15. Removal of the Church in New York to Ohio
1830-1831
"A Crooked Generation"
In October 1830, Ezra Thayer and Northrop Sweet were called by revelation, as they had sought the will of the Lord, to preach the Gospel unto "a crooked and perverse generation." "My vineyard," declared the Lord, "has become corrupt every whit; and there is none which doth good save it be a few; and they err in many instances because of priestcrafts; all having corrupt minds. And verily, verily, I say unto you, that this Church have I established and called forth out of the wilderness: and even so will I gather mine elect from the four quarters of the earth, even as many as will believe in me, and hearken unto my voice."
Call of Edward Partridge and Orson Pratt
In November Orson Pratt, the younger brother of Parley P. Pratt, who had been baptized by his brother Parley a few weeks earlier in Canaan, Columbia County, N. Y., came to Fayette to learn the will of the Lord concerning himself. In the following December Sidney Rigdon came from Ohio on a similar visit, bringing with him a young man named Edward Partridge, who was not a member of the Church. Edward Partridge, the day after his arrival, satisfied with what he had seen and heard, was baptized by Joseph Smith and later was confirmed by Sidney Rigdon. Both of these young men, Orson Pratt and Edward Partridge, were called to labor in the ministry and received the commendation and blessing of the Lord for their faith and desire to serve him. "And this commandment," said the Lord, "shall be given unto the elders of my Church, that every man which will embrace it with singleness of heart, may be ordained and sent forth, even as I have spoken."
Sidney Rigdon to Write
Sidney Rigdon was commanded to be a companion to Joseph Smith and to "forsake him not;" moreover, he was to write for him, "and the scriptures shall be given, even as they are in mine own bosom, to the salvation of mine elect," was the word of the Lord to him.
Lost Scriptures Restored
By commandment of the Lord, a revision of the scriptures by inspiration had already commenced. Much conjecture frequently occurred among the Saints regarding scripture mentioned in the Bible that could not be found. They had learned in the reading of the Book of Mormon, "that many plain and precious things" had been taken away from the Bible as it went forth among the Gentiles. Many of these the Lord promised to restore. From time to time, as their labors would permit, the Prophet received by revelation these scriptures which, were lost, and Sidney Rigdon wrote for him. Shortly after the coming of Sidney Rigdon to Fayette, the Lord revealed the writings of Enoch, spoken of by Jude, which caused much rejoicing among the Saints. These revelations now form a part of the Book of Moses, in the Pearl of Great Price.
Command to Go to Ohio
Soon after the restoration of the words of Enoch, the Lord commanded that the correction of the scriptures should cease until Joseph Smith and companions could remove to Ohio. Such a step was necessary, the Lord declared, "because of the enemy and for your sakes." However, they were not to go in haste, but first to strengthen the several branches of the Church in New York; especially that at Colesville, where the members exercised much faith. Not only were Joseph and the brethren with him to go to Ohio, but the Lord instructed all the Saints in New York also to journey there, "against the time" when Oliver Cowdery should return from the Lamanites.
Conference of January, 1831
In January, 1831, a conference was held in Fayette. Ordinary business was transacted and a revelation given in which the Lord made known the reason for the removal of the Church to the West (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 38). "All eternity is pained," the revelation read, "and the angels are waiting the great command to reap down the earth, to gather the tares that they may be burned." This was because "all flesh is corrupted" and the powers of darkness prevail. The Lord revealed that the wicked were plotting in secret chambers the destruction of Joseph Smith and the Church. However, he would lead the Saints, to a land of promise, and they and their children after them should possess it forever, if they would seek it with all their hearts as an inheritance. This reference was to Zion, the location of which the Lord had not yet revealed. They were commanded to assemble in Ohio, and there he would give unto them his law and these things should be made known. They were to dispose of their property as best they could; farms that could not be sold should be rented, and men of wisdom were to be appointed to look after the interests of the poor and needy and send them forth to the place the Lord commanded them.
In the latter part of January, Joseph Smith and his wife, accompanied by Sidney Rigdon and Edward Partridge, moved to Kirtland. They were welcomed there by Newel K. Whitney, and Joseph and his wife remained in the Whitney home for several weeks receiving every kindness and attention which could be shown in Christian love.
The Branch in Kirtland
The branch of the Church in Kirtland had been living according to a plan called "common stock" or the holding of all property in common. This arrangement had been in practice before they joined the Church, but false spirits crept in among them causing them to receive strange notions in variance with the Gospel plan. With a little caution and exercise of wisdom, the Prophet persuaded them to abandon this plan and their difficulties were removed.
The Law Given to Govern the Church
On the fourth of February, the Lord gave direction by revelation that the elders of the Church should assemble together to agree on his word; for he would give them his law by which the Church was to be governed. Instructions were also given that Joseph Smith should have a house built wherein he could live and translate, and receive the ancient scriptures from the Lord. Edward Partridge was to receive the office of bishop in the Church and to spend all his time in that ministry, leaving his merchandise, to labor in the interests of the members of the Church.
At Kirtland, on the 9th of February, in the presence of twelve elders, the Lord revealed his law by which the Church was to be governed, according to the promise given in Fayette. This important revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 42) may be termed a code of laws for the government and guidance of the members of the Church. Their attitude towards the law of the land as well as the moral law was clearly established. As members of the Church they were to keep the Church covenants and articles, and the Lord would reveal unto them, from time to time, other covenants sufficient to establish them in Ohio and later in the New Jerusalem, or city of Zion, the site of which would presently be revealed. The duties of the bishop and other officers in the Church were defined. Idlers were condemned; for, said the Lord, "the idler shall not eat the bread nor wear the garments of the laborer." The Bible and the Book or Mormon were to be the standards on doctrine, and they who have not the Spirit were not to teach. The manner of administering to the sick was explained, and the Saints instructed to live together in love. This is one of the very important revelations given to the Church.
A Woman's "Revelation"
Soon after this revelation was given a woman named Hubble came among the people pretending to have revelations, and professing to be a prophetess of the Lord. By declaring that the Book of Mormon was the word of the Lord, and appearing to be very righteous, she deceived some of the Saints.
For the benefit of the members a revelation was received by Joseph Smith in which the Church was instructed to hearken to him, for there was none other appointed to receive revelations for the Church, and none other should be appointed while he lived, if he remained true to his trust. This commandment had previously been given, when Hiram Page was led into error; but it seemed the Lord must speak again on this point before the Saints could understand. The members of the Church were instructed to purge themselves from all iniquity, and the Lord would give them knowledge, even the mysteries of his kingdom would be revealed, if they would sustain and assist Joseph Smith. The elders were instructed to go forth and preach the Gospel, laboring in the vineyard for the last time, for the Lord would shortly come upon the earth in judgment.
Important Revelations to The Church
During the spring and summer of 1831, a number of important revelations were received. On March 7, the Lord made known many things (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 45) pertaining to his second coming and the signs of the times. After revealing in clearness the teachings given to his disciples in Jerusalem, relative to the destruction of the temple, the scattering of the Jews, and the signs which should precede his second coming, he made known many things which should take place in the day in which we live. He spoke of the signs and wonders; of the gathering of the Jews; the darkening of the sun and the bathing of the moon in blood; of his second coming and his judgments upon the nations; the redemption of the Jews, who shall look upon him whom they have pierced; the binding of Satan; the millennial reign, and the redemption of heathen nations and those who knew no law.
Zion a Place of Refuge
Zion, the New Jerusalem, shall be built and there the righteous shall come to Zion from among all nations, singing songs of everlasting joy. They will be the only people who will not be at war, and every man who will not take up his sword against his neighbor, must flee to Zion for safety. Such is to be the condition of the world before the coming of the Lord.
John Whitmer, Historian
In another revelation John Whitmer was appointed to keep the records of the Church, and assist Joseph Smith in transcribing all things given for the history.
"For," said the revelation, "Oliver Cowdery I have appointed to another office. Wherefore it shall be given him (Whitmer) in as much as he is faithful, by the Comforter, to write these things."
The Purchase of Lands
As the Saints in New York had been commanded to settle in Ohio, the residents in that place were instructed to impart of their lands, as they were able to do, for the benefit of their brethren from the east for it was needful that they should remain in Ohio for a time. Eventually, however, it was expected that they would move farther westward, and the members of the Church were to save their money for the purpose of buying lands for an inheritance in the city Zion, when the location of that place should be revealed. This information should be made known when the brethren arrived from the east, for to them it was to be revealed. "And they shall be appointed to purchase the lands, and to make a commencement to lay the foundation of the city, and then shall you begin to be gathered with your families, every man according to his family--as is appointed to him by the presidency and the bishop of the Church."
Equality Among the Families
In the month of May the Saints from New York commenced to arrive in Ohio, and it fell to the lot of Bishop Partridge to assign to them their lands. They were to be made equal according to their families and their needs. The head of each family was to receive a certificate to secure him and his portion and inheritance in the Church. Should a man transgress, after receiving his portion and standing, he was not to have power to claim that portion which had been consecrated to the bishop for the use of the poor and needy of the Church; but he could retain that portion which was deeded to him. A storehouse was to be provided and the substance of the people, more than needful for individual use, was to be placed therein, for the wants of the people, to be kept by the bishop, who was to distribute it as the necessities of the people should demand. In this manner the doctrine of consecration was partially put into practice, as a preparatory step before the members of the Church should go to Zion--for in Zion the law of the united order, or consecration of properties, was the law upon which that city should be built. "And thus I grant unto this people," the Lord declared, with reference to the New York Saints, "a privilege of organizing themselves according to my laws; and I consecrate unto them this land for a little season, until I, the Lord, shall provide for them otherwise, and command them to go hence."
The Important Conference of June 1831
In the month of February the Lord had commanded that word be sent out to the elders of the Church calling them from the east and from the west; from the north and from the south; to meet in conference and receive instruction. Accordingly, a conference was set for June 3, which convened at Kirtland and continued until the sixth. The Spirit of the Lord was displayed in a marvelous way, and the power of the evil one, which was made manifest in opposition to the work, was successfully rebuked.
The First High Priests Ordained
At this conference the first high priests in this dispensation were ordained. Lyman Wight, John Murdock, Reynolds Cahoon, Harvey Whitlock and Hyrum Smith, were ordained to the office of high priest, by Joseph Smith the Prophet; Joseph Smith, Sen., Joseph Smith the Prophet, Parley P. Pratt, Thomas B. Marsh, Isaac Morley, Edward Partridge, Joseph Wakefield, Martin Harris, Ezra Thayer, Ezra Booth, John Corrill, Samuel H. Smith, John Whitmer and Sidney Rigdon, were ordained to the office of high priest, under the hands of Lyman Wight. Edward Partridge, the bishop of the Church, then blessed those who had been ordained. John Corrill and Isaac Morley were then sustained and ordained as assistants, or counselors, to Bishop Whitney, under the hands of Lyman Wight. All this was done by commandment from the Lord.
The Mission of John
During the conference, Joseph Smith the Prophet was led to say, "that John the Revelator was then among the ten tribes of Israel who had been led away by Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, to prepare them for their return from their long dispersion."
The Elders Called to Missouri
The spirit of prophecy was abundantly manifest and during the sessions of this conference a number of revelations were received. Many of the elders were called to take their journey through the western country, going two by two, preaching the Gospel, and were to assemble again in Jackson County, Missouri, where the next conference was to be held. The Lord said to them: "And thus, even as I have said if ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies. But, behold, I the Lord, will hasten the city in its time, and will crown the faithful with joy and with rejoicing."
The Thompson Branch
The members of the Church from Colesville, New York, on their arrival in Ohio, were located at a place called Thompson, about sixteen miles northwest of Kirtland. Here, as we have learned, they were directed to live according to the Lord's law, that is, the order of stewardship and consecration of properties. Among these people there resided a man named Leman Copley, who was a member of the "Shaking Quakers" before he joined the Church. He owned a large tract of land which he agreed to turn over to the Colesville branch to occupy in this manner of stewardship, agreeable with the revelation they had received. It appears that Copley had not been fully converted to the Gospel and he, with some others, later rebelled and broke the covenant of consecration. This caused confusion among the Colesville Saints and placed them at the mercy of their enemies, as well as in jeopardy before the Lord. In their distress they sent Newel Knight, who was in charge of the branch at Thompson, to the Prophet to learn what they should do. The Lord spoke unto them saying that their covenant had been broken and therefore was of no effect, and it would have been better for the one who was responsible for the offense, "had he been drowned in the depth of the sea." The members of the branch were now commanded to journey to Missouri, "unto the borders of the Lamanites," and there they were to seek "a living like unto men," until the Lord might prepare a place for them. Almost immediately they took their departure under the guidance of Newel Knight, for Missouri.
A Letter from Missouri
A few days following the conference a letter was received from Oliver Cowdery, dated May 7, giving an account of the labors of himself and companions in Missouri. He spoke of their labors among the Lamanites, and of a tribe of "Navashoes" farther to the west, near Santa Fe. Almost the whole country where he and his fellow laborers were located, he declared, consisted of "Universalists, Atheists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, and other professing Christians, priests and people; with all the devils from the infernal pit, united and foaming out their shame," against the elders of the Church. Then he adds: "God forbid that I should bring a railing accusation against them, for vengeance belongs to him who is able to pay." His expressed opinion of these inhabitants of the border land was all too true, as events immediately to follow will attest.
The Mission to the West
About the middle of June (1831) the elders who were appointed at the conference, commenced their journey westward, traveling two by two. Ezra Thayer, the companion chosen for Thomas B. Marsh, failed to go. Selah J. Griffin was appointed to go in his stead. On the 19th of June, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Martin Harris, Edward Partridge, William W. Phelps, Joseph Coe, and Algernon Sidney Gilbert, took up their journey for Missouri. All these missionaries, and others not here mentioned, commenced their travels with great anticipation of what the result would be. Their destination was the "land of their inheritance," where Zion--the New Jerusalem--should be built. The Lord had promised that the site for this holy city should be revealed to them at their journey's end.
16. The Land of Zion--Its Dedication
1831
Character of Inhabitants
About the middle of July, 1831, the missionaries commenced to arrive in western Missouri, and were met with tears of joy by their brethren there. Here, on the borders of the United States, had gathered renegades from the east; lawless and vile outcasts, who had been forced to flee to the west for safety. "How natural it was," wrote the Prophet, "to observe the degradation, leanness of intellect, ferocity, and jealousy, of a people that were nearly a century behind the times."
First Sabbath in Zion
The first Sabbath (July 17, 1831), the elders spent in Jackson County, William W. Phelps preached a public discourse. His congregation was composed of "specimens of all the families of the earth." After this meeting two persons, who had previously believed, were baptized.
Arrival of the Colesville Branch
A few days later the members of the Colesville branch, from Thompson, Ohio, arrived in Missouri and were located on lands in Kaw township, where a portion of Kansas City is now built.
Assignment of Labors
The duty devolved on the Prophet to assign the labors to the several elders who were to remain in the Land. Some of them were called by revelation to make their permanent settlement in Missouri, while others were instructed to return to the eastern lands, after their mission in the west was finished. William W. Phelps, who joined the Church at the time the little band of missionaries were leaving Ohio for Missouri, had previously been instructed by the Lord (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 55) to engage with Oliver Cowdery, in the work of printing and selecting and writing books for schools in the Church, that "little children also may receive instruction" which would be pleasing to the Lord. Upon his arrival in Jackson County, this commandment was repeated.
Algernon Sidney Gilbert was appointed to act as agent for the Church in receiving moneys and buying lands on which the Saints might locate. Edward Partridge was to act in his calling as bishop of the Church. His great duty was to divide the inheritances of the members, severally, according to their needs. In this manner duties were assigned to each of those expected to remain as a nucleus for the building up of Zion (Doc. and Cov. Sections 57-58).
Location of the City Revealed
As the Lord had promised, he now fulfilled. In answer to the questions: "When will the wilderness blossom as the rose? When will Zion be built up in her glory, and where will thy temple stand, unto which all nations shall come in the last days?" the Lord gave the following:
"Hearken, O ye elders of my Church, saith the Lord your God, who have assembled yourselves together, according to my commandments, in this land, which is the land of Missouri, which is the land which I have appointed and consecrated for the gathering of the Saints: wherefore this is the land of promise, and the place for the city of Zion. And thus saith the Lord your God, if you will receive wisdom, here is wisdom: behold, the place which is now called Independence, is the center place, and the spot for the temple is lying westward, upon a lot which is not far from the court house. Wherefore it is wisdom that the land should be purchased by the Saints; and also every tract lying westward even unto the line running directly between Jew and Gentile. And also every tract bordering by the prairies, inasmuch as my disciples are enabled to buy lands. Behold, this is wisdom, that they may obtain it for an everlasting inheritance" (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 57).
The Saints to Keep the Law
In another revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 58) given at this time, the members of the Church were commanded to keep the law the Lord had given them, as well as to observe the laws of the land. "Let no man think he is ruler," it read, "but let God rule him that judgeth, according to the counsel of his own will; or, in other words, him that counseleth or sitteth upon the judgment seat. Let no man break the laws of the land, for he that keepeth the laws of God hath no need to break the laws of the land: wherefore, be subject to the powers that be, until he reigns whose right it is to reign, and subdues all enemies under his feet."
After Much Tribulation, the Blessings
That Zion was to be established and the city built at once, was evidently the idea possessed by some of the Saints; moreover, that they were at liberty to establish their own laws, independent of all else. Hence the instructions as here given by the Lord regarding the keeping of the law. The Lord had warned them previously and given instruction in regard to their duties and requirements in that land. That the city was not to be built at that time is indicated in his word: "Ye cannot behold with your natural eyes, for the present time, the design of your God concerning those things which shall come hereafter, and the glory which shall follow after much tribulation. For after much tribulation cometh the blessings. Wherefore the day cometh that ye shall be crowned with much glory; the hour is not yet, but is nigh at hand. Remember this, which I tell you before, that you may lay it to heart, and receive that which shall follow. Behold, verily I say unto you, for this cause I have sent you that you might be obedient, and that your hearts might be prepared to bear testimony of the things which are to come and also that you might be honored of laying the foundation, and of bearing record of the land upon which the Zion of God shall stand" (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 58).
From this we see that the glory and greatness of the city Zion was reserved for the future; although in the scriptural sense, the time "is nigh at hand." These early settlers were to lay the foundation, and prepare the way for the Saints, who were yet to come, after the preaching of the Gospel "to the uttermost parts of the earth;" for the elders were to "push the people together from the ends of the earth." It was a great honor conferred upon the first laborers in the vineyard, if they would be faithful to every command.
Dedication of the Land
The Colesville Saints were located in Kaw township. The Prophet assisted them in laying the first log, "for a house, as a foundation of Zion" in that place. The log was carried by twelve men representing the twelve tribes of Israel. At the same time it was made manifest through prayer that the land should be consecrated and dedicated by Sidney Rigdon. "It was a season of joy," the Prophet said, "to those present, and afforded a glimpse of the future, which time will yet unfold to the satisfaction of the faithful." All this took place on the second day of August, 1831.
Sidney Rigdon, according to his appointment, stood up and asked:
"Do you receive this land for the land of your inheritance, with thankful hearts, from the Lord?"
"We do."
"Do you pledge yourselves to keep the law of God on this land, which you never have kept in your own lands?"
"We do."
"Do you pledge yourselves to see that others of your brethren who shall come hither do keep the laws of God?"
"We do."
After prayer, Elder Rigdon arose and said: "I now pronounce this land consecrated and dedicated unto the Lord for a possession and inheritance for the Saints, and for all the faithful servants of the Lord, to the uttermost ages of time, in the name of Jesus Christ, having authority from him. Amen" (Documentary History of the Church, vol. 1:196).
Description of the Land
In addition to the appointment to dedicate the land, Sidney Rigdon was also called by revelation to write a description of it, to be sent "unto all the churches." One object of this description was to stir up the Saints to donate for the purchase of the lands, by placing in the hands of the bishop money for that purpose. Those who would do this should be given an inheritance, for Zion was to be built by purchase; otherwise they could not obtain it except by the shedding of blood, which was forbidden. The first description written was rejected by the Lord, and Sidney Rigdon was commanded to write another.
The Future Glory of Zion
Many of the ancient prophets spoke of Zion and her glory. Isaiah declared that in the latter days "out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem," in that day when swords will be made into plowshares, and spears into pruning-hooks."[1] Moreover, again he prophesied, saying:
"For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted. The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending unto thee; and all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet; and they shall call thee, The city of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy one of Israel. Whereas thou hast been forsaken and hated, so that no man went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations. . . . For brass I will bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exactors righteousness. Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor destruction within thy borders; but thou shall call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise. The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee; but the Lord shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy son shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself; for the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. Thy people also shall be all righteous; they shall inherit the land forever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified. A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation: I the Lord will hasten it in his time."[2]
Dedication of the Temple Site
On the 3rd day of August, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, Edward Partridge, William W. Phelps, Martin Harris and Joseph Coe, met on a spot a little west of the Independence court house, and there they dedicated the site for the great temple of the latter days. The 87th Psalm was read, and the scene was most impressive; for here the house of the Lord was to be reared in the holy city Zion, which had been spoken of by ancient seers, from whence should go forth the law to the ends of the earth.
First Conference in Zion
On the 4th day of August (1831) the first conference in that land was held at the home of Joshua Lewis, in Kaw township. The members of the Colesville branch formed the greater part of the congregation--a total of thirty-one souls. The Spirit of the Lord was with them and they rejoiced. Sidney Rigdon preached and exhorted the Saints "to obedience to the requisition of heaven," that they might be planted in their inheritances in Zion. Ziba Peterson, who had been silenced for wrongdoing, humbled himself and made confession; by unanimous vote he was reinstated. Joseph Smith addressed the conference and admonished the people to be true to their covenants that they might receive the blessings.
A Commandment and a Promised Blessing
On the 7th, Polly Knight wife of Joseph Knight, Sen., died; she had been in failing health while on the westward journey. The same day the Prophet received a revelation of commandment and blessing to the Saints, in which they were admonished again to keep the commandments of the Lord. Their course of action was pointed out for them with a statement that all who had come up to the land to keep the commandments should be blessed; if they lived they should inherit the earth; if they died they should rest in the mansions of the Father. On the Lord's day they were to rest from all labor and assemble in the house of prayer to partake of the sacrament and confess their sins (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 59).
The Return to Kirtland
On the 9th day of August Joseph Smith and the elders who were to return, started on their journey back to Kirtland. They traveled down the Missouri River towards St. Louis. On the third day out they encountered some of the dangers common on these waters. At a place called McIlwaine's Bend, William W. Phelps, in open vision, saw the destroyer in his power, riding upon the waters. The next morning the Prophet Joseph received a revelation in confirmation of the vision of Elder Phelps.
Dangers on the Waters
The Lord revealed (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 61) to Joseph Smith the great dangers that would be upon the waters in these latter days. "Behold, I, the Lord, in the beginning blessed the waters, but in the last days, by the mouth of my servant John, I cursed the waters. Wherefore, the days will come that no flesh shall be safe upon the waters. . . . I, the Lord, have decreed, and the destroyer rideth upon the face thereof, and I revoke not the decree." It was further stated that the time would come when none would dare go upon the waters but those who were pure in heart, and the elders were counseled to travel by other means than by the rivers, that their faith fail not.
Object of the Mission to Zion
On the 27th day of August Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery and Sidney Rigdon arrived in Kirtland; others of the elders had previously arrived. Their mission had been fulfilled. They had gone to Missouri for the purpose of receiving definite knowledge concerning the location of the land and site for the future city of Zion; to dedicate the land as the "inheritance of the Saints," also to choose and dedicate a spot for the building of the temple. Those who were to remain were instructed in their duties and given commandments by which they were to be governed in that land and upon which their inheritances, and those of the Saints who should follow after, might be made secure.
Notes
1. Isaiah 2:1-4.
2. Isaiah 60:12-22. The following reference to Zion or the New Jerusalem, is from the prophecy of Ether; Book of Mormon, Ether, 13th chapter:
"Behold, Ether saw the day of Christ, and he spake concerning a New Jerusalem upon this land. And he spake also concerning the house of Israel, and the Jerusalem from whence Lehi should come--after it should be destroyed it should be built up again, a holy city unto the Lord; wherefore, it could not be a new Jerusalem for it had been in a time of old; but it should be built up again, and become a holy city of the Lord; and it should be built unto the house of Israel--And that a New Jerusalem should be built upon this land, unto the remnant of the seed of Joseph, for which things there has been a type. For as Joseph brought his father down into the land of Egypt, even so he died there; wherefore, the Lord brought a remnant of the seed of Joseph out of the land of Jerusalem, that he might be merciful unto the seed of Joseph that they should perish not, even as he was merciful unto the father of Joseph that he should perish not. Wherefore, the remnant of the house of Joseph shall be built upon this land; and it shall be a land of their inheritance; and they shall build up a holy city unto the Lord, like unto the Jerusalem of old; and they shall no more be confounded, until the end come when the earth shall pass away. And there shall be a new heaven and a new earth; and they shall be like unto the old save the old have passed away, and all things have become new. And then cometh the New Jerusalem; and blessed are they who dwell therein, for it is they whose garments are white through the blood of the Lamb; and they are they who are numbered among the remnant of the seed of Joseph, who were of the house of Israel."
Chapter 17
The Book of Commandments--The Vision of the Glories--The Hiram Mobbing
1831-1832
Desire of the Saints for Knowledge of Zion
August 28, the day after the return of the brethren from Missouri, fell on Sunday. An inspirational meeting was held at which the brethren reported their labors. Among the business transacted was the ordination of Oliver Cowdery to the office of high priest "by the voice of the Church and the command of God, under the hand of Sidney Rigdon," says the record. Oliver Cowdery was in Missouri when the conference in June was held, at which the first high priests were ordained.
As the Saints were very anxious to know more in relation to Zion, the purchasing of lands there and their inheritances, the Prophet inquired of the Lord, and received a revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 63) in which the difficulties and persecutions of the Saints in that land were fore-shadowed. Again the people were cautioned and reproved wherein they had not kept the commandments of the Lord. Among other things the Lord declared the following:
"And now, verily, I say unto you, that as I said that I would make known my will unto you, behold I will make it known unto you, not by the way of commandment, for there are many who observe not to keep my commandments; but unto him that keepeth my commandments, I will give the mysteries of my kingdom, and the same shall be in him a well of living water, springing up unto everlasting life. And now, behold, this is the will of the Lord your God concerning his Saints, that they should assemble themselves together unto the land of Zion, not in haste, lest there should be confusion, which bringeth pestilence. Behold, the land of Zion, I, the Lord, holdeth it in mine own hands; nevertheless, I, the Lord, render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's. Wherefore, I, the Lord, will that you should purchase the lands that you may have advantage of the world, that you may have claim on the world, that they may not be stirred up unto anger; for Satan putteth it into their hearts to anger against you, and to the shedding of blood. Wherefore the land of Zion shall not be obtained but by purchase or by blood, otherwise there is none inheritance for you. And if by purchase, behold you are blessed; and if by blood, as you are forbidden to shed blood, lo, your enemies are upon you, and ye shall be scourged from city to city, and from synagogue to synagogue, and but few shall stand to receive an inheritance. I, the Lord, am angry with the wicked; I am holding my Spirit from the inhabitants of the earth."
Apostasy of Ezra Booth
In September Joseph Smith moved with his family to Hiram, in Portage County, Ohio, about thirty miles southeast of Kirtland, and commenced living at the home of John Johnson. About this time Ezra Booth left the Church. He had been ordained a high priest, and had taken the trip to Missouri, but had been rebellious. Before coming into the Church he was a Methodist priest; but through the performance of a miracle he was baptized, and from that time he desired to make men believe by the performance of miracles, even by smiting them, or with forcible means. After leaving the Church he wrote a number of articles against the truth which were afterwards published in an anti-"Mormon" book.
Purchase of a Printing Press
As Oliver Cowdery and William W. Phelps had been called to print and publish books and writings for the Church, it was necessary that a printing press be purchased. William W. Phelps was instructed, therefore, to call at Cincinnati on his return to Missouri, and purchase a press for this purpose. This press was to be taken to Independence, where they were to print a monthly paper to be called the Evening and Morning Star. This was the first publication in the Church.
Revision of the Bible
While residing at Hiram, Joseph Smith was engaged in the revision of the Bible, which work was commenced in Fayette, but had been delayed by command of the Lord until this time because of other duties Sidney Rigdon, who also had located in Hiram, continued to write for him. In course of time the Prophet went through the Bible, topic by topic, revising as he was led by revelation. The work was never fully completed, for he had intended, while at Nauvoo, a number of years later, to finish the work, but was cut off by his enemies. Nevertheless, many plain and precious things were revealed which throw great light upon many subjects.
Special Conference of November
As Oliver Cowdery and John Whitmer were appointed to go to Missouri to attend to duties there, which had been assigned to them, a special conference was called for November 1, 1831, to consider such matters as might need attention before their departure.
Preparation for Publication of Commandments
At this special conference, which was held at Hiram, the matter of publishing the revelations and commandments given through Joseph Smith, was considered. This was the will of the Lord, for during that conference he gave the revelation--one of the most important in the Doctrine and Covenants--which he called "my preface unto the book of my commandments, which I have given them to publish unto you, O inhabitants of the earth" (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 1). These inhabitants were commanded, as well as were the Saints, to "search these commandments, for they are true and faithful, and the prophecies and promises which are in them shall all be fulfilled." The Lord was willing, "to make these things known unto all flesh, for I am no respecter of persons," he said, "and will that all men shall know that the day speedily cometh; the hour is not yet, but is nigh at hand, when peace shall be taken from the earth, and the devil shall have power over his own dominion; and also the Lord shall have power over his Saints, and shall reign in their midst, and shall come down in judgment upon Idumea, or the world."
Endorsement of the Revelations
It was decided that an edition of ten thousand copies of the Book of Commandments should be published. However, at a later date (May 1, 1832) this was changed to three thousand copies. Joseph Smith addressed the elders and said, inasmuch as the Lord had bestowed a great blessing upon them in giving commandments and revelations, he would ask the conference what testimony they were willing to give regarding these commandments which should shortly be sent to the world. After the reading of the Lord's preface, a number of the brethren arose and bore witness to the truth of the revelations, which were to be published in the Book of Commandments. The conference lasted two days and much other business was transacted.
Criticism of the Revelations
Not all of those present at the conference fully endorsed these revelations; there was one at least, who questioned their language. This was William E. McLellin, who had but recently joined the Church. The Prophet thereupon received a commandment from the Lord (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 67) in which he was directed to invite the "most wise among you" to choose out of the revelations the least, and attempt to make one like unto it; and if this "wise" individual could duplicate the least of the revelations, then the elders might be justified in saying they did not "know that they are true." If this proved to be a failure, then they would be "under condemnation" if they did not bear record that they are true.
William E. McLellin's Folly
William E. McLellin, as the wisest man, accepted the challenge from the Lord. His attempt was a humiliating failure, to the convincing of the elders present, who unitedly signified their willingness to bear testimony to all the world, of the truth of the revelations given to Joseph Smith.
Other Important Revelations
At the conclusion of this conference the Lord gave another commandment (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 68) for the benefit of Orson Hyde, Luke Johnson, Lyman E. Johnson and William E. McLellin, who had inquired concerning themselves. In addition to the advice and commandments given to these men there was much counsel and commandment for the inhabitants in Zion, for there were idlers among them, the Lord declared, and they were to keep the Sabbath day, to remember their prayers, to teach their children the principles of the Gospel and have them baptized when eight years old, for these things they were failing to do; therefore the Lord was not pleased with them. Instructions were also given regarding the Priesthood and its powers, for the guidance of the Church. This information Oliver Cowdery was to carry on his return to Zion.
On the 3rd of November, the Lord gave the great revelation known as the Appendix, to the Book of Commandments, which appears as Section 133 in the book of Doctrine and Covenants.
Arrangement of the Revelations
It was decided that Oliver Cowdery should carry the revelations to Missouri, where they should be printed. Joseph Smith was therefore kept busy during the days intervening, as Oliver expected to leave about the 15th of November. The Prophet writes: "My time was occupied closely in reviewing the commandments and sitting in conference, for nearly two weeks; for from the first to the twelfth of November, we held four special conferences."
Worth of the Revelations
At the last of these conferences, held in Hiram, at the home of John Johnson, the members voted, after deliberate consideration of the revelations, "that they prize the revelations to be worth to the Church the riches of the whole earth, speaking temporally." The benefits to the Church and to the world, which come from the Book of Mormon and the revelations to Joseph Smith, were also considered, and the expression of the conference was to the effect that the infinite wisdom of the Lord, in granting for their salvation and the salvation of the world, these sacred things, should be fully appreciated.
Commandments Dedicated
It was voted that Joseph Smith be appointed to dedicate and consecrate these brethren, Oliver Cowdery and John Whitmer, and the sacred writings entrusted to their care, to the Lord. Moreover, it was also voted that, in consequence of the diligence of Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, John Whitmer and Sidney Rigdon, "in bringing to light, by the grace of God, these sacred things, they be appointed to manage them according to the laws of the Church, and that their families as well as the families of Hyrum Smith, Christian Whitmer, Peter Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Hiram Page and David Whitmer, also Samuel Smith, William Smith and Don Carlos Smith, be remembered to the bishop of Zion as worthy of inheritances in the land of Zion." In accord with this motion regarding the dedication of the revelations and those who should carry them, this action was taken at this time by Joseph Smith. Shortly after this conference, Oliver Cowdery and John Whitmer departed on their journey.
Labors Among the Enemy
On the 1st of December, Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon were commanded to take "a mission for a season" and call upon the inhabitants of the earth, and, said the Lord, "confound your enemies; call upon them to meet you, both in public and in private; and inasmuch as ye are faithful, their shame shall be made manifest. Wherefore let them bring forth their strong reason against the Lord." The reason for this commandment was due to the activities of the apostate Ezra Booth, who was publishing in Ravenna, Ohio, many falsehoods against the Church. According to this call Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon left on the 3rd of December for Kirtland, to fulfil this revelation. For some time they spoke in Kirtland, Shalersville, Ravenna, and other places, vindicating the cause and confounding their enemies. They were blessed with the Spirit of the Lord, and witnessed the fulfilment of the promises made to them; for they were able to allay much of the excitement and change false impressions which had grown out of scandalous articles in the "Ohio Star" at Ravenna.
The Amherst Conference
On the 15th day of January, 1832, a conference was held at Amherst, Loraine County, Ohio. At this conference much business was transacted in harmony and in the spirit of fellowship. Joseph Smith was sustained as President of the High Priesthood. The revelation known as Section 75 in the Doctrine and Covenants was also given in which a number of elders were called to take missions, two by two, in several directions throughout the land.
The Vision of the Glories
At the close of this conference, Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon again took up their work of revising the scriptures. While doing so, "it appeared self-evident," they declared, "from what truths were left, that if God rewarded every one according to the deeds done in the body, the term 'Heaven' is intended for the Saints' eternal home, must include more kingdoms than one." Accordingly on the 16th of February, 1832, while revising St. John's Gospel, and in answer to their prayer, they saw the heavens opened and beheld the Father and the Son. The account of this vision, as it is given in Section 76 of the Doctrine and Covenants, is one of the choicest bits of literature, and one of the greatest revelations ever given to man. It throws a flood of light upon eternity and the destiny of the human race and teaches the mercy of a loving Father, who saves all the workmanship of his hands, save it be the sons of perdition, who sin against the light and crucify their Redeemer again unto themselves. That every man shall be rewarded according to his works, and that a place has been prepared for each individual somewhere in the mansion of the Father, after he is purged from sin, is a glorious and merciful provision in the plan of salvation, which this vision declares, as it was provided before the world began. It would be folly to attempt to comment on this most wonderful revelation of the power and loving kindness of the Lord, which the words of man cannot adequately express.
The Prophet's Views on the Vision
The words of Joseph Smith pertaining to this opening of the heavens, are well expressed. "Nothing," he has written, "could be more pleasing to the Saints upon the order of the kingdom of the Lord, than the light which burst upon the world through the foregoing vision. Every law, every commandment, every promise, every truth, and every point touching the destiny of man, from Genesis to Revelation, where the purity of the scriptures remains unsullied by the folly of men, go to show the perfection of the theory [of different degrees of glory in the future life] and witness the fact that that document is a transcript from the records of the eternal world. The sublimity of the ideas; the purity of the language; the scope for action; the continued duration for completion, in order that the heirs of salvation may confess the Lord and bow the knee; the rewards for faithfulness, and the punishments for sins, are so much beyond the narrow-mindedness of men, that every honest man is constrained to exclaim: "It came from God!" Joseph Smith or any other man guided by the inspiration of man's power could not have written it.
Mob Violence in Hiram
Before going to Hiram, Ohio, to live, Joseph Smith and his wife adopted two children (twins) of Elder John Murdock's. Their mother died at their birth, and Emma Smith, having lost twins of her own which were born the same day, took the Murdock twins to raise. In March, 1832, when these children were about eleven months old, they took the measles, and their care caused both the Prophet and his wife to lose much rest. On the night of the 24th, after the family had retired, a mob surrounded the house, broke open the door and dragged the Prophet into the open. On the way he managed to get one foot loose with which he kicked one of the ruffians and knocked him down. At this, with blasphemous oath, the fiends swore they would kill the Prophet if he made further resistance. They then choked him until he was unconscious. When he came too, he discovered Sidney Rigdon, whom they had also taken from his home and dragged by his heels so that his head struck at every step on the frozen earth. He was unconscious on the ground. About sixty rods from the house the mob held a council to decide what further action they might take. Some were ready to kill the Prophet, but returning to him they attempted to force a vial of acid in his mouth, but the vial was broken against his teeth. An attempt was also made to fill his mouth with tar; failing in this they tore from him his clothes, and applied the tar with feathers to his body. After shamefully beating him they left him helpless on the ground. Joseph attempted to rise, but fell to the ground again. After a while he began to recover his strength, and made his way with difficulty to his home.
Sidney received similar treatment, which left him delirious for several days. The Prophet's friends spent the night cleaning the tar from his body, and the following day, it being the Sabbath, he met with the people at the regular hour, and addressed them. Several of the members of the mob were present, including Simonds Ryder, an apostate, and leader of the mob; a Mr. McClentic and Felatiah Allen, who had provided the mob with a barrel of whisky to raise their spirits and make them "brave" to do the deed. During the mobbing one of the twins became exposed, contracted a severe cold, and a few days later, died.
Second Visit to Missouri
The first of April, Joseph Smith, with Newel K. Whitney and Jesse Gause, left for Missouri to fulfil the provisions of a revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 78) in respect to regulating and establishing the affairs of the store house for the poor, and the consecration of properties. They were later joined by Sidney Rigdon. On the way they purchased paper, at Wheeling, Virginia, for the press in Zion, and arrived in Independence on the 24th of April. Two days later at a general council of the Church, Joseph Smith was acknowledged by the Saints in Zion as President of the High Priesthood, ratifying the action of the Amherst conference, held January 25, 1832.
Zion and Her Stakes
During this conference a revelation was given commanding the elders to bind themselves in a covenant of consecration, which could not be broken. Kirtland was to become a "stake of Zion."[1] "For I have consecrated the land of Shinehah (Kirtland), in mine own due time," said the Lord, "for the benefit of the Saints of the Most High, and for a stake of Zion. For Zion must increase in beauty, and in holiness; her borders must be enlarged; her stakes must be strengthened; yea, verily I say unto you, Zion must arise and put on her beautiful garments. Therefore I give unto you this commandment, that ye bind yourselves by this covenant, and it shall be done according to the laws of the Lord."
Return to Kirtland
Joseph and the brethren visited the Colesville Saints in Kaw township, who rejoiced greatly to see them. It was agreed in a council held on the first of May to print but three thousand copies of the Book of Commandments, and that the revelations should be reviewed and prepared by Oliver Cowdery, William W. Phelps and John Whitmer; and that the hymns selected by Emma Smith be prepared for printing. After the transaction of other necessary business, Joseph Smith and his companions, Rigdon and Whitney, returned to Kirtland. On this journey Joseph was poisoned and Bishop Whitney met with an accident breaking his leg and foot in several places; both were healed by the power of the Lord.
Notes
1. The term "Stake of Zion," which was first used in a revelation given in November, 1831 (Sec. 68) is a comparison to the stakes which bind a tent. Isaiah says: "Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities; thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be removed, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken" (Ch. 33:20). Again: "Enlarge the place of thy tent and let them stretch forth the curtains" of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes." (Ch. 54:2)
Zion is the tent, the settlements surrounding her, are the cords and stakes. It is as improper to speak of Zion in Missouri as the "center stake of Zion," as it would be to call a tent a stake.
18. Organization of the First Presidency--Important Revelations
1832-1833
Important Revelations
In the fall of 1832 and continuing through the winter and spring of 1833, a number of remarkable revelations were given for the edification and guidance of the Church. Great principles of science and philosophy, as well as of doctrine and spiritual truth, were revealed.
On the 22nd and 23rd of September, at the inquiry of a number of elders of the Church, the history and power of the Priesthood were revealed (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 84); the responsibilities taken by those who are ordained, were explained; the promises made to those who are faithful that they shall receive the fulness of the blessings of the father's kingdom--for he had declared it "with an oath and covenant, which belongeth to the Priesthood," with the penalty attached that "whoso breaketh this covenant . . . and altogether turneth therefrom, shall not have forgiveness of sins in this world, nor in the word to come"--were clearly defined; the place of the great temple, and when it shall be built, and many other things dealing with the gathering of the Saints, the building of Zion and its redemption, were set forth.
November 27 the Lord stated that he would send one mighty and strong to arrange the inheritances of the Saints in Zion (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 85). December 6, the parable of the wheat and the tares was explained (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 86). On Christmas day the prophecy on war, which has so far been fulfilled, was given (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 87). Two days later the remarkable revelation on scientific and doctrinal truth, known as the "Olive Leaf" (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 88), was presented to the Church. In this wonderful communication from the heavens, the following eternal principles, among many others, were revealed:
The light of Christ is the light of truth and is the light of the sun, the planets, the stars, and the power by which they were made; it is the light which quickeneth the intelligence of man; it is the life and light of all things, and is the law by which they are governed; it fills the immensity of space; to every kingdom there is given laws which have their bounds and conditions; there is no space in which there is no kingdom, great or small; the worlds in space are peopled with the children of our Father; the earth on which we dwell is a living body and shall die, but shall be raised again a celestial body and shall become the abode of celestial beings; the inhabitants of the earth who are unfaithful must inherit another kingdom in eternity; he who cannot abide the law of the celestial kingdom, cannot abide a celestial glory; every man in the resurrection is quickened by the glory of the kingdom to which he has attained: the spirit and the body is the soul of man, and the redemption of the soul is through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ; after the testimonies of the elders will come the testimonies of judgments; the order of the signs preceding the coming of the Savior, are made known; the redemption of the just; the destruction of the "great and abominable church;" and the fate of the wicked, are declared among the great truths contained in this revelation.
In February, 1833, the Lord gave to Joseph Smith the "Word of Wisdom" (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 89), for the temporal salvation of mankind. March 15, 1833, the doctrines of the eternity of matter; the glory of God is Intelligence; the innocence of man in the beginning; and many other things were received (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 93).
The School of the Prophets
In the revelation of December 27, 1833 (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 88), the elders of the Church were also commanded to "teach one another the doctrines of the kingdom." They were to be instructed "more perfectly in theory, in principle, in doctrine, in the law of the Gospel, in all things that pertain unto the kingdom of God," that were expedient for them to understand. They were to tarry in Kirtland for this instruction, before they should "go forth, among the Gentiles for the last time, as many as the mouth of the Lord shall name, to bind up the law and seal up the testimony, and to prepare the Saints for the hour of judgment which is to come." They were to seek diligently out of the best books, words of wisdom and learning "even by study and also by faith." That this should be accomplished, they were to prepare a house of prayer, learning and faith, even a house of glory--a house of God. In it they were to call their solemn assemblies; one should be appointed as teacher, and not all speak at once. While one speaks, all others should give attention. In this manner there was to be perfect order in the School of the Prophets--for so it should be called. Moreover, the Lord declared: "And this shall be the order of the house of the presidency of the school: He that is appointed to be president, or teacher, shall be found standing in his place, in the house which shall be prepared for him. Therefore, he shall be first in the house of God, in a place that the congregation in the house may hear his words carefully and distinctly, not with loud speech." Those who were entitled to attend should be the officers of the Church who are called to the ministry, "beginning at the high priests, even down to the deacons." They were to greet each other in fellowship, with proper salutations. They should be men who were clean from the blood of this generation, sober-minded and full of faith. Further, the Lord stated: "And ye are called to do this by prayer and thanksgiving as the Spirit shall give utterance in all your doings in the house of the Lord, in the School of the Prophets, that it may become a sanctuary, a tabernacle of the Holy Spirit to your edification."
The Coming of Brigham Young and Others
September 10, George Albert Smith, son of John Smith and cousin to the Prophet, was baptized in Potsdam, New York. He was a youth fifteen years of age, who in later years was to play an important part in the work of these latter days. About the 8th of November, Joseph Young, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball and John P. Greene, came from Mendon, Monroe County, New York. This was the first meeting of Joseph Smith and these brethren. They remained in Kirtland for a number of days and were privileged to meet with the Prophet on several occasions. In one of their meetings, Brigham Young and John P. Greene spoke in tongues, as did also the Prophet Joseph Smith. These brethren had received the Gospel in Mendon. It had first been brought to their attention in the summer or fall of 1831, through the labors of Samuel H. Smith, who had left a copy of the Book of Mormon with John P. Greene. Later, through the preaching of Elders Alpheus Gifford, Elial Strong and others they were persuaded to receive the truth. Brigham Young was baptized by Elder Eleazer Miller, April 14, 1832; was ordained an elder and at once entered the ministry and assisted in raising up several branches in the vicinity of Mendon, New York.
The Prophet's Labors in Kirtland
The winter of 1832-3 was spent by Joseph Smith in revision of the scriptures; in the School of the Prophets, which had just been organized by commandment (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 88); and in the holding of conferences from time to time. In January a number of meetings of the elders were held, in which the ordinances of washing of feet, as spoken of in the 13th chapter of John, was attended to, as commanded by the Lord (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 88). On the 2nd of February the Prophet finished the revision of the New Testament, as far as he was directed to revise it at that time, and sealed it up not to be opened until it arrived in Zion. Several epistles were written to the Saints, and much correspondence passed between the elders in Zion and those in Kirtland in relation to their work.
Organization of the First Presidency
March 18, 1833, the First Presidency of the Church was organized, with Joseph Smith, president, and Sidney Rigdon and Frederick G. Williams, counselors. This was in fulfilment of the commandment given in a revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 90) on the 8th of that month, wherein the Lord said to Joseph Smith: "And again, verily I say unto thy brethren, Sidney Rigdon and Frederick G. Williams, their sins are forgiven them also, and they are accounted as equal with thee in holding the keys of the kingdom." One year before, in March, 1832, the Lord had called Frederick G. Williams to this position by revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 81), and to hold "the keys of the kingdom, which belongeth always unto the Presidency of the High Priesthood." Joseph Smith laid his hands on the heads of each of these men and ordained them to take part with him in this great responsibility. Thus another step in the organization of the Church was completed.
Kirtland a Stake of Zion
March 23, 1833, a council of the elders was called for the purpose of appointing a committee to purchase lands in Kirtland, upon which the Saints might build a stake of Zion. After some deliberations a committee was appointed consisting of Ezra Thayer and Joseph Coe. Later the property was purchased for this purpose, and many of the elders commenced to labor in various ways for the building of a city for the Saints at Kirtland.
First Gathering of the Mob in Zion
In April, 1833, the first gathering of the mob in Jackson County took place. About three hundred men came together to decide upon a plan of campaign for the removal of the members of the Church in Jackson County. At the same time the elders in Jackson County met in solemn prayer and petitioned the Lord that the efforts of their enemies might fail. They had reason to meet and pray, for the wickedness of their enemies was extreme. Nor were the Saints free from guilt before the Lord. They had failed to keep strictly the commandments of the Lord which had been given them for the building up of Zion. Jealousies had arisen and murmurings were heard; even the Prophet, as well as others of the leading brethren, had been criticized. Some of the members had failed to observe the law of consecration, which had been given for the building of Zion, and their humility, in some respects, had been forgotten. However, on this occasion the deliberations of their enemies came to nothing. The Lord had heard the prayers of the Saints.
A House of the Lord in Kirtland
At a conference of high priests held May 4, 1833, a committee was appointed to obtain subscriptions for the building of a house for a school, in compliance with the revelations of December 27, 1832, and March 8, 1833, where the elders might receive instructions before going out to warn the world. Hyrum Smith, Jared Carter and Reynolds Cahoon, were appointed as that committee. May 6, Joseph Smith received another revelation in which the Church was commanded to "commence a work of laying out and preparing a beginning and foundation of a stake of Zion," in Kirtland. A house was also to be built for the work of printing, translating, and "all things whatsoever the Lord should command them." The committee immediately went to work to gather means by subscriptions for this purpose. They had previously been commanded to build a house unto the Lord, to be a house of prayer and fasting, to be a temple unto His name.
Commencement of the Kirtland Temple
By the first of June the preparations for the building of the Kirtland Temple were under way. A circular letter was sent out by the building committee to the various branches of the Church. June 1, the Prophet received the word of the Lord, in relation to the building of the temple, in which the Saints were commanded to hasten the work, and the necessity for such a building was made known. "Ye have sinned against me a very grievous sin, in that ye have not considered the great commandment in all things, that I have given unto you concerning the building of mine house," said the Lord. Then He states the reason, in part--for the full purpose for such a house was not at that time made known--to be as follows: "For the preparation wherewith I design to prepare mine apostles to prune my vineyard for the last time, that I may bring to pass my strange act, that I may pour out my Spirit upon all flesh. . . . Yea, verily I say unto you, I give you a commandment that you should build an house, in the which I design to endow those whom I have chosen, with power from on high. For this is the promise of the Father unto you, therefore I command you to tarry, even as mine apostles at Jerusalem."
From this it is discovered that there were certain endowments and blessings to be given to the elders, before they could go forth fully prepared to preach the Gospel in the world, which could only be obtained in the temple of the Lord. For this cause the Lord commanded that the temple be built at once, for the preaching of the Gospel was urgent, and the laborers were few. The Saints therefore, went to work diligently in the midst of many difficulties, both within, as well as without, the Church, to build the house of the Lord.
The First Work on the Temple
On the 5th of June, George A. Smith hauled the first load of stone, and Hyrum Smith and Reynolds Cahoon, two of the building committee, commenced to dig the trench for the foundation, which they later finished with their own hands. Others also volunteered, and by these means the work progressed.
The Case of "Doctor" Hurlbut
On the 3rd of June a charge was preferred against Philastus Hurlbut, who was accused of unchristian conduct while on a mission to the east. On investigation his elder's licence was taken from him. On the 21st he appealed his case and on making confession of his improper conduct and a seeming show of repentance, he was reinstated. Two days later, however, his sincerity was called in question, and on the testimony of witnesses who had heard him say that he had not repented and had deceived "Joseph Smith's God," he was excommunicated from the Church. He later manifested a bitter spirit and in April, 1834, was bound by the court to keep the peace, "with good and sufficient security in the sum of two hundred dollars," for threats against the life of Joseph Smith.[1]
Notes
1. Any reference to "Dr." Hurlbut might be considered insignificant but for one thing which developed after his apostasy and excommunication, which may be mentioned briefly here. He was not a doctor, but was so called because he was the seventh son. He had been a Methodist, but had been expelled from that body for immoral conduct, before he joined the Church. While engaged in missionary work in Pennsylvania he heard of a manuscript that had been written by one Solomon Spaulding, which dealt with the subject of the American Indian. Hurlbut had an evil thought. If he could make it appear that the Book of Mormon was taken, or plagiarized, from the Spaulding Manuscript, it would prove to be an irreparable injury to "Mormonism." Others became interested in the scheme and a book was produced by E. D. Howe, entitled Mormonism Unveiled. Of course the Spaulding story was lost so that no comparison was possible. For many years the publication of E. D. Howe was made to do mighty service against the Book of Mormon. As time went on, however, the manuscript of Mr. Spaulding was found, and, is now in the archives of Oberlin College, in Ohio. A comparison with the Book of Mormon proved that the two productions were no more alike than the Bible is like the story of Gulliver's Travels. Since that day the Hurlbut-Howe theory of the origin of the Book of Mormon has been dead.
For a thorough account of this question the reader is referred to The Myth of the Manuscript Found, by Elder George Reynolds; and New Witness for God, vol. 3, page 354, by Elder B. H. Roberts.
19. Expulsion from Jackson County
1833
The Prophet's Warning
The impending storm about to break over the heads of the Saints in Missouri was foreseen by the Prophet Joseph Smith. In January, 1833, he wrote to William W. Phelps as follows: "The Lord will have a place whence his word will go forth in these last days in purity; for if Zion will not purify herself so as to be approved of in all things in his sight, he will seek another people; for his work will go on until Israel is gathered, and they who will not hear his voice must expect to feel his wrath. . . . Our hearts are greatly grieved at the spirit which is breathed both in your letter and that of Brother Gilbert's, the very spirit which is wasting the strength of Zion like a pestilence; and if it is not detected and driven from you, it will ripen Zion for the threatened judgments of God. . . . This from your brother who trembles for Zion, and for the wrath of heaven, which awaits her if she repent not." These fears were also expressed in an epistle written the same day from a conference of high priests in Kirtland to their brethren in Zion. "We feel more like weeping for Zion than we do like rejoicing over her, for we know that the judgments of God hang over her, and will fall upon her except she repent," was their message.
Rise of Mob Force in Jackson
Almost as soon as the members of the Church commenced settling in Jackson County, opposition began to show itself. The settlers were incited to violence by their ministers, who started a campaign of abuse and falsehood. They received ready aid from others of the citizens, which ultimately resulted in the expulsion of the Latter-day Saints from the state. The Rev. Finis Ewing publicly distributed the report that "the 'Mormons' were the common enemies of mankind," while the Rev. Pixley circulated falsehoods among the religious papers of the east, and used his influence among both the Indians and the whites for the destruction of the Church in Jackson County.
Nearly all the Latter-day Saints were from the Eastern States, while the Missourians were from the South. The Missourians feared that the "Mormons" would increase and take from them their political domination. The question of slavery, even in that day, was quite keen, and the Missourians were determined to keep the state within the control of the slave holders. Above all else, however, was their extreme hatred for the "Mormons" because of their industry and belief. Some of the latter had also failed to show the proper discretion and wisdom, for they openly stated that the Lord had given them the land for their eternal inheritance, and although they were to purchase the lands, yet in time there the city Zion would be built, unto which none but the faithful would be privileged to come. Such expressions aroused the Missourians to fever heat, for they naturally hated the doctrines of the Church, and to be informed that the lands would ultimately be taken from them, was adding fuel to the flame.
As early as the spring of 1832, the mob resorted to violence. In the still hours of the night, windows in many of the houses of the Saints were broken, and other damage done by their enemies, who naturally performed their deeds in the dark; but this was only the beginning of sorrow.
The Mob Council
July 20, 1833, a council of all Missourians who were opposed to the Latter-day Saints was called to meet in the Independence Court house. Between four and five hundred men assembled and chose Richard Simpson, chairman, and Samuel D. Lucas and J. H. Flournoy, secretaries. They then proceeded to discuss means for the ejection of the members of the Church from Jackson County, "peaceably if we can," they said, "forcibly if we must." After deliberating for some time, they concluded that "the arm of the civil law does not afford a guarantee," or at least a sufficient one, against the "evils" which were inflicted upon them. These "evils" were such that "no one could have foreseen," and "therefore, unprovided for by the laws;" and the "delays incident to legislation would put the mischief beyond remedy." They must because of this take into their own hands the matter of expulsion of hundreds of citizens from their homes.
Some of the "evils" of the "Mormons" were stated to be as follows: The declaration that miracles have been performed and supernatural cures achieved among the sick; a belief in heavenly manifestations and that they have held converse with God and his angels; possession and exercise of the gifts of divination and unknown tongues; and "fired with the prospect of obtaining inheritance without money and without price." Yet they were well aware that the "Mormons" had never made the attempt to obtain lands except by purchase, as the Lord had commanded them. Nevertheless all these "crimes" must be punished; for against such evils "self preservation, good society and public morals," made demands that the "Mormons" should be expelled. The following articles were drawn up and unanimously approved, to be submitted to the elders of the Church.
Declaration of the Mob
(1). "That no Mormon shall in future move and settle in this county.
(2). "That those now here, who shall give a definite pledge of their intention within reasonable time to remove out of the county, shall be allowed to remain unmolested until they have sufficient time to sell their property, and close their business, without any material sacrifice.
(3). "That the editor of the Star be required forthwith to close his office and discontinue the business of printing in this county; and as to all other stores and shops belonging to the sect, their owners must in every case strictly comply with the terms of the second article of this declaration; and upon failure, prompt and efficient measures will be taken to close the same.
(4). "That the Mormon leaders here are required to use their influence in preventing any further emigration of their distant brethren to this county, and to counsel and advise their brethren here to comply with the above requisitions.
(5). "That those who fail to comply with these requisitions be referred to those of their brethren who have the gifts of divination, and of unknown tongues, to inform them of the lot that awaits them."
This address was read and after approval a committee consisting of twelve men was appointed to wait upon the presiding elders of the Church. They were instructed to "see that the foregoing requisitions are strictly complied with by them; and upon their refusal, that said committee do, as the organ of this county, inform them that it is our unwavering purpose and fixed determination, after the fullest consideration of all the consequences and responsibilities under which we act, to use such means as shall insure full and complete adoption." Such was the ungodly manifesto of the mob.
The Enemy's Demands
A recess was taken for two hours in which the committee was to carry this message of unrighteous demands to the elders of the Church, and then make report. Naturally these brethren desired time to consider these drastic terms. They had come into the land by command of the Lord, to receive their inheritance; it was here the great city of the New Jerusalem was to be built; they had hoped for a peaceful possession of their property, and as they had not interfered with the privileges of others they justly felt that they were entitled to maintain their rights. They asked for three months for consideration of these evil terms; but were denied. They then asked for ten days; but were informed that fifteen minutes was time enough. If immediate answer was not forthcoming an unfavorable report would be returned, with consequences of serious character speedily to follow. A refusal of these demands was evidently the desire of the unlawful gathering at the court house, which sought a pretext to vent their anger upon the Saints violently.
The Committee's Report
The committee returned and made their report. "Whereupon," their minutes read, "it was unanimously resolved by the meeting, that the Star printing office should be razed to the ground; the type and press secured." With the understanding that they would meet again three days later, the horde of wretches started forth on their mission of destruction. They did not overlook the opportunity to advertise their deliberations "that the Mormon brethren may know at a distance that the gates of Zion are closed against them--that their interests will be best promoted by remaining among those who know and appreciate their merits."
Vengeance of the Mob
With the utmost fury these human fiends proceeded to the office of the Evening and Morning Star and razed it to the ground. The office was a part of the dwelling occupied by William W. Phelps. Mrs. Phelps and her children, including a sick infant, were thrown out of doors amidst the furniture which was destroyed. They then proceeded to the store of Gilbert, Whitney and Co., bent on further destruction; but Elder Gilbert assuring them that the goods would be packed by the 23rd of that month, and no more would be sold, they left him and the store and turned their attention to personal violence. They took Bishop Edward Partridge and Charles Allen, stripped them and applied a coat of tar which had been mixed with acid which burned into their flesh, and then coated them with feathers. Others of the brethren were scourged, amidst horrid yells and blasphemous oaths, while others in the excitement, for all their captors were intent upon the "sport," were able to make their escape from similar treatment by the mob.
Second Gathering of the Mob
On the morning of July 23, 1833, the mob, to the number of about five hundred, again approached Independence, carrying a red flag--the emblem of lawlessness--and armed with all manner of weapons of war. They rode through the streets, giving vent to hideous yells and blasphemous oaths, searching for the presiding elders of the Church. They threatened to whip any "Mormon" whom they captured, with from fifty to five hundred lashes each, demolish their dwellings, and turn negroes loose to destroy their fields.
Offer of Ransom for the Church
Elders John Corrill, John Whitmer, William W. Phelps, Algernon S. Gilbert, Edward Partridge and Isaac Morley, the leading elders, made no resistance, but offered themselves a ransom for the Church. They were willing to be scourged and even die, if that would appease the wrath of the mob. The Missourians, with blasphemous oaths, assured them that every man, woman and child would be whipped and scourged even to death if they did not leave Jackson County. "The Mormons," said the mobbers, "must leave the county, or they or the Mormons must die." The brethren mentioned, knowing that resistance was useless and to save the Saints and avoid the shedding of blood, entered into an agreement with the mob to leave the county within a reasonable time.
The Forced Agreement of the Mob
The terms forced by the mob upon the Saints were as follows: Oliver Cowdery, William W. Phelps, William E. McLellin, Edward Partridge, Lyman Wight, Simeon Carter, Harvey Whitlock and the two Whitmers, Peter and John, were to remove their families from the county on or before the first day of January, 1834; they were to use all their influence to induce all other members of the Church to remove as soon as possible, one half by January first, and the rest by the first of April following; and to do all in their power to stop others of their brethren from moving into Jackson County; John Corrill and Algernon S. Gilbert were allowed to remain as general agents to wind up the business, Gilbert to sell the merchandise on hand but to buy no more; the Star was not to be published nor a press set up; Edward Partridge and William W. Phelps were to remove their families, but they would be permitted to come and go to wind up the affairs of the Church. The mob pledged themselves to use no violence so long as the brethren complied with the terms presented. To this the names of the elders and the members of the second committee appointed by the mob were subscribed.
The Contract Broken by the Mob
Since there is no honor among knaves, the mob failed to keep their agreement. Constantly they sallied forth, breaking windows in the homes of the members of the Church and offering abuse when occasion afforded. These attacks, however, did not pass unnoticed by the better class of citizens in the state. The Western Monitor, a paper published in Fayette, Missouri, first showed a friendly spirit toward the mob, but later censured them for their conduct and advised the "Mormons" to seek redress for their wrongs. Other papers adopted a similar view, whereupon the members of the mob declared that if any "Mormon" attempted "to seek redress by law or otherwise, for character, person, or property, they should die."
Appeal to Governor Dunklin
When hostilities broke out the brethren in Missouri sent Oliver Cowdery to Kirtland to make report and consult the First Presidency in respect to future action. In sorrow for the afflicted members in Missouri the presidency sent Orson Hyde and John Gould with instructions for their brethren in that land. Shortly after their arrival, necessary preparations having been made, Elders William W. Phelps and Orson Hyde, were sent to Jefferson City with a petition, under date of September 28, 1833, to Governor Daniel Dunklin. In their petition the wrongs of the Latter-day Saints were clearly set forth, and it was signed by nearly all the members of the Church in Missouri.
The Governor's Reply
On the 19th of October, Governor Dunklin made reply to the memorial of the members of the Church and advised them to take their grievances before the courts, for, said he: "No citizen, nor number of citizens, have a right to take the redress of their grievances, whether real or imaginary, into their own hands. Such conduct strikes at the very existence of society, and subverts the foundation on which it is based. . . . The judge of your circuit is a conservator of the peace: if an affidavit is made before him by any of you, that your lives are threatened, and you believe them in danger, it would be his duty to have the offenders apprehended, and bind them to keep the peace." He could not "permit himself to doubt that the courts were open to" the Saints.
Futility of the Advice
Under ordinary circumstances the governor's advice might have been of some worth. The conditions, however, were of no ordinary nature. The leaders of the mob were Samuel D. Lucas, judge of the county court; Samuel C. Owens, county clerk; John Smith, justice of the peace; Samuel Weston, justice of the peace; William Brown, constable; Thomas Pitcher, deputy constable; James H. Flournoy, postmaster, and Lilburn W. Boggs, lieutenant governor of the state, the latter, however, keeping in the background and aiding and abetting the others in their evil work. For the "Mormon" people to accept the governor's advice, would mean their trial would be conducted before their avowed and open enemies, if they were permitted a trial at all.
Counsel Employed by the Saints
Nevertheless, accepting the governor's advice, attorneys were engaged to fight the case. They were William T. Wood, Amos Reese, Alexander W. Doniphan and David R. Atchison, who agreed to plant suits and carry them through for one thousand dollars. Notes for that amount were given by William W. Phelps and Bishop Partridge and endorsed by Gilbert, Whitney and Co. However, very little benefit was ever derived by the members of the Church, from this action.
Continued Activities of the Mob
As soon as it was known that the "Mormons" would appeal to the courts, the mobbers began to prepare for war. On the night of October 31, a band of about fifty marauders proceeded against a branch of the Church west of the Big Blue River, not far from Independence. There they unroofed and partly demolished a number of houses, whipped in a savage manner several men and frightened the women and children, who were forced to flee for safety. On the first of November, another attack was made on a branch on the prairie, fourteen miles from Independence. The same night another party raided the homes of the Saints in Independence, where a number of houses were demolished and the goods in the store of Gilbert, Whitney and Co., were scattered in the street. One Richard McCarty was caught in the act of breaking into the store and demolishing property and was taken before Samuel Weston, justice of the peace, where a complaint was made against him; Judge Weston, however, refused to consider the complaint, and turned McCarty loose. The next day McCarty caused the arrest of the witnesses who had captured him in this unlawful act, and had them tried for false imprisonment. The same justice, on the testimony of this fellow alone, found the witnesses, Gilbert, Morley and Corrill, guilty and committed them to jail. "Although we could not obtain a warrant against him for breaking open the store," said John Corrill, "yet he had gotten one for us for catching him at it."
The Battle of the Blue
These attacks upon the Saints were repeatedly continued; attempts were made to obtain peace warrants, but no justice would issue them for fear of the mob. Monday, November 4, 1833, a band of mobbers gathered at the Big Blue River and commenced to destroy property. Nineteen men, members of the Church, gathered in defense, but discovering the superior number of the mob, turned back. Their enemies, learning of this attempt, immediately went in pursuit of the "Mormons" who fled in various directions for safety. About thirty more of the brethren from the prairie armed with seventeen guns approached and a battle commenced. The mobbers soon fled leaving two of their number, Hugh L. Brazeale and Thomas Linville, dead on the ground. Among the "Mormons" Andrew Barber received a mortal wound and died the following day. Philo Dibble also received a severe wound, but was almost instantly healed by the laying on of hands by Elder Newel Knight.
The Mob Militia
Following the battle of the Blue, excitement ran high. November 5, 1833, at the instigation of Lieutenant Governor Lilburn W. Boggs, the militia was called out under command of Colonel Thomas Pitcher, one of the leaders of the mob of July 23. It was stated that the militia had been called for the protection of the Saints, but it had every appearance of a mob and in its ranks were many of the most bitter enemies of the Church. Colonel Pitcher demanded that the Saints surrender their arms. This they refused to do unless their enemies should also be disarmed. Colonel Pitcher readily agreed to this proposition to which Lieutenant Governor Boggs also pledged his honor. Another demand was that certain brethren who had been engaged in the battle the day before were to be surrendered and tried for murder. Both of these demands were complied with by the Saints.
Misplaced Confidence
Having confidence in the pledge of the lieutenant governor, the Saints returned to their homes feeling somewhat secure from further attacks. Their confidence, however, had been misplaced, for it was a cunning scheme of this state official, and the other leaders of the mob, to place the members of the Church in a defenseless position and then drive them from the county; which, forthwith, they proceeded to do. The arms were never taken from the members of the mob, but those taken from the Saints were distributed among their enemies to be used against them."[1] The following day gangs of men, numbering sixty or more, went from house to house whipping the men, driving the women and children from their homes at the muzzles of their guns, and setting fire to their houses, to make sure their owners would not return. More than two hundred houses were destroyed in the several raids of the mob. The men who surrendered themselves under the charge of murder, were detained for one day and a night and sorely abused; then they were taken out into a cornfield by this same Colonel Pitcher and told to "clear!" meaning they were to leave immediately for parts unknown.
The Saints in Exile
These attacks continued for several days and among those directing the forces of the mob were several "reverend" gentlemen who took pleasure in these wicked deeds. By the 7th of November, the banks of the Missouri River were lined with refugees who had gathered in the utmost confusion, so hasty had been their flight. Twelve hundred souls were thus forced to seek shelter, the best they could, in the dead of winter, and in the midst of storms. Many died from exposure and the abuse otherwise heaped upon them and the fleeing multitude left, in the frozen stubble, a trail of blood from their lacerated feet. The exiled Saints sought refuge in the neighboring counties, but from some of these they were again forced to flee before the inhospitable inhabitants among whom they found themselves. In Clay County, just across the river north of Jackson, they were received temporarily with some degree of kindness.
An Attempt to Seek Redress
Through their attorneys, and by direct petition to Governor Daniel Dunklin, the Saints sought to repossess their property in Jackson County. The governor acknowledged the justice of their claims and expressed a willingness to furnish an "adequate force" to effect that object; but he declared he had no power to protect them after they were once returned to their lands. He was also willing, so it was declared by Attorney General R. W. Wells, to organize them in companies of militia that they might aid in their restoration. The Saints knew that such a thing would only arouse their enemies to greater fury, and as no protection was guaranteed them when once restored, such an offer could not be accepted.
Farcical Effort to Enforce the Law
It may have been the intention of the state officials, at the first, to restore the exiles to their lands, but they evidently lacked the courage to cope with the lawless, but determined, enemies of the Saints. A number of leading elders were subpoenaed in behalf of the state to appear at the February (1834) term of court to be held at Independence. On the 23rd of that month, under the protection of Captain Atchison's company of "Liberty Blues"--nearly fifty rank and file--these witnesses crossed the Missouri River bound for Independence. That night they camped in the woods. Captain Atchison, becoming alarmed at the appearance of the enemy, sent an express to Colonel Allen for two hundred drafted militia, and to Liberty for more ammunition. Early the next morning this company marched to Independence, and after breakfast they were visited by District Attorney Ames Reese and Attorney General R. W. Wells, who informed the witnesses that all hopes of criminal prosecution were at an end. Mr. Wells had been sent by the governor to investigate the Jackson County outrages, but the bold front of the mob evidently intimidated the state officials who were willing to appease the wrath of the mob rather than to maintain the majesty of the law.
As soon as Captain Atchison was informed that his services were no longer needed, he took his witnesses and marched them out of town, to the tune of Yankee Doodle, quick time, and soon returned to camp. One of the witnesses, Elder William W. Phelps, wrote of this farcical proceeding as follows: "This order was issued by the court, apparently on the speedy gathering of the old mob, or citizens of Jackson County, and their assuming such a boisterous and mobocratic appearance. Much credit is due to Captain Atchison for his gallantry and hospitality, and I think I can say of the officers and company, that their conduct as soldiers and men, is highly reputable; so much the more, knowing as I do, the fatal results of the trial had the militia come or not come. . . . Thus ended all hopes of redress, even with a guard ordered by the governor for the protection of the court and witnesses."
Notes
1. In the spring of 1834, Governor Dunklin issued a requisition to Colonel S. D. Lucas to return the arms to the "Mormons" which were taken from them in November, 1833; but Lucas had resigned his commission and moved to Lexington, Missouri. A second requisition to Colonel Pitcher was contemptuously ignored. The arms were distributed among the mob and they boasted that they would not return them, notwithstanding the order of the governor of the state; and the arms were never returned.
20. The Patriarchal Priesthood--Zion's Camp
1833-1834
The Patriarchal Priesthood
December 18, 1833, a number of elders assembled in the printing office in Kirtland and dedicated the printing press, with all that pertained thereunto, unto the service of the Lord. The first sheets of the re-printed Evening and Morning Star were struck off, it having been decided to continue that periodical in Kirtland until the press could be restored in Independence.[1] While the elders were assembled in the printing office on this occasion the Prophet gave the first patriarchal blessings in this dispensation. It was his privilege to do this, for he held the keys of all the authority in the Church, and was spoken of as the first patriarch in the Church because of this fact, in the minutes which were kept at that time. Those who received blessings under his hands on this occasion were: Oliver Cowdery, the father and mother of the Prophet, and three of his brothers, Hyrum, Samuel and William Smith. Oliver Cowdery, who held the keys of Priesthood with the Prophet, also gave a number of patriarchal blessings. Joseph Smith, Sen., was ordained to the Patriarchal Priesthood, to hold the keys of blessing on the heads of all the members of the Church, the Lord revealing that it was his right to hold this authority. He was also set apart as an assistant counselor to the Prophet Joseph in the presidency, and at a later day Hyrum Smith, the Prophet's brother, and John Smith, his uncle, were set apart to this same calling.
Organization of the First High Council
The first high council in this dispensation was organized at the home of Joseph Smith in Kirtland, February 17, 1834. The First Presidency presided in this council and the following brethren were chosen as its members: Joseph Smith, Sen., John Smith, Joseph Coe, John Johnson, Martin Harris, John S. Carter, Jared Carter, Oliver Cowdery, Samuel H. Smith, Orson Hyde, Sylvester Smith and Luke S. Johnson.[2] Several days before this action was taken the Prophet had explained the manner in which councils should be conducted. "No man," said he, "is capable of judging a matter in council unless his own heart is pure." Ancient councils were conducted with strict propriety; no one was permitted to whisper, leave the room, or think of anything but the matter before them for consideration. If the presiding officer could stay, others were expected to do the same, until the Spirit was obtained and a righteous decision was reached.
There were a number of cases awaiting the action of the high council as soon as it was organized, and within a day or two several trials were held and matters of discipline passed upon. One question considered was as follows: "Whether disobedience to the word of wisdom was a transgression sufficient to deprive an official member from holding office in the Church, after having it sufficiently taught him?" After a free and full discussion Joseph Smith, who presided, gave his decision as follows: "No official member in this Church is worthy to hold an office after having the word of wisdom properly taught him; and he, the official member, neglecting to comply with or obey it." This decision was confirmed by unanimous vote.
Zion Shall Not be Removed
A revelation was given to Joseph Smith December 16, 1833, giving the reason for the expulsion of the members of the Church from Jackson County (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 101). Nevertheless the Lord declared that Zion should "not be moved out of her place, notwithstanding her children are scattered." In his own due time he would redeem Zion, and let fall the sword of his indignation in behalf of his people. The cup of his wrath was to be poured out without measure upon all nations, when the cup of their iniquity is full. The Saints were instructed to "Importune for redress and redemption" before the judge, and if he should fail, then before the governor, and if they could not obtain redress from him they were to importune the president of the United States, and if he heeded them not, then the Lord would "vex the nation." The Church was instructed to purchase lands in Jackson and neighboring counties, for inheritances for the Saints. Moreover, they were instructed in a parable to gather together the strength of the Lord's house, "My young men and they that are middle aged also among all my servants, who are the strength of mine house, save those only whom I have appointed to tarry," said the Lord, "and go straightway unto the land of my vineyard, and redeem my vineyard, for it is mine, I have bought it with money." February 24, 1834, the Lord further declared that if his Saints would, from that time forth, repent and keep his commandments, they should "begin to prevail" against his enemies from that very hour; but if they polluted their inheritances they were to be thrown down, for he would not spare them if they polluted their inheritances. "The redemption of Zion must needs come by power," he declared, therefore the Saints were to collect money and purchase lands, as they had been commanded, and the young and middle aged were to gather to Zion and seek its redemption.
Zion's Camp
According to this instruction, a call went forth asking for volunteers to go to Zion. Five hundred men were wanted; yet, said the Lord: "If you cannot obtain five hundred, seek diligently that peradventure ye may obtain one hundred;" for with less than one hundred they were not to go. The first of May (1834) a part of these volunteers left Kirtland, and on the fifth Joseph Smith and the remainder took up their journey. At West Portage, about fifty miles west of Kirtland, they met and were organized in companies for the journey. Each company was divided as follows: a captain, two cooks, two firemen, two tent-men, two water-men, one runner, two wagoners and horsemen, and one commissary, twelve men in all. Every night before retiring, at the sound of the bugle they bowed before the Lord in prayer in their several tents, and every morning, at the trumpet's call about four o'clock, every man again knelt in prayer, imploring the blessings of the Lord for the day. As they traveled they endeavored to keep their identity unknown so as not to arouse opposition in the country through which they passed. As it was they were followed by enemies and spies, and delegations approached them from time to time to learn the meaning of their journey. The following questions were frequently put and answered in this manner:
"Where are you from?"
"From the East."
"Where are you going?"
"To the West."
"What for?"
"To see where we can get land cheapest and best."
"Who leads the camp?"
"Sometimes one and sometimes another."
Their journey took them through Dayton, Indianapolis, Springfield and Jacksonville, Illinois, and across the Mississippi River into Missouri. It was near the banks of the Illinois River, west of Jacksonville, where the bones of Zelph[3] the white Lamanite, were dug up and mounds, or ancient altars, were discovered. This was about the first of June, and on the third, while still camped on the banks of the river refreshing themselves, the Prophet Joseph got up on a wagon and uttered this prophecy: "I said the Lord had revealed to me that a scourge would come upon the camp in consequence of the fractious and unruly spirits that appeared among them, and they should die like sheep with the rot; still, if they would repent and humble themselves before the Lord, the scourge in great measure might be turned away; but as the Lord lives, the members of this camp will suffer for giving way to their unruly temper." Even this warning did not prevent some of the members of the camp from murmuring and finding fault against their brethren.
Message to Governor Dunklin
Acting on the commandment in the revelations the brethren in Missouri did not cease to importune the judge and the governor of the state, May 29, 1834, and again June 5, the Saints in Clay County petitioned the governor, and on the 6th, he wrote to Colonel J. Thornton acknowledging the just cause of the Saints in this demand made of him, stating:
"Uncommitted as I am to either party, I shall feel no embarrassment in doing my duty--though it may be done with the most extreme regret. My duty in the relation which I now stand to the parties, is plain and straight forward. . . . A more clear and indisputable right does not exist than that of the Mormon people, who were expelled from their homes in Jackson County, to return and live on their lands; and if they cannot be persuaded, as a matter of policy, to give up that right, or to qualify it, my course as the chief executive of the State, is a plain one. The constitution of the United States declares that, 'The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.'"
He then suggested to Colonel Thornton, which proposition he also presented to the Saints, that they sell out and move from their possessions; or, to attempt to peaceably settle their difficulties, and he would attempt to get the citizens to "rescind their illegal resolves" against the "Mormons" and agree to conform to the laws. If all this should fail, and they could not agree to divide their lands, then he would have to conform his action to that end, indicating that in justice he would be bound to assist the exiles to regain their property.
All such expressions led the members of the Church to hope for redress. Acting on this thought, about the 8th of June, a delegation from Zion's Camp was sent to Jefferson City to ascertain from the governor if he was ready to reinstate the Latter-day Saints on their lands in Jackson County, and leave them there to defend themselves, as he had previously indicated that he would. If so, they were ready, by command of the Lord, to take that course.
In the meantime the camp continued on its journey. To accept the governor's proposition to sell their lands, was out of the question; as soon would they expect to sell their children, for the Lord had commanded them to retain their possessions, or inheritances in that land. On the 15th of June, 1834, Orson Hyde and Parley P. Pratt, the delegates, returned from Jefferson City and reported that the governor refused to fulfil his promise. For some reason, which is not explained but which may be guessed, he had received a change of heart, although his reason was stated to be on the ground of "impracticability." Such a lamentable failure on the part of the governor to do his duty, was a severe blow to the Saints.
Threats of the Mob
On the morning of June 19, 1834, as the camp was passing through Richmond, Missouri, they were informed by a friendly farmer who entertained them and gave them refreshments, that they had many enemies about, and that a mob from Jackson and other counties was intending to intercept them before they could reach their brethren in Clay County. This was later confirmed. Their progress, by act of divine providence, was impeded which forced them to camp between the Little and Big Fishing rivers that night. As they were making camp five men rode up and told them they would "see hell before morning." They stated that an armed force from Ray and Clay counties was to join a Jackson County force at the Fishing River ford bent on the utter destruction of the camp. While these five men were in the camp, cursing and swearing vengeance, signs of an approaching storm were seen. No sooner had these men left the camp than the storm burst in all its fury. Hailstones so large that they cut limbs from the trees fell all around the camp, while the trees were twisted from their roots by the force of the wind. The earth trembled and quaked, the streams became raging torrents, and the mobbers dispersed seeking shelter that could not be found. One mobber was killed by lightning and another had his hand torn off by a fractious horse, and in fear they dispersed, saying, if that was the way God fought for the "Mormons" they would go about their business. On the morning of June 21, Colonel Sconce with two companions visited the camp to learn what the intention of the members were. He said: "I see there is an almighty power that protects this people, for I started from Richmond, Ray County, with a company of armed men, having a fixed determination to destroy you, but was kept back by the storm. The Prophet related to these men the sufferings of the Saints, and they left the camp offering to use their influence to allay the excitement which prevailed. During all this storm the members of the camp were protected from its fury.
Judge Ryland's Proposition
Evidently with the best of intentions, Judge John F. Ryland, on the 10th of June 1834, wrote to Algernon S. Gilbert offering to call a meeting in Liberty on the 16th, for the purpose of allaying the "disturbances between the Mormons and the citizens of Jackson County." A similar communication was sent to prominent citizens of Jackson County. In their answer Elders John Corrill and A. S. Gilbert expressed a willingness to meet, but declared that under no condition would the Saints sell their property in Jackson County. On the 16th, the proposed meeting was held. A deputation from Jackson County was present and made a proposition to this effect: They would buy all the lands that the "Mormons" own in Jackson County, and also all improvements, the value of said land to be determined by three disinterested parties; twelve of the "Mormons" would be permitted to go into Jackson County, to show their lands and improvements; the purchase was to be made within thirty days after the decision was reached, and one hundred per cent would be added to the appraisement. On the other hand, the "Mormons" were offered all the lands of the citizens of Jackson on the same terms. This proposition was signed by ten men who stated they were authorized to take this action.
After the reading of the proposition Samuel C. Owens, one of the Jackson committee, made a war speech and was followed by Rev. Riley who declared that "the Mormons have lived long enough in Clay County; and they must clear out, or be cleared out." The moderator of the meeting. Mr. Turnham, replied: "Let us be republicans; let us honor our country, and not disgrace it like Jackson County; don't disfranchise or drive away the Mormons. They are better citizens than many of the old inhabitants." General A. W. Doniphan arose and said: "That's a fact, and as the Mormons have armed themselves, if they don't fight they are cowards. I love to hear that they have brethren coming to their assistance. Greater love can no man show, than he who lays down his life for his brethren." At this instant pistols and knives were drawn and the cry was raised at the door that a man was stabbed. The mass instantly rushed out to see what had happened, and the meeting broke up in confusion.
Unfairness of the Proposition
Reflecting on the proposition offered by the mob committee from Jackson, the Prophet Joseph writes: "It may be thought, at first view, that the mob committee made a fair proposition to the Saints, in offering to buy their lands at a price fixed by disinterested arbitrators, and one hundred per centum added thereto, payment to be made in thirty days, and offering theirs on the same terms; but when it is understood that the mob held possession of a much larger quantity of land than the Saints, and that they only offered thirty days for the payment, having previously robbed the Saints of nearly everything, it will be readily seen that they were only making a sham to cover their previous unlawful conduct." To meet this proposition, which was not made in sincerity, the Saints would have been under the necessity of raising in thirty days approximately six hundred thousand dollars, a thing out of reason, which the mobbers knew. Moreover, they were well aware of the fact that the Saints would not sell although ten times the value of the land were offered, for the Lord had commanded them to hold to their inheritances.
Counter Proposition of the Saints
Some time later a counter proposition was made by the Saints to the Missourians. They offered to buy out all those who were unwilling to dwell in Jackson County with them in peace, on such terms as had been offered except that the payment would be made in one year. A committee of twelve, six from each side were to determine the value of the lands. It is needless to say that the proposition was not received very kindly by these hypocrites and deceivers.
Word of the Lord at Fishing River
While the camp was on Fishing River the word of the Lord came to Joseph Smith (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 105) stating that it was not required of the camp to continue the journey for the redemption of Zion. The camp had been brought to the borders of Jackson County, "for a trial of their faith." However, if it had not been for transgression of the people, the Lord declared, "they might have been redeemed even now. But behold, they have not learned to be obedient to the things which I required at their hands, but are full of all manner of evil, and do not impart of their substance, as becometh saints, to the poor and afflicted among them, and are not united according to the union required by the law of the celestial kingdom. And Zion cannot be built up unless it is by the principles of the law of the celestial kingdom, otherwise I cannot receive her unto myself; and my people must needs be chastened until they learn obedience, if it must needs be by the things which they suffer. I speak not concerning those who are appointed to lead my people, who are the first elders of my church, for they are not all under this condemnation; but I speak concerning my churches abroad--there are many who will say, Where is their God? Behold, he will deliver them in time of trouble, otherwise we will not go up unto Zion, and will keep our moneys. Therefore, in consequence of the transgression of my people, it is expedient in me that mine elders should wait for a little season for the redemption of Zion."[4] The elders were to be endowed with power from on high in the house of the Lord at Kirtland, and be taught more perfectly in doctrine and have experience and a better knowledge of their duties, before Zion could be redeemed. This was one reason for the building of the temple in Kirtland.
Disbanding of the Camp
On the 23rd of June (1834), the camp continued its march and the next day arrived near the home of Algernon Sidney Gilbert on Rush Creek, where, on the morning of the 25th, in compliance with the revelation of the 22nd, the camp was separated into small groups to quiet the feelings of the people, and dispersed among the brethren who were residing in Clay County.
The Prophecy Fulfilled
As soon as the camp arrived on Rush Creek, the cholera broke out among the members and continued for several days. The victims were seized suddenly and so powerful was the disease that within a few minutes some of the brethren were dead. About sixty-eight members were attacked and fourteen died. Among the number who succumbed was Algernon Sidney Gilbert, keeper of the Lord's storehouse in Zion, and one of the stalwart leaders who had stood in defense of the liberty and lives of the Saints in Jackson County.
Organization of the High Council in Missouri
The day after the revelation was given regarding the endowments (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 105), a council of high priests met and called a number of individuals to receive these blessings in the house of the Lord; and on the 3rd of July, 1834, the high priests assembled and a high council for the Church in Missouri was organized agreeable to the revelation and pattern given in Kirtland. Six days later the Prophet started back for Kirtland with a number of the brethren.
What the Camp Accomplished
While the object for which Zion's Camp was organized and for which they made the journey, as understood by the members, was not attained, yet without question they did accomplish all that the Lord expected of them. So he stated in the Fishing River revelation. Their faith was tried; experience had been gained by which men were to be chosen for responsible positions in the Church in days to come, and the work of the Lord advanced; but in addition to all this the Lord was preparing men through this experience for the responsibility of moving the entire people, of the Latter-day Saints in the great exodus to the West, which was later to come. The purposes of the Lord do not fail and all things are turned to his advantage.
Notes
1. At a meeting held in Kirtland Sept. 11, 1833, it was decided that a press should be established in that place and a paper published to be called the Messenger and Advocate, and that the Evening and Morning Star, formerly published in Independence, be continued in Kirtland until it could again be published in Zion, which the brethren thought would be but a short time. All the numbers of the Star published in Independence were republished in quarto size. The first number of the Star was issued in June, 1832, and the last in July, 1833, the month the press was destroyed by the mob. In December, 1833, the first number in Kirtland (No. 15) was issued, it continued until September 1834, when it was succeeded by the "Messenger and Advocate."
2. See Doc. and Cov. Sec. 102, for procedure in High Councils and minutes of this organization.
3. See Documentary History of the Church, vol. 2:79, for this interesting incident.
4. In a letter to the high council in Zion the Prophet said: "Now, my beloved brethren, you will learn by this we have a great work to do, and but little time to do it in; and if we do not exert ourselves to the utmost in gathering up the strength of the Lord's house that this thing may be accomplished, behold there remaineth a scourge for the Church, even that they shall be driven from city to city, and but few shall remain to receive an inheritance." This had reference to preparations "against the time" when the Lord should call them again to the redemption of Zion.
Chapter 21
Choosing of the Twelve and Seventy--Dedication of the Kirtland Temple
1834-1836
Charges Against the Prophet
As already stated, there was some dissension in Zion's Camp on the way to Missouri. One of the chief offenders on that trip was Sylvester Smith, and when he returned to Kirtland he repeated many of his grievances against the Prophet Joseph Smith. This resulted in a trial before the Bishop, Newel K. Whitney, and the high priests, and after a full investigation, the Prophet was vindicated and Sylvester Smith after much persuasion made confession of his wrongdoing, and repented of his sin.
The Law of Tithing
Up to this time the Saints had donated of their means according to their disposition for the support of the Church. In Zion and Kirtland the law of consecration had been given; but it had not been generally practiced, and since the driving of the Saints from their homes, they were compelled to seek a living individually after the manner of the world. In the fall of 1834, Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery set an example for the Church by covenanting with the Lord that they would give one-tenth of all he should give them, to be bestowed upon the poor, as Jacob had covenanted centuries before. This was nearly four years before this law of tithing was given to the Church (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 119).
Oliver Cowdery Assistant President
December 5, 1834, Oliver Cowdery was ordained by Joseph Smith by the command of the Lord, an Assistant President of the High Priesthood, to hold the keys of presidency with Joseph Smith in this ministry. This was in harmony with the ordinations he received under the hands of John the Baptist and other holy messengers in 1829.[1]
Temporary Peace
Notwithstanding the Saints in Missouri were not permitted to return to their possessions, the spirit of opposition began to subside for a season, and the elders commenced going forth two by two, preaching the Gospel throughout the land, and many were added to the Church daily. The year 1834 came to a close with the Saints laboring diligently to build the house of the Lord in Kirtland, and in preparing for the School of the Elders which was to be held during the winter months. In January, 1835, the School of the Elders commenced. Lectures on theology were given and the study of the scriptures and other subjects were considered for the benefit of the members of the Church, in keeping with the revelations of the Lord.
Twelve Apostles Chosen
On the 14th of February, 1835, Brigham Young and his brother Joseph came to the house of President Joseph Smith and sang for him. While they were visiting with the Prophet on this occasion he told them that he desired to call together all those who were members of Zion's Camp, for he had a blessing for them. At this meeting he conversed with these two brethren on the scenes of their memorable journey and said: "Brethren, I have seen those men who died of the cholera in our camp; and the Lord knows, if I get a mansion as bright as theirs, I ask no more." At this he wept and could not speak for some time. He then said the Lord had called Brigham Young to be one of the twelve special witnesses, and Joseph Young to be a president of the seventies.
A meeting was called for the 14th of February, and on that day all the members of Zion's Camp that could be called together assembled to receive such blessings as the Lord had promised them. President Joseph Smith then stated that the object of the meeting was to choose men for important positions in the ministry to go forth and prune the vineyard for the last time. He had been commanded by the Lord to prepare for the calling of Twelve Apostles, in fulfilment of the revelation given before the organization of the Church (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 18). These twelve men were to be chosen from among those who went up in Zion's Camp, and the three special witnesses to the Book of Mormon were to select and ordain them. After the usual opening exercises and appropriate instructions a recess was taken for one hour. When the meeting was later called to order the three witnesses were blessed by the laying on of hands by the presidency; they then united in prayer and proceeded to make choice of the Twelve Apostles. Their names in the order in which they were chosen are as follows:[2]
Lyman E. Johnson Brigham Young Heber C. Kimball Orson Hyde David W. Patten Luke S. Johnson William E. McLellin John F. Boynton Orson Pratt William Smith Thomas B. Marsh Parley P. Pratt
The witnesses then proceeded to ordain these brethren, and the first three were ordained at that meeting. The following day all the others except Parley P. Pratt, who was absent, Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Pratt, who were on a mission, were ordained. Parley P. Pratt was ordained February 21; Thomas B. Marsh on April 25 and Orson Pratt the following day.
A charge was given to these brethren by President Oliver Cowdery, and items of valuable instruction were imparted by President Joseph Smith. In this way another important step in the development of the Priesthood and the organization of the Church was accomplished.
The Seventy
On the 28th of February, 1835, another meeting was called and selection was made from those who went to Missouri in Zion's Camp to create the first quorum of seventy. Hazen Aldrich, Joseph Young, Levi W. Hancock, Leonard Rich, Zebedee Coltrin, Lyman Sherman and Sylvester Smith were called to the office of presidents of this quorum of seventy. These brethren and those appointed to form the quorum[3] were ordained under the hands of the First Presidency. This was another step toward the completion of the ministry and perfect development of the latter day work. Each step came in its turn, and in like manner the doctrines of the kingdom were unfolded, here a little and there a little, until the perfect organization was established on the earth.
Blessings of Those Who Built the Temple
Another conference was called March 7, for the purpose of blessing those who had assisted, by labor or other means, in the building of the Kirtland Temple, which was nearing completion. This conference continued during the 8th, and all those who were available were blessed with special blessings who had assisted in this necessary work preparatory to the receiving of the promised endowment.
The Great Revelation on Priesthood
The Twelve Apostles met in council, March 12, 1835, and were appointed by the presidency to a mission through the Eastern States, visiting the branches and regulating the affairs of the Church therein. March 28, as they were about ready to depart, they sought the Prophet for a blessing by revelation from the Lord. "We have unitedly asked God our heavenly Father to grant unto us," they said, "through his seer a revelation of his mind and will concerning our duty the coming season, even a great revelation, that will enlarge our hearts, comfort us in adversity, and brighten our hopes amidst the powers of darkness." They were not disappointed, for the Lord gave unto them a great revelation on Priesthood (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 107) in which the various offices, and the powers pertaining thereto, were fully defined. It was explained that there are two Priesthoods in the Church, "namely, the Melchizedek and the Aaronic, including the Levitical Priesthood. Why the first is called the Melchizedek Priesthood, is because Melchizedek was such a great High Priest. Before his day it was called The Holy Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God; but out of respect or reverence to the name of the Supreme Being, to avoid the too frequent repetition of his name, they, the Church in ancient days, called that Priesthood after Melchizedek, or the Melchizedek Priesthood. All other authorities or offices in the Church are appendages to this Priesthood."[4] Immediately following the giving of this revelation which sets forth the duties of the twelve, the apostles started on their first missionary journey as they had been appointed.
The Book of Abraham
On the 3rd of July, 1835, Michael H. Chandler, came to Kirtland exhibiting four mummies and some rolls of papyrus covered with hieroglyphic figures. Mr. Chandler had been directed to the Prophet Joseph Smith as one who could translate the characters for him. At his request Joseph Smith gave a translation of a few of them which Mr. Chandler stated agreed with the decipherings of learned men who had examined them. He gave the Prophet a certificate to this effect. Shortly after this interview some of the Saints in Kirtland purchased the mummies and the manuscripts, and, with Oliver Cowdery and Wm. W. Phelps as scribes, the Prophet commenced to translate these records. To their great joy they discovered that one of these rolls contained writings of Abraham, or instructions given to him in Egypt from the Lord. The other contained writings of Joseph, son of Jacob. During the summer the Prophet prepared for the complete translation of the Book of Abraham, as it is called, which now appears in the Pearl of Great Price,[5] one of the accepted standard works of the Church.
The Doctrine and Covenants
A general assembly of the Church was held in Kirtland, August 17, 1835, to consider the labors, of a committee appointed by a general assembly of the Church, September 24, 1834, for the purpose of arranging the items of doctrine and the revelations for publication. This committee was composed of the following: Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon and Frederick G. Williams. The committee having finished their work they called a general assembly on the above date to consider their labors. It should be understood that the printing of the revelations according to the action of the conference of the Church, on a previous date in 1831, had miscarried, due to the destruction of the printing press in Independence in July, 1833, and the destruction of most of the forms which had been issued up to that time. At this general assembly Oliver Cowdery and Sidney Rigdon, of the presidency, were in charge; the Prophet and Frederick G. Williams were at the time on a visit in Michigan. All the quorums of the Priesthood were arranged in order; Thomas Burdick, Warren Parrish and Sylvester Smith were appointed clerks. The usual procedure at conferences of the Church was followed, and the morning session was devoted to ordinations and the transaction of other important business. In the afternoon Oliver Cowdery introduced the "Book of Doctrine and Covenants of the Church" in behalf of the committee. Sidney Rigdon followed with instructions pertaining to the manner of voting, by which they intended to obtain the voice of the assembly for or against the book. Each of the councils and quorums of the Priesthood then by separate vote acknowledged the revelations which had been selected for a place in the book, as from the Lord, and the doctrine and covenants of their faith. A written acknowledgment from the Twelve Apostles, which had evidently been prepared before their departure for their mission, was read. It is as follows:
Testimony of the Twelve Apostles to the Truth of the Book of Doctrine and Covenants
"The testimony of the Witnesses to the Book of the Lord's Commandments, which commandments he gave to his Church through Joseph Smith, Jr., who was appointed, by the voice of the Church, for this purpose.
"We therefore feel willing to bear testimony to all the world of mankind, to every creature upon the face of all the earth, that the Lord has borne record to our souls through the Holy Ghost shed forth upon us, that these commandments were given by inspiration of God, and are profitable for all men, and are verily true. We give this testimony unto the world, the Lord being our helper; and it is through the grace of God the Father, and His Son Jesus Christ, that we are permitted to have this privilege of bearing this testimony unto the world, in the which we rejoice exceedingly, praying the Lord always that the children of men may be profited thereby.
Thomas B. Marsh, David W. Patten, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, William E. McLellin, Parley P. Pratt, Luke S. Johnson, William Smith, Orson Pratt, John F. Boynton, Lyman E. Johnson."
To the revelations were added by vote of this assembly, the Lectures on Faith, which had been given in the School of the Elders (Prophets) earlier in the year, and an article on Government and Laws in General; also one on Marriage. These lectures and the two articles mentioned were not received, however, as doctrine and binding on the Church, as were the revelations. The minutes of this gathering were signed by Oliver Cowdery and Sidney Rigdon as Presidents, and by the three clerks. They were published in the book when printed, with a preface signed by the presidency, with date of February 17, 1835.
Close of the Year 1835
The close of the year 1835 found the Prophet busy working on the Book of Abraham, which, among other great truths, revealed principles pertaining to astronomy as taught to Abraham. Many council meetings were held, and the twelve were instructed that they were to take their families and move to Missouri the following summer with the presidency, after the endowment in the temple was received. The School of the Elders was continued, and the study of grammar and Hebrew, under a competent instructor, became an important part of their work. The elders were preparing for the solemn assembly which was soon to convene in the Kirtland Temple, now nearly completed. Peace and tranquility prevailed, which permitted the Prophet and the Saints to accomplish many things essential to the welfare of the Church. The one thing that marred the peace which was granted for a season was the rebellious spirit manifested by William Smith against the Prophet, which nearly cost William his standing in the Church. Charges were made against him before the high council, but on his show of repentance he was forgiven. Christian Whitmer, one of the eight witnesses to the Book of Mormon, died in Clay County, Missouri, November 27, 1835, firm in the faith. He was one of the members of the high council in Missouri.
Anointing and Blessings in the Temple
Much time was spent in January and February, 1836, in council meetings and the filling of vacancies in the various organizations of the Priesthood. Professor Seixas, a thorough Hebrew scholar, was employed to teach the Hebrew language, in the stead of Dr. Piexotto, who had failed to live up to his contract. Thursday, January 21, the first of a number of meetings in the temple was held. These gatherings continued through several days, in which the faithful elders of the Church received blessings by the laying on of hands and anointing with oil.
At this first meeting the presidency met, and Father Joseph Smith, the patriarch, was anointed and blessed. He then anointed and blessed each of the brethren of the presidency, beginning with the oldest, pronouncing such blessings upon them as the Spirit of the Lord revealed, and many prophecies were uttered by each of them.
A Vision
While thus engaged the heavens were opened and the Prophet received the following vision:
"I beheld the celestial kingdom of God, and the glory thereof, whether in the body or out I cannot tell. I saw the transcendent beauty of the gate through which the heirs of that kingdom will enter, which was like unto circling flames of fire; also the blazing throne of God, whereon was seated the Father and the Son. I saw the beautiful streets of that kingdom, which had the appearance of being paved with gold. I saw Fathers Adam and Abraham, and my father and mother, my brother, Alvin, that has long since slept, and marveled how it was that he had obtained an inheritance in the kingdom, seeing that he had departed this life before the Lord had set his hand to gather Israel the second time and had not been baptized for the remission of sins.
"Thus came the voice of the Lord to me, saying--
"'All who have died without a knowledge of this Gospel, who would have received it if they had been permitted to tarry, shall be heirs of the celestial kingdom of God; also all that shall die henceforth without a knowledge of it, who would have received it with all their hearts, shall be heirs of that kingdom; for I, the Lord, will judge all men according to their works; according to the desire of their hearts.'
"And I also beheld that all children who die before they arrive at the years of accountability are saved in the celestial kingdom of heaven."
Many other wonderful manifestations they beheld, and angels ministered to them; the power of the Lord rested upon them and the house was filled with the glory of God. The Prophet's scribe, Warren Parrish, saw the armies of heaven, and visions of the redemption of Zion.
At this and succeeding meetings the various councils and presiding officers in the several quorums, each in turn, received blessings by the anointing of oil and laying on of hands, such as the patriarch and presidency had received, and the visions of heaven were opened to their view with wonderful manifestations of the glory and power of God, and they shouted, "Hosanna to God and the Lamb."
The Solemn Assembly
In the city of Kirtland on Sunday, March 27, 1836, the members of the Church realized their hopes, long anticipated, when they gathered in the temple in solemn assembly. As early as 1832, the Lord had given commandment for the building of a house to his name, for such a place was not to be found on the earth; nor had there been for many centuries. The ground was broken for this building, June 5, 1833; the corner stones were laid on the 23rd of the following month--the same day the Saints in Jackson County were forced by mob violence from their homes. Now the house was finished; a monument to the faith and industry of the little band of Latterly Saints who had constructed it in their poverty, amidst the threatened violence of enemies. It is a building of no mean proportions; built of stone; eighty feet in length, sixty in width, fifty feet to the square, with a tower one hundred ten feet from the ground. The 27th of March, 1836, was a solemn and momentous occasion. Long before the appointed hour the building was thronged with eager and interested people, many were turned away for lack of room. At nine o'clock the session was called to order by President Sidney Rigdon, who, in the midst of breathless silence, read the 96th and the 24th psalms. The choir then sang: "Ere long the veil will rend in twain"--which declaration was to be fulfilled earlier than the congregation realized. After prayer and another song appropriate remarks were made, and then the various officers of the Church were sustained by separate vote, which procedure was interspersed with singing.
The Prayer of Dedication
The prayer of dedication which had been given by revelation (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 109) was offered and the house was presented to the Lord.[6] Following the prayer, the congregation sang the hymn Hosanna[7] which had been written for this occasion, and then shouted "Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna, to God and the Lamb," sealing it with "Amen, Amen, and Amen." Angels were present and the Holy Spirit, like the sound of a mighty rushing wind, filled the house and rested upon the assembly. The people of the neighborhood came running together hearing a strange sound and seeing a bright light resting on the temple. The house had been accepted by the Lord.
Endowments Given
As soon as the Temple was dedicated, ordinance work for the elders was commenced. The ordinance of washing of feet--which the Prophet said was never intended but for the official members of the Church[8]--was attended to in behalf of the leading quorums, and other ordinances were performed. The Savior appeared to several of the brethren and angels ministered to others in these meetings. It was indeed a time of Pentecost to the Saints.
The Coming of Moses, Elias and Elijah
After the administering of the Sacrament in the temple at the meeting held Sunday, April 3, 1836, Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery retired to the pulpit, the veils[9] being dropped, and there bowed in silent prayer. After rising from their knees the Savior appeared to them standing on the breast-work of the pulpit and blessed them, accepting the building in his name. After this vision closed, the heavens were again opened, and Moses appeared committing to them the keys of the gathering of Israel; Elias, who lived in the days of Abraham, then appeared, and committed to them the keys of the dispensation of the Gospel of Abraham. Then another glorious vision burst upon them and Elijah appeared and committed to them the keys, in fulfilment of the prediction of Malachi, of the turning of the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the hearts of the children to the fathers, which was to be done before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord.[10]
The Elders Prepared to Teach
In the revelation given on Fishing River (Doc. and Cov. Sec. 105) the Lord had said the elders must be endowed with power from on high before they would be fully prepared to go forth to build up the Church and "prune" his vineyard. This endowment having now been received, and the various keys of different dispensations having now been restored, the elders were prepared for their ministry among the nations of the earth. Following these blessings they began to go forth spreading abroad in all parts of the land, preaching the word in power as they had never experienced it before, and many received their testimony and were numbered among the people of the Lord.
Notes
1. The record which gives an account of this ordination has this to say: "The office of Assistant President is to assist in presiding over the whole Church, and to officiate in the absence of the President, according to his rank and appointment, viz.; President Cowdery, first; President Rigdon, second, and President Williams, third, as they were severally called. The office of this Priesthood is also to act as spokesman, taking Aaron for an example. The virtue of the above Priesthood is to hold, the keys of the kingdom of heaven or the Church militant" (MS. History of the Church Book A, Chapter 1).
The account of Oliver's ordination is given in the same record as follows: "After addressing the throne of mercy, President Smith laid hands upon High Counselor Cowdery, and ordained him to the Presidency of the High Priesthood in the Church, saying: 'Brother, in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, who was crucified for the sins of the world, that we through the virtue of his blood might come to the Father, I lay my hands upon thy head, and ordain thee a President of the High and Holy Priesthood, to assist in presiding over the Church, and bearing the keys of this kingdom--which Priesthood is after the order of Melchizedek--which is after the order of the Son of God.'"
2. Later they were arranged in order of precedence according to age as follows:
Thomas B. Marsh David W. Patten Brigham Young Heber C. Kimball Orson Hyde William E. McLellin Parley P. Pratt Luke S. Johnson William Smith Orson Pratt John F. Boynton Lyman E. Johnson
3. For the names of those who formed this quorum of seventy see the Documentary History of the Church, vol. 2:203; and for the names of the members of Zion's Camp see the same volume, pages 183-5.
4. This important revelation should receive careful study for few revelations have been given containing greater instruction for the Church.
5. This Book of Abraham, like the Book of Moses, which also appears in the Pearl of Great Price, is another addition to our collection of lost scripture which the Lord, through his wisdom, has restored. These records contain many important revelations, and should be carefully read. The history of the discovery of these rolls of papyrus, and the guiding hand of the Lord which placed them in the hands of Joseph Smith is set forth in the Documentary History of the Church, vol. 2:348-51. See also Messenger and Advocate, Dec. 1835.
6. These ceremonies were repeated for the benefit of those who could not gain admittance at the first session.
7. "The Spirit of God like a fire is burning."
8. Documentary History of the Church, vol. 2:309.
9. There were four veils in the temple arranged crosswise, so that they could be lowered and divide the assembly room into four parts.
10. See Doc. and Cov. Sec. 110, for an account of these visions.
22. Clay County Rejects the Saints--Apostasy and Sorrow
1836-1837
Dishonorable Action of Governor Dunklin
Governor Daniel Dunklin, of Missouri, who showed some sense of honor and willingness to enforce the law at the beginning of the trouble in Jackson County, later manifested a spirit of fellowship with the stronger side, against right and justice--a trait common with many politicians. In a communication to William W. Phelps and others, bearing date of July 18, 1836, he cravenly insinuated that the mobbings and expulsion of the Latter-day Saints from Jackson County, was due to faults of their own; the people would not have united against them, without some reason, and while they had some friends at first even these had forsaken them. Whether his conclusion was right or wrong, he maintained it to be the duty of the Saints to convince their enemies of their innocence and worthiness. "If you cannot do this," he wrote, "all I can say to you is that in this Republic the vox populi is the vox Dei." Such was the contemptible answer of the governor of a sovereign state, to an innocent people, driven from their homes and smitten by their enemies, because of their faith in the Gospel of our Redeemer.
Clay County Rejects the Saints
When the exiled Saints were driven from Jackson County, they found a place of refuge in Clay County, just over the Missouri River to the north. Here the people were hospitable and kindly disposed. The Saints had no intention of remaining in Clay County, for they fully expected to be restored to their former homes. After exhausting every source of redress, even to an appeal to the President of the United States, they prepared to make permanent settlement by purchasing lands. As time passed and the indication pointed to the gathering of the Latter-day Saints in that county, the citizens became alarmed. The people from Jackson were constantly menacing the Saints, even though they were peacefully minding their business in their new homes, but wrong begets wrong, and the deep-seated hatred of these mobbers had no end. Finally the citizens of Clay County decided to do the wrong thing, to their everlasting injury, and rid themselves, once and for all, from the danger which they felt confronted them by harboring the "Mormons" in their midst. That there was a danger of conflict there can be no question, with the menacing influence on the south, and growing hatred, because of association of the mobbers with many of the residents of the county to the north. However, these Clay County citizens preferred to expel the Saints in a gentle way if it could be done. A mass meeting was held June 29, 1836, for the purpose of presenting, with united front, a petition to the undesirable exiles, kindly requesting them to move to some part of the country where they could be entirely by themselves. The new country of Wisconsin was suggested as a suitable place. A report of conditions as they understood them and resolutions embodying their request, were unanimously approved. They did not fail to call attention to their great hospitality and kindness in 1833, when they received the exiles among them; and endeavored to impress upon the Saints the thought that they were devoid of "one spark of gratitude" if they refused to accept the suggestions offered to depart in peace to a more congenial locality. Yet they frankly admitted, "we do not contend that we have the least right to expel them by force," but if they would not go they were sure it would lead to civil war, "bearing ruin, woe, and desolation, in its course."
Some of the reasons why the "Mormons" had become "objects of the deepest hatred and detestation" to many of the citizens were declared in the petition to be as follows:
"They are eastern men, whose manners, habits, customs, and even dialect, are essentially different from our own. They are non-slave-holders, and opposed to slavery, which in this peculiar period, when Abolitionism has reared its deformed and haggard visage in our land, is well calculated to excite deep and abiding prejudices in any community where slavery is tolerated and protected.
"In addition to all this, they are charged, as they have hitherto been, with keeping up a constant communication with our Indian tribes on our frontiers, with declaring, even from the pulpit, that the Indians are a part of God's chosen people and are destined by heaven to inherit this land, in common with themselves. We do not vouch for the correctness of these statements; but whether they are true or false, their effect has been the same in exciting our community. In times of greater tranquility, such ridiculous remarks might well be regarded as the offspring of frenzied fanaticism; but at this time, our defenseless situation on the frontier, the bloody disasters of our fellow citizens in Florida, and other parts of the South, all tend to make a portion of our citizens regard such sentiments with horror if not alarm. These and many other causes have combined to raise a prejudice against them; and a feeling of hostility, that the first spark may, and we deeply fear will, ignite into all the horrors and desolations of a civil war, the worst evil that can befall any country."
For these real and fancied "wrongs" this people must move again, for their presence was obnoxious. These foolish citizens, acting as they thought in their own best interests, rejected the everlasting Gospel against themselves, as well as the people who proclaimed it.
The Saints' Reply
Three days later (July 1, 1836), the Saints met in council and formulated their reply. They accepted the requisitions of the citizens of Clay County, notwithstanding the added loss of property that would be entailed. They also thanked these citizens for their hospitality during the period of the sojourn among them, which covered a period of more than two and one half years. Let it be said that many of these citizens sympathized with the "Mormons" and proffered material help to aid them in the removal from the county; but in this drastic action they were acting, as they sincerely thought, in the best interests of their communities.
When the First Presidency heard of this ultimatum they fully endorsed the action taken by the Missouri Saints, and in a communication to the Clay County committee notified them of the fact. They also took occasion to inform the committee of many other things, in humility, which should have appealed to their sense of justice and touched their hearts.[1]
Caldwell County Organized
In pursuance of this action the Saints began to move from Clay County as soon as circumstances would permit, and located on Shoal Creek, in an uninhabited section in the north part of Ray County. The property of the few settlers in that part, they purchased, and commenced to build their homes. By December, 1836, a goodly number had taken up their residence there and a petition was sent to the governor asking for a county organization. This petition was granted about the middle of that month. This organization, and the prospect of a peaceful habitation, gave impetus to the growth of the "Mormon" colonies, and the County of Caldwell, as it was called, "grew like Jonah's gourd."[2]
The Kirtland Safety Society
Affairs in Kirtland had been progressing smoothly for some time, and many blessings were bestowed upon the people. Such a condition, however, was not to last. On the 2nd of November, 1836, articles of agreement were prepared for the organization of the "Kirtland Safety Society Bank." The State of Ohio, through prejudice, refused to grant a charter, so the matter rested until January, 1837, when a society was organized within the provisions of the law. Stock was subscribed for and the business commenced. During this year (1837) speculation was at high ebb throughout the entire nation. The Latter-day Saints in Kirtland partook of that spirit; several business ventures had failed to come up to expectations, and many of the members of the Church were financially involved. The authorities of the Church, with others of the leading brethren who had subscribed for stock in the Kirtland Safety Society, pledged themselves to be responsible for the redemption of all the notes of the institution, in proportion to the amount of stock subscribed. Since they had no charter, other banking institutions refused their notes. The cashier of this society, at one time the Prophet's clerk and a faithful elder in the Church, was found guilty of immoral conduct. He was forgiven on a show of repentance and confession, and retained his standing in the Church; but he never regained the spirit and shortly after became disaffected. He misappropriated the funds of the society to the extent of over twenty-five thousand dollars, which placed the institution in a precarious condition. Seeing how matters were being conducted, the Prophet gave a warning which was not heeded; therefore, early in the summer of 1837, he withdrew from the concern, resigned his office and disposed of all his interests therein, stating that he was satisfied after five months' experience, "that no institution of the kind, established upon just and righteous principles for a blessing not only to the Church, but to the whole nation, would be suffered to continue its operations in such an age of darkness, speculation and wickedness."
The Financial Panic of 1837
At this time the panic of 1837, swept over the United States. During the months of March and April, the failures in the City of New York amounted to over $100,000,000 and hundreds of institutions were driven to the wall. It was only natural that the Kirtland Safety Society, so improperly managed, should share in the general condition of failure.
Other Causes of Embarrassment
Other causes for the financial stress among the Saints, which also weighed heavily upon the heads of the Church, were the afflictions undergone at the hands of enemies, and the expenses attached to the erection of the Kirtland Temple. Moreover, the poor, destitute and needy, who had received the Gospel came to Kirtland seeking assistance and necessary homes. Large contracts for land were entered into for the benefit of these poor, that they might obtain homes to call their own; but those concerned were not always prompt in the payment of their dues--a common failure of mankind.
Apostasy and Sorrow
As the fruit of this condition, an apostasy followed rapidly, and it seemed, said the Prophet, "as though all the powers of earth and hell were combining their influence in an especial manner to overthrow the Church at once, and make a final end." Enemies abroad, aided by apostates within, united in various schemes to overthrow the Prophet as if he had been the sole cause of all the evils, not only in the communities of the Church, but throughout the entire land. Most of this evil which befell the Church might have been avoided if the Prophet's counsel had been accepted by the Saints. Apostasy developed within all the councils of the Church, and many of the leading brethren, who previously had been true and faithful, were involved.
The Pure in Heart Able to Withstand
It is strange to think of this dire condition, when just one brief year before, the glorious manifestations in the temple had been given to many of these men, who now possessed such bitterness of spirit. They seemed to have forgotten their many blessings, and the wonderful visions, and the great promises made them by the Lord, if they would be true and faithful in their ministry. The spirit of speculation and desire for wealth, during the brief spell of peace and harmony, had beclouded the minds of many, and their souls were filled with deadly hatred against their former brethren. Joseph Smith was called a fallen prophet by those whom he had cherished and loved, and whose love for him had been pronounced. Some, in their bitterness and darkness of mind, sought his life. Those who sought his welfare and spoke in his defense, were ridiculed and treated with great contempt. It was a time when the souls of men were tested, and only those who kept themselves pure and unspotted from the sins of the world, were able to withstand the trial. Every influence was brought to bear upon the members of the Church to get them to renounce the Prophet. Many good men were dragged into the net; others barely escaped, and only through their deep humility and great repentance, were they spared the awful fate which carried so many to destruction. It was during this time at disaffection that Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, and others, including John Taylor and Willard Richards, who had but recently joined the Church, stood nobly in defense of the Prophet Joseph, in the face of a murderous spirit of opposition.
The Prophet's Visit to Missouri
In September, 1837, Presidents Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon went to Missouri to assist the Saints in that land in establishing places of gathering. Other brethren from Kirtland accompanied them. They arrived about the first of November in Caldwell County and immediately went into council with the elders there, regarding locations for the Saints. Those who met in council were Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Hyrum Smith, Thomas B. Marsh, William E. McLellin, Lyman E. Johnson and William Smith from Ohio, and the high council of the Church in Far West, with William W. Phelps at their head. It was decided that there was room in that land to make it desirable to invite the Saints from other parts to locate there. The city Far West, which had been laid out and incorporated, was chosen as a central gathering place. It was decided to postpone the building of the Lord's house in Far West, which had been decided on, until the Lord should reveal his will to have it commenced.
Death of Jerusha Smith
A sad event occurred while Hyrum Smith was engaged in Far West assisting the Saints to locate, in the death of his wife Jerusha Barden Smith, October 3, 1837. "Tell your father when he comes that the Lord has taken your mother home and left you for him to take care of," was her dying statement to her five little children.
Attempt to Depose the Prophet
Presidents Smith and Rigdon returned to Kirtland from Missouri, on the 10th of December. They discovered that during their absence, Warren Parrish, John F. Boynton, Luke S. Johnson, Joseph Coe, Sylvester Smith, and other of the leading councils had united to overthrow the Church. Some of these men had earlier in the year shown a spirit of opposition, but on a show of repentance had been reinstated; but the evils were not fully eradicated from their minds. Warren Parrish was a seventy, who a few short months before shared the Prophet's fullest confidence, as one of his closest and dearest friends. Now, through transgression, he became one of the Prophet's bitterest enemies and the leader of a movement to depose him and install David Whitmer in his stead. Meetings had been held by this clique in the temple, which they claimed as their own, and they resorted to violence to maintain their contention. In this manner the Kirtland Temple, so recently accepted by the Lord, was desecrated and defiled so that it ceased to be a sacred edifice to his holy name.
The British Mission
During these sad days of trial and tribulation, the word of the Lord came to Joseph Smith stating that something must be done for the salvation of the Church. The solution was the carrying of the Gospel to Great Britain. On Sunday, the 4th day of June, the Prophet approached Elder Heber C. Kimball in the Kirtland Temple and whispered to him, saying: "Brother Heber, the Spirit of the Lord has whispered to me: 'Let my servant Heber go to England and proclaim my Gospel, and open the door of salvation to that nation.'" Brother Kimball, feeling his weakness, asked if Elder Brigham Young could not go with him. The Prophet answered that the Lord had something else for Brigham Young to do. Following this conversation Elder Kimball was set apart for this great work in the British Isles, which was to be the first foreign mission of the Church. While the First Presidency were setting Elder Kimball apart, Orson Hyde, of the council of the twelve came in, and listening to the blessing being given to his fellow laborer asked that he also might have the privilege of assisting in that work. Elder Hyde had been among those disturbed because of speculation. His heart melted within him and he now acknowledged his faults, and sought a blessing. His offering was accepted and he was set apart for the British labor.
The Work in Canada
The movement to send elders to Great Britain was the outgrowth of the work in Canada. Several of the elders had taken trips to Canada and had preached the Gospel there. Elder Orson Pratt was the first to carry the message into Canada in the year 1833. In the fall of that same year the Prophet and Sidney Rigdon went on a brief mission to Upper Canada and made a number of converts. In 1836, Elder Parley P. Pratt went to the City of Toronto and surrounding country and preached with wonderful success. It was here at this time that Elder John Taylor, afterwards of the council of the twelve and later President of the Church, received the Gospel. It was also here, and due to the preaching of Elder Pratt, that Joseph Fielding and his two sisters, Mary--who a few months later became the wife of Hyrum Smith--and Mercy R., were baptized. Others who received the Gospel in Canada were John Goodson, John Snyder and Isaac Russell. All of these people were in correspondence with relatives and friends in Great Britain whom they informed of the rise and progress of the Church, thus preparing them for events to come.
Departure for Great Britain
Elder Willard Richards, having requested the privilege of going to Great Britain, was set apart by Sidney Rigdon and Hyrum Smith, on the 12th of June, 1837. The following day Elders Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, Willard Richards, and Joseph Fielding, a priest, who came from Honeydon, England, left Kirtland on their mission to the British Isles. They were accompanied on their journey as far as Fairport by Elder Brigham Young and others. This little band of missionaries was later augmented by the addition of Isaac Russell, John Goodson and John Snyder, and on the 23rd of June, 1837, they engaged passage on the merchant ship Garrick, for Liverpool. On the morning of the 20th of July, the Garrick anchored in the River Mersey. As soon as these brethren landed they went to Preston, about thirty miles from Liverpool. It was election day for members of Parliament, and Queen Victoria, who had recently come to the throne, was about to organize her cabinet. As the missionaries alighted from their coach, they saw in letters of gold on a banner above their heads an inscription, "Truth will prevail," which they accepted as a favorable omen.
Elder Joseph Fielding had a brother Rev. James Fielding, who resided in Preston, and the brethren went to hear him preach on Sunday, July 23, 1837. At the service Rev. Fielding unexpectedly announced that there were present some ministers from America and they would occupy his pulpit in the afternoon. The invitation was joyfully accepted and President Kimball gave a brief address followed by Elder Hyde. That evening Mr. Fielding again offered his pulpit to the brethren and Elder Goodson and Brother Fielding preached. This was the opening of the door for the Gospel in England.[3]
The following Wednesday (July 26, 1837) another meeting was held in Rev. James Fielding's chapel. Elders Hyde and Richards preached and much interest was manifested by the congregation, many were convinced and sought baptism. Fearing that he would lose his entire flock the Rev. Fielding closed the doors of his chapel against the elders and from that time opposed the work with all his power. However, the work was started, a foothold had been gained, and the brethren received many invitations to preach in private homes. The work spread rapidly throughout the nation, many branches were organized and many souls sought salvation through the remission of their sins.
Revelation to the Twelve
The same day that the Gospel was first preached in England (July 23, 1837) the Lord gave a revelation through Joseph Smith to Thomas B. Marsh and the twelve. They were commanded to gird up their loins, take up their cross and follow the Savior and feed his sheep. "Exalt not yourselves," said the Lord, "rebel not against my servant Joseph Smith, for verily I say unto you, I am with him, and my hand shall be over him; and the keys which I have given unto him, and also to youward, shall not be taken from him till I come."
This was a timely warning, for even then some of the members of that council were in secret collusion with enemies of the Church. Their actions later developed, and before the close of the year they were in open rebellion as previously indicated.
Frederick G. Williams Removed
A conference of the elders held in Far West, November 7, 1837, refused to sustain Frederick G. Williams as a counselor to President Joseph Smith, and Hyrum Smith was appointed in his place. President Williams, Lyman E. Johnson, Parley P. Pratt and Warren Parrish had previously been cited to appear before a council of the Church, charges having been preferred against them, but the council being improperly organized, no action was taken at that time. President Williams became disaffected with many others, due to speculations and financial troubles in the fore part of the year 1837, and permitted himself to become estranged from the work.
Flight of Brigham Young
The feeling of opposition against the Prophet became so intense near the close of the year 1837, that it was with danger that anyone in Kirtland could speak in his defense. On the morning of December 22, 1837, Elder Brigham Young left Kirtland because of the fury of the enemies of the Church. Apostates had threatened to destroy him because he continued to proclaim publicly that Joseph Smith was a prophet of the Most High and had not transgressed and fallen, as the apostates declared.
This was the condition of affairs in Kirtland at the close of the year 1837.
Notes
1. The minutes of these meetings and the communications involved in the question of the removal of the Saints are found in full in the Documentary History of the Church, vol. 2:448-462.
2. The Missourians were willing--feeling that the section chosen by the "Mormons" was of little value.
3. The inspiration of the Prophet Joseph to send elders to Great Britain for the salvation of the Church, was fully attested, for members were baptized by the thousands in the course of a few months following. Many of them emigrated and became stalwarts in the Church, and branches of great magnitude were raised up in various parts of England.
Chapter 23
The Presidency Move to Missouri--Excommunication of Oliver Cowdery and Others
1838
Lowering Clouds
Threatening and sinister were the clouds which hung over the Church at the beginning of the year 1838. Apostasy had broken into the ranks, and many of the former faithful defenders of the truth had fallen by the wayside. Satan rejoiced, and the enemies of the Saints gained great power, which was later to be made manifest with extreme bitterness.
Flight of Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon
So bitter became the spirit of opposition in Kirtland that Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon were forced to seek safety in flight. They departed from that place January 12, 1838, on horseback, and journeyed towards Far West. Unjust and vexatious law suits had been planted against them by their enemies. Several times Joseph had been cited to appear before the courts on trivial charges, from which he was cleared, which action did not tend to lessen the ugly feelings of his enemies. Some sixty miles west of Kirtland they tarried at Norton, where they were joined by their families. On the 16th, the journey was resumed, Elder Brigham Young accompanying them. At Dublin, in Indiana, the Prophet sought employment, cutting and sawing wood, to relieve his necessities. Here, through the aid of Elder Young, a Brother Tomlinson sold some property, and gave the Prophet three hundred dollars to help him on his way.
The weather was extremely cold and the fleeing brethren were forced because of enemies, to secrete themselves in their wagons without sufficient means to keep warm. Their adversaries followed them for more than two hundred miles from Kirtland, with guns and knives, seeking their lives. "They," wrote the Prophet, "frequently crossed our track; twice they were in the houses where we stopped, and once we tarried all night in the same house with them, with only a partition between us and them; and we heard their oaths and imprecations, and threats concerning us, if they could catch us; and late in the evening they came into our room and examined us, but decided we were not the men. At other times we passed them in the streets, and gazed on them, and they on us, but they knew us not." About two hundred and twenty miles from Far West a number of brethren met the Prophet, and assisted him with teams to that place, where he arrived, March 14, 1838. He was welcomed by the Saints with open arms. President Rigdon did not arrive in Far West until the 4th of April, having been detained by sickness in his family.
Rejection of the Missouri Presidency
The spirit of darkness spread from Kirtland to Missouri, and some of the leading brethren became affected. Martin Harris was dropped from the high council in Kirtland, with three others, September 3, 1837, and Oliver Cowdery, who had been in transgression, was retained in his calling on condition that he would repent; and should he fail to repent, the Prophet said, "the Church will soon be under the necessity of raising their hands against him; therefore pray for him." These men, and others in Kirtland, influenced some of the brethren in Missouri, and the spirit of disaffection in Caldwell County commenced to grow. A general assembly of the Saints was held in Far West, February 4, 1838, and the members withdrew the hand of fellowship from their presiding officers, David Whitmer, William W. Phelps and John Whitmer. Similar action was taken on the succeeding days in Carter's settlement, Durphy's home, and Haun's Mill.
The charges against two of them, William W. Phelps and John Whitmer, were that they had sold their possessions in Jackson County, contrary to the revelations of the Lord, which was paramount to a denial of the faith; and for the misappropriation of funds borrowed for the use of the Church. The Lord, in a revelation, had rebuked these men for their transgression and warned them, but they did not heed the warning. David Whitmer was likewise charged with improper conduct and neglect of duty, and with the violation of the word of wisdom, in the persistent use of tea, coffee and tobacco, and the Church had gone on record by vote that they would not sustain any officer who indulged in such things. Thomas B. Marsh and David W. Patten were sustained as presiding officers in Missouri, until the coming of Presidents Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon. The three accused men persisted in showing contempt for the decision of these conferences of the Church, in which action they were joined by Oliver and Marcellus F. Cowdery; therefore they were cited to appear before the high council, March 10, 1838, and William W. Phelps and John Whitmer were excommunicated. Marcellus F. Cowdery was disfellowshipped and the case of David Whitmer and Oliver Cowdery was held over for future investigation.
Political Motto of the Church
Shortly after the arrival of Presidents Smith and Rigdon in Far West the following political motto was adopted:
"The Constitution of our country formed by the fathers of liberty. Peace and good order in society. Love to God, and good will to man. All good and wholesome laws, virtue and truth above all things, and aristarchy, live forever! But woe to tyrants, mobs, aristocracy, anarchy, and toryism, and all those who invent or seek out unrighteous and vexatious law suits, under the pretext and color of law, or office, either religious or political. Exalt the standard of democracy; down with that of priestcraft, and let all the people say, Amen! that the blood of our fathers may not cry from the ground against us. Sacred is the memory of the blood which bought for us our liberty."
First General Conference at Far West
April 6, 1838, the first general conference of the Church in Missouri was held at Far West. John Corrill and Elias Higbee were chosen historians and George W. Robinson general church recorder and clerk of the First Presidency. Thomas B. Marsh, David W. Patten and Brigham Young were sustained as the presidency of the Church in Zion. The following day, David W. Patten, in reporting the labors of the council of the twelve, said he could not recommend William E. McLellin, Luke S. Johnson, Lyman E. Johnson, John F. Boynton, and was doubtful of William Smith. The other brethren were faithfully discharging their duties.
John Whitmer Withholds the Church Record
A demand by letter was made, by sanction of the conference, of John Whitmer, the former historian, calling for the record of the Church in his keeping. This he refused to deliver and retained it until the day of his death. A copy of it is now in the archives of the Church.
Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Others Excommunicated
Wednesday, April 11, 1838, Seymour Brunson preferred nine charges against Oliver Cowdery who was cited to appear for trial the following day. Oliver refused to appear, but sent a letter, written in a very bitter spirit, and defiant attitude, in which he boasted of his "personal liberty," and with injured demeanor denied the right of any church tribunal to control him in his temporal interests, which was contrary to his constitutional privileges. Therefore he would voluntarily "withdraw from a society assuming they have such right." Two of the charges when presented to the council were rejected and one was withdrawn, the other six were sustained. There was no other course for the council to take than to excommunicate the rebellious Assistant President of the Church, who had turned so bitter in his feelings against his former associates.
On the 9th, five charges were also preferred against David Whitmer, who was cited to appear for trial on the 13th. David also replied by letter, in which he refused to recognize the authority of the general assemblies of the Church and the action taken against him; nor would he recognize the authority of the present council which had been called to try his case. And, since the council would pursue its "unlawful course at all hazards," he preferred to withdraw from their "fellowship and communion--choosing to seek a place among the meek and humble, where the revelations of heaven will be observed, and the rights of men regarded." Action was therefore taken against David Whitmer and thus another of the special witnesses, was cut off from the Church.[1]
Lyman E. Johnson and William E. McLellin
The same day charges were preferred against Lyman E. Johnson; these were sustained, and he was cut off from the Church. One month later, May 11, 1838, William E. McLellin was handled for his fellowship, and he also lost his standing in the Church. About this time Jacob Whitmer and Hiram Page also left the Church having partaken of the spirit of apostasy.
A Day of Sadness
This was a day of sadness for Joseph Smith. To see the witnesses who were associated with him in the incipiency of the Church fall by the wayside, touched his heart. Yet right must prevail, and righteousness triumph, even though it should cause wounds which could not be healed. To their credit, be it said, that none of the witnesses who had beheld angels and the plates from which the Book of Mormon was translated, ever denied their testimony concerning these things, notwithstanding the extreme bitterness of heart they manifested against Joseph Smith the Prophet.[2]
Return of Elders Kimball and Hyde
April 1, 1838, a conference of the Church was held in Preston, England, in Temperance Hall (the "Cock Pit"), for the purpose of setting in order the branches in that mission. Joseph Fielding was sustained as President of the British Mission, to succeed Heber C. Kimball, and Willard Richards and William Clayton, an English convert, were chosen as his counselors. These men were ordained high priests. On the 20th of April, 1838, Elders Kimball and Hyde sailed from Liverpool for the United States, in the same ship which had carried them to England, the Garrick. They arrived in Kirtland, May 21, 1838, and immediately notified the Prophet, at Far West, of their good feeling and firmness in the faith.
Far West--The House of the Lord
In a revelation given April 26, 1838, the Lord accepted Far West as a central gathering place for the Saints in Missouri, and a place of refuge, which should be holy and consecrated to him. There a house was to be built to his name, and the beginning should be made on the 4th of July following, then the Saints were to continue their labors diligently until the house was finished. However, the presidency, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon and Hyrum Smith, the latter having taken the place of Frederick G. Williams, were not to get into debt. Other settlements in the region round about besides Far West, were to be selected as gathering places for the Saints, and stakes of Zion were to be established.
Stakes of Zion
In accordance with the revelation, about the middle of May, 1838, Presidents Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon with a number of other elders, including David W. Patten and Bishop Edward Partridge, took a trip in the wilderness north of Far West for the purpose of locating sites for settlements and the laying off of stakes of Zion. They pursued their course up Grand River, some twenty-five miles to a place they called Tower Hill, because they found ruins of an old Nephite tower there. Here Elder Lyman Wight had his home, and here they camped May 20, which was the Sabbath day. In the afternoon Presidents Smith and Rigdon, with their clerk, George W. Robinson, went up the river about one half mile, to Wight's ferry, for the purpose of selecting and laying claim to a city plat. This was in Daviess County, township 60, ranges 27 and 28, which the brethren called "Spring Hill," but by the mouth of the Lord, the record states, "it was named Adam-ondi-Ahman, because, said he, it is the place where Adam shall come to visit his people, or the Ancient of Days shall sit, as spoken of by Daniel the Prophet."[3] We are also informed that this is the place where Adam assembled his posterity three years before his death, and there bestowed upon them his blessing. On that occasion the Lord appeared to them, and the posterity of Adam rose up and blessed him, and called him Michael, the Prince, the Arch-angel; and the Lord administered comfort to Adam, and said unto him: "I have set thee to be at the head--a multitude of nations shall come of thee, and thou art a prince over them forever."[4] The name of this place was first revealed as early as March, 1832, but it is evident that the Saints did not know where Adam-ondi-Ahman was until this visit of these brethren. Adam-ondi-Ahman is located on the north side of Grand River, in Daviess County, Missouri, about twenty-five miles north of Far West. It is situated on an elevation, which, said the Prophet, "renders the place as healthful as any part of the United States." It overlooks the river in a wonderfully beautiful location.
Other Sites Chosen
Other territory, which was unoccupied, was also selected for the gathering of the Saints, as the Lord had commanded by revelation. The history gives the following account of the selection of these lands:
"Monday 21. This morning, after making some locations in this place, which is in township 61, ranges 27 and 28, we returned to Robinson's Grove, about two miles, to secure some land near Grand River, which we passed the day previous; and finding a mistake in the former survey, I sent the surveyor south five or six miles to obtain a correct line, while some of us tarried to obtain water for the camp. In the evening I called a council of the brethren to know whether it was wisdom to go immediately into the north country, or tarry here and hereabouts, to secure land on Grand River. The brethren spoke their minds freely on the subject, when I stated to the council that I felt impressed to tarry and secure all the land near by, that is not secured between this and Far West, especially on Grand River. President Rigdon concurred, and the council voted unanimously to secure the land on Grand River, and between this and Far West."
For many days following, the brethren spent their time surveying, selecting sites for settlements, building houses and preparing for the gathering of the Saints who were rapidly coming to these parts. In their travels they, at times, came across antiquities in the form of mounds, which were erected by the ancestors of the Indians.
Independence Day at Far West
July 4, 1838, was spent by the Saints in celebrating Independence Day. A declaration of independence from all mobs and persecutors was declared, and after a parade the people assembled at the excavation made for the building of the Lord's house, and the corner stones of the proposed temple were laid, agreeable with the commandment of April 26, 1838.[5] The southeast corner stone was laid by Bishop Edward Partridge, assisted by twelve men; and the northeast corner stone was laid by the teachers, assisted by twelve men. The building was to be one hundred and ten feet long and eighty feet wide.
Sidney Rigdon was the orator of the day, and at the close of these services, the assembly shouted hosanna, and after singing they adjourned.
The Law of Tithing
The law of tithing, which was given as a substitute law for consecration, and to act as a "school-master" to train the Saints, was given July 8, 1838, at Far West, by revelation. Earlier, as we have discovered, Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery made a covenant that they would give one tenth of all they received, for the support of the poor. Now the Prophet inquired of the Lord to know what course should be taken by the Saints, and received the following revelation:
"Verily, thus saith the Lord, I require all their surplus property to be put into the hands of the Bishop of my Church of Zion, for the building of mine house, and for the laying of the foundation of Zion and for the Priesthood, and for the debts of the Presidency of my Church. And this shall be the beginning of the tithing of my people; and after that, those who have thus been tithed, shall pay one-tenth of all their interest annually; and this shall be a standing law unto them forever, for my holy Priesthood, saith the Lord.
"Verily, I say unto you, it shall come to pass, that all those who gather unto the land of Zion shall be tithed of their surplus properties and shall observe this law, or they shall not be found worthy to abide among you.
"And I say unto you, if my people observe not this law, to keep it holy, and by this law sanctify the land of Zion unto me, that my statutes and my judgments may be kept thereon, that it may be most holy, behold, verily I say unto you, it shall not be a land of Zion unto you; and this shall be an ensample unto all the stakes of Zion; even so, Amen."
It was also made known that the tithing should be disposed of by a council composed of the First Presidency, Twelve Apostles and Presiding Bishopric.[6]
The Mission of the Twelve
On the same day the revelation on tithing was received the Lord also gave a revelation to the council of the apostles, calling them to the foreign field in Europe. They were to take their departure from the Saints in Far West on the 26th day of April, 1839, from the building spot of the Lord's house. How this revelation was fulfilled at that date, in the midst of murderous opposition will later be shown. John Taylor, John E. Page, Wilford Woodruff and Willard Richards, the latter at the time acting as one of the presidency of the British Mission, were called to the apostleship, to take the places of William E. McLellin, Luke S. Johnson, John F. Boynton and Lyman E. Johnson, who had fallen.
Elders Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde, who had recently returned from England, spoke at the meeting in Far West, Sunday, July 29, 1838, relating their remarkable experiences in that foreign field. On the 5th of August, at the meeting, Frederick G. Williams was re-confirmed a member of the Church, he having been recently re-baptized. He had partaken of the spirit of bitterness and opposition in Kirtland and through it lost his place as one of the First Presidency, but had come to Far West seeking fellowship in the Church.
The Kirtland Camp
A meeting of all the seventies in Kirtland was held in the temple, March 6, 1838, to consider the removal of the Saints to Missouri. The matter was left in the hands of the presidents and a meeting called for the 10th instant. At this meeting the presidents reported; they stated that it was doubtful that the journey could be taken in a body because of the extreme poverty of the people. The effort of the high council and high priests to get means and remove the Saints had failed, and they, the seventies, felt that perhaps it would be better for the journey to be taken as individuals. However, while they were in this meeting the Spirit of the Lord rested upon them, and it was made known that they should journey as a body to Zion, according to the commandments and revelations, pitching their tents by the way, and by doing this they should not want for any necessity while on their travels.
This action having been decided, a constitution for their government on the journey was drawn up under the supervision of President Hyrum Smith, and adopted. They were to travel under the direction of the seven presidents, but organized in companies and divisions, for their guidance and convenience. On the 6th day of July, 1838, the journey was commenced. There were in the camp 529 souls, 256 males, and 273 females, consisting of 105 families. A few others joined them on the way. In this manner one of the most remarkable migrations covering a distance of approximately nine hundred miles was undertaken by these afflicted Saints. The Lord blessed them abundantly on their way. Their provisions, like the widow's meal and cruse of oil, were not diminished, and they were fed miraculously during their journey. As might be expected, there were among them some who complained, and a few were expelled from the camp to travel alone because of the infraction of the rules; but the great majority traveled in humility and obedience. A few died, which brought sorrow to the camp; some obtained employment among the people of the various settlements through which they passed, and in this way means were obtained to help them on the way. After enduring various trials and afflictions, incident to a journey of this proportion, they arrived at their destination, Far West, October 2, 1838. There they received a joyful salutation from their brethren. On the 3rd, they continued their march to Ambrosial Creek and on the 4th near sunset pitched their tents at the public square of Adam-ondi-Ahman. Thus the Saints from Kirtland and those scattered abroad began to gather to the settlements in Missouri: but their peace and happiness were not to remain undisturbed, for the threatening clouds of mobocracy were already gathering.
Notes
1. For full account of these trials see Documentary History of the Church, vol. 3:16-20.
2. During these days of darkness all three of the special witnesses of the Book of Mormon left the Church. So also did three of the eight witnesses, viz. Jacob Whitmer, John Whitmer and Hiram Page. Christian Whitmer died in full fellowship and with a strong conviction of the truth, in Missouri, Nov. 27, 1835, and his brother Peter Whitmer Jr., died September 22, 1836, also firm in the faith and fellowship of the Saints. Later Oliver Cowdery and Martin Harris returned to the Church and died in full fellowship, also Luke S. Johnson and many others who became disaffected during these days of tribulation.
3. Doc. and Cov. Sec. 116. Daniel 7th chapter.
4. Doc. and Cov. Sec. 107: 53-55.
5. Doc. and Cov. Sec. 115.
6. See Doc. and Cov. Sec. 119 and 120.
Chapter 24
Difficulties in Missouri--Governor Boggs' Order of Extermination
1838
Election Day at Gallatin
At the election held at Gallatin, Daviess County, Missouri, August 6, 1838, hostilities between the Missourians and the "Mormons" broke out. This was the kindling of the flame which was to result in the expulsion of the Latter-day Saints from that state. The Saints had been warned two weeks before by Judge Morin, candidate for the state senate, that an attempt would be made to prevent them from voting; however, they paid little attention to the warning, hoping for better things. On that day, as a number of the brethren approached the polls, Col. William P. Peniston, who had led a mob against the Saints in Clay County, mounted a barrel and harangued the crowd, which he had gathered for the purpose, against the "Mormons." He accused their leaders of various vicious crimes and called the members "dupes, and not too good to take a false oath . . . they would steal, and he did not consider property safe where they were; that he opposed their settling in Daviess County, and if they suffered the "Mormons" to vote, the people would soon lose their suffrage." Peniston was a candidate for the legislature, and knowing the brethren would not vote for him, he was determined to prevent them forcibly from casting their ballots.
The result was that a premeditated attack was made upon the little band of voters. These "Mormons," about twelve in number, held their ground against a force of over one hundred. Many heads were broken in the conflict. Elder John L. Butler, filled with righteous rage, seized a club and knocked men down right and left. The mobbers disbursed swearing vengeance and threatening to get fire arms and return. The brethren were persuaded by the election officials to depart to save further conflict, since this was a prearranged attack, and their enemies came fully intending to create trouble. The brethren returned to their homes, collected their families and concealed them in the thickets, while they stood guard over their homes during the night.
The Prophet's Investigation
The next day the report having reached Far West that two or three of the brethren had been killed and the Missourians would not permit their bodies to be removed, or interred, Joseph Smith and about fifteen others armed themselves and started for Gallatin. At Colonel Lyman Wight's home they learned the correct status of the affair. On the 8th, some of the brethren called at the home of Adam Black, justice of the peace and judge elect for Daviess County, and had some conversation with him in which they asked him if he was their friend or enemy. While he said some very bitter things against the "Mormons," he assured them that he was not in sympathy with the mob, and would not aid them. He was asked if he would make such a statement in writing, and willingly did so in the following unique document:
"I, Adam Black, a justice of the Peace of Daviess County do hereby Sertify to the people coled Mormin, that he is bound to support the Constitution of this State and of the United States and he is not attached to any mob, or will he attach himself to any such people, and so long as they will not molest me, I will not molest them. This the 8th day of August, 1838.
"Adam Black."
Peniston's Affidavit
Two days after the interview with Adam Black, William P. Peniston, William Bowman and others, made affidavit before Judge Austin A. King, stating that the "Mormons," to the number of about five hundred men, were armed and collected in Daviess County, for the purpose, they verily believed, of committing great violence to the citizens, and to take vengeance for some injuries, or imaginary injuries, done to some of their friends, and to intimidate and drive from the country all the old citizens, and possess themselves of their lands, or to force such as do not leave, to come into their measures and submit to their dictation. They also stated that about one hundred and twenty men did commit violence on Adam Black, "by surrounding his house and taking him in a violent manner, and subjecting him to great indignities, by forcing him, under threats of immediate death, to sign a paper writing of a very disgraceful character."
Adam Black made affidavit of similar nature on August 28, 1838,[1] in this manner maliciously falsifying and breaking his promise made to the brethren.
Effect of These Falsehoods
These emissaries of evil knew the effect of their falsehoods would be to stir the Missourians, who needed very little provocation, to acts of violence against the "Mormons." They also hoped, with apparent reason, to win the sympathy of the officers of the state, especially Governor Lilburn W. Boggs. In fact it is not so clear that the governor was not secretly aiding them. He had been elected to the highest office in the state since the disgraceful expulsion of the Saints from Jackson County, in which he took a very prominent part.
Mob Gatherings
These evil reports soon spread through other counties, and the people were informed by many rumors that the "Mormons" were preparing to commit acts of violence against the older citizens, in other parts of the state. Every conceivable plan was adopted to provoke the members of the Church to acts of violence. Their enemies captured prisoners and punished them: then circulated the report in the "Mormon" settlements that these prisoners had been tortured to death. Thus they hoped to stir the Saints up to anger, trusting they would seek revenge that occasion might be found against them as the aggressors; but the Lord revealed the evil intent of their adversaries.
Arrest of Joseph Smith and Lyman Wight
Based on these falsehoods of Peniston, Black, et al., charges were preferred against Joseph Smith and Lyman Wight. At first they objected to being tried in Daviess County, where the writ was issued, because of the enmity of the citizens there. After consulting with their attorneys, Atchison and Doniphan, they volunteered to be tried in Daviess County, before Judge Austin A. King. When the trial was held, Adam Black was the only witness who appeared against them, and William P. Peniston was the prosecutor. Several witnesses, both non-members and members of the Church, testified in their defense. However, the judge, who manifested a bitter spirit, bound them over in the sum of five hundred dollars. At the close of the trial he admitted to some of the witnesses that there was no evidence to warrant his action, but the people demanded it.
Proclamation of Governor Boggs
These rumors and false affidavits reached the governor, as their authors intended they should. On the pretext that the "Mormons" had entered into an alliance with the Indians and were in rebellion, Governor Boggs issued an order, through Adjutant General B. M. Lisle, to General Atchison and six other commanders of the militia, that as a "precautionary measure," an effective force of the militia be held in readiness to meet either contingency (i.e., the rising of the Indians or the "Mormons"). This force was to consist of four hundred men from each of seven divisions, mounted, armed, and equipped as infantry or riflemen, and formed into companies according to law, thus making a force of 2,800 men.
During all this excitement armed forces of the mob were collecting at various points and making threats against the Saints. Under the direction of the civil authorities, some of the brethren who were members of the state militia, intercepted a wagon load of arms and ammunition on the way to a camp of mobbers. These brethren from Far West took the guns and supplies, arrested three men who appeared to be in charge, and carried them to Far West. Here the men were examined before Albert Petty, justice of the peace, and held in bail to appear at the next term of the circuit court. Judge King was informed of the action taken and he replied that the prisoners should be turned loose and treated kindly. What disposition to make of the guns he did not seem to know, but said they belonged to the militia. Because of this statement, the brethren kept the guns and distributed them; but later, on the order of General Doniphan, they were gathered and delivered up to him.
Austin's Mob Force at Diahman
False accusations continued to spread and great excitement was manifest on every hand. The militia, according to the order of Governor Boggs, was mustered into service. In their ranks were many of the most bitter enemies of the Saints. Near Diahman a large mob force had gathered under the command of Dr. Austin, armed and in a threatening mood. General Doniphan, with an equal force of militia ordered them to disperse. They claimed that they had gathered in self defense, yet they were besieging the small settlement of "Mormons" at Diahman. Lyman Wight, who was a colonel in the state militia, had gathered such force as he could to protect the Saints. At the request of Doniphan he showed a willingness to disperse, but demanded that the force under Austin do the same. This, however, the force under Austin refused to do. General Doniphan took up a position between the mob and the people at Diahman, hoping that in a few days they would all disband.
Siege of De Witt
When Austin saw that his purpose to destroy Diahman was foiled he moved his force to De Witt, in Carroll County, with the determination of expelling the "Mormons" from that place. The citizens here attempted to defend themselves the best they could, and Austin thereupon laid siege to the town, firing upon the inhabitants from time to time, and threatening their extermination or removal from the state. In the meantime both Atchison and Doniphan, as well as a committee of citizens from Chariton County, who had come to investigate the situation, reported to the governor that the "Mormons" were very much alarmed and entirely on the defensive in this unequal conflict. General Atchison writing to the governor said: "Things are not so bad in that county as represented by rumor, and in fact, from affidavits I have no doubt your Excellency has been deceived by the exaggerated statements of designing or half crazy men. I have found there is no cause of alarm on account of the 'Mormons;' they are not to be feared; they are very much alarmed." When the governor received these reports he seemed very much elated, and replied: "The quarrel is between the 'Mormons' and the mob, and they can fight it out." Nevertheless, when he discovered that the "Mormons" were determined to fight it out and maintain their legal and constitutional rights against such overwhelming odds, he was much incensed, which later events will show.
Defense of De Witt
The forces of the Saints at De Witt, under Lieutenant Colonel George M. Hinkle, who held a commission in the state militia, prepared to defend themselves against their foes, who had come upon them without warrant or provocation. The mob forces under Dr. Austin first threatened De Witt, September 21, 1838, in defiance of all law, and ordered the inhabitants to leave the country by October first. If they were not gone by that time they were to be exterminated, "without regard to age or sex." The following day the citizens of the town petitioned Governor Boggs for relief against the mob. The governor turned a deaf ear to all appeals from the Saints, and seemingly failed to heed the expressions of any but their enemies. The siege of De Witt continued until the 11th of October, in the presence of state troops, under General Parks and Captain Bogart, a Methodist preacher, who looked on, but made no effort to interfere.
The Prophet Visits De Witt
When Joseph Smith learned of the distress of his brethren in De Witt, he paid a visit to that place. Although the town was under siege by the mob, he risked his life and slipped past the guards. He found the poor Saints in dire distress; their provisions were gone, and they had no prospect of obtaining more; their cattle had been driven off and consumed by their enemies. Again an appeal was made to the governor, through the services of a number of gentlemen, not members of the Church, but who understood the situation. This appeal was unheeded. On the 11th of October the Saints accepted the proposition of the mob, to vacate De Witt, with the understanding that they were to be recompensed for the loss of their property. That afternoon they started for Far West, destitute, hungry and cold. They were emaciated by their long siege; many had died from this abuse; several more died on the march to Far West, a distance of fifty miles. That they failed to receive compensation as they were promised, need hardly be mentioned.
Other Attacks by the Mob
Very much elated over their success at De Witt, the mobbers sought other fields of conquest. The Rev. Sachiel Woods, a Presbyterian, called the mob together and informed them that the land sales were coming on, and if they could get the "Mormons" driven out, they could get all the lands entitled to preemptions, and to hasten to Daviess County in order to accomplish their object. Moreover, that the lands purchased by the "Mormons" would again come into their hands, and they could have both the lands and the money the "Mormons" had paid for them. Cornelius Gilliam was also busy in Platte and Clinton Counties raising a mob to aid Woods in this wicked scheme. These mobbers commenced to burn the houses of the Saints and drive them from their doors, in the midst of a snow storm on the 17th and 18th of October, 1838. Among those who were thus deprived of shelter, was Agnes M. Smith, wife of Don Carlos Smith who was in the mission field. She was forced to wade Grand River carrying two small children, in the midst of inclement winter weather.
General Doniphan Orders a Defense
General Doniphan ordered out an officer with a force to march to the scene of trouble at Adam-ondi-Ahman, but these troops were in sympathy with the mob, and so were sent back by Doniphan, who said they were "damned rotten hearted." He then commanded Lieutenant Colonel George M. Hinkle, to organize a force at Far West, and march them to Diahman, while he would raise a force in Clay and other counties for the same purpose. At the same time General Parks commanded Col. Lyman Wight, who held a commission in the 59th regiment, under Parks, to collect his force at Diahman, which was done. When the mobbers learned of the action of these troops, they broke their camp and fled. What they could not accomplish by force, they now hoped to gain by stratagem; therefore they moved the goods from several of their log huts at Millport and Gallatin and set them on fire. Then they spread the report in the country round about that the "Mormons" had "riz" and were burning all before them.[2] This action had the desired effect, and mob forces commenced to gather in various parts of upper Missouri, and prepared for war. This evil action was augmented by the cunning falsehoods of Samuel Bogart, Col. William P. Peniston, Dr. Samuel Venable, and many others, who circulated affidavits of an inflammatory nature, accusing the "Mormons" of all the wicked deeds committed by the mob. Because of this the Saints in the various settlements were forced to flee to Far West, seeking protection.
Battle of Crooked River
Captain Bogart, although a member of the state militia, continued his depredations against the Saints. On the night of the 24th of October, 1838, this reverend captain with his force went to the home of Nathan Pinkham and took him and two other brethren prisoners, together with some horses and arms. The word reached Far West, and Judge Elias Higbee, the first judge of the County of Caldwell, ordered Lieutenant Colonel Hinkle, the highest officer in the militia at Far West, to send out a company to disperse the mobbers and release the prisoners. The trumpet sounded in the public square about midnight and the brethren assembled. Captain David W. Patten, was given command of a company and ordered to go on horseback to the scene of the difficulty. The history of what occurred is given as follows:
"Fifteen of the company were detached from the main body while sixty continued their march till they arrived near the ford of Crooked River, where they dismounted, tied their horses and leaving four or five men to guard them, proceeded towards the ford, not knowing the location of the encampment. It was just at the dawning of light in the east, when they were marching quietly along the road, and near the top of the hill which descends to the river, that the report of a gun was heard, and young Patrick O'Banion reeled out of the ranks and fell mortally wounded. Thus the work of death commenced, when Captain Patten ordered a charge and rushed down the hill on a fast trot, and when within about fifty yards of the camp formed a line. The mob formed a line under the bank of the river, below their tents. It was yet so dark that little could be seen by looking at the west, while the mob looking towards the dawning light, could see Patten and his men, when they fired a broadside, and three or four of the brethren fell. Captain Patten ordered the fire returned, which was instantly obeyed, to great disadvantage in the darkness which yet continued. The fire was repeated by the mob, and returned by Captain Patten's company, who gave the watchword, 'God and Liberty.' Captain Patten then ordered a charge, which was instantly obeyed. The parties immediately came in contact, with their swords, and the mob were soon put to flight, crossing the river at the ford, and such places as they could get a chance. In the pursuit, one of the mob fled from behind a tree, wheeled and shot Captain Patten who instantly fell, mortally wounded, having received a large ball in his bowels.
"The ground was soon cleared, and the brethren gathered up a wagon or two, and making beds therein of tents, etc., took their wounded and retreated towards Far West. Three brethren were wounded in the bowels, one in the neck, one in the shoulder, one through the hips, one through both thighs, one in the arm, all by musket shot. One had his arm broken by a sword. Brother Gideon Carter was shot in the head, and left dead on the ground so defaced that the brethren did not know him. Bogart reported that he had lost one man. The three prisoners were released and returned with the brethren to Far West. Captain Patten was carried some of the way in a litter, but it caused so much distress that he begged to be left by the way side. He was carried into Brother Winchester's, three miles from the city of Far West, where he died that night. Patrick O'Banion died soon after, and Brother Carter's body was also brought from Crooked River, when it was discovered who he was."[3]
The result of this conflict brought sorrow to the Church at Far West. Joseph and Hyrum Smith and Lyman Wight met the brethren on their return, at Log Creek, where they did all that could be done for Captain Patten before his death. "Brother Patten," said the Prophet, "was a very worthy man, beloved by all good men who knew him. He was one of the Twelve Apostles, and died as he had lived, a man of God, and strong in the faith of a glorious resurrection, in a world where mobs will have no power or place. One of his last expressions to his wife was--'what ever you do else, O do not deny the faith.' How different his fate to that of the apostate, Thomas B. Marsh, who this day vented all the lying spleen and malice of his heart towards the work of God, in a letter to Brother and Sister Abbot, to which was annexed an addendum by Orson Hyde." The funeral of Brothers Patten and O'Banion was held at Far West, Saturday, October 27, 1838. On that occasion the Prophet said of Elder Patten: "There lies a man that has done just as he said he would--he has laid down his life for his friends."
Apostasy of Thomas B. Marsh
Thomas B. Marsh, President of the council of the Twelve Apostles, suddenly left Far West in October, 1838, and went to Richmond in an ugly mood. He had been offended over a trivial matter and thereupon left the Church and made false accusations against his former brethren. Orson Hyde, in the same spirit, followed him on the 18th of October. On the 24th, Marsh went before Henry Jacobs, justice of the peace at Richmond, and made an affidavit the gist of which is as follows:
"They have among them a company, considered true 'Mormons,' called the Danites, who have taken an oath to support the heads of the Church in all things that they say or do, whether right or wrong. Many, however, of this band are much dissatisfied with this oath, as being against moral and religious principles. On Saturday last, I am informed by the 'Mormons,' that they had a meeting at Far West at which they appointed a company of twelve, by the name of the 'Destruction Company,' for the purpose of burning and destroying, and that if the people of Buncombe came to do mischief upon the people of Caldwell, and committed depredations upon the 'Mormons,' they were to burn Buncombe; and if the people of Clay and Ray made any movement against them, this destroying company were to burn Liberty and Richmond. . . . The Prophet inculcates the notion, and it is believed by every true 'Mormon,' that Smith's prophecies are superior to the laws of the land. I have heard the Prophet say that he would yet tread down his enemies, and walk over their dead bodies; and if he was not let alone, he would be a second Mohammed to this generation, and that he would make it one gore of blood from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean; that like Mohammed, whose motto in treating for peace was, 'the Alcoran or the Sword;' so should it be eventually with us, 'Joseph Smith or the Sword.' These last statements were made during the last summer. The number of armed men at Adam-ondi-Ahman was between three and four hundred.
"Thomas B. Marsh."
"Sworn to and subscribed before me, the day herein written.
"Henry Jacobs, J. P., "Ray County, Missouri."
* * * *
"Richmond, Missouri, October 24, 1838."
"Affidavit of Orson Hyde"
"The most of the statements in the foregoing disclosure I know to be true; the remainder I believe to be true.
"Orson Hyde."
* * * *
"Richmond, October 24, 1838."
"Sworn to and subscribed before me, on the day above written.
"Henry Jacobs, J. P."[4]
General Atchison's Report to Boggs
After the expulsion of the Saints from DeWitt, General Atchison reported the condition to Governor Boggs. He informed him that the mob was on the way to Daviess County to continue their ravages, "where it is thought," said the general in his communication, "the same lawless game is to be played over, and the 'Mormons' to be driven from that county, and probably from Caldwell County. Nothing, in my opinion, but the strongest measures within the power of the executive, will put down this spirit of mobocracy." Again, showing the spirit of disapproval of the course taken by the officials in the state, he wrote the governor and said: "I do not feel disposed to disgrace myself, or permit the troops under my command to disgrace the state and themselves by acting the part of a mob. If the 'Mormons' are to be driven from their homes, let it be done without any color of law, and in open defiance thereof; let it be done by volunteers acting upon their own responsibilities!" This was evidently intended as a rebuke, but it and other reports of like character were entirely ignored by Governor Boggs, who remained true to his colors as the advocate of mob rule.
Evil Reports
Governor Boggs preferred to believe--or more correctly, accepted contrary to his knowledge--the evil reports which flooded his office from the enemies of the Saints. In reporting to the governor the siege of DeWitt, General Samuel D. Lucas, referred to the Saints as "base and degraded beings," who would be exterminated if they dared to kill one of the mobbers besieging them; for such was the hatred of the people. Lucas was one of the most bitter of the enemies of the Church. Reverend Sashiel Woods and Joseph Dickson, October 24, 1838, reported to the governor that "Captain Bogart and all his company, amounting to between fifty and sixty men, were massacred by the 'Mormons' at Buncombe, twelve miles north of Richmond, except three." This false report was made about the time of the battle of Crooked River; and they added that it might be relied on as being true that the "Mormons" expected to lay Richmond in ashes that very morning. Their fiendish appeal ended with these words: "We know not the hour or minute we will be laid in ashes--our country is ruined--for God's sake give us assistance as quick as possible!" This was sent from Carrolton. Similar reports were sent by Amos Rees, formerly attorney for the Church in the Jackson trouble, and Wiley C. Williams, mobocrat, in a communication to Judge Ryland. Judge Ryland answered and said:
"Since Mr. Morehead left Richmond, one of the company (Bogart's) has come in and reported that there were ten of his comrades killed, and the remainder were taken prisoners, after many of them had been severely wounded; he stated further that Richmond would be sacked and burned by the "Mormon" banditti tonight. Nothing can exceed the consternation which this news gave rise to. The women and children are flying from Richmond in every direction. . . . My impression is, that you had better send one of your number to Howard, Cooper and Boone counties, in order that volunteers may be getting ready. . . . They must make haste and put a stop to the devastation which is menaced by these infuriated fanatics, and they must go prepared and with the full determination to exterminate or expel them from the state en masse. Nothing but this can give tranquility to the public mind, and re-establish the supremacy of the laws. There must be no further delaying with this question anywhere. The 'Mormons' must leave the state, or we will, one and all, and to this complexion it must come at last" (Documentary History of the Church, vol. 3:172).
The Saints had no thought of making any attack on Richmond or any other place. This Judge Ryland must have known; but he evidently had become drunken with the bitter spirit of the times. His very letter refutes the falsehoods contained therein.
Atchison's False Report
Even General David R. Atchison, who previously had shown a spirit of justice and fair play, was overcome by the lying spirits abroad in the land. He permitted himself, under date of October 28, 1838, after the battle of Crooked River, to join that evil genius, Samuel D. Lucas, in a false report to Governor Boggs, as follows:
"Sir: From late outrages committed by the Mormons, civil war is inevitable. They have set the laws of the country at defiance, and are in open rebellion. We have about two thousand men under arms to keep them in check. The presence of the commander-in-chief is deemed absolutely necessary, and we most respectfully urge that your excellency be at the seat of war as soon as possible."
"Your most obedient servants,"
"David R. Atchison, M. G. 3rd Div." "Samuel D. Lucas, M. G. 4th Div."
The surprising thing is that General Atchison would permit his name to be attached to such a document as this, which both these officers knew perfectly well was not true. But good men are at times overcome. Apparently he could not stand the pressure of the consolidated effort against the Saints, who were seeking merely to defend themselves and their rights against the aggressions of mobocracy. Nevertheless it appeared to be a capital offense for a weak and practically defenseless people to resist such invasion. For doing so they were guilty of causing a state of civil war!
General Atchison's conscience must have troubled him for thus yielding to the mob spirit, for, later, because he manifested a spirit of fairness towards the Saints, he was "dismounted" by the governor, and relieved of his command.
Boggs' Order to Clark
October 25, 1838, the Governor issued orders to General John B. Clark to raise sufficient troops to reinstate the inhabitants of Daviess County on their possessions, for, said he: "they [the "Mormons"] have burnt to ashes the towns of Gallatin and Millport in said county; the former being the county seat of said county, and including the clerk's office and all the public records of the county, and that there is not now a civil officer within said county." Two thousand men were to be raised, in addition to those already under arms, to "restore" these people, who had not been molested, in these towns.
The Order of Extermination
This first order to General Clark was followed by another the following day, the report of the battle of Crooked River having reached the ear of the governor. When he discovered that the "Mormons" were attempting to "fight it out," he had a great change of heart and issued his disgraceful "exterminating order," the greatest blot on the escutcheon of the state of Missouri. Others among the mob, and even officers of lesser dignity, had hinted at such a thing; but it remained for Lilburn W. Boggs, governor of the state of Missouri, without provocation or due investigation, to issue by authority of the great office which he held, to the militia of that commonwealth, an order to exterminate or drive from Missouri twelve thousand defenseless citizens who had done no wrong. And the execution of this shameful and wicked order was to be carried out in the dead of winter, which would bring to pass exposure and death of delicate women and innocent children, against whom there could have been no charge.[5]
A Match to the Flame
The Governor's order soon became generally known and the mobbers looked upon it, as well they might, as an approval of their unlawful course. Great excitement prevailed, and mobs assembled on every side. Marauders sallied forth, burning houses, driving off cattle, destroying property, ravishing women and threatening with death any who dared resist their fiendish deeds.
Notes
1. For the Prophet's reply to these charges see Documentary History of the Church, vol. 3:70.
2. These houses really belonged to the Latter-day Saints who had purchased them but had not taken possession.
3. Documentary History of the Church, vol. 3:170-1.
4. Orson Hyde returned to the body of the Church in June, 1839, at Commerce (Nauvoo) Illinois, and on the 27th of that month was reinstated in the council of the twelve. He was repentant, and in tears of humility begged forgiveness from his brethren for the unfortunate part he had taken in this lying report with Thomas B. Marsh. He had been overcome by the spirit of darkness and had borne false witness against his brethren while under that influence. After his return to the Church, he faithfully performed his part to the end. It was Orson Hyde, who, in the life time of Joseph Smith, was intrusted with the important mission of dedicating the land of Palestine for the return of the Jews. The consciousness of his guilt in this unfortunate act in Missouri, preyed upon his mind all his life, and many were the days he shed bitter tears because that chapter in his history could not be blotted out.
Thomas B. Marsh, at a later day (1857), also returned to the Church. On the 4th of September, 1857, he arrived in Salt Lake City with the immigrants of William Walker's company. He had crossed the plains from Harrison County, Mo. Two days after his arrival he addressed a congregation in the tabernacle and in his remarks said: "I can say, in reference to the quorum of the twelve, to which I belonged, that I did not consider myself a whit behind any of them, and I suppose that others had the same opinion; but let no one feel too secure; for before you think of it, your steps will slide. You will not then think nor feel for a moment as you did before you lost the Spirit of Christ; for when men apostatize, they are left to grovel in the dark. . . . But let me tell you, my brethren and friends, if you do not want to suffer in body and mind, as I have done; if there are any of you that have the seeds of apostasy in you, do not let them make their appearance, but nip that spirit in the bud; for it is misery and affliction in this world, and destruction in the world to come" (Deseret News, Sept. 16, 1857). He was a broken man in health and spirit and showed that the hand of affliction had been over him. "If you want to see the fruits of apostasy," he would say, "look at me!" He was later ordained a high priest.
The shadow of color for the report made by Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde, was in the fact that a Dr. Sampson Avard, who had shortly before joined the Church, did organize a band which he called "Danites." These Danites did subscribe to some oath of vengeance on their enemies. However, as soon as Joseph Smith discovered what was going on, he put a stop to it and Avard was excommunicated.
5. The exterminating order of Governor Boggs to General Clark is as follows:
"Sir: Since the order of the morning to you, directing you to cause four hundred mounted men to be raised within your division, I have received by Amos Rees, Esq., and Wiley C. Williams, Esq., one of my aids, information of the most appalling character, which changes the whole face of things, and places the Mormons in the attitude of open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made open war upon the people of this state. Your orders are, therefore, to hasten your operations and endeavor to reach Richmond, in Ray County, with all possible speed. The Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state, if necessary for the public good. Their outrages are beyond all description. If you can increase your force, you are authorized to do so, to any extent you may think necessary. I have just issued orders to Major-General Wallock, of Marion County, to raise five hundred men, and to march them to the northern part of Daviess and there to unite with General Doniphan, of Clay, who has been ordered with five hundred men to proceed to the same point for the purpose of intercepting the retreat of the Mormons to the north. They have been directed to communicate with you by express; and you can also communicate with them if you find it necessary. Instead, therefore, of proceeding as at first directed, to reinstate the citizens of Daviess in their homes, you will proceed immediately to Richmond, and there operate against the Mormons. Brigadier-General Parks, of Ray, has been ordered to have four hundred men of his brigade in readiness to join you at Richmond. The whole force will be placed under your command.
"L. W. Boggs," "Governor and Commander-in-Chief."
"To General Clark."