17 and selected a place for winter quarters near the encampment of Captain Higgins and a company of Saints who had previously arrived in Pueblo from Mississippi, on their way to the Rocky Mountains. November 10, 1846, Lieutenant William W. Willis was also ordered back to Pueblo with another company of sick--fifty-six men--from a point about one hundred miles out from Santa Fe. They commenced their journey with one wagon, four yoke of oxen, and rations barely sufficient to last them five days, on a march of three hundred miles. After a most severe and toilsome journey, in which they all suffered many privations and some laid down their lives, the company arrived in Pueblo, in an emaciated condition, December 24, 1846.

The March From Santa Fe

The march of the battalion from Santa Fe was taken up October 19, 1846. They had not traveled very far before they were reduced to the extremity of using their poor oxen, which were barely skin and bones, for food. Even their raw hides were cut in small pieces and made into soup. At times they crossed deserts where water could not be found to quench their thirst, and their tongues became swollen and their lips parched until their strength failed them.

Colonel Cooke's Comment

Writing of the condition of the battalion when he took command, Colonel Cooke made a report in the following words:

"Everything conspired to discourage the extraordinary undertaking of marching this battalion eleven hundred miles, for the much greater part through an unknown wilderness, without road or trail, and with a wagon train.

"It was enlisted too much by families; some were too old--some feeble, and some too young; it was embarrassed by many women; it was undisciplined; it was much worn by traveling on foot, and marching from Nauvoo, Illinois; their clothing was very scant; there was no money to pay them, or clothing to issue; their mules were utterly broken down; the quartermaster department was without funds, and its credit bad; mules were scarce. Those procured were very inferior, and were deteriorating every hour for lack of forage or grazing. . . .

"With every effort, the quartermaster could only undertake to furnish rations for sixty days; and, in fact, full rations, of only flour, sugar, coffee and salt; salt pork only for thirty days, and soap for twenty. To venture without pack-saddles would be grossly imprudent, and so that burden was added."[2]

A Battle with Wild Bulls

A short distance northwest of the site of the present city of El Paso the course of the march was towards the west. On the San Pedro River they encountered herds of wild cattle, and were viciously attacked by ferocious bulls. The troops had been ordered to travel with unloaded guns, but now they were hastily forced to load without waiting the command. These vicious animals, as if resenting the encroachment on their domain, made a charge upon the camp. This constituted the only fighting the troops were called upon to do on their long and toilsome march. When the battle was over the casualties revealed a number of gored mules and overturned wagons, and among the "enemy" perhaps some sixty of the charging animals were killed. Resuming their journey they camped on the 16th of December, near the Mexican pueblo of Tucson. On their way they met three Mexican soldiers bringing a message from the governor of Tucson to Colonel Cooke, informing him that he must pass around the town, or else he would have to fight. Colonel Cooke was not to be frightened by such an order. His route would take him through the village, and hither he resumed his march. The following day he passed through Tucson without meeting opposition, as the soldiers and a great many of the citizens had fled on his approach. Before arriving at that place he instructed his men that they came not to make war on Sonora, and less still to destroy an important outpost of defense against Indians. "But," said he, "we will take the straight road before us and overcome all resistance, but shall I remind you that the American soldier ever shows justice and kindness to the unarmed and unresisting? The property of individuals you will hold sacred: the people of Sonora are not our enemies."

The Journey From Tucson

Leaving Tucson, the battalion crossed an extensive desert, where, for seventy-five miles, they were without water for their mules. By hard marching they reached the Gila River and intersected General Kearny's trail, which they had left 474 miles behind in the valley of the Rio Grande. They were now in the land of the Pima and Maricopa Indians who inhabited a fertile territory. These were a superior race of Indians with peaceful tendencies, who spent their time tilling the soil, and in weaving rather than bearing arms. While passing through these villages Colonel Cooke remarked to Captain Jefferson Hunt that this might be a good place for the settlement of the "Mormon" people. Hunt proposed such a thing to the natives who received it favorably, and this may have lent its weight to the colonizing of these valleys by the Latter-day Saints in later years.

At this point they were met by pilots sent back by General Kearny to conduct them to the Pacific coast. Most of the distance on the remaining journey was over deserts with alternating stretches of deep sand and miry clay. January 9, 1847, they crossed the Colorado, near the junction of the Gila, and continued their march under great difficulties over the coast range down the Pacific slope. January 27, 1847, they passed San Luis Rey, and two days later arrived at the San Diego Mission where they located one mile below the Catholic mission, and about five miles from the seaport town of San Diego, where General Kearny had his quarters.

"Orders No. 1"

On the day after their arrival at San Diego, Colonel Cooke issued the following orders, which were read to the men:

"Headquarters 'Mormon' Battalion,"Mission of San Diego,"January 30, 1847."

"(Orders No. 1.)

"The Lieutenant-Colonel commanding, congratulates the battalion on their safe arrival on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, and the conclusion of their march of over two thousand miles.

"History may be searched in vain for an equal march of infantry. Half of it has been through a wilderness where nothing but savages and wild beasts are found, or deserts where, for want of water, there is no living creature. There, with almost hopeless labor, we have dug deep wells, which the future traveler will enjoy. Without a guide who had traversed them we have ventured into trackless table-lands where water was not found for several marches. With crowbar and pick and axe in hand, we have worked our way over mountains, which seemed to defy aught save the wild goat, and hewed a passage through a chasm of living rock more narrow than our wagons. To bring these first wagons to the Pacific, we have preserved the strength of our mules by herding them over large tracts, which you have laboriously guarded without loss. The garrison of four presidios of Sonora concentrated within the walls of Tucson, gave us no pause. We drove them out, with their artillery, but our intercourse with the citizens was unmarked by a single act of injustice. Thus, marching half naked and half fed, and living upon wild animals, we have discovered and made a road of great value to our country.

"Arrived at the first settlement of California, after a single day's rest, you cheerfully turned off from the route to this point of promised repose, to enter upon a campaign, and meet, as we supposed, the approach of the enemy; and this, too, without even salt to season your sole subsistence of fresh meat.

"Lieutenants A. J. Smith and George Stoneman, of the First Dragoons, have shared and given invaluable aid in all these labors.

"Thus, volunteers, you have exhibited some high and essential qualities of veterans. But much remains undone. Soon you will turn your attention to the drill, to system and order, to forms also, which are all necessary to the soldier.

"By order,

"Lieut. Col. P. St. George Cooke,

"P. C. Merrill, Adjutant."

Duties on the Coast

For some time the battalion performed garrison duty at San Diego, San Luis Rey and Los Angeles. While stationed at the latter place they were called upon to guard the Cajon Pass, in the Sierra Nevada mountains, against hostile Indians. At San Diego they were employed digging wells, making brick and building houses. Their frugality and industry won the admiration of the other troops, except the Missourians of General Fremont's command, who endeavored to create prejudice against them.

The Discharge of the Battalion--Stevenson's Insult

July 16, 1847, all of the battalion at Los Angeles were mustered out of service by Captain Smith. The time of their enlistment had expired and the prophecy of President Brigham Young that they would not be called upon to fight, had been fulfilled. Some of the men, at the request of Colonel Stevenson, of the New York Volunteers, re-enlisted for six months. Others might have done so, but he insulted them by saying: "Your patriotism and obedience to your officers have done much towards removing the prejudice of the government and the community at large, and I am satisfied that another year's service would place you on a level with other communities."

The Journey to Salt Lake Valley

On the 20th of July most of the members of the battalion, who did not enlist, organized preparatory to going to the Rocky Mountains to the gathering place of the Saints. They went by way of Sutter's Fort and the Sacramento River, intending to follow Fremont's trail across the Sierras. Near Lake Tahoe, they met Samuel Brannan and Captain Brown of the Pueblo detachment who were on the way to California, and learned that the pioneers had entered the Salt Lake Valley. Captain Brown carried with him an epistle from the apostles advising all members of the battalion who had no means, to remain in California for the winter, and journey to the Salt Lake Valley in the spring. Acting on this advice about one half of the members obtained employment at Sutter's Fort, where they were employed at the time of the discovery of gold. The others pushed on to the Salt Lake Valley where they arrived October 16, 1847.

Notes

1. The five companies of the battalion were commanded respectively as follows: Company A, Jefferson Hunt; Company B, Jesse D. Hunter; Company C, James Brown; Company D, Nelson Higgins; Company E, Daniel C. Davis. Before they left Winter Quarters, a farewell ball was given them in "Father Taylor's Bowery," where the afternoon was spent in dancing and such merriment as the sadness of the approaching parting would admit.

2. Conquest of New Mexico and California, by P. St. George Cooke, p. 91-2.

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39. The Pioneers

1847

Revelation to President Brigham Young

January 14, 1847, the word of the Lord came to President Brigham Young, at Winter Quarters, giving instructions for the guidance of the camps of Israel on their journeyings to the west. The Saints were to be organized into companies, with captains over hundreds, fifties and tens, as the case had been while journeying across Iowa. These companies were to be presided over by a president and two counselors, under the direction of the Twelve Apostles, who were at the head of all the camps of Israel. The Saints were to enter into a covenant "to keep all the commandments and statutes of the Lord," and each company was to bear an equal proportion of the responsibility in the care of the widows, the fatherless, and the families of those who had gone into the army. Every man was commanded to use his influence and property to remove the body of the people to the place the Lord had designated as a stake of Zion; and if they would do this they were to be blessed abundantly in their substance and in their families. Moreover, they were to prepare houses and fields for those who were to remain behind that season, that they might prepare also for the journey.

Cheerfulness Commanded

"If thou art merry," the revelation read (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 136), "praise the Lord with singing, with music, with dancing, and with prayer of praise and thanksgiving. If thou art sorrowful, call on the Lord thy God with supplication, that your souls may be joyful." During their travels in the wilderness the exiled Saints had many hardships to endure. The lack of necessary food, of clothing and other substance, was lamentable. Yet, in the midst of poverty and distress, they were happy for they were free from enemies and the persecutions of mobs. They were going to a land of promise where they could dwell in peace, and worship the Lord without fear of men. The Lord desired that they should be cheerful and promised to bless them with his Spirit, in the hour of their sorrow, if they would call upon him. That they might be light of heart and filled with joy, the Lord commended music, singing and dancing, if done in the spirit of reverence and prayer. It was the custom, at the close of the day's journey, for the Saints to assemble in the dance, or to have an informal concert; to relate reminiscences and otherwise employ their time, that the cares and hardships of their travel might be forgotten, and their burdens lessened which they were forced to bear.[1] At the sound of the bugle, night and morning, all assembled for prayer. The Sabbath day was strictly kept, and undue levity was discountenanced in all the camps. They were commanded to be honest, sober, unselfish and to "contend not one with another," but always speak with edifying words.

The Pioneers

It was commanded in the revelation that a company be organized to depart early in the spring, composed of a sufficient number of able-bodied and experienced men, with teams, seeds and farming utensils, to prepare for the planting of spring crops. As spring approached preparations were under way for the departure of this pioneer band, and for other companies, as the Saints were able, to follow after. February 26, 1847, President Brigham Young met in council with the members of the twelve who were at Winter Quarters and Bishop Newel K. Whitney, William Clayton and Jedediah M. Grant. The object of this meeting was to consider the appointment of a pioneer company and their requirements for the journey. The matter of constructing boats, the carrying of seeds, scientific investigations, the location of a site for a city, the irrigation, cultivation and seeding of the land, were all fully discussed. This is the first reference, so far as the records show, of the discussion of irrigation, which President Young and the brethren felt would be necessary for their sustenance in their new home.

The Departure for the West

Elder Heber C. Kimball, under instructions from President Brigham Young, moved out of Winter Quarters, April 5, 1847, with six wagons, which he had equipped as a part of the pioneer company. They traveled about six miles and camped, awaiting the arrival of the rest of the company. On the 6th of April, the general conference was held in Winter Quarters, and the following day President Young, with about twenty-five wagons, traveled some ten miles and camped. From this point the company which had assembled, continued their journey to the Elkhorn River, where the information reached them that Elder Parley P. Pratt had arrived at Winter Quarters from his mission to England, and that Elder John Taylor was on the way. President Young decided to return, with other members of the twelve, to receive Elder Pratt's report of conditions in that foreign field.[2] A few days later Elder John Taylor also arrived, bringing with him two thousand dollars in gold, contributed by the Saints in Great Britain, to help the exiles on their westward journey. He also had with him a number of scientific instruments of great value, including two sextants, one circle of reflection, two artificial horizons, and a number of barometers, thermometers and telescopes.

Organization of the Pioneer Camp

Leaving Elders Pratt and Taylor--and later Orson Hyde who joined them from England--in charge of the Saints at Winter Quarters, President Young, with the other apostles, returned to the pioneer camp, which had journeyed to a position twelve miles west of the Elkhorn, and some forty-seven miles west of Winter Quarters. President Young's departure from Winter Quarters was on the morning of April 14, 1847, and on the 16th, the pioneer camp was organized with captains of hundreds, fifties and tens, as follows:

Captains of Hundreds: Stephen Markham and Albert P. Rockwood.

Captains of Fifties: Addison Everett, Tarlton Lewis, James Case, John Pack, Shadrack Roundy.

Captains of Tens: Wilford Woodruff, Ezra T. Benson, Phineas H. Young, Luke S. Johnson,[3] Stephen G. Goddard, Charles Shumway, James Case, Seth Taft, Howard Egan, Appleton M. Harmon, John S. Higbee, Norton Jacobs, John Brown, and Joseph Matthews.

The total number of souls in the camp was one hundred and forty-eight, of whom three were women and two were children. The women were: Harriet Page Wheeler Young, wife of Lorenzo D. Young; Clarissa Decker Young, wife of Brigham Young; and Ellen Saunders Kimball, wife of Heber C. Kimball. Three of the company were colored: Hark Lay, Oscar Crosby and Green Flake, who had come west with the emigrants from Mississippi, under command of John Brown in the summer of 1846. Originally the pioneer company was composed of one hundred and forty-four men, but one, Ellis Ames, was taken sick and returned to Winter Quarters soon after the start. Two of the pioneers were not members of the Church.

Military Organization

In addition to the organization mentioned, on April 17, they were also organized into a military camp with President Brigham Young as lieutenant-general; Stephen Markham, colonel; John Pack and Shadrack Roundy, majors; and the captains of tens, as formerly organized, to hold similar rank in the military organization. Thomas Bullock was appointed clerk of the camp, with some assistants, and Thomas Tanner, captain of the cannon, with the privilege of choosing eight men to assist him.

Division of the Watch

The captains of tens selected forty-eight men for a constant night guard. They were divided into four watches to serve half a night at a time. President Young and others of the twelve were among the members of this guard. As there was danger of Indian raids, orders were given that every man should keep by the side of his wagon and not leave it except by permission, and he should carry a loaded gun always ready for instant use.

Regulations of the Camp

Sunday, April 18, 1847, in the afternoon, President Young met with the captains of the camp and decided on the details for the government of the camp as follows:

"At 5 o'clock in the morning the bugle is to be sounded as a signal for every man to arise and attend prayers before he leaves his wagon. Then the people will engage in cooking, eating, feeding teams, etc., until 7 o'clock, at which time the train is to move at the sound of the bugle. Each teamster is to keep beside his team with loaded gun in hand or within easy reach, while the extra men, observing the same rule regarding their weapons, are to walk by the side of their particular wagons to which they belong; and no man may leave his post without permission of his officer. In case of an attack or any hostile demonstration by Indians, the wagons will travel in double file--the order of encampment to be in a circle, with the mouth of each wagon to the outside and the horses and cattle tied inside the circle. At 8:30 p.m., the bugles are to be sounded again, upon which signal all will hold prayers in their wagons, and be retired to rest by 9 o'clock."

The Route of Travel

The line of travel taken by the pioneers was along the north bank of the Platte River to Fort Laramie, and from there they crossed the river, and continued over the Oregon trail up the Sweetwater and over the Continental divide through the South Pass across Green River to Fort Bridger. They then traveled to the southwest through Echo Canyon, and East Canyon over Big and Little Mountain into Emigration Canyon, and then to the valley of the Great Salt Lake.

On the south side of the Platte was the Oregon trail, but the pioneers remained on the north bank where there was no trail, for reasons expressed by Elder Wilford Woodruff as follows:

"We were convinced that it would be better for us as a company to cross the river and take the old traveled road to Laramie as there was good grass all the way on that side, while the Indians were burning it all off on the north of the river where we were traveling. But when we took into consideration the situation of the next company, and the thousands that would follow, and as we were the Pioneers and had not our wives and children with us--we thought it best to keep on the north side of the river and brave the difficulties of burning prairies to make a road that should stand as a permanent route for the Saints, independent of the then immigrant road, and let the river separate the emigrating companies that they need not quarrel for wood, grass, or water; and when our next company came along, the grass would be much better for them than it would be on the south side, as it would grow up by the time they would get along; and the vote was called and it was unanimous to go on the north side of the river; so the camp again moved on."

Measuring the Distance

The pioneers were anxious to know the distance of each day's travel and the length of the entire journey. In order to obtain this information they first resorted to guesswork, but this proved unsatisfactory. They then tied a piece of cloth to a wheel of one of the wagons and a man was placed on duty to count the revolutions. However, this was tedious though accurate if the count was correctly kept. April 19 William Clayton suggested to Orson Pratt that a set of wooden cog wheels might be attached to the wheel of a wagon to record the distance automatically. The result was that an odometer was constructed on "the principle of the endless screw" and was installed during the month of May, after they were well along on the journey.

Dangers on the Way

The pioneers were under the necessity of keeping constantly on the alert to protect themselves from attacks by Indians. They had considerable anxiety while passing through the Pawnee tribes. At times the brethren were fired upon. The Indians made several attempts at night to creep into the camp, evidently to plunder and steal animals. At one time before the camp was organized for the night they were successful in stealing two of the best horses belonging to Dr. Willard Richards and Jesse C. Little. The following day, April 27, a party was sent out to search for the missing animals. They encountered a number of Indians who endeavored to decoy them to a point where the brethren would be in their power, but they were on the alert and well armed, so the Indians dared not make an attack. As the brethren prepared to return to camp the Indians fired upon them, whereupon the searching party turned upon their foe, and the Indians hastily fled.

Not all of the Indians, however, were hostile. Generally they showed a friendly spirit, but were ever ready to commit theft. The brethren at times gave them a few articles such as powder, lead, flour and salt.

Correspondence on the Plains

On the 4th of May, after the camp had proceeded about two miles on their way, they were met by a Frenchman, Charles Beaumont, a trapper and fur trader, who was traveling eastward over the Oregon road with a camp consisting of three wagons and nine men. He crossed the river to find out who the pioneers were. During his interview he cheerfully consented to carry letters back to the Saints, so the brethren wrote some fifty or sixty letters and left them in his care. Other means of communication with the later companies on the plains were adopted. Posts were placed at prominent points along the road with writing on them and letters were placed in improvised boxes with a notice on the box. At other times they used whitened skulls of the buffalo. Over a portion of the journey, especially from Fort Laramie, the pioneers planted mile posts every ten miles as the distance was measured by their odometer.

Scientific Observations

Astronomical observations were constantly taken. The temperature was recorded daily, also the altitude as shown by barometrical pressure. This was done under the able direction of Elder Orson Pratt, one of the great scientists of his time.

Crossing of the Platte

At Fort Laramie the pioneers were forced to cross the Platte owing to the fact that the north side of the river was impassable. They hired a flatboat from a Frenchman, Mr. James Bordeaux, who was in charge of the post. They paid him fifteen dollars for the accommodation. Mr. Bordeaux treated the brethren very kindly, and informed them that Lilburn W. Boggs, with a company of Missourians en route to Oregon, left the fort but a short time before. These emigrants had endeavored to embitter him against the "Mormons." The Missourians, he said, were constantly quarreling and were great thieves. Bordeaux gave the pioneers information regarding the route before them and said the Crow Indians were troublesome and had lately run off all the horses and mules from the fort.

The Mississippi Emigrants

Soon after the pioneers arrived at Fort Laramie they were joined by a company of seventeen emigrants of the Mississippi Saints who had wintered at Pueblo, where the sick detachments of the Mormon Battalion, under command of Captains Brown and Higgins, were also stationed. They had been at the fort two weeks awaiting the arrival of the pioneers. These emigrants consisted of the members of the Crow and Therlkill families, others being Archibald Little, James Chesney and Lewis B. Myers. They had five wagons, one cart, eleven horses, twenty-four oxen, twenty-two cows, three bulls and seven calves. From these Mississippi Saints the pioneers obtained their first knowledge in many months, of the battalion. Four of the pioneers, Amasa M. Lyman, Thomas Woolsey, John H. Tippits, and Roswell Stevens, were sent to Pueblo on horse-back and with mules, to take charge of the remaining body of the Mississippians and conduct them to the Salt Lake Valley.

The Ferry at the Black Hills

From Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie the Pioneers had broken a new road over the plains, which was destined to be traveled by the emigrating Saints for many years. Subsequently the Union Pacific Railroad was built along a great portion of the trail. Continuing their journey, the pioneers arrived, Saturday, June 12, 1847, at the Black Hills, where the Oregon road crossed the Platte, some one hundred and forty-two miles from Fort Laramie. Here they overtook the Oregon emigrants, including the Missourians. The pioneers had sent an advance company three days before to prepare for the crossing of the river, with a sole-leather skiff capable of carrying eighteen hundred pounds. These brethren were employed in ferrying the emigrants over the river at the rate of $1.50 for each wagon load, receiving their pay in flour, meal and bacon, at Missouri prices. Their stock of provisions at this time was in need of replenishing, and to have the privilege of ferrying their old enemies from Missouri over the river at this price, gave them some satisfaction. "It looked as much of a miracle to me," said Elder Wilford Woodruff, "to see our flour and meal bags replenished in the Black Hills, as it did to have the children of Israel fed with manna in the wilderness. But the Lord has been truly with us on our journey, and has wonderfully blessed and preserved us." The Missourians kept on their way, quarreling, cursing and fighting among themselves, while the brethren camped, as was their custom, on the Sabbath day. Monday, June 14, they commenced crossing the river, taking their wagons on light rafts made of poles. It was concluded to leave several brethren at this ferry, to help the oncoming emigrant trains for Oregon, in the hope of earning enough to supply the pioneer company with provisions. For this purpose Thomas Grover, John S. Higbee, Luke S. Johnson, Appleton M. Harmon, Edmund Ellsworth, Francis M. Pomeroy, William Empey, James Davenport and Benjamin F. Stewart, were detailed to remain.

Discouraging Reports

In this region of the country the pioneers were constantly meeting with trappers and traders who were familiar with the Salt Lake Valley. They all gave discouraging reports of that region and advised the Saints to locate elsewhere. They spoke more favorably of the Cache, the Bear and other valleys to the north. Among those giving this adverse advice were Major Moses Harris, Thomas L. Smith and Colonel James Bridger. The latter informed President Young that he deemed it unwise to bring a large colony into the Great Basin until it was demonstrated that it would be possible to raise grain there. He stated that he would give a thousand dollars if he knew an ear of corn could ripen in Salt Lake Valley. Undaunted by these unfavorable reports President Young with his band of pioneers pushed on with great vigor.

The Meeting with Samuel Brannan

Wednesday, June 30, 1847, the pioneers arrived at the Green River. The water was very high, with a swift current. After dinner the brethren commenced making two rafts with which to cross the stream. While they were at work Samuel Brannan came into the camp, having come from San Francisco. He had traveled around Cape Horn, from New York to California, with a company of emigrating Saints in the year 1846. Brannan and two others had braved the dangers of the mountains through deep snows to reach the camp of the pioneers, having left on the 4th of April. He brought with him several numbers of his paper, The California Star, and the latest news of the Mormon Battalion. He labored diligently to get President Young to continue on to California and not remain in the barren wastes of the Rocky Mountains. President Young, however, was following the inspiration of the Lord, and not the wisdom of man. The Lord had pointed out to him--as he had to the Prophet Joseph Smith in 1842--that the place of settlement for the Latter-day Saints was in the "midst of the Rocky Mountains."

An Uninviting Country

It should be remembered that in 1847, the Salt Lake Valley was desolate and uninviting. There was little vegetation save the stubby growth of salt-grass, grease-wood and sage that covered the valley, and the few willows and cottonwood trees that stood on the banks of the canyon streams. At that time the Rocky Mountain region and a large part of the plains to the east were little known. The few emigrants who had passed through the Great Basin had made haste to get beyond and into the more inviting parts on the Pacific coast. This vast inter-mountain country was the haunt of the trapper and the hunter, to whom the possibilities and resources of the arid west were not even a dream. The valleys of the mountains had been occupied for upwards of twenty years by these nomads of the desert, who wandered from place to place hunting and trapping, content in the belief that the wild and primitive condition which then prevailed must so remain forever.

As late as 1843, two years before the exodus, the opinion held by the majority in the United States was that the whole territory of the Rocky Mountains was not worth a "pinch of snuff." Such was the expression made by Senator George H. McDuffie, of South Carolina, in the senate that year. Discussing the settlement of Oregon, he said: "Who are to go there, along the line of military posts, and take possession of the only part of the territory fit to occupy--that part upon the sea coast, a strip less than one hundred miles in width. Why, sir, of what use will this be for agricultural purposes? I would not for that purpose give a pinch of snuff for the whole territory. I wish to God we did not own it."[4]

The inspiration which came to the Prophet Joseph Smith in 1842--and even earlier and which was converted into reality by Brigham Young--shines forth with increased lustre when placed in contrast with the united opinions of all those who were familiar with the land in the year 1847.

Arrival of the Battalion Members from Pueblo

July 1, 1847, the men commenced ferrying over Green River which was continued until Saturday the 3rd. In the evening of Saturday, the camp was called together and the men who desired to journey back to meet their families who were on the plains and supposed to be several hundred miles in the rear, were given that privilege. Five volunteered to return. President Young, Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards accompanied the five brethren back to the ferry on Green River. Here they saw a group of thirteen men, with horses and baggage on the opposite side of the river ready to be ferried across. They were members of the Mormon Battalion journeying from Pueblo. They were given three cheers and President Young "led out in exclaiming Hosannah! Hosannah! Give glory to God and the Lamb, Amen!" These men were in pursuit of horse thieves who had stolen several of the battalion horses, of which they had recovered all but one or two. They reported to President Young that the Pueblo detachment of the battalion was within seven days' march of the Green River. It was decided that as the members of the battalion had not been discharged nor had they received their pay, Samuel Brannan and Thomas S. Williams should return with them to California to pilot them on the way. Brannan was greatly disappointed at the decision of President Young to locate in the Salt Lake Valley.

President Young and companions returned to the pioneer camp with twelve of the members of the battalion, Sunday afternoon, July 4. One of the soldiers, William Walker, had decided to accompany the five brethren back to the camps of the Saints. Sunday was spent by the pioneers in religious service under the direction of the bishops.

Orson Pratt's Vanguard

Monday, July 5, 1847, the company took up their march and arrived at Fort Bridger on the 7th, where they camped. Here they repaired the wagons and shod their horses, preparatory for the rough mountain travel which would lead them to the end of their journey. July 9, they continued on to the head of Echo Canyon, which was reached on the 12th. At this place President Young was taken ill with mountain fever. He ordered Elder Orson Pratt to take a company and precede the main body of pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley. This advance company, consisting of twenty-five wagons and forty-two men, traveled down Echo Canyon, with instructions to look for the trail of the Reed-Donner party.[5] This they found after some difficulty, for it was almost obliterated. It was necessary for a detachment with proper tools to go on ahead and construct a road for the wagons. From this point on to their destination, they encountered the most difficult portion of the road over which they traveled. They passed down into East Canyon and over Big and Little Mountains into Emigration Canyon, which they named "Last Creek." July 21, President Brigham Young sent Erastus Snow to meet Orson Pratt with a message for him to bear northward after entering the valley, and select the first convenient place for plowing and planting seed. The reason for this apparent haste was that the season was well advanced and every moment counted in the growing of their seed. Elder Snow overtook Orson Pratt on the afternoon of the 21st and together they entered the valley, with one horse between them. Seeing what looked like a field of waving grain to the south, they first journeyed in that direction only to find that they saw canes growing near the banks of what is known today as Mill Creek. Remembering the words of President Young, they retraced their steps and passed on to the north. When near the mouth of Emigration Canyon, Erastus Snow discovered he had lost his coat which was thrown over the saddle and he went back to find it, while Orson Pratt continued on to the north to the present site of Salt Lake City. The following day others of the advance company entered the valley.

The Land Dedicated

July 23, they moved north and camped on what was subsequently known as the Eighth ward square, now occupied by the Salt Lake City and County Building. Orson Pratt called the camp together, dedicated the land and invoked a blessing on the seed they were about to plant. The ground was found so hard that the first attempt to plow was unsuccessful, and several plow-points were broken. By placing a dam in the stream (City Creek) they soaked the ground and in the course of a few days several acres were plowed and planted. The season being so late nothing came of their planting, save the garnering of potatoes about the size of a pea or a walnut, which served for seed the following year and produced a good crop.

"This is the Place"

On the 24th of July, 1847, President Brigham Young with the main body of the pioneers, entered the valley. He was resting in a carriage driven by Elder Wilford Woodruff and as they emerged from the canyon and pulled up onto a ridge President Young, who was ill, requested Elder Woodruff to turn his carriage around so that he could look upon the valley. This was done, and President Young gazed in silence for a few moments. Then with an expression of satisfaction, he said, "This is the place, drive on." They entered into the valley and camped with the members who had preceded them. They had found the promised land and a resting place for their weary feet, where they could fulfil the predictions of the Prophet Joseph Smith, and become a mighty people in the midst of the Rocky Mountains.

Notes

1. Outcasts from "civilization," with little to eat and little to wear; with few expressions of sympathy, and less help extended in their direction, it was only natural that the Saints on the plains at times would be despondent. President Young constantly labored to cheer and strengthen them. Shortly before the departure of the Pioneer band, he requested Elder William Clayton to write something that would encourage the people. Within two hours Elder Clayton had written the following remarkable hymn, and set it to the music of "All is Well," an old English tune:

Come, come, ye Saints, no toil nor labor fear; But with joy wend your way. Though hard to you this journey may appear, Grace shall be as your day. 'Tis better far for us to strive Our useless cares from us to drive; Do this, and joy your hearts will swell--All is well! All is well!

. . .

And should we die before our journey's through, Happy day! All is well! We then are free from toil and sorrow, too; With the just we shall dwell! But if our lives are spared again To see the Saints their rest obtain, Oh, how we'll make this chorus swell--All is well! All is well!

2. Elders Orson Hyde, Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor had been sent to England, after the exodus from Nauvoo, to set the British Mission in order. Elders Reuben Hedlock and Thomas Ward, who were in charge, had misappropriated the funds of "The Joint Stock Company," an organization which had been formed for the purpose of assisting the Saints of the British Isles to emigrate. The three apostles took charge of affairs and soon had the mission again in a flourishing condition. Early in 1847, they again returned to the United States, Elders Pratt and Taylor preceding Elder Hyde, who remained to install Elder Orson Spencer as president of that mission. Elder Orson Spencer, a man of culture and superior education, performed an excellent work and under his ministry the mission flourished.

3. Luke S. Johnson, formerly of the council of the apostles, came to Nauvoo in 1846 in a repentant spirit, and asked to be reinstated in the Church. He was baptized and was forced to leave that place with the body of the Saints. He was chosen as one of the pioneer band to come in advance to the Salt Lake Valley. In the year 1858, he settled at St. Johns, Tooele County, where he was ordained a bishop. He died in Salt Lake City, December 9, 1861.

4. Congressional Globe, 27th Congress, 3rd Session, pp. 198-201.

5. The Reed-Donner party, comprised seventy-eight men, women and children, under the direction of James F. Reed and George Donner, who left Independence in May, 1846, for California. They came via Fort Bridger, Echo and East Canyons through Emigration and westward through the Salt Lake and Tooele Valleys, around the south end of Salt Lake. Delayed by many misfortunes, they were caught in the snows in the Sierras in the winter of 1846, where many of them perished. Near the close of that year several of the ill-fated party put on snowshoes and crossed to the Sacramento Valley for relief. A relief expedition was sent back and found that the survivors had been living for weeks on the flesh of their dead, like cannibals. Thirty-nine of the original company had perished.

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40. In "the Land of Promise"

1847

The First Sabbath in the Valley

July 25, 1847, was the Sabbath. It was a pleasant day, and at ten o'clock the pioneers met in worship in the circle of their encampment. Elders George A. Smith, Heber C. Kimball and Ezra T. Benson were the speakers. They expressed gratitude for the blessings of the Lord during their travels to this promised land. Not a soul had died on the toilsome journey. In the afternoon another service was held and the sacrament was administered. Elders Wilford Woodruff, Orson Pratt and Willard Richards were the speakers at this service. The principal address was given by Elder Pratt who took for his text Isaiah 52:7-8: "How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings; that publisheth peace," etc. He stated that the predictions of the prophets were now being fulfilled.

President Young's Advice

President Young was too feeble to make any extended remarks, but near the close of the services he gave some very important advice. Elder Wilford Woodruff made a synopsis of his remarks as follows: "He told the brethren that they must not work on Sunday; that they would lose five times as much as they would gain by it. None were to hunt on that day; and there should not any man dwell among us who would not observe these rules. They might go and dwell where they pleased, but should not dwell with us. He also said that no man who came here should buy any land; that he had none to sell, but every man should have his land measured out to him for city and farming purposes. He might till it as he pleased, but he must be industrious and take care of it." Later, instructions were given that there should be no private ownership of the streams, and only dead timber should be used for fuel, as trees were none too plentiful and should be conserved. These regulations were adopted by the community in justice to all, for it was expected that within a very short time the Saints who were then on the plains--the exiles from Nauvoo, some twenty thousand in number--and others coming from various states and from Europe, would be gathered to the Rocky Mountains.

Explorations of the Valley

Naturally the pioneers were impatient to explore the surrounding country. Their first duty was to plant the seed they brought with them. Plowing began on the 23rd and continued during the 24th. Monday morning, July 26th, a number of exploring companies were sent out, including the eight apostles in the camp and Elders Albert Carrington, William Clayton, John Brown and Joseph Matthews. The two latter crossed the river, which was called the Utah Outlet and later the Western Jordan, and ascended the mountains on the west of the valley. They reported, on their return, that the land on that side of the valley was not as good as the land on the east side. Some of the brethren penetrated some of the canyons where they found timber of good quality. President Young, Wilford Woodruff and others of the brethren visited the hot and also the warm springs at the north end of the valley, and made some observations. Their explorations continued for several days. On the 27th of July, they explored the Tooele Valley. On the way they had a bath in the lake and were much surprised at the buoyancy of the water. That night they camped at Black Rock and the following day they traveled about ten miles south along the eastern base of the Oquirrh Mountains, where, in the main, they found a barren country and very little water. Orson Pratt ascended the mountain where he obtained a view of Utah Lake, which he judged to be about twenty miles away. Striking eastward across the valley they returned to camp. On this trip they saw about one hundred goats, sheep and antelope. They returned satisfied that the spot where the pioneers had camped was the best on which their city could be built.

A Place for an Ensign

On the 26th, they also ascended the mountain above the hot springs to get a better view of the surrounding country, and by aid of their glasses were able to discern the Utah Outlet at the point of the mountain, where it enters the Salt Lake Valley on the south. A number of streams were also seen flowing from the mountains into the valley. As they stood upon the mountain President Young remarked that it would be a good place to lift up an ensign, referring to Isaiah's prophecy; so they named it "Ensign Peak," by which name it has since been known. In later years a flagstaff was placed upon it.

The Building of a City

After returning from their explorations on the 28th, a council was held in the evening and it was decided to build a city. Some of the brethren suggested that they explore further before deciding on a site for a settlement. President Young replied that he was willing that they should explore until they were satisfied, but every time a party went out and returned he believed they would agree that this was the spot on which they should locate.

It was decided that the city should be laid out in blocks of ten acres each with streets eight rods wide running at right angles. The blocks were to be divided into lots containing one and one-quarter acres each, with exceptions in certain parts where the lay of the land would be inconvenient for such arrangement. The houses were to be of uniform distance from the street and only one house to a lot. "Upon every alternate block four houses were to be built on the east, and four on the west side of the square, but none on the north and south sides. But the blocks intervening were to have four houses on the north and four on the south, but none on the east and west sides. In this plan there will be no houses fronting each other on the opposite sides of the streets, while those on the same side will be about eight rods apart, having gardens running back twenty rods to the center of the block." Such was their description. There were to be four public squares of ten acres each in various parts of the city. "Let every man," said President Young, "cultivate his own lot and set out every kind of fruit and shade tree and beautify the city." This plan was laid before the camp and approved unanimously.

The Place for the Temple

During the westward journey the building of a temple was a constant theme. On the evening of the 28th of July, President Young and the apostles with Thomas Bullock, the clerk, walked from their camp northward to a spot between the forks of City Creek, and there President Young designated a site for the building of a temple. Waving his hand he said: "Here is the forty acres for the temple, and the city can be laid out perfectly square north and south, east and west."

Orson Pratt's Survey

The survey of the city was made by Orson Pratt. His line was on the southeast corner of the Temple Block. Beginning at that point the city was marked out into blocks of ten acres each. It was decided by the brethren that instead of using forty acres for the site it would be better to have that block conform in size with the others. According to Orson Pratt's calculations, the latitude of the north boundary of the Temple Block was 40 degrees, 35 minutes and 34 seconds. The longitude was 111 degrees, 26 minutes and 34 seconds west of Greenwich. The altitude was 4,300 feet above sea level. Later government observations varied from these of Elder Pratt but slightly.

Arrival of the Battalion and Mississippi Members

In addition to the twelve members of the battalion and the advance company of Mississippi Saints who came into the valley with the pioneers,[1] the detachments of the battalion who wintered at Pueblo under the command of Captain James Brown and Nelson Higgins, together with the main body of the Mississippi Saints, entered the Salt Lake Valley, under direction of Captain James Brown, July 29, 1847. This increased the number in the camp to about four hundred souls. They brought with them about sixty wagons, one hundred head of horses and mules and three hundred head of cattle.

Immediately after their arrival the battalion members built a bowery, the first structure in the valley in which public meetings could be held with some degree of comfort, and the worshipers receive protection from the excessive heat of the sun.

Renewal of Covenants

Having been unable to live in peace in former habitations because of persecutions of wicked men, the Saints now rejoiced at the prospect before them. It was proposed by President Young and the apostles that they renew their covenants with the Lord and solemnly promise that they would henceforth keep his commandments in this land where they were free from religious persecution. In the humility and thankfulness of their hearts for their deliverance, the apostles set the example. August 6, President Young was baptized, and each of the apostles were likewise baptized in turn. This was not done as an acknowledgment that their former baptism was not efficacious, or that they had broken covenants formerly received, but as an acknowledgment before the Lord of their willingness to serve him henceforth and forever. To this proposition all the camp of Israel said Amen, and the ordinance of baptism was administered to all.

The First Births and Death in the Colony

The first birth in the pioneer camp was that of a daughter to John and Catharine Campbell Steele, August 9, 1847. The father was a member of the battalion and he and his wife had arrived in the camp but a few days before. The child was named Young Elizabeth Steele, in honor of President Brigham Young and Queen Elizabeth. Two days later the colony was called upon to mourn because of the death of Milton H. Therlkill, three years old, and son of George W. and Jane Therlkill, of the Mississippi company. The child had wandered from the camp and was drowned in City Creek. A few days later (August 15th) a daughter was born to these same parents. This was the second birth in the colony.

The "Old Fort"

Three days after the Pioneers arrived in the valley, Indians of the Ute and Shoshone tribes commenced visiting the camp, begging and endeavoring to trade for guns and ammunition, and incidentally to steal when opportunity afforded. On one occasion a fight ensued and the Shoshones killed a Ute who had stolen one of their horses. President Young instructed the Saints that they should trade no more with the Indians, who were manifesting a spirit of jealousy because the pioneers treated one tribe the same as the other.

As a means of protection against Indian raids and thefts, it was decided to build a fort, or stockade, on one of the city ten-acre squares. The site chosen is now known as Pioneer Park, three blocks south and three west of the Temple Block. At a meeting held August 1, 1847, it was decided that the enclosure should be built of logs and sundried bricks (adobes). The brethren immediately went to work preparing the timbers and adobes for this purpose. August 10, work started on the stockade. The walls were twenty-seven inches thick and nine feet high on the outer side. It was built as a continuation of huts joined together in rectangular form around the outside of the ten acres on which it stood. The east side was built of logs, and the three other sides of adobe walls. The roofs slanted but slightly inward, and were made of brush covered with earth. Each house had a loop-hole facing the outside and a door and windows facing the interior. The main entrances, which were on the east and west sides of the stockade, were carefully guarded by heavy gates which were locked at night. In the winter and spring months the snow and rain caused the mud to leak through the roofs, to the great discomfort of the inhabitants. Wagon covers, and other articles which would shed moisture, were utilized, to protect beds and bedding. Notwithstanding the discomforts and inconveniences of life under such conditions, the Saints spent many pleasant hours within the walls of their temporary homes. Two additional blocks were joined to the original fort, one on the north and one on the south, to accommodate later arrivals in the valley. These were designated as the North Fort and the South Fort, and were similar in construction to the first, or Old Fort, as it was called. During the first winter, schools were taught in the fort by Julian Moses and Miss Mary Ann Dillworth.

Captain Brown's Journey to the Coast

A question had arisen regarding the Pueblo detachment of the Mormon Battalion. They were under orders to march to the Pacific coast, but the term of their enlistment had expired. Should they go to the coast to be mustered out of service, or should that duty be performed by their company officers? After some deliberation it was decided that they should be mustered out of service, and that Captain James Brown with a small company should go to California and report to the army officers there, and with a power of attorney from each of the men, draw their pay. Captain Brown, with several members of the battalion, departed for San Francisco, August 9, piloted by Samuel Brannan. Brannan returned to California greatly disappointed because President Young would not hearken to his counsel and continue on to the coast, where he thought conditions for permanent settlement were more favorable than the desolate valleys of the mountains. Captain Brown carried with him a message from President Young to the battalion members on the coast, advising all who had no families to remain in California through the winter and obtain work, and in the spring come to the Salt Lake Valley with their earnings. Captain Brown's company went by way of the northern route and were accompanied as far as Fort Hall, by Jesse C. Little, Joseph Matthews, John Brown and others, who explored the Cache and Weber valleys. These brethren returned with favorable reports.

Special Conference in the Valley

Sunday, August 22, 1847, a special conference was held in the Salt Lake Valley. It was agreed to fence the city, and such portions of adjacent lands as might be deemed proper for cultivation, thus affording protection from cattle. "By this means," said President Young, "we can raise thousands of bushels of grain next season for ourselves and also some to sustain those who shall come after us. I would rather fence a block of ten acres, and have a crop, than plant a hundred acres for the cattle to destroy."

It was decided that a presidency and a high council be appointed to preside over the Saints in the valley. Elder John Smith, uncle of the Prophet Joseph Smith, who was at the time on the plains, was chosen as president. President Young moved that "we call this place 'The Great Salt Lake City, of the Great Basin of North America,'" and that the post office be called "The Great Basin Post Office." Elder Heber C. Kimball moved that the river running west of the settlement be called "The Western Jordan." Some of the creeks were also named as follows: City Creek, Red Butte Creek, Canyon Creek (afterwards Emigration Creek) and Big Canyon Creek (Parley's Creek). Those streams farther to the south were not named at that time.

At the close of the services Elder Heber C. Kimball remarked: "This is a paradise to me, and one of the loveliest places I ever beheld. I hope none of us will be left alive to pollute this land. I would rather die than act as inconsistent as many have in times past."

The Return of the Pioneers

President Young felt great anxiety for the companies of Saints who were on the plains wending their way to the valley. There was much to be done in order to care properly for those who had already arrived, protect them from hostile Indians and prepare for the coming winter season. This labor required his attention and that of the leading brethren for some days. However, it was deemed necessary that a company start back at once to meet the oncoming immigrants. Monday, August 2, 1847, it was decided in a council meeting, that Elder Ezra T. Benson with a company of horsemen should start back immediately. About noon on that day this company departed. They carried instructions from President Young to obtain the names of all who were in the several camps, together with the number of wagons, horses, oxen and other animals; also to ascertain the condition of the health and needs of the immigrants, so that assistance might be rendered where necessary. August 16 and 17, a company selected from the original pioneers and battalion started back for this purpose. This company consisted of seventy-one men, with thirty-three wagons, fourteen mules and ninety-two yoke of oxen. It was divided into two divisions with Tunis Rappleyee and Shadrach Roundy as captains. August 26, President Young and the apostles started on their return to Winter Quarters. This company consisted of one hundred and eight men, thirty-six wagons, seventy-one horses and forty-nine mules. They passed a number of trains on the way to the valley, totaling more than fifteen hundred men, women and children, with five hundred and sixty wagons and five thousand head of stock. Among these immigrants were Elders Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor of the council of the apostles, who were in charge of the companies.

President Young's Instructions and Blessing

President Young arrived at Winter Quarters, October 31, after an eventful journey back across the plains. When the company arrived within a mile of Winter Quarters, President Young called them together and made the following remarks:

"Brethren, I will say to the pioneers, I wish you would receive my thanks for your kindness and willingness to obey orders. I am satisfied with you; you have done well. We have accomplished more than we expected. The one hundred and forty-three men who started, some of them sick, are all well. Not a man has died; and we have not lost a horse, mule or ox, except through carelessness. The blessings of the Lord have been with us. If the brethren are satisfied with me and the Twelve, please signify it with uplifted hands. (All hands were raised.) I feel to bless you in the name of the Lord God of Israel. You are dismissed to go to your homes."

The company then drove into the town of Winter Quarters in order, arriving about one hour before sunset. The streets of the town were filled with eager people and the weary pioneers rejoiced once more to behold their wives, children and friends.

Organization of a Stake of Zion

Sunday, October 3, 1847, the Saints in the Salt Lake Valley met in conference and transacted business which had been proposed by President Young and the apostles before their departure. "Uncle" John Smith, who had been chosen before his arrival, was sustained as president of the Salt Lake Stake of Zion, with Charles C. Rich and John Young as his counselors. Members of the high council were also chosen as follows: Henry G. Sherwood, Thomas Grover, Levi Jackman, John Murdock, Daniel Spencer, Lewis Abbot, Ira Eldredge, Edson Whipple, Shadrach Roundy, John Vance, Willard Snow and Abraham O. Smoot.

Charles C. Rich was also selected as chief military commander under the direction of the stake authorities. Albert Carrington was selected to act as clerk and historian of the city, and John Van Cott as marshal.

Population at the Close of 1847

The last company to enter the valley in 1847 arrived in October. The several companies were listed by Thomas Bullock as follows: President Young's pioneer company, 148; the Mississippi company, 47; Mormon Battalion, 210; Daniel Spencer's company, 204; Parley P. Pratt's company, 198; Abraham O. Smoot's company, 139; Charles C. Rich's company, 130; George B. Wallace's company, 198; Edward Hunter's company, 155; Joseph Home's company, 197; Joseph B. Noble's company, 171; W. Snow's company, 148; and Jedediah M. Grant's company, the last of the season, 150. The total being 2,095 souls for the year.

Notes

1. It is quite generally understood that there were three women who entered the Salt Lake Valley with the pioneers in July, 1847. The fact has been overlooked by many that there were other noble women, besides these three who accompanied President Young across the plains, who braved the dangers and hardships of the journey to the west. Among the Mississippi Saints who met the pioneers at Fort Laramie and journeyed with them from that point into the Salt Lake Valley, were the following: Elizabeth Crow, Harriet Crow, Elizabeth J. Crow, Ira Vinda Exene Crow, Irmaninda Almarene Crow and Marilla Jane Therlkill.

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