Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements) (part 5 of 6)

Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements) (part 5 of 6)

VOX, voks, n. voice: a voice or song part.--VOX ANGELICA, or CÆLESTIS, in organ-building, a stop producing a wavy effect; VOX HUMANA, in organ-building, a reed-stop producing tones resembling those of the human voice. [L.]

VOYAGE, voi'[=a]j, n. passage by water: (Shak.) an enterprise.--v.i. to make a voyage, or to pass by water.--v.t. to traverse, pass over.--adj. VOY'AGE-ABLE, navigable.--n. VOY'AGER, one who voyages.--n.pl. VOYAGEURS (vwo-ya-zher'), name given in Canada to the men who in their bark canoes kept up communication between the stations, and effected transportation of men and supplies, in the North-west and Hudson's Bay territory. [Fr.,--L. viaticum, travelling-money--L. via, a way.]

VRAISEMBLANCE, vr[=a]-song-blongs', n. verisimilitude. [Fr., vrai, true, semblance, appearance.]

VUG, vug, n. a Cornish miner's name for a cavity in a rock.--adj. VUG'GY.

VULCAN, vul'kan, n. (Roman myth.) the god of fire.--n. VULCAN[=A]'LIA, an ancient Roman, festival in honour of VULCAN, held on 23d August.--adjs. VULC[=A]'NIAN, pertaining to VULCAN, or to one who works in iron; VULCAN'IC (same as VOLCANIC).--n. VULCANIC'ITY, volcanicity.--adj. VULCAN[=I]'SABLE.--n. VULCANIS[=A]'-TION.--v.t. VUL'CANISE, to combine with sulphur by heat, as caoutchouc--v.i. to admit of such treatment.--ns. VUL'CANISM, volcanism; VUL'CANIST, a supporter of the Huttonian theory in geology which asserted the igneous origin of such rocks as basalt; VUL'CANITE, the harder of the two kinds of vulcanised india-rubber or caoutchouc, the softer kind being called soft-rubber. [L. Vulcanus.]

VULGAR, vul'gar, adj. pertaining to or used by the common people, native: public: common; national, vernacular: mean or low: rude.--n. the common people: the common language of a country.--ns. VULG[=A]'RIAN, a vulgar person: a rich unrefined person; VULGARIS[=A]'TION, a making widely known: a making coarse or common.--v.t. VUL'GARISE, to make vulgar or rude.--ns. VUL'GARISM, a vulgar phrase: coarseness; VULGAR'ITY, VUL'GARNESS, quality of being vulgar: mean condition of life: rudeness of manners.--adv. VUL'GARLY.--n. VUL'GATE, an ancient Latin version of the Scriptures, so called from its common use in the R.C. Church, prepared by Jerome in the fourth century, and pronounced 'authentic' by the Council of Trent.--VULGAR FRACTION, a fraction written in the common way.--THE VULGAR, the common people. [L. vulgaris--vulgus, the people.]

VULNERABLE, vul'ne-ra-bl, adj. capable of being wounded: liable to injury.--v.t. VULN (her.), to wound.--adj. VULNED (her.).--ns. VULNERABIL'ITY, VUL'NERABLENESS.--adj. VUL'NERARY, pertaining to wounds: useful in healing wounds.--n. anything useful in curing wounds.--adj. VUL'NEROSE, with many wounds. [L. vulnerabilis--vulner[=a]re, to wound--vulnus, vulneris, a wound.]

VULPINE, vul'pin, adj. relating to or like the fox: cunning.--adj. VULPEC'[=U]LAR, vulpine.--ns. VUL'PICIDE, the killing of a fox: a fox-killer; VUL'PINISM, craftiness. [L.,--vulpes, a fox.]

VULSELLA, vul-sel'a, n. a forceps with toothed or clawed blades:--pl. VULSELL'Æ (-[=e]). [L.]

VULTURE, vul't[=u]r, n. a large rapacious bird of prey, feeding largely on carrion: one who or that which resembles a vulture.--adjs. VUL'T[=U]RINE, VUL'T[=U]RISH, VUL'T[=U]ROUS, like the vulture: rapacious.--ns. VUL'TURISM, rapacity; VUL'TURN, the Australian brush-turkey. [O. Fr. voutour (Fr. vautour)--L. vultur; perh. from vell[)e]re, to pluck, to tear.]

VULVA, vul'va, n. the orifice of the external organs of generation of the female.--adjs. VUL'VAR, VUL'VATE; VUL'VIFORM, oval.--ns. VULVIS'MUS, vaginismus; VULV[=I]'TIS, inflammation of the vulva.--adjs. VULVO-[=U]'TERINE, pertaining to the vulva and the uterus; VULVOVAG'INAL, pertaining to the vulva and the vagina.--n. VULVOVAGIN[=I]'TIS, inflammation of both the vulva and the vagina.

VUM, vum, v.i. (U.S.) a corruption of vow, in phrase 'I vum.'

VYING, v[=i]'ing, pr.p. of vie.

* * * * *

W the twenty-third letter of our alphabet, like æ, a ligature rather than a letter, with a double value, as consonant and as vowel--when the sound is voiced we have w, as in 'we' or 'wen,' the corresponding unvoiced sound being wh, as in 'when,' 'what.' A final w is vocalic, as in 'few.' The A.S. hw has become wh; cw has become qu as in queen, from A.S. cwén; while w is occasionally intrusive, as in whole, from A.S. hál.

WABBLE, WOBBLE, wob'l, v.i. to incline alternately to one side and the other: to rock, to vacillate.--n. a hobbling, unequal motion.--ns. WABB'LER, WOBB'LER, one who or that which wabbles: a boiled leg of mutton.--adjs. WABB'LY, WOBB'LY, shaky, given to wabbling.--adj. and n. WOBB'LING, vacillating. [Low Ger. wabbeln, to wabble; cog. with Eng. waver.]

WABSTER, wab'st[.e]r, n. (Scot.) a webster, weaver.

WACKE, wak'e, n. German miners' term for a soft, grayish kind of trap-rock.

WAD, wod, n. a mass of loose matter thrust close together for packing, &c., as hay, tow, &c.: a little mass of paper, tow, or the like to keep the charge in a gun.--v.t. to form into a mass: to pad, stuff out: to stuff a wad into:--pr.p. wad'ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wad'ded.--n. WAD'DING, a wad, or the materials for wads: a soft stuff, also sheets of carded cotton for stuffing garments, &c. [Skeat refers to Scand., Sw. vadd, wadding; cf. Ger. watte, wadding, wat, cloth (whence Fr. ouate); ult. allied to weed.]

WAD, wad, a Scotch form of wed, also of would.

WAD, WADD, wod, n. an earthy ore of manganese.

WADDLE, wod'l, v.i. to take short steps and move from side to side in walking.--n. a clumsy, rocking gait.--n. WADD'LER.--adv. WADD'LINGLY, with a waddling gait. [Perh. wade.]

WADDY, wad'i, n. a native Australian wooden war-club, a walking-stick--also WADD'IE.--v.t. to strike with a waddy.

WADE, w[=a]d, v.i. to walk through any substance that yields to the feet, as water: to pass with difficulty or labour.--n. (coll.) a ford.--n. W[=A]'DER, one who wades: a bird that wades, e.g, the heron: (pl.) high waterproof boots used by fishermen for wading. [A.S. wadan, to move; Ger. waten.]

WADI, WADY, wod'i, n. the dry bed of a torrent: a river-valley. [Ar. wad[=i], a ravine (Sp. guad-, first syllable of many river-names).]

WADMAL, wod'mal, n. (Scot.) a thick woollen cloth.--Also WAD'MOLL. [Ice. vadhmál--vadhr, cloth, mál, a measure.]

WADSET, wod'set, n. a mortgage--also WAD'SETT.--n. WAD'SETTER, a mortgagee. [Wad=wed, set.]

WAE, w[=a], n. (Spens.) woe.--adj. (Scot.) sorrowful.--adjs. WAE'FUL, WAE'SOME, woeful, pitiful.--n. WAE'NESS, sadness.--interj. WAE'SUCKS, alas!

WAFER, w[=a]'f[.e]r, n. a thin round cake of unleavened bread, usually stamped with a cross, an Agnus Dei, the letters I.H.S., &c., used in the Eucharist in the R.C. Church: a thin leaf of coloured paste for sealing letters, &c.: a thin cake of paste used to facilitate the swallowing of powders.--v.t. to close with a wafer.--n. W[=A]'FER-CAKE.--adj. W[=A]'FERY, like a wafer. [O. Fr. waufre (Fr. gaufre)--Old Dut. waefel, a cake of wax; Ger. wabe, a honeycomb.]

WAFF, waf, adj. (Scot.) weak, worthless, paltry.--n. a worthless person. [Waif.]

WAFF, waf, n. (Scot.) a slight hasty motion: a quick light blow: a sudden ailment: a faint but disagreeable odour: a ghost.

WAFF, waf, n. an obsolete form of wave.

WAFF, waf, v.i. (prov.) to bark.--Also WAUGH.

WAFFLE, wof'l, n. a kind of batter-cake, baked over the fire in an iron utensil of hinged halves called a WAFF'LE-[=I]'RON. [Dut. wafel, wafer.]

WAFFLE, wof'l, v.i. (prov.) to wave. [Waff (3).]

WAFT, waft, v.t. to bear through a fluid medium, as air or water: (Shak.) to wave the hand, beckon, to turn.--v.i. to float.--n. a floating body: a signal made by moving something in the air, esp. an ensign, stopped together at the head and middle portions, slightly rolled up lengthwise, and hoisted at different positions at the after-part of a ship: a breath, puff, slight odour.--ns. WAF'T[=A]GE, act of wafting, transportation in air or water; WAF'TER, one who or that which wafts; WAF'T[=U]RE (Shak.), act of wafting or of waving, waving motion, beckoning. [Wave.]

WAG, wag, v.t. and v.i. to move from side to side: to shake to and fro: (coll.) to depart: (Shak.) to move on, make progress:--pr.p. wag'ging; pa.t. and pa.p. wagged.--n. a shaking, moving to and fro. [Referred by Skeat to Old Sw. wagga, to wag (Ice. vagga, a cradle); allied to A.S. wagian, to wag, Old High Ger. wag[=o]n, to shake, A.S. wegan, to carry, move.]

WAG, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow: a man full of sport and humour: a wit: a fellow generally.--n. WAG'GERY, mischievous merriment.--adjs. WAG'GISH--(rare) WAG'SOME.--adv. WAG'GISHLY.--ns. WAG'GISHNESS; WAG'-WIT, a would-be wit. [Prob. waghalter, one who deserves hanging.]

WAGE, w[=a]j, v.t. to pledge: to engage in as if by pledge: to carry on, esp. of war: to venture: (prov.) to hire for pay: (Shak.) to pay wages to: (Spens.) to let out for pay.--v.i. (Shak.) to be equal in value, to contend, battle (with).--n. a gage or stake: that for which one labours: wages.--ns. WAGE'-EARN'ER, one receiving pay for work done; WAGE'-FUND, W[=A]'GES-FUND THEORY, the theory that there is at any given time in a country a determinate amount of capital available for the payment of labour, therefore the average wage depends on the proportion of this fund to the number of persons who have to share in it; W[=A]'GER, that which is waged or pledged: something staked on the issue of anything: a bet: that on which bets are laid: (law) an offer to make oath.--v.t. to hazard on the issue of anything.--v.i. to lay a wager.--n. W[=A]'GERER.--n.pl. W[=A]'GES (used as sing.), wage: that which is paid for services.--n. WAGE'-WORK, work done for wages.--WAGER OF BATTLE, trial by combat, an ancient usage which permitted the accused and accuser, in defect of sufficient direct evidence, to challenge each other to mortal combat, for issue of the dispute.--LIVING WAGE (see LIVING). [O. Fr. wager (Fr. gager), to pledge.]

WAGGLE, wag'l, v.i. and v.t. to wag or move from side to side. [Freq. of wag (1).]

WAGMOIRE, wag'moir, n. (Spens.) a quagmire.

WAGNERIAN, vag-n[=e]'ri-an, adj. pertaining to or characterised by the ideas or style of Richard Wagner (1813-83), a famous German composer of music-dramas: pertaining to Rudolf Wagner (1805-64), a famous physiologist.--ns. WAG'NERISM, WAGNE'RIANISM, the art theory of Richard Wagner, its main object being the freeing of opera from traditional and conventional forms, and its one canon, dramatic fitness; WAG'NERIST, an adherent of Wagner's musical methods.

WAGON, WAGGON, wag'un, n. a four-wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy goods: (Shak.) a chariot.--v.t. to transport by wagon.--ns. WAG'ONAGE, money, paid for conveyance by wagon; WAG'ON-BOX, -BED, the carrying part of a wagon; WAG'ONER, WAG'GONER, one who conducts a wagon: (Shak.) a charioteer: (Spens.) the constellation Auriga; WAGONETTE', a kind of open carriage built to carry six or eight persons, with one or two seats crosswise in front, and two back seats arranged lengthwise and facing inwards; WAG'ONFUL, as much as a wagon will hold; WAG'ON-LOAD, the load carried by a wagon: a great amount; WAG'ON-LOCK, a kind of iron shoe which is placed on the rear-wheel of a wagon to retard motion in going downhill; WAG'ON-TRAIN, the machines used by an army for the conveyance of ammunition, provisions, sick, &c.; WAG'ON-WRIGHT, a maker of wagons. [Dut. wagen; A.S. wægn, Eng., wain.] WAGTAIL, wag't[=a]l, n. any bird of the family Motacillidæ, so named from their constant wagging of the tail--the pipits or titlarks, &c.: (Shak.) a pert person.

WAHABEE, WAHABAI, wä-hä'b[=e], n. one of a sect of Puritan Moslems founded in Central Arabia about 1760 by Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787), whose aim was to restore primitive Mohammedanism--also WAHÄ'BITE.--n. WAHÄ'BIISM, the doctrine and practices of the Wahabis.

WAHOO, wa-h[=oo]', n. the burning bush, a richly ornamental shrub: the bear-berry, which yields cascara sagrada: the winged elm, with valuable hard-grained wood.

WAID, WAIDE. Old spellings of weighed.

WAIF, w[=a]f, n. a stray article: anything found astray without an owner: a worthless wanderer.--adj. vagabond, worthless. [O. Fr. waif, wef--Ice. veif, any flapping or waving thing.]

WAIFT, w[=a]ft, n. (Spens.) a waif.

WAIL, w[=a]l, v.i. to lament or sorrow audibly.--v.t. to bemoan: to grieve over.--n. a cry of woe: loud weeping.--n. WAIL'ER.--adj. WAIL'FUL, sorrowful, mournful.--n. WAIL'ING.--adv. WAIL'INGLY. [M. E. weilen--Ice. vaela, vála, to wail--væ, vei, woe.]

WAIN, w[=a]n, n. a wagon.--v.t. (rare) to carry.--ns. WAIN'AGE, the team and implements necessary for the cultivation of land; WAIN'-ROPE, a rope for binding a load on a wain or wagon; WAIN'WRIGHT, a wagon-maker.--THE LESSER WAIN, the constellation Ursa Minor. [A.S. wægen, wæn--wegen, to carry; cf. Ger. wagen, L. veh[)e]re.]

WAINSCOT, w[=a]n'skot, n. the panelled boards on the walls of apartments: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.--v.t. to line with, or as if with, boards or panels.--ns. WAIN'SCOTING, WAIN'SCOTTING, the act of lining with boards or panels: materials for making a wainscot. [Orig. perh. wood used for a partition in a wagon--Dut. wagenschot, oakwood, beechwood--wagen, wagon, schot, partition. Skeat explains as a corr. of Old Dut. waegheschot, wall-hoarding, from Old Dut. waeg, a wall, schot, a partition.]

WAIST, w[=a]st, n. the smallest part of the human trunk, between the ribs and the hips: the bodice of a woman's dress: the middle part, as of a ship, of a musical instrument--(Shak.) of a period of time; (Shak.) something that surrounds.--ns. WAIST'-ANCHOR, an anchor stowed in the waist of a ship; WAIST'BAND, the band or part of a garment which encircles the waist; WAIST'BELT, a belt for the waist; WAIST'BOAT, a boat carried in the waist of a vessel; WAIST'CLOTH, a piece of cloth worn around the waist, and hanging below it, in India; WAIST'COAT, a short coat worn immediately under the coat, and fitting the waist tightly; WAISTCOATEER' (obs.), a strumpet; WAIST'COATING, material for men's waistcoats, usually of a fancy pattern and containing silk.--adjs. WAIST'-DEEP, -HIGH, as deep, high, as to reach up to the waist.--n. WAIST'ER, a green-hand on a whaler: an old man-of-war's-man who has not risen. [A.S. wæxt, growth (Ice. vöxtr); conn, with wæstme, growth, weaxen, to grow.]

WAIT, w[=a]t, v.i. to stay in expectation (with for): to remain: to attend (with on): to follow: to lie in ambush.--v.t. to stay for: to await: (coll.) to defer: (obs.) to accompany.--n. ambush, now used only in such phrases as 'to lie in wait,' 'to lay wait:' the: act of waiting or expecting: delay: (pl.) itinerant musicians, originally watchmen, who welcome-in Christmas.--ns. WAIT'ER, one who waits: an attending servant: a salver or tray: a custom-house officer: (obs.) a watchman; WAIT'ERAGE, service; WAIT'ERING, the employment of a waiter; WAIT'ING, act of waiting: attendance.--adv. WAIT'INGLY.--ns. WAIT'ING-MAID, -WOM'AN, a female attendant; WAIT'ING-ROOM, a room for the convenience of persons waiting; WAIT'ING-VASS'AL (Shak.), an attendant; WAIT'RESS, a female waiter.--WAIT ATTENDANCE (Shak.), to remain in attendance; WAIT UPON, ON, to call upon, visit: to accompany, to be in the service of: (B.) to look toward, to attend to, do the bidding of.--LIE IN WAIT, to be in hiding ready for attack or surprise.--LORDS, or GROOMS, IN WAITING, certain officers in the Lord Chamberlain's department of the royal household; MINORITY WAITER, a waiter out of employment, as a political minority is out of office. [O. Fr. waiter (Fr. guetter), to watch, attend--waite, a sentinel--Old High Ger. wahta (Ger. wacht), a watchman; cog. with A.S. wacan, to watch.]

WAIVE, w[=a]v, v.t. to relinquish for the present: to give up claim to: not to insist on a right or claim.--n. WAI'VER, the act of waiving: renouncement of a claim: process by which a woman was outlawed. [O. Fr. guever, to refuse, resign--perh. Ice. veifa, to move to and fro; cf. L. vibr[=a]re.]

WAIVODE, WAIWODE, WAIWODESHIP. Same as VOIVODE, &c.

WAKE, w[=a]k, v.i. to cease from sleep: to lie awake: (B.) to watch: to be roused up, active, or vigilant: to return to life: (Shak.) to hold a late revel: to keep vigil.--v.t. to rouse from sleep: to keep vigil over: to excite, disturb: to reanimate:--pa.t. and pa.p. waked or woke.--n. act of waking: feast of the dedication of a church, formerly kept by watching all night: sitting up of persons with a corpse.--adj. WAKE'FUL, being awake: indisposed to sleep: vigilant.--adv. WAKE'FULLY.--n. WAKE'FULNESS.--v.t. and v.i. W[=A]'KEN, to wake or awake: to be awake.--ns. WAKE'NER, one who or that which wakens; WAKE'NING, act of one who wakens; (Scots law) revival of an action; W[=A]'KER, one who wakes.--adj. WAKE'RIFE (Scot.), wakeful.--ns. WAKE'-TIME, time during which one is awake; W[=A]'KING.--adj. being awake: rousing from sleep: passed in the waking state. [A.S. wacan, to be born, also wacian, to waken (cf. weccan, Ger. wecken). Cf. Wait, Watch.]

WAKE, w[=a]k, n. the streak of smooth water left in the track of a ship: hence (fig.) 'in the wake of,' in the train of, immediately after. [Ice. vök, a hole in the ice, vökr, moist. The root is seen in L. hum[=e]re, to be moist, Gr. hugros, moist.]

WAKE-ROBIN, w[=a]k'-rob'in, n. the cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum: in America, any species of trillium.

WALDENSES, wol-den's[=e]z, n.pl. a famous Christian community of austere morality and devotion to the simplicity of the Gospel, which originally grew out of an anti-sacerdotal movement originated by Peter Waldo of Lyons in the second half of the 12th century--long cruelly persecuted, but still flourishing in the valleys of the Cottian Alps.--adj. and n. WALDEN'SIAN.

WALDGRAVE, wold'gr[=a]v, n. an old German title of nobility, originally a head forest-ranger. [Ger. waldgraf.]

WALDHORN, wold'horn, n. a hunting-horn, a French horn without valves. [Ger.]

WALE, w[=a]l, n. a raised streak left by a stripe: a ridge on the surface of cloth: a plank all along the outer timbers on a ship's side.--v.t. to mark with wales.--n. W[=A]'LER, one who chastises severely. [A.S. walu, the mark of a stripe or blow; Ice. völr, a rod.]

WALE, w[=a]l, n. (Scot.) the choice or pick of anything.--v.t. to choose. [Ice. val, choice; Ger. wahl, choice; from the root of will.]

WALER, w[=a]'l[.e]r, n. in India, a horse imported from New South Wales, or from Australia generally.

WALHALLA, wal-hal'la, n. Same as VALHALLA.

WALK, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely on foot with alternate steps: to pace: to travel on foot: to conduct one's self: to act or behave: to live: to be guided by: (coll.) to move off, depart: to be stirring, move about, go restlessly about (as of a ghost).--v.t. to pass through or upon: to cause to walk.--n. act or manner of walking: gait: that in or through which one walks: distance walked over: place for walking, promenade: place for animals to exercise: path: high pasture-ground: conduct: course of life, sphere of action, a hawker's district or round: (obs.) a hunting-ground: (pl.) grounds, park (obs.).--adj. WALK'ABLE, fit for walking.--ns. WALK'-AROUND', a dancing performance by negroes in which a large circle is described, also the music for such; WALK'ER, one who walks: (law) a forester: one who trains and walks young hounds: a gressorial bird; WALK'ING, the verbal noun of walk: pedestrianism; WALK'ING-BEAM, in a vertical engine, a horizontal beam, usually trussed, that transmits power to the crankshaft through the connecting-rod; WALK'ING DRESS, a dress for the street or for walking; WALK'ING-FAN, a large fan used out of doors to protect the face from the sun; WALK'ING-LEAF, a leaf-insect; WALK'ING-STICK, -CANE, -STAFF, a stick, cane, or staff used in walking; WALK'ING-STICK, also a sort of long, slender-bodied bug; WALK'ING-TOAD, a natterjack; WALK'-[=O]'VER, a race where one competitor appears, who has to cover the course to be entitled to the prize: an easy victory.--WALK ABOUT, a former order of an officer to a sentry, waiving the customary salute; WALK AWAY FROM, to distance easily; WALK'ER! a slang interjection of incredulity (also HOOKEY WALKER!); WALKING GENTLEMAN, LADY, a gentleman, lady, who plays ornamental but unimportant parts on the stage; WALK INTO (coll.), to beat: to storm at: to eat heartily of; WALK ONE'S CHALKS, to quit, go away without ceremony; WALK TALL, to behave haughtily; WALK THE CHALK, CHALK-MARK, to keep a correct course in manners or morals; WALK THE HOSPITALS, to be a student under clinical instruction at a general hospital or infirmary; WALK WITH, to attend as a sweetheart.--HEEL-AND-TOE WALK, a mode of walking in which the heel of one foot is put on the ground before the toe of the other leaves it. [A.S. wealcan, to roll, turn; cog. with Ger. walken, to full cloth.]

WALKING, wawk'ing, n. the act or process of fulling cloth.--n. WALK'MILL, a fulling-mill.

WALKYR, wol'kir. Same as VALKYR.

WALL, wawl, n. an erection of brick, stone, &c. for a fence or security: the side of a building: (fig.) defence, means of security: in mining, one of the surfaces of rock enclosing the lode: (anat.) a paries or containing structure or part of the body: (pl.) fortifications.--v.t. to enclose with, or as with, a wall: to defend with walls: to hinder as by a wall.--n. WALL'-CLOCK, a clock hung on a walk.--adj. WALLED, fortified.--ns. WALL'ER, one who builds walls; WALL'-FLOWER, a plant with fragrant yellow flowers, found on old walls: a woman at a ball who keeps her seat, presumably for want of a partner--applied sometimes to men; WALL'-FRUIT, fruit growing on a wall; WALL'ING, walls collectively: materials for walls; WALL'-KNOT, a nautical method of tying the end of a rope.--adj. WALL'-LESS.--ns. WALL'-LIZ'ARD, -NEWT, a gecko; WALL'-MOSS, the yellow wall-lichen: the stone-crop; WALL'-PAINT'ING, the decoration of walls with ornamental painted designs; WALL'-P[=A]'PER, paper usually coloured and decorated, for pasting on the walls of a room; WALL'-PIECE, a gun mounted on a wall; WALL'-PLATE, a horizontal piece of timber on a wall, under the ends of joists, &c.; WALL'-SPACE (archit.), a plain expanse of wall; WALL'-SPRING, a spring of water running between stratified rocks; WALL'-TOW'ER, a tower built into and forming part of a line of fortification or a fortified city-wall; WALL'-TREE, a tree trained against a wall; WALL'-WORT, the European dwarf elder; HANG'ING-WALL, that wall of the vein which is over the miner's head while working, the opposite wall being called the FOOT'-WALL.--WALL A ROPE, to make a wall-knot on the end of a rope.--DRIVE TO THE WALL, to push to extremities; GO TO THE WALL, to be hard pressed: to be pushed to extremes; HANG BY THE WALL, to hang up neglected: to remain unused; PUSH, or THRUST, TO THE WALL, to force to give place; THE WALL, the right of taking the side of the road near the wall when encountering another person, as in the phrase to GIVE, or TAKE, THE WALL. [A.S. weall, wall; Ger. wall, both from L. vallum, a rampart--vallus, a stake.]

WALLA, WALLAH, wol'a, n. a worker, agent: fellow.--COMPETITION WALLAH, a term applied in Anglo-Indian colloquial speech to a member of the Civil Service who obtained appointment by the competitive system instituted in 1856. [Yule explains w[=a]l[=a] as a Hindi adjectival affix, corresponding in a general way to the Latin -arius. Its usual employment as affix to a substantive makes it frequently denote agent, doer, keeper, owner, &c.]

WALLABA, wol'a-ba, n. a Guiana tree with winged leaves and streaked reddish wood.

WALLABY, wol'ab-i, n. a small kangaroo.--ON THE WALLABY, ON THE WALLABY TRACK, out of employment, a slang Australian phrase derived from the shy habits of the kangaroo.

WALLACHIAN, wäl-[=a]'ki-an, adj. of or pertaining to Wallachia, a Danubian principality, since 1878 forming with Moldavia the kingdom of Roumania.--ns. WALL'ACH, WALL'ACK, a native or inhabitant of WALLACHIA. [From a Slavonic term represented by Pol. Wloch, an Italian, Woloch, a Wallach; all from Old High Ger. walh (A.S. wealh), a foreigner.]

WALLET, wol'et, n. a bag for carrying necessaries on a journey: a knapsack: a pocket-book: a bag for tools: (Shak.) anything protuberant. [M. E. walet, possibly from watel, a bag.]

WALL-EYE, wawl'-[=i], n. an eye in which the white part is very large: the popular name for the disease of the eye called glaucoma.--adj. WALL'-EYED, very light gray in the eyes, esp. of horses: (Shak.) glaring, fierce. [The adj. is the earlier, prob. from Ice. vald-eygthr--vagl, a disease of the eye, and eygthr, eyed--auga, an eye.]

WALLOON, wal'[=oo]n, adj. of or pertaining to a population of mixed Celtic and Romanic stock akin to the French, occupying the tract along the frontiers of the Teutonic-speaking territory in the South Netherlands, from Dunkirk to Malmedy.--n. a native or inhabitant of that part of Flanders: the language of the Walloons, a patois or popular dialect of northern French, with a considerable infusion both of Old Celtic and Low German elements. [O. Fr. Wallon--Late L. Wallus--L. Gallus, a Gaul; cog. with Gael, Welsh, Wallachian, A.S. wealh, a foreigner.]

WALLOP, wol'op, v.i. (dial.) to boil and bubble: to move clumsily, to waddle about, to kick about as one does for a little when hung up by the neck--also n. [O. Fr. galoper, to boil, gallop--Old Flem. walop, a gallop; perh. traceable to Old. Flem. wallen (A.S. weallan), to boil.]

WALLOP, wol'op, v.t. (slang) to beat, flog.--n. a blow.--ns. WALL'OPER, one that wallops; WALL'OPING, a thrashing.--adj. (slang) great, bouncing. [Orig. dubious; most prob. a particular use of preceding word.]

WALLOW, wol'[=o], v.i. to roll about, as in mire: to live in filth or gross vice.--n. the place an animal wallows in.--n. WALL'OWER. [A.S. wealwian--L. volv[)e]re.]

WALLOW, wol'[=o], v.i. (prov.) to fade away.

WALLSEND, wawlz'end, n. a kind of coal originally dug at Wallsend on the Tyne.

WALNUT, wawl'nut, n. a genus (Juglans) comprising seven or eight species of beautiful trees of natural order Juglandaceæ--the wood of the common walnut is much used for furniture and gunstocks; its ripe fruit is one of the best of nuts, and yields an oil used by artists, &c.--BLACK WALNUT, a North American walnut, the timber of which is more valuable than that of common walnut, though the fruit is inferior. [A.S. wealh, foreign, hnut, a nut; Ger. wallnuss.]

WALPURGIS NIGHT, val-p[=oo]r'gis n[=i]t, the night before the first of May, during which German witches rode on broomsticks and he-goats to hold revel with their master the devil at the ancient places of sacrifice, esp. the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. [So called with reference to the day of St Walpurga, abbess of Heidenheim, who died about 778.]

WALRUS, wol'rus, n. a genus of aquatic, web-footed (pinniped) Carnivores, representative of a family (Trichechidæ) intermediate between the sea-lions and the seals--the upper canine teeth developed into enormous tusks--also called the Morse or the Seahorse. [Dut.,--Sw. vallross (Ice. hross-hvalr)--vall, a whale, Ice. hross, a horse.]

WALTY, wol'ti, adj. (naut.) inclined to lean or roll over.

WALTZ, wawlts, n. a German national dance performed by two persons with a rapid whirling motion, introduced into England in 1813: the music for such.--v.i. to dance a waltz: (slang) to move trippingly.--ns. WALTZ'ER; WALTZ'ING. [Ger. walzer--walzen, to roll.]

WALY, WALIE, wä'li, adj. (Scot.) beautiful: strong, large. [Conn. with wale, choice, and perh. influenced by A. S. welig, rich--wel, well.]

WALY, w[=a]'li, interj. (Scot.) alas! [Wellaway.]

WAMBLE, wom'bl, v.i. (prov.) to rumble, of the stomach.--n. a rumbling, a feeling of nausea.--adj. WAM'BLE-CROPPED, sick at stomach.

WAME, w[=a]m, n. a provincial form of womb.--n. WAME'-TOW, a belly-band, girth.

WAMMUS, wam'us, n. (U.S.) a warm knitted jacket.

WAMPISH, wom'pish, v.t. (Scot.) to brandish, flourish.

WAMPUM, wom'pum, n. the North American Indian name for shells or beads used as money.--WAMPUM PEAG (wom'pum p[=e]g), lit. 'white strung beads,' strings of wampum.

WAN, won, adj. faint: wanting colour: pale and sickly: languid: gloomy, dark.--v.i. to become wan.--adv. WAN'LY.--n. WAN'NESS.--adj. WAN'NISH, somewhat wan. [A.S. wann, dark, lurid; but perh. conn, with A.S. wan, deficient.]

WAN, wan, old pa.t. of win.

WANCHANCY, won-chan'si, adj. (Scot.) unlucky, wicked. [Old pfx. wan-, still Seen in wanton (q.v.).]

WAND, wond, n. a long slender rod: a rod of authority, or of conjurers.--adj. WAND'Y, long and flexible. [Ice. vöndr, a shoot of a tree; Dan. vaand.]

WANDER, won'd[.e]r, v.i. to ramble with no definite object: (lit. or fig.) to go astray: to leave home; to depart from the subject: to be delirious: (coll.) to lose one's way.--v.t. to traverse: (coll.) to lead astray.--n. WAN'DERER.--adj. WAN'DERING.--adv. WAN'DERINGLY, in a wandering, uncertain, or unsteady manner.--WANDERING JEW, a legendary Jew in the folklore of north-western Europe who cannot die but must wander till the Day of Judgment, for an insult offered to Christ on the way to the Crucifixion--various names given him are Cartaphilus, Isaac Laquedom, and Buttadeus. [A.S. wandrian; Ger. wandern; allied to wend, and to wind, to turn round.]

WANDEROO, won-de-r[=oo]', n. a catarrhine monkey, a native of the Malabar coast of India. [Cingalese.]

WANDLE, won'dl, adj. (prov.) supple, pliant, nimble.

WANDOO, won'd[=oo], n. the white-gum of Western Australia.

WANE, w[=a]n, v.i. to decrease, esp. of the moon--opp. to Wax: to decline, to fail.--n. decline: decrease. [A.S. wanian (Ice. vana), to decrease--wan, deficient, lacking.]

WANG, wang, n. (obs.) the jaw.--n. WANG'-TOOTH, a grinder. [A.S. wange, cheek.]

WANHOPE, won'h[=o]p, n. (obs.) despair.

WANION, wan'yon, n. (obs. or Scot.) found only in phrases--e.g. WITH A WANION, bad luck to you: with a vengeance, vehemently. [Prob. conn. with wane, to decline.]

WANKLE, wang'kl, adj. (prov.) unstable, not to be depended on.

WANNISH, won'ish, adj. See WAN.

WANRESTFUL, won-rest'fool, adj. (Scot.) restless. [Wan-, negative pfx., and restful.]

WANT, wont, n. state of being without anything: absence of what is needful or desired: poverty: scarcity: need.--v.t. to be destitute of: to need: to dispense with: to feel need of: to fall short: to wish for.--v.i. to be deficient: to fall short: to be in need.--n. WAN'TAGE, deficiency.--adj. WAN'TED, sought after, being searched for.--n. WAN'TER, one who wants.--adj. WAN'TING, absent: deficient: (obs.) poor.--prep. except.--n. WANT'-WIT (Shak.), a fool. [Scand., Ice. vant, neut. of vanr, lacking; cog. with wane.]

WANTHRIVEN, won-thriv'n, adj. (Scot.) decayed.

WANTON, won'tun, adj. moving or playing loosely: roving in sport: frisky: wandering from rectitude: licentious: running to excess: unrestrained: irregular.--n. a wanton or lewd person, esp. a female: a trifler.--v.i. to ramble without restraint: to frolic: to play lasciviously.--adv. WAN'TONLY.--n. WAN'TONNESS. [M. E. wantowen, from pfx. wan-, sig. want, A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of teón, to draw, lead; cf. Ger. ungezogen, rude.]

WANTY, won'ti, n. (prov.) a leather strap, wagon-rope.

WAP, wop, v.t. (coll.) to strike, drub: to flap.--n. a smart blow. [Whop.]

WAP, wop, v.t. (obs.) to wrap, bind.--n. a bundle.

WAPACUT, wop'a-kut, n. a large white American owl.

WAPENSHAW, wap'n-shaw, n.=Wapinschaw.

WAPENTAKE, wap'n-t[=a]k, n. a name given in Yorkshire to the territorial divisions of the county, similar to the hundreds of southern counties and the wards of more northern counties, so called from the inhabitants being formerly taught the use of arms. [A.S. wæpen-getæc, lit. 'weapon-taking.']

WAPINSCHAW, wap'n-shaw, n. in ancient Scottish usage, a periodical gathering of the people within various areas for the purpose of seeing that each man was armed in accordance with his rank, and ready to take the field when required. The name is sometimes revived for volunteer meetings and shooting competitions.--v.i. to hold a wapinschaw.--ns. WAP'INSCHAWING, WAP'ENSHAWING. [Lit., 'weapon-show.']

WAPITI, wop'i-ti, n. a species of deer of large size, native to North America--often called elk and gray moose, though very different from the true elk or moose-deer.

WAPPENED, wop'nd, adj. (Shak.) a word of doubtful meaning--perh. a misprint for weeping.

WAPPER, wap'[.e]r, n. a gudgeon.

WAPPER, wap'[.e]r, v.i. to move tremulously.--adj. WAPP'ER-EYED, blinking.

WAPPER-JAW, wap'[.e]r-jaw, n. a projecting under-jaw.--adj. WAPP'ER-JAWED.

WAPPET, wap'et, n. a yelping cur.

WAR, wawr, n. a state of opposition or contest: a contest between states carried on by arms: open hostility: the profession of arms: (rare) army, warlike preparations, warlike outfit.--v.i. to make war: to contend: to fight:--pr.p. war'ring; pa.t. and pa.p. warred.--ns. WAR'-CRY, a cry or signal used in war; WAR'-DANCE, a dance engaged in by some savage tribes before going to war; WAR'F[=A]RE, armed contest, military life; WAR'F[=A]RER; WAR'F[=A]RING; WAR'-HORSE, a charger, a horse used in battle.--adj. WAR'LIKE, fond of war, pertaining to or threatening war: martial, military.--ns. WAR'LIKENESS; WAR'MAN (rare), a warrior.--adj. WAR'-MARKED (Shak.), experienced in war.--ns. WAR'-MONG'ER (Spens.), a mercenary soldier; WAR'-OFF'ICE, the English military bureau or department; WAR'-PAINT, paint applied to the face and person by savages, indicating that they are going to war: (slang) full-dress, equipment; WAR'-PATH, among the Red Indians, the path followed on a military expedition, the expedition itself; WAR'-PROOF (rare), fitness to be a soldier; WAR'RIOR, a soldier, a veteran:--fem. WAR'RIORESS (rare); WAR'-SHIP, a vessel for war; WAR'-SONG, a song sung by men about to fight: a song celebrating brave deeds in war; WAR'-TAX, a tax levied for purposes of war; WAR'-THOUGHT (Shak.), martial deliberation.--adjs. WAR'-WAST'ED, laid waste or ravaged by war; WAR'-WEA'RIED, -WORN, wearied, worn, with military service--of a veteran.--ns. WAR'-WHOOP, a cry uttered by savages on going into battle; WAR'-WOLF, a medieval military engine used in defending fortresses; MAN'-OF-WAR (see MAN).--WAR DEPARTMENT, in Great Britain, a department of the state under a Cabinet Minister, the Secretary of State for War, assisted by a permanent and a parliamentary under-secretary, having control of everything connected with the army; WAR OF LIBERATION, the war of independence carried on by Prussia, with the help of Russia and Great Britain, against Napoleon in 1813.--DECLARATION OF WAR, that public announcement of war by a duly organised state or kingdom which is necessary to constitute an enemy; DECLARE WAR, to announce war publicly; HOLY WAR (see HOLY); MAKE WAR, to carry on hostilities; NAPOLEONIC WARS, a general name for the wars of France dating from the campaigns of Napoleon in Italy (1796) to his overthrow in 1815; PRIVATE WAR, warfare waged between persons in their individual capacity, as by duelling, family feuds, &c.; SACRED WARS, in ancient Greek history, wars against states judged guilty of sacrilege by the Amphictyonic Council; SEVEN WEEKS' WAR, or SEVEN DAYS' WAR, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. [A.S. werre, influenced by O. Fr. werre (Fr. guerre), which is from Old High Ger. werra, quarrel.]

WAR, wawr, adj. (Spens.) worse.--v.t. (Scot.) to defeat.

WARBLE, wawr'bl, v.i. to sing in a quavering way, or with variations: to chirp as birds do.--v.t. to sing in a vibratory manner: to utter musically: to carol.--n. a quavering modulation of the voice: a song.--n. WAR'BLER, one that warbles: a songster: a singing-bird: any bird of the family Sylviidæ, the Fauvettes--nightingale, redbreast, stonechat, wheatear, whitethroat, &c., also the reed-warbler, &c.: in bagpipe music an ornamental group of grace-notes, introduced to glide from one passage to the other; WAR'BLING.--adv. WAR'BLINGLY. [O. Fr. werbler, to warble, make turns with the voice--Old High Ger. werban; cf. A.S. hweorfan, to turn (Ger. wirbeln), to make a turn.]

WARBLE, wawr'bl, n. a small hard swelling on a horse's back, caused by the galling of the saddle: a tumour caused by the gadfly, &c.--n. WAR'BLE-FLY, a fly causing warbles. [Other forms are wormil, wornal; ety. dub.]

WARD, wawrd, v.t. to guard or take care of: to keep in safety: to keep away, fend off (with off).--v.i. to act on the defensive.--n. act of warding, watch: those whose business is to ward or defend: state of being guarded: means of guarding: one who is under a guardian: a division of a city, hospital, county, (B.) army, &c.: that which guards a lock or hinders any but the right key from opening it: (B.) guard, prison: a defensive movement in fencing.--ns. WARD'EN, one who wards or guards: a keeper, especially a public officer appointed for the naval or military protection of some particular district of country: the head of a school, college, &c.; WARD'ENRY (rare), the district in charge of a warden; WARD'ENSHIP, the office of a warden; WARD'ER, one who wards or keeps: a staff of authority; WARD'-MOTE, a meeting of a ward, or of a court of a ward, which has power to inquire into and present defaults in matters relating to watch, police, &c.; WARD'ROBE, a room or portable closet for robes or clothes: wearing apparel; WARD'-ROOM, a room used as a messroom by the officers of a war-ship; WARD'SHIP, the office of a ward or guardian: state of being under a guardian: in English feudal law, the guardianship which the feudal lord had of the land of his vassal while the latter was an infant or minor.--WARD IN CHANCERY, a minor under the protection of the Court of Chancery.--WARDEN OF THE CINQUE PORTS, the governor of the Cinque Ports, having the authority of an admiral and the power to hold a court of admiralty; WARDEN OF THE MARCHES, officers formerly appointed to keep the districts of England adjoining Scotland and Wales in a state of defence; WARDEN OF THE MINT, formerly the official of the English Mint next in rank to the Master.--PORT WARDEN, the chief officer in a port. [A.S. weardian; Ger. warten, to watch in order to protect.]

WARDEN, wawr'dn, n. a kind of pear.--WARDEN PIE, a pie made of warden pears. [Prob. 'a pear which may be kept long,' from the preceding word.]

WARDIAN, wawr'di-an, adj. denoting a kind of close-fitting glass case for transporting delicate ferns and other such plants, or for keeping them indoors--so named from Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868), the inventor.

WARE, w[=a]r, n. (used generally in pl.) merchandise: commodities: goods.--v.t. (obs.) to expend, lay out.--n. WARE'HOUSE, a house or store for wares or goods.--v.t. to deposit in a warehouse.--ns. WARE'HOUSEMAN, a man who keeps, or is employed in, a warehouse or wholesale store; WARE'HOUSING, the act of depositing goods in a warehouse; WARE'ROOM, a room where goods are exposed for sale.--WAREHOUSING SYSTEM, the plan of allowing importers of dutiable goods to store them in a government warehouse without payment of duties until ready to bring the goods into market.--BENARES WARE, a fine ornamental metal-work made at Benares and other places in India; DELFT WARE (see DELF); SMALL WARE, WARES, textile articles of a small kind--e.g. tape, bindings and braids of cotton, silk, &c.; buttons, hooks, &c.: trifles; TUNBRIDGE WARE, inlaid or mosaic wood-work manufactured at Tunbridge; WEDGWOOD WARE, a superior kind of pottery invented by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), ornamented by white cameo reliefs on a blue ground and the like; WELSH WARE, a yellowish-brown earthenware with a transparent glaze. [A.S. waru, wares; Ger. waare.]

WARE, w[=a]r, adj. aware.--v.t. to take care of. [Wary.]

WARE, w[=a]r, in B. pa.t. of wear.

WARELESS, w[=a]r'les, adj. (Spens.) unwary, incautious: unperceived.

WARELY, w[=a]r'li, adv. (Spens.) warily.

WARHABLE, wawr'a-bl, adj. (Spens.) fit for war.

WARIATED, w[=a]'ri-[=a]-ted, adj. (her.) varriated.

WARILY, WARINESS, WAREFUL, &c. See WARY.

WARIMENT, w[=a]r'i-ment, n. (Spens.) wariness.

WARISON, WARRISON, war'i-son, n. (obs.) healing: reward--used by Scott erroneously for a note of assault. [O. Fr.,--warir, to guard.]

WARK, wawrk, n. (Spens.) work.

WARLOCK, wawr'lok, n. a sorcerer, a wizard.--n. WAR'LOCKRY, sorcery. [A.S. w['æ]rloga, a breaker of an agreement--w['æ]r, a compact, leógan, to lie.]

WARM, wawrm, adj. having moderate heat, hot: subject to heat: zealous: easily excited: violent: enthusiastic: intimate, close: fresh, of a scent: (coll.) comfortable, well-off: (coll.) indelicate.--v.t. to make warm: to interest: to excite: (coll.) to beat.--v.i. to become warm or ardent.--n. (coll.) a heating.--adj. WARM'-BLOOD'ED, having warm blood: generous, passionate.--n. WAR'MER.--adj. WARM'-HEART'ED, having warm affections: affectionate: hearty.--ns. WARM'-HEART'EDNESS; WAR'MING, act of warming: (slang) a beating; WAR'MING-PAN, a covered pan, with a long handle, for holding live-coals to warm a bed: a person put into a situation to hold it till another is able to take it.--adv. WARM'LY.--ns. WARM'NESS; WARMTH, moderate heat: geniality: earnestness, moderate or growing anger: the bright effect of warm colours.--WARM COLOURS (paint.), colours of which the basis is yellow or red. [A.S. wearm; Ger. warm.]

WARN, wawrn, v.t. to make wary or aware: to put on ward or guard: to give notice of danger: to caution against: to admonish: (Spens.) to defend.--ns. WAR'NER; WAR'NING, caution against danger, &c.: admonition: previous notice: notice to quit, notice of the termination of an engagement, &c.: summons, call.--adj. of threatening aspect.--adv. WAR'NINGLY. [A.S. warnian; cf. Ice. varna, to warn, forbid, Ger. warnen; allied to ward, beware, wary.]

WARP, wawrp, v.t. to turn: to twist out of shape: to turn from the right course: to pervert: to move a vessel by hauling on warps or ropes attached to buoys, other ships, anchors, &c.: to improve land by distributing on it, by means of embankments, canals, flood-gates, &c., the alluvial mud brought down by rivers: (rare) to change.--v.i. to be twisted out of a straight direction: to bend: to swerve: to move with a bending motion.--n. alluvial sediment: the threads stretched out lengthwise in a loom to be crossed by a woof: a rope used in towing.--adj. WARPED, twisted by shrinking: perverted.--ns. WAR'PER; WAR'PING; WAR'PING-BANK, a bank to retain water in the process of warping land; WAR'PING-HOOK, a ropemakers' hook used in twisting rope-yarns; WAR'PING-POST, a post in a rope-walk, used in warping rope-yarn. [A.S. weorpan, werpan; Ger. werfen, to cast; conn. with Ice. varpa, to throw--varp, a casting, a throw with a net.]

WARRAGAL, war'a-gal, n. the Australian dingo: an Australian horse run wild.--Also WAR'RI-GAL.

WARRANT, wor'ant, v.t. to guarantee or make secure: to give assurance against harm to: to authorise: to maintain: to assure.--n. that which warrants or authorises: a commission giving authority: a writ for arresting a person or for carrying a judgment into execution: security: in the army and navy, a writ or authority inferior to a commission: in coal-mining, under-clay.--n. WARR'ANDICE (Scot.), warranty, a clause in a deed by which the grantor binds himself to make good to the grantee the right conveyed.--adj. WARR'ANTABLE, authorised by warrant or right: justifiable: of sufficient age to be hunted.--n. WARR'ANTABLENESS.--adv. WARR'ANTABLY.--adj. WARR'ANTED.--ns. WARR'ANTEE, one to whom warrant is given; WARR'ANTER, -OR, one who warrants; WARR'ANTING; WARR'ANTISE (Shak.), warrant, authority: promise; WARR'ANT-OFF'ICER, in the army and navy, an officer holding a warrant, being the highest rank open to seamen and ordinary soldiers under ordinary circumstances; WARR'ANTY, a legal warrant or deed of security: a guarantee: authority.--WARRANT OF ARREST, ATTACHMENT, a writ authorising the arrest of a person or the seizure of property.--DISTRESS WARRANT, warrant authorising distraining of goods; GENERAL WARRANT, a warrant directed against suspected persons generally; GENERAL WARRANTY, a warranty against the claims of all and every person; JUSTICE'S WARRANT, warrant of a justice of the peace to arrest a suspected criminal; SPECIAL WARRANTY, warrant against the claims of a particular person. [O. Fr. warantir (Fr. garantir), perh. conn. with warir, to defend--Old High Ger. warjan, werjan.]

WARRAY, wawr'[=a], v.t. (Spens.) to make war upon.

WARRE, wor, adj. (Spens.) worse.

WARREN, wor'en, n. a piece of ground kept for breeding game or rabbits: (law) a right of enclosure (extending to hares, rabbits, partridges, &c.) by prescription or grant from the Crown.--n. WARR'ENER, the keeper of a warren. [O. Fr. warenne (Fr. garenne)--warir, to defend.]

WART, wawrt, n. a small, hard excrescence on the skin: a protuberance on trees.--adj. WART'ED.--n. WART'-HOG, a kind of hog found in Africa, having a very large head and the cheeks furnished with large wart-like excrescences.--adj. WART'LESS.--ns. WART'WEED, the sun-spurge; WART'WORT, a common name for certain lichens having a warty thallus: the wart-cress or swine-cress, the cud-weed.--adj. WART'Y, like a wart: overgrown with warts. [A.S. wearte; Ger. warze; prob. allied to L. verruca.]

WARTH, wawrth, n. (prov.) a ford.

WARY, w[=a]'ri, adj. warding or guarding against deception, &c.: cautious.--adj. WARE'FUL, careful.--n. WARE'FULNESS.--adv. W[=A]'RILY.--n. W[=A]'RINESS. [Longer form of ware (2). See AWARE.]

WAS, woz, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. wæs, w['æ]re--wesan, to remain, be; Goth. wisan, pa.t. was, to remain; Ice. vera, pa.t. var.]

WASE, w[=a]z, n. (prov.) a wisp of hay, straw, &c.: a pad on the head to ease the pressure of a burden.

WASE-GOOSE. See WAYGOOSE.

WASH, wosh, v.t. to cleanse with water: to overflow: to waste away by the action of water: to cover with a thin coat of metal or paint: in mining, to separate from earth by means of water.--v.i. to cleanse one's self, to cleanse clothes with water: to stand water, of clothes: (coll.) to stand the test.--n. a washing: the break of waves on the shore: the rough water left behind by a moving vessel: the shallow part of a river or arm of the sea: a marsh or fen: alluvial matter: waste liquor, refuse of food, &c.: that with which anything is washed: a lotion: a thin coat of paint, metal, &c.: (slang) a fictitious kind of sale of stock or other securities between parties of one interest, or by a broker who is at once the buyer and the seller, and who minds his own interest rather than that of his clients.--adj. WASH'ABLE.--ns. WASH'-BALL, a ball of toilet-soap; WASH'-B[=A]'SIN, -BOWL, WASH'HAND B[=A]'SIN, a bowl in which to wash face and hands; WASH'-BOARD, a corrugated board for rubbing clothes on in washing: a thin plank placed on a boat's gunwale to prevent the sea from breaking over: a board round the bottom of the walls of a room; WASH'-BOTT'LE, a bottle used by chemists for washing chemical preparations and instruments; WASH'-CLOTH, a piece of cloth used in washing; WASH'-DIRT, earth rich enough in metal to pay for washing; WASH'ER, one who washes: a flat ring of iron or leather between the nave of a wheel and the linch-pin, under the head of a screw, &c.--v.t to lift with washers; WASH'ERMAN, a man who washes clothes, esp. for hire:--fem. WASH'ERWOMAN; WASH'-GILD'ING, a gilding made with an amalgam of gold from which the mercury is driven off by heat, leaving a coating of gold; WASH'-HOUSE, WASH'ING-HOUSE, a house for washing clothes in; WASH'INESS, state of being watery, weakness, worthlessness; WASH'ING, the act of cleansing by water: the clothes washed, esp. at one time: what is washed; WAS'HING-MACHINE', a machine for washing clothes; WASH'ING-POW'DER, a powdered preparation used in washing clothes; WASH'ING-UP, WASH'-UP, cleaning up; WASH'-LEATH'ER, split sheepskin prepared with oil in imitation of chamois, and used for household purposes: buff leather for regimental belts.--adj. WASH'-OFF, that will not stand washing.--ns. WASH'-OUT, an erosion of earth by the action of water, the hole made by such; WASH'-POT, a vessel for washing; WASH'-STAND, WASH'HAND STAND, a piece of furniture for holding ewer, basin, and other requisites for washing a person; WASH'-TUB, a tub for washing clothes.--adj. WASH'Y, watery, moist: thin, feeble.--n. RAIN'-WASH, a washing away by the force of rain: a deposit formed by rain. [A.S. wascan; Ice. vaska, Ger. waschen.]

WASHINGTONIA, wosh-ing-t[=o]'ni-a, n. a Californian genus of palms, valued for ornament in lawns--from George Washington (1732-99).

WASP, wosp, n. a popular name for Hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Vespidæ, or to closely related families--(Wasps are generally more slender and much less hairy than bees, and their stinging organ--an ovipositor--resembles that of bees in structure and mode of action): a petulant and spiteful person.--adjs. WAS'PISH, like a wasp: having a slender waist like a wasp: quick to resent an affront; WAS'PISH-HEAD'ED (Shak.), passionate.--adv. WAS'PISHLY.--n. WAS'PISHNESS.--adjs. WASP'-TONGUED (Shak.), biting in tongue, shrewish; WASP'-WAIST'ED, very slender waisted, laced tightly; WAS'PY, waspish. [A.S. wæsp, wæps; Ger. wespe, L. vespa.]

WASSAIL, wos'[=a]l, n. the salutation uttered in drinking a person's health, a festive occasion: a drunken bout: a liquor consisting of ale with roasted apples, sugar, nutmeg, and toast, once much used on festive occasions.--v.i. to hold a wassail or merry drinking-meeting: to drink to the health of.--ns. WASS'AIL-BOUT, a carouse; WASS'AIL-BOWL, -CUP, a cup from which healths were drunk; WASS'AILER, one who wassails or drinks wassail: a reveller. [A.S. wes hál, 'may you be in health,' the salutation used in pledging another, which the Normans transferred to mean 'a carousal.']

WASSERMAN, wos'[.e]r-man, n. (Spens.) a sea-monster, shaped like a man. [Ger. wasser, water, mann, man.]

WAST, wost, pa.t. 2d pers. sing. of the verb be.

WASTE, w[=a]st, adj. empty, desert: desolate: useless, vain: stripped: lying unused: unproductive.--v.t. to lay waste or make desolate: to destroy: to wear out gradually: to squander: to diminish: to impair.--v.i. to be diminished: to dwindle: to be consumed.--n. act of wasting: useless expenditure: superfluous material, stuff left over: loss: destruction: that which is wasted or waste: uncultivated country: desert: refuse, as of coal, &c.: decay, decline: (law) natural but permanent injury to the inheritance.--ns. W[=A]S'TAGE, loss by use, natural decay; WASTE'-BAS'KET, WASTE'PAPER-BAS'KET, a basket for holding useless scraps of paper; WASTE'-BOOK, a book in which merchants make entries of transactions in order as they occur, and for a temporary purpose.--adj. WASTE'FUL, full of waste: destructive: lavish: (Spens.) desolate.--adv. WASTE'FULLY.--ns. WASTE'FULNESS; WASTE'-GATE, a gate for discharging surplus water from a dam, &c.; W[=A]S'TEN (Spens.), a desert; WASTE'NESS (B.), devastation; WASTE'-PIPE, a pipe for carrying off waste or surplus water; W[=A]S'TER, one who or that which wastes: a spendthrift: a destroyer: an article spoilt in the making.--adj. W[=A]S'TING, devastating: enfeebling--(WASTING INVESTMENTS, stocks redeemable on a certain date at a fixed price, for which a premium above the redemption price is paid).--ns. W[=A]S'TING, devastation; W[=A]S'TREL, refuse: anything neglected, a neglected child: (dial.) a profligate; W[=A]S'TRY (Scot.), prodigality.--adj. improvident.--WASTE LANDS, uncultivated and unprofitable tracts in populous and cultivated countries; WASTE TIME, to employ time unprofitably or not at all.--RUN TO WASTE, to become incapable or useless.--UTILISATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS, the putting to other use of such material as is rendered either wholly or partially useless in the manufacture of articles and products--e.g. waste-silk is now a valuable raw material for a large spun-silk industry. [O. Fr. wast, gaste--L. vastus, waste; cf. A.S. wéste, Ger. wüst, desolate.]

WASTEL-BREAD, w[=a]s'tel-bred, n. bread made from the finest of the flour. [O. Fr. wastel, pastry--Old High Ger. wastel, a cake, and bread.]

WASTER, w[=a]s't[.e]r, n. a wooden sword for practising fencing with: (Scot.) a leister.--PLAY AT WASTERS, to practise fencing. [Ety. dub.]

WAT, wot, n. (Shak.) a hare.

WAT, wot, adj. (Scot.) drunken. [Wet.]

WATCH, woch, n. act of looking out: close observation: guard: one who watches or those who watch: a sentry: a pocket timepiece: the place where a guard is kept: a division of the night: time of watching, esp. in a ship, a division of a ship's crew into two or three sections, so that one set of men may have charge of the vessel while the others rest. (The day and night are divided into watches of four hours each, except the period from 4 to 8 P.M., which is divided into two dog-watches of two hours' duration each).--v.i. to look with attention: to keep guard: to look out: to attend the sick by night: to inspect, keep guard over (with over).--v.t. to keep in view: to give heed to: to have in keeping: to guard: to wait for, detect by lying in wait: (Shak.) to keep from sleep.--ns. WATCH'-BILL, a list of the officers and crew of a ship, as divided into watches, with their several stations; WATCH'-BOX, a sentry-box; WATCH'CASE, the outer case of a watch: (Shak.) a sentry-box; WATCH'-CLOCK, a watchman's clock; WATCH'-DOG, a dog kept to guard premises and property; WATCH'ER, one who watches; WATCH'-FIRE, a night-fire acting as a signal: a fire for the use of a watching-party, sentinels, scouts, &c.--adj. WATCH'FUL, careful to watch or observe: attentive: circumspect: cautious.--adv. WATCH'FULLY.--ns. WATCH'FULNESS; WATCH'-GLASS, a sand-glass: the glass covering of the face of a watch; WATCH'-GUARD, a watch-chain of any material; WATCH'-GUN, a gun fired at the changing of the watch, as on a ship; WATCH'-HOUSE, a house in which a guard is placed: a lock-up, detaining office; WATCH'-JEW'EL, a jewel used in the works of a watch for lessening friction; WATCH'-KEY, a key for winding a watch; WATCH'-LIGHT, a light used for watching or sitting up in the night; WATCH'-M[=A]K'ER, one who makes and repairs watches; WATCH'-M[=A]K'ING; WATCH'MAN, a man who watches or guards, esp. the streets of a city at night; WATCH'-MEET'ING, a religious meeting to welcome in the New Year, held on the night before, called the WATCH'-NIGHT; WATCH'-OFF'ICER, the officer in charge of the ship during a watch, also called OFFICER OF THE WATCH; WATCH'-P[=A]'PER, a round piece of paper, often decorated, put inside the outer case of a watch to prevent rubbing; WATCH'-POCK'ET, a small pocket for holding a watch; WATCH'-SPRING, the mainspring of a watch; WATCH'-TOW'ER, a tower on which a sentinel is placed to watch or keep guard against the approach of an enemy; WATCH'WORD, the password to be given to a watch or sentry: any signal: a maxim, rallying-cry.--WATCH AND WARD, the old custom of watching by night and by day in towns and cities: uninterrupted vigilance.--THE BLACK WATCH, the 42d and 73d Regiments, now the 1st and 2d Battalions of the Black Watch or Royal Highlanders. [A.S. wæcce--wacan, wake.]

WATCHET, woch'et, adj. (Spens.) pale-blue. [M. E. wachet, perh. conn. ultimately with woad.]

WATER, waw't[.e]r, n. in a state of purity, at ordinary temperatures, a clear transparent liquid, perfectly neutral in its reaction, and devoid of taste or smell: any collection of such, as the ocean, a lake, river, &c.: mineral water: tears: saliva: eye-water: urine: transparency, lustre, as of a diamond: (pl.) waves.--v.t. to wet, overflow, or supply with water: to wet and press so as to give a wavy appearance to: to increase the nominal capital of a company by the issue of new shares without a corresponding increase of actual capital.--v.i. to shed water: to gather saliva, noting strong craving: to take in water.--ns. WA'TERAGE, money paid for a journey by water; WA'TER-BAG, the bag-like compartment in which the camel stores water; WA'TER-BAIL'IFF, a custom-house officer who inspects ships on reaching or leaving a port: a person appointed to guard the fish in a protected piece of water; WA'TER-BAROM'ETER, a barometer in which water is substituted for mercury; WA'TER-BARR'EL, -CASK, a barrel, cask, for holding water; WA'TER-BATH, a bath composed of water: a vessel containing warm water used for chemical purposes; WA'TER-BATT'ERY, a voltaic battery in which the electrolyte is water: (fort.) a battery nearly on a level with the water; WA'TER-BEAR'ER, one who carries water: (astron.) a sign of the zodiac; WA'TER-BED, an india-rubber mattress filled with water, used by invalids to prevent bed-sores; WA'TER-BELL'OWS, a form of blower used in gas-machines, and formerly to supply a blast for furnaces; WA'TER-BIRD, a bird that frequents the water; WA'TER-BIS'CUIT, a biscuit made of flour and water; WA'TER-BLINK, a spot of cloud hanging over open water in arctic regions; WA'TER-BOAT, a boat carrying water in bulk to supply ships; WA'TER-BOAT'MAN, a kind of aquatic bug.--adj. WA'TER-BORNE, conveyed in a boat.--ns. WA'TER-BOTT'LE, a glass, rubber, &c. bottle for carrying water; WA'TER-BRASH, an affection consisting of a hot sensation in the stomach with eructations of an acrid burning liquid; WA'TER-BREAK, a ripple; WA'TER-BROSE (Scot.), brose made of meal and water alone; WA'TER-BUCK, an African water-antelope; WA'TER-BUG, a species of hemipterous insects found in ponds and still water; WA'TER-BUTT, a large barrel for rain-water, usually kept out of doors; WA'TER-CARR'IAGE, carriage or conveyance by water; WA'TER-CART, a cart for conveying water, esp. for the purpose of watering streets or roads; WA'TER-CELL, one of several small paunches in a camel used for storing water: a voltaic cell containing pure water; WA'TER-CEMENT', hydraulic cement; WA'TER-CHEST'NUT (Marron d'eau), the name given in France to the edible seeds of the Trapa natans; WA'TER-CLOCK, a clock which is made to go by the fall of water; WA'TER-CLOS'ET, a closet used as a privy, in which the discharges are carried off by water; WA'TER-COCK, the kora, a large East Indian gallinule; WA'TER-COL'OUR, a colour or pigment diluted with water and gum, instead of oil: a painting in such a colour or colours; WA'TER-COL'OURIST, a painter in water-colours; WA'TER-COOL'ER, a machine for cooling water or for keeping water cool; WA'TER-CORE, an apple with watery-looking core: in founding, a hollow core through which water may be passed; WA'TERCOURSE, a course or channel for water; WA'TER-CRAFT, boats plying on the water; WA'TER-CRANE, a crane for turning water from a railway-tank into a locomotive tender; WA'TER-CRESS, a small plant growing in watery places, much esteemed as a salad, and used as a preventive of scurvy; WA'TER-CURE, medical treatment by means of water; WA'TER-DECK, a decorated canvas cover for a dragoon's saddle; WA'TER-DEER, a small Chinese musk-deer of aquatic habits: in Africa, one of the chevrotains; WA'TER-DOC'TOR, a hydropathist: one who divines diseases from the urine; WA'TER-DOG, a dog accustomed to the water: a variety of the common dog valuable to sportsmen in hunting water-fowl on account of its aquatic habits: (coll.) an experienced sailor: (pl.) small irregular floating clouds supposed to indicate rain; WA'TER-DRAIN, a channel through which water runs; WA'TER-DRAIN'AGE; WA'TER-DRINK'ER, a drinker of water: a teetotaler; WA'TER-DROP, a drop of water: a tear; WA'TER-DROP'WORT, a genus of umbelliferous plants.--adj. WA'TERED, marked with wavy lines like those made by water--(WATERED STOCKS, a term applied to securities whose nominal amount has been increased without any corresponding payment in cash).--ns. WA'TER-EL'EVATOR, a device for raising water to a level: a lift that works by water; WA'TER-EN'GINE, an engine for raising water: an engine for extinguishing fires; WA'TERER, one who waters: a vessel for watering with; WA'TERFALL, a fall or perpendicular descent of a body of water: a cataract or cascade: (coll.) a neck-tie, a chignon; WA'TER-FLAG, the yellow iris; WA'TER-FLEA, the common name for minute aquatic crustaceans; WA'TER-FLOOD, an inundation; WA'TER-FLOW, current of water.--adj. WA'TER-FLOW'ING, streaming.--ns. WA'TER-FLY, an aquatic insect: (Shak.) an insignificant, troublesome person; WA'TER-FOWL, a fowl that frequents water; WA'TER-FRAME, Arkwright's spinning-frame, which was driven by water; WA'TER-GALL, a watery appearance in the sky accompanying the rainbow: a pit or cavity made by a torrent of water; WA'TER-GAS, a gas partly derived from the decomposition of steam; WA'TER-GATE, a flood-gate: a gate admitting to a river or other body of water; WA'TER-GAUGE, -GAGE, an instrument for gauging or measuring the quantity or height of water; WA'TER-GILDING=Wash-gilding; WA'TER-GLASS, a water-clock: an instrument for making observations beneath the surface of water: soluble glass; WA'TER-GOD, a deity presiding over some tract of water; WA'TER-GRU'EL, gruel made of water and meal, &c., eaten without milk; WA'TER-GUARD, river, harbour, or coast police; WA'TER-HAMM'ER, the noise made by the sudden stoppage of moving water in a pipe: an air vacuum containing some water: (med.) a metal hammer heated in water and applied to the skin as a counter-irritant; WA'TER-HEN, the moorhen; WA'TER-HOLE, a reservoir for water, a water-pool; WA'TERINESS; WA'TERING, act of one who waters: the art or process of giving a wavy, ornamental appearance; WA'TERING-CALL, a cavalry trumpet-signal to water horses; WA'TERING-CAN, -POT, a vessel used for watering plants; WA'TERING-HOUSE, a place where cab-horses are watered; WA'TERING-PLACE, a place where water may be obtained: a place to which people resort to drink mineral water, for bathing, &c.; WA'TERING-TROUGH, a trough in which horses and cattle drink.--adj. WA'TERISH, resembling, abounding in, water: somewhat watery: thin.--ns. WA'TERISHNESS; WA'TER-JACK'ET, a casing containing water placed around anything to keep it cool--also WA'TER-BOX and WA'TER-MAN'TLE; WA'TER-KEL'PIE, a malignant water-spirit, generally in the form of a horse, which delights to drown unwary travellers; WA'TER-LEM'ON, a species of passion-flower; WA'TER-LENS, a simple lens formed by placing a few drops of water in a small brass cell with blackened sides and a glass bottom.--adj. WA'TERLESS, lacking water.--ns. WA'TER-LEV'EL, the level formed by the surface of still water: a levelling instrument in which water is used; WA'TER-LIL'Y, a name commonly given to the different species of Nymphæa and Nuphar, and also of Nelumbium, all genera of the natural order Nymphæaceæ, and indeed often extended to all the plants of that order--of the three British species all have heart-shaped leaves, floating on the water; WA'TER-LINE, the line on a ship to which the water rises: a water-mark.--adj. WA'TER-LOGGED, rendered log-like or unmanageable from being filled with water.--ns. WA'TER-LOT, a lot of ground which is under water; WA'TER-MAIN, a great subterranean pipe supplying water in cities; WA'TERMAN, a man who plies a boat on water for hire: a boatman: a ferryman: a neat oarsman; WA'TERMANSHIP, oarsmanship; WA'TERMARK, a mark showing the height to which water has risen: a tide-mark: a mark wrought into paper, denoting its size or its manufacturer.--v.t. to mark with water-marks.--ns. WA'TER-MEAD'OW, a meadow periodically overflowed by a stream; WA'TER-MEL'ON, a plant having a spherical, pulpy, pleasantly flavoured fruit, the fruit itself; WA'TER-ME'TER, an instrument measuring the quantity of water passing through it: an instrument for measuring evaporation; WA'TER-MILL, a mill driven by water; WA'TER-MOLE, the desman: a duck-mole or duck-billed platypus; WA'TER-MONK'EY, an earthenware jar for keeping drinking-water in hot climates, round, with narrow neck--also Monkey-jar; WA'TER-M[=O]'TOR, any water-wheel or turbine, esp. any small motor driven by water under pressure; WA'TER-NIX'Y, a spirit inhabiting water; WA'TER-NYMPH, a Naiad; WA'TER-OU'SEL, the dipper; WA'TER-PARS'NIP, a plant of the aquatic genus Sium--the skirret; WA'TER-PART'ING (same as WATERSHED); WA'TER-PHONE, an instrument for detecting leaks in pipes; WA'TER-PIPE, a pipe for conveying water; WA'TER-PLANE, a plane passing through a vessel when afloat; WA'TER-PLANT, a plant which grows in water; WA'TER-PLATE, a plate having a double bottom and a space for hot water, used to keep food warm; WA'TER-P[=O]'LO, an aquatic game played by swimmers in swimming-baths, at piers, &c., the sides numbering seven each--a goal-keeper, two backs, one half-back, and three forwards; WA'TER-POT, a pot or vessel for holding water; WA'TER-POW'ER, the power of water, employed to move machinery, &c.; WA'TER-POX, varicella; WA'TER-PRIV'ILEGE, the right to the use of water, esp. for machinery.--adj. WA'TERPROOF, proof against water: not permitting water to enter.--n. anything with such qualities: a garment of some waterproof substance, like india-rubber.--ns. WA'TERPROOFING, the act of making any substance impervious to water: the material with which a thing is made waterproof, as caoutchouc; WA'TER-PUMP, a pump for water, used humorously of the eyes; WA'TER-PUR'PIE (Scot.), brook-lime, a species of Veronica; WA'TER-RAIL, the common rail of Europe; WA'TER-RAM, a hydraulic ram; WA'TER-RAT, the popular name of the water-vole: the American musk-rat; WA'TER-RATE, a rate or tax for the supply of water; WA'TER-ROUTE, a stream, lake, &c. used as a means of travel; WA'TER-RUG (Shak.), a kind of dog; WA'TERSHED, the line which separates two river-basins: a district from which several rivers rise; WA'TER-SIDE, the brink of water: the sea-shore; WA'TER-SMOKE, water evaporating as visible mist; WA'TER-SNAKE, a snake frequenting the water; WA'TER-SOL'DIER, an aquatic plant (Stratiotes aloïdes) common in lakes and ditches in the east of England; WA'TER-SPAN'IEL (see SPANIEL); WA'TER-SP[=I]'DER, an aquatic spider; WA'TERSPOUT, a pipe from which water spouts: a moving spout or column of water, often seen at sea, and sometimes on land; WA'TER-SPRIN'KLE (Spens.), a water-pot; WA'TER-SPRITE, a spirit inhabiting the water.--adj. WA'TER-STAND'ING (Shak.), containing water, tearful.--ns. WA'TER-STRID'ER, any aquatic heteropterous insect of the family Hydrobatidæ; WA'TER-SUPPLY', the obtaining and distribution of sufficient water to the inhabitants of a town: the amount of water thus distributed; WA'TER-T[=A]'BLE, a moulding or other projection in the wall of a building to throw off the water; WA'TER-TANK, a tank or cistern for holding water; WA'TER-TAP, a tap or cock used for letting out water; WA'TER-THERMOM'ETER, a thermometer filled with water instead of mercury, and used for showing the point at which water acquires its greatest density; WA'TER-THIEF (Shak.), a pirate.--adj. WA'TER-TIGHT, so tight as not to admit water nor let it escape--(WATER-TIGHT COMPARTMENT, a division of a ship's hull or other sub-aqueous structure so formed that water cannot enter it from any other part; see BULKHEAD).--ns. WA'TER-TUBE, a pipe for rain-water; WA'TER-TWIST, a kind of cotton-twist, first made by the water-frame; WA'TER-V[=I]'OLET, a plant of the genus Hottonia; WA'TER-VOLE, the common European water-rat; WA'TER-WAG'TAIL, a wagtail, the pied wagtail; WA'TER-WAY (naut.) a series of pieces of timber, extending round a ship at the junction of the decks with the sides, pierced by scuppers to carry off the water: a water-route; WA'TERWHEEL, a wheel moved by water: an engine for raising water; WA'TERWORK (mostly in pl.) any work or engine by which water is furnished, as to a town, &c.: a textile fabric, used like tapestry: (slang) used humorously of shedding tears.--adj. WA'TER-WORN, worn by the action of water.--n. WA'TER-WRAITH, a water-spirit supposed to portend death.--adj. WA'TERY, pertaining to or like water: thin or transparent: tasteless: weak, vapid: affecting water (of the moon, as governing the tide): (Shak.) eager.--ns. HIGH'-WA'TER, HIGH'-WA'TER-MARK (see HIGH); LOW'-WA'TER (see LOW); LOW'-WA'TER-MARK, the limit of water at low tide: the lowest point of anything.--WATER OF LIFE, spiritual refreshment: (Scot.) whisky; WATER ON THE BRAIN, knee, an accumulation of serous fluid in the cranial cavity, knee-joint; WATERED SILK, silk on which a changeable pattern has been worked by means of pressing and moistening.--ABOVE WATER, out of trouble; AERATED WATER (see AERATE); APOLLINARIS WATER, an agreeable table-water, obtained in Rhenish Prussia; BAG OF WATERS, the foetal membranes, filled with liquor amnii, which dilate the mouth of the womb; CAST A PERSON'S WATER, to examine urine to aid in the diagnosis of disease; DEEP WATER, or WATERS, water too deep for safety, sore trouble, distress; FIRST WATER, the highest degree of fineness in a diamond, &c., hence the highest rank generally; HOLD WATER, to be correct or well-grounded, to stand investigation; HOLY WATER, water used symbolically as a means of purification; LIKE WATER, with the quick, full flow of water: extravagantly, recklessly; MAKE THE MOUTH WATER, to arouse in any one a strong desire for a thing--from the gathering of saliva in the mouth at the prospect of a savoury morsel; MAKE WATER, to micturate; MINERAL WATER (see MINERAL); OIL ON TROUBLED WATERS, anything that allays or assuages, from the effect of pouring oil on rough water; TREAD WATER, to keep the head above water by an up-and-down movement of the feet; UNDER WATER, below the surface; WHITE WATER, breakers, foaming water. [A.S. wæter; Dut. water, Ger. wasser; Gr. hyd[=o]r, L. udus, wet, unda, a wave, Sans. udan, water.]

WATLING STREET, wat'ling strët, n. one of the great Roman highways of Britain, commencing at Dover, passing through Canterbury and Rochester to London, and thence to Chester and York, and northwards in two branches to Carlisle and the Wall in the neighbourhood of Newcastle.

WATT, wot, n. the practical unit of electrical activity or power--from James Watt (1736-1819).

WATTEAU BODICE, wat'[=o] bod'is, n. a bodice with a square opening at the neck resembling the costumes in the paintings of the French artist Antoine Watteau (1684-1721).

WATTLE, wot'l, n. a twig or flexible rod: a hurdle: the fleshy excrescence under the throat of a cock or a turkey: one of various Australian acacias.--v.t. to bind with wattles or twigs: to form by plaiting twigs.--n. WATT'LE-BIRD, a wattled honey-eater of Australia.--adj. WATT'LED, having wattles like a bird.--n. WATT'LING, a construction made by interweaving twigs. [A.S. watel, watul, a hurdle.]

WAUGHT, WAUCHT, w[=a]ht, n. (Scot.) a large draught. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

WAUKRIFE. See WAKE.

WAUL, WAWL, wawl, v.t. to cry as a cat. [Imit.]

WAVE, w[=a]v, n. a ridge on the surface of water swaying or moving backwards and forwards: (poet.) the sea: a state of vibration propagated through a system of particles: inequality of surface: a line or streak like a wave: an undulation: a rush of anything: a gesture.--v.i. to move like a wave: to play loosely: to be moved, as a signal: to fluctuate.--v.t. to move backwards and forwards: to brandish: to waft or beckon: to raise into inequalities of surface.--p.adj. WAVED, showing a wavelike form or outline: undulating: (her.) indented: (nat. hist.) having on the margin a succession of curved segments or incisions.--n. WAVE'-LENGTH, the distance between the crests of adjacent waves.--adj. WAVE'LESS, free from waves: undisturbed.--n. WAVE'LET, a little wave.--adj. WAVE'LIKE.--ns. WAVE'-LINE, the outline, path, of a wave: the surface of the waves: the line made by a wave on the shore; WAVE'-LOAF, a loaf for a wave-offering; WAVE'-M[=O]'TION, undulatory movement; WAVE'-MOULD'ING (archit.), undulating moulding; WAVE'-OFF'ERING, an ancient Jewish custom of moving the hands in succession towards the four points of the compass in presenting certain offerings--opposed to the Heave-offering, in which the hands were only lifted up and lowered.--v.t. W[=A]'VER, to move to and fro: to shake: to falter: to be unsteady or undetermined: to be in danger of falling.--ns. W[=A]'VERER; W[=A]'VERING.--adv. W[=A]'VERINGLY, in a wavering or irresolute manner.--n. W[=A]'VERINGNESS.--adjs. W[=A]'VEROUS, W[=A]'VERY, unsteady.--n. WAVE'SON, goods floating on the sea after a shipwreck.--adj. WAVE'-WORN, worn or washed away by the waves.--ns. W[=A]'VINESS, the state or quality of being wavy; W[=A]'VING.--adj. W[=A]'VY, full of or rising in waves: playing to and fro: undulating.--HOT WAVE, WARM WAVE, a movement of heat or warmth onwards, generally eastward. [A.S. wafian, to wave; cf. Ice. vafra, to waver.]

WAVEY, WAVY, waw'vi, n. the snow-goose.

WAWE, waw, n. (Spens.) a wave.

WAX, waks, n. the name given to some animal and vegetable substances, and even to one or two mineral bodies (e.g. ozokerite), which more or less resemble beeswax both in their appearance and in their physical properties: the fat-like yellow substance produced by bees, and used by them in making their cells: any substance like it, as that in the ear: the substance used to seal letters: that used by shoemakers to rub their thread: in coal-mining, puddled clay: a thick sugary substance made by boiling down the sap of the sugar-maple, and cooling by exposure to the air: (coll.) a passion.--v.t. to smear or rub with wax.--ns. WAX'-BILL, one of various small spermestine seed-eating birds with bills like sealing-wax; WAX'-CHAND'LER, a maker or dealer in wax candles; WAX'-CLOTH, cloth covered with a coating of wax, used for table-covers, &c., a popular name for all oil floorcloths; WAX'-DOLL, a child's doll having the head and bust made of hardened beeswax.--adj. WAX'EN, made of wax, like wax, easily effaced.--ns. WAX'-END, better WAXED END, a strong thread having its end stiffened by shoemakers' wax, so as to go easily through the hole made by the awl; WAX'ER, one who or that which waxes; WAX'-FLOW'ER, a flower made of wax; WAX'INESS, waxy appearance; WAX'ING, a method of putting a finish on dressed leather: the process of stopping out colours in calico-printing; WAX'-IN'SECT, an insect which secretes wax; WAX'-LIGHT, a candle or taper made of wax; WAX'-MOD'ELLING, the process of forming figures in wax; WAX'-MOTH, a bee-moth; WAX'-MYR'TLE, the candle-berry tree; WAX'-PAINT'ING, a kind of painting, the pigments for which are ground with wax and diluted with oil of turpentine; WAX'-PALM, either of two South American palms yielding wax; WAX'-P[=A]'PER, paper prepared by spreading over its surface a thin coating made of white wax and other materials.--adj. WAX'-RED (Shak.), bright-red like sealing-wax.--ns. WAX'TREE, a genus of plants of natural order Hypericaceæ, all whose species yield a yellow resinous juice when wounded, forming when dried the so-called American gamboge; WAX'-WING, a genus of small Passerine birds, so named from most of the species having small red horny appendages, resembling red sealing-wax, on their wings; WAX'WORK, work made of wax, esp. figures or models formed of wax: (pl.) an exhibition of wax figures; WAX'WORKER.--adj. WAX'Y, resembling wax: soft: pallid, pasty: adhesive: (slang) irate, incensed.--WAXY DEGENERATION, a morbid process in which the healthy tissue of various organs is transformed into a peculiar waxy albuminous substance--also amyloid or lardaceous degeneration. [A.S. weax; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs.]

WAX, waks, v.i. to grow or increase, esp. of the moon, as opposed to Wane: to pass into another state.--pa.p. WAX'EN (B.), grown. [A.S. weaxan; Ice. vaxa, Ger. wachsen, L. aug[=e]re, to increase, Gr. auxanein.]

WAY, w[=a], v.t. (Spens.) to weigh, esteem.

WAY, w[=a], n. passage: road: length of space: distance: direction: manner of life: condition, state: advance in life: general manner of acting: means: manner: will: (naut.) progress or motion through the water, headway.--v.i. (Spens.) to journey.--ns. WAY'-BAG'GAGE (U.S.), baggage to be laid down at a way-station; WAY'-BILL, list of passengers and goods carried by a coach; WAY'-BOARD, WEIGH'-BOARD, a thin stratum or seam separating thicker strata; WAY'BREAD, the common plantain.--v.i. WAY'F[=A]RE, to travel on foot.--n. WAY'F[=A]RER, a traveller or passenger.--adj. WAY'F[=A]RING, travelling or passing.--n. WAY'F[=A]RING-TREE, the Viburnum lantana, a large shrub common in British hedges.--adjs. WAY'-G[=O]'ING, departing; WAY'GONE, exhausted by travelling.--v.t. WAY'LAY, to lie in the way for: to watch or lie in ambush for.--n. WAYLAY'ER.--adj. WAY'LESS, without a path.--ns. WAY'-M[=A]K'ER, a pioneer, path-finder; WAY'-MARK, -POST, guide-post; WAY'-PASS'ENGER, one taken up or set down by the way; WAY'-SIDE, the side of a way, path, or highway.--adj. growing or lying near the way-side.--ns. WAY'-SLID'ING (rare), a wandering from the right way; WAY'-ST[=A]'TION, an intermediate station between principal stations on a railway; WAY'-THIS'TLE, the Canada thistle; WAY'-TRAFF'IC, local traffic, as distinguished from through or express traffic; WAY'-TRAIN (U.S.), a train stopping at most of the stations on a line.--adj. WAY'WARD, froward: wilful: irregular.--n. WAY'-WAR'DEN, a keeper of roads.--adv. WAY'WARDLY.--n. WAY'WARDNESS.--adj. WAY'WORN, worn-out by travel.--n. RIGHT'-OF-WAY (see RIGHT).--WAY OF THE CROSS, a series of pictorial representations representing the stages of Christ's progress to Calvary: devotions used in connection with these stages; WAYS AND MEANS, resources: methods of raising money for the carrying on of government.--BE UNDER WAY, HAVE WAY (naut.), to be in progress, as a vessel; BY THE WAY, as we go on; BY WAY OF, as for the purpose of: in character of; COME ONE'S WAY, to come in one's direction; COMMITTEE OF WAYS AND MEANS, the House of Commons in its capacity of raising the supplies; GIVE WAY (see GIVE); GO ONE'S WAY (see GO); GO THE WAY OF ALL THE EARTH, to die; HAVE ONE'S WAY, to carry one's point or wish; IN A SMALL WAY, on a petty scale; IN THE FAMILY WAY (see FAMILY); IN THE WAY, on the way: impeding, obstructing; IN THE WAY OF, in a good position for effecting something: in respect of; LEAD THE WAY, to act as a guide in any movement; MAKE ONE'S WAY, to push one's self forward; MAKE WAY, to give room: to advance; ON THE WAY, in progress; OUT OF THE WAY, so as not to hinder or obstruct: away from the ordinary course: unusual: (Shak.) lost, hidden; PUT ONE'S SELF OUT OF THE WAY, to give one's self trouble; TAKE ONE'S WAY, to set out: to follow one's own inclination or plan; THE WAY, the Christian Religion (Acts ix. 2, &c.). [A.S. weg; Ger. weg, L. via, Sans. vaha, akin to veh[)e]re, to carry.]

WAYGOOSE, w[=a]'g[=oo]s, n. a printers' annual dinner or picnic, formerly one given by an apprentice to his fellow-workmen, at which a _wase-_goose or stubble-goose was the great dish.--Also WASE'-GOOSE, WAYZ'-GOOSE.

WAYMENT, w[=a]-ment', v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to lament, grieve.--n. (Spens.) lamentation, grief. [O. Fr. waimenter--L. lament[=a]ri, to lament.]

WE, w[=e], pron.pl. of I: I and others. [A.S. wé; cog. with Goth. weis, Ger. wir.]

WEAK, w[=e]k, adj. soft: wanting strength and vigour: not able to sustain a great weight: wanting health: easily overcome: feeble of mind: wanting moral or mental force: frail: unsteady: slight or incomplete: having little of the chief ingredient: impressible: inconclusive: (Shak.) inconsiderable: (gram.) of a verb inflected by regular syllabic addition instead of by change of the main vowel: tending downward in price.--adj. WEAK'-BUILT (Shak.), ill-founded.--v.t. WEAK'EN, to make weak: to reduce in strength or spirit.--v.i. to grow weak or weaker.--n. WEAK'ENER, one who or that which weakens.--adjs. WEAK'-EYED, having weak eyes or sight; WEAK'-HAND'ED, powerless; WEAK'-HEAD'ED, having a feeble intellect; WEAK'-HEART'ED (Shak.), of weak or feeble heart or spirit; WEAK'-HINGED, ill-balanced; WEAK'-KNEED, having weak knees: weak in will.--n. WEAK'LING, a weak or feeble creature.--adv. WEAK'LY.--adj. WEAK'-MIND'ED, of feeble powers of mind.--ns. WEAK'-MIND'EDNESS; WEAK'NESS.--adjs. WEAK'-SIGHT'ED, having feeble eyesight; WEAK'-SPIR'ITED, bearing wrong tamely, cowardly.--WEAKER SEX, women; WEAKER VESSEL (see VESSEL).--WEAK SIDE, POINT, that side or point in which a person is most easily influenced or most liable to temptation. [A.S. wác, pliant--wican, to yield; Dut. week, Ice. veikr, Ger. weich.]

WEAL, w[=e]l, n. state of being well: a sound or prosperous state: welfare.--adj. WEAL'-BAL'ANCED (Shak.), explained by Schmidt as kept in a state of just proportion by reasons of state.--n. WEALS'MAN (Shak.), a statesman.--THE PUBLIC, GENERAL, or COMMON WEAL, the well-being, interest, and prosperity of the country. [A.S. wela, wealth, bliss; Ger. wohl.]

WEAL, w[=e]l, n. a form of wale.

WEALD, w[=e]ld, n. any open country.--adj. WEALD'EN, pertaining to the Weald.--n. a geological formation seen in the Weald--viz. the upper oolitic series of rocks.--THE WEALD, a district comprising portions of Kent and Sussex, extending from Folkestone Hill near the Straits of Dover to Beachy Head. [From the root of wild; not directly conn. with A.S. weald, a forest, wold.]

WEALTH, welth, n. large possessions of any kind: riches.--adv. WEALTH'ILY.--n. WEALTH'INESS.--adj. WEALTH'Y, rich: prosperous: well-fed. [An extension of weal.]

WEAN, w[=e]n, v.t. to accustom to nourishment other than the mother's milk: to reconcile to the want of anything: to estrange the affections from any object or habit.--n. (w[=a]n) an infant, a child (Scot.).--ns. WEAN'EL (Spens.), a weanling; WEAN'ING-BRASH, a severe form of diarrhoea, which supervenes, at times, on weaning.--adj. WEAN'LING, newly weaned.--n. a child or animal newly weaned. [A.S. wenian; Ice. venja, Ger. gewöhnen, to accustom, ent-wöhnen, to disuse, to wean.]

WEAPON, wep'un, n. any instrument or organ of offence or defence.--adjs. WEAP'ONED; WEAP'ONLESS, having no weapons.--n. WEAP'ON-SALVE, a salve supposed to cure a wound by being applied to the weapon that made it. [A.S. w['æ]pen; Goth. wepna, arms, Ger. waffen and wappen.]

WEAPON-SCHAW=Wapinschaw (q.v.).

WEAR, w[=a]r, v.t. to carry on the body: to have the appearance of: to consume by use, time, or exposure: to waste by rubbing: to do by degrees: to exhaust, efface: (naut.) to veer.--v.i. to be wasted by use or time: to be spent tediously: to consume slowly: to last under use: (Shak.) to be in fashion, to become accustomed: (naut.) to come round away from the wind: (obs.) to become:--pa.t. w[=o]re; pa.p. w[=o]rn.--n. act of wearing: lessening or injury by use or friction: article worn.--adj. WEAR'ABLE, fit to be worn.--n. WEAR'ER.--p.adj. WEAR'ING, made or designed for wear: consuming, exhausting.--n. the process of wasting by attrition or time: that which is worn, clothes.--ns. WEAR'ING-APPAR'EL, dress; WEAR'-[=I]'RON, a friction-guard.--WEAR AND TEAR, loss by wear or use; WEAR AWAY, to impair, consume; WEAR OFF, to rub off by friction: to diminish by decay: to pass away by degrees; WEAR OUT, to impair by use: to render useless by decay: to consume tediously: to harass. [A.S. werian, to wear; Ice. verja, to cover, Goth. wasjan.]

WEAR, w[=e]r, n. another spelling of weir.

WEAR, w[=e]r, v.t. (obs.) to guard, ward off: to guide. [A.S. werian, to guard, from root of wary.]

WEARISH, w[=e]r'ish, adj. (Spens.) withered, shrunk.

WEARY, w[=e]'ri, adj. worn-out: having the strength or patience exhausted: tired: causing weariness: (prov.) puny.--v.t. to wear out or make weary: to reduce the strength or patience of: to harass.--v.i. to become weary or impatient: to long for.--adjs. WEA'RIED, tired; WEA'RIFUL, wearisome.--adv. WEA'RIFULLY.--adj. WEA'RILESS, incessant.--adv. WEA'RILY.--n. WEA'RINESS.--adj. WEA'RISOME, making weary: tedious.--adv. WEA'RISOMELY.--n. WEA'RISOMENESS.--WEARY OUT, to exhaust. [A.S. wérig, weary.]

WEARY, w[=e]'ri, n. (Scot.) a curse, as in 'weary on you.'

WEASAND, w[=e]'zand, n. the windpipe: the throat. [A.S. wásend; not to be traced to A.S. hwésan (Ice. hvæsa), to wheeze.]

WEASEL, w[=e]'zl, n. a common carnivore belonging to the same genus as the polecat and stoat--the body long and slender--eating rats, frogs, birds, mice, &c.: (Shak.) a lean, hungry fellow.--n. WEA'SEL-COOT, the red-headed smew.--adj. WEA'SEL-FACED, having a lean sharp face. [A.S. wesle; Ger. wiesel.]

WEATHER, weth'[.e]r, n. state of the air as to heat or cold, dryness, wetness, cloudiness, &c.--v.t. to affect by exposing to the air: to sail to the windward of: to gain or pass, as a promontory or cape: to hold out stoutly against difficulties.--v.i. to become discoloured by exposure.--adj. (naut.) toward the wind, windward.--adjs. WEATH'ER-BEAT'EN, distressed or seasoned by the weather; WEATH'ER-BIT'TEN, worn or defaced by exposure to the winds.--n. WEATH'ER-BOARD, the windward side of a ship: a plank in the port of a laid-up vessel placed so as to keep off rain, without preventing air to circulate.--v.t. to fit with such planks.--n. WEATH'ER-BOARD'ING, thin boards placed overlapping to keep out rain: exterior covering of a wall or roof.--adj. WEATH'ER-BOUND, delayed by bad weather.--ns. WEATH'ER-BOX, -HOUSE, a toy constructed on the principle of a barometer, consisting of a house with the figures of a man and wife who come out alternately as the weather is respectively bad or good; WEATH'ER-CLOTH, a tarpaulin protecting boats, hammocks, &c.; WEATH'ERCOCK, a vane (often in the form of a cock) to show the direction of the wind: anything turning easily and often.--v.t. to act as a weathercock for.--p.adj. WEATH'ER-DRIV'EN, driven by winds or storms.--adj. WEATH'ERED (archit.), made slightly sloping, so as to throw off water: (geol.) having the surface altered in colour, form, texture, or composition by the action of the elements.--n. WEATH'ER-EYE, the eye considered as the means by which one forecasts the weather.--v.t. WEATH'ER-FEND (Shak.), to defend from the weather, to shelter.--ns. WEATH'ER-GAGE, the position of a ship to the windward of another: advantage of position; WEATH'ER-GLASS, a glass or instrument that indicates the changes of the weather: a barometer; WEATH'ER-GLEAM (prov.), a bright aspect of the sky at the horizon; WEATH'ER-HELM, a keeping of the helm somewhat a-weather when a vessel shows a tendency to come into the wind while sailing; WEATH'ERING (archit.), a slight inclination given to the top of a cornice or moulding, to prevent water from lodging on it: (geol.) the action of the elements in altering the form, colour, texture, or composition of rocks.--adj. WEATH'ERLY (naut.), making little leeway when close-hauled.--n. WEATH'ER-MAP, a map indicating meteorological conditions over a large tract of country.--adj. WEATH'ERMOST, farthest to windward.--n. WEATH'ER-NOT[=A]'TION, a system of abbreviation for meteorological phenomena.--adj. WEATH'ER-PROOF, proof against rough weather.--ns. WEATH'ER-PROPH'ET, one who foretells weather: a device for foretelling the weather; WEATH'ER-ROLL, the lurch of a vessel to windward when in the trough of the sea; WEATH'ER-SER'VICE, an institution for superintending and utilising observed meteorological phenomena; WEATH'ER-SIDE, the windward side; WEATH'ER-SIGN, a phenomenon indicating change of weather: any prognostic; WEATH'ER-STAIN, discolouration produced by exposure; WEATH'ER-ST[=A]'TION, a station where phenomena of weather are observed; WEATH'ER-STRIP, a thin piece of some material used to keep out wind and cold; WEATH'ER-SYM'BOL, a conventional sign indicating some meteorological phenomenon.--adjs. WEATH'ER-WISE, wise or skilful in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather; WEATH'ER-WORN, worn by exposure to the weather.--WEATHER ANCHOR, the anchor lying to windward; WEATHER A POINT, to gain an advantage or accomplish a purpose against opposition; WEATHER OUT (obs.), to hold out against till the end.--KEEP ONE'S WEATHER EYE OPEN, to be on one's guard, to have one's wits in readiness; MAKE FAIR WEATHER (Shak.), to conciliate: to flatter; STRESS OF WEATHER, violent and especially unfavourable winds, force of tempests. [A.S. weder; Ice. vedhr, Ger. wetter.]

WEAVE, w[=e]v, v.t. to twine threads together: to unite threads in a loom to form cloth: to work into a fabric: to unite by intermixture: to construct, contrive.--v.i. to practise weaving:--pa.t. w[=o]ve, (rarely) weaved; pa.p. w[=o]v'en.--ns. WEAV'ER; WEAV'ER-BIRD, a family of Passerine birds resembling the finches, so called from their remarkably woven nests; WEAV'ING, the act or art of forming a web or cloth by the intersecting of two distinct sets of fibres, threads, or yarns--those passing longitudinally from end to end of the web forming the warp, those crossing and intersecting the warp at right angles forming the weft. [A.S. wefan; Ice. vefa, Ger. weben; cog. with Gr. hupp[=e], a web, huphainein, to weave.]

WEAVE, w[=e]v, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) waved, floated.

WEAZAND, w[=e]'zand, n. Same as WEASAND.

WEAZEN, w[=e]'zn, adj. thin, sharp. [Wizen.]

WEB, web, n. that which is woven: anything resembling a web, as a roll of cloth, paper, &c.: a plot, scheme: in birds, the blade of a feather: (anat.) any connective tissue: the fine texture spun by the spider as a snare for flies: a film over the eye: the skin between the toes of water-fowls.--v.t. to envelop, to connect with a web.--adj. WEBBED, having the toes united by a web or skin.--n. WEB'BING, a narrow woven fabric of hemp, used for chairs, &c.: (zool.) the webs of the digits: (print.) tapes conducting webs of paper in a printing machine.--adj. WEB'BY.--n. WEB'-EYE, a film spreading over the eye.--adjs. WEB'-EYED; WEB'-FING'ERED.--n. WEB'-FOOT, a foot the toes of which are united with a web or membrane.--adjs. WEB'-FOOT'ED; WEB'-TOED.--WEB AND PIN (Shak.), or PIN AND WEB, cataract on the eye. [A.S. webb; Ice. vefr, Ger. gewebe; from root of weave.]

WEBSTER, web'st[.e]r, n. (obs.) a weaver. [A.S. webbestre, a female weaver--webban, to weave.]

WECHT, weht, n. (Scot.) an instrument for lifting grain. [Perh. conn. with weigh.]

WED, wed, v.t. to marry: to join in marriage: to unite closely.--v.i. to marry:--pr.p. wed'ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wed'ded or wed.--adj. WED'DED, married: belonging to marriage: clasped together.--ns. WED'DING, marriage: marriage ceremony; WED'DING-BED, the bridal bed; WED'DING-CAKE, a highly decorated cake served at a wedding, and also divided among absent friends.--n.pl. WED'DING-CARDS, complimentary cards of a newly married pair, sent to friends.--ns. WED'DING-DAY, day of marriage; WED'DING-DOWER, marriage portion; WED'DING-DRESS, a bride's dress; WED'DING-F[=A]VOUR, white rosette worn by men at a wedding; WED'DING-GAR'MENT, garment worn at a wedding; WED'DING-RING, a plain ring given by the groom to the bride at a wedding.--PENNY WEDDING, a wedding where the guests paid for the entertainment, and sometimes contributed to the outfit; SILVER, GOLDEN, DIAMOND WEDDING, the celebrations of the 25th, 50th, and 60th anniversaries of a wedding. [A.S. weddian, to engage, to marry (Ger. wetten, to wager)--wed, a pledge; Goth. wadi, Ger. wette, a bet.]

WED, wed, n. a pledge, security--(Scot.) WAD.--v.t. to wager. [A.S. wed, a pledge.]

WEDGE, wej, n. a piece of wood or metal, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting: anything shaped like a wedge: a mass of metal: at Cambridge, the man lowest on the list of the classical tripos.--v.t. to cleave with a wedge: to force or drive with a wedge: to press closely: to fasten with a wedge: to make into a wedge.--v.i. to force one's way like a wedge.--adjs. WEDGED, cuneiform or wedge-shaped; WEDGE'-SHAPED, having the shape of a wedge; WEDGE'-TAILED, having the tail wedge-shaped or cuneate.--adv. WEDGE'WISE, in the manner of a wedge.--n. WEDG'ING, a method of joining timbers.--WEDGE OF LEAST RESISTANCE, the form in which a substance yields to pressure.--THE THIN, or SMALL, END OF THE WEDGE, the insignificant-looking beginning of a principle or practice which will yet lead to something great and important. [A.S. wecg; Ice. veggr, Ger. weck, a wedge; prob. from the root of weigh.]

WEDGWOOD WARE. See WARE.

WEDLOCK, wed'lok, n. marriage: matrimony.--BREAK WEDLOCK, to commit adultery. [A.S. wedlác--wed, -lác, a gift.]

WEDNESDAY, wenz'd[=a], n. fourth day of the week. [A.S. Wódenes dæg, the day of Woden or Odin, the chief Teutonic deity.]

WEE, w[=e], n. a short distance, a short time.--adj. tiny. [Scand. form of way; Dan. vei, Ice. vegr; not conn. with Ger. wenig, little.]

WEED, w[=e]d, n. any useless plant of small growth: anything useless or troublesome; a sorry animal, a worthless fellow: (coll.) a cigar.--v.t. to free from weeds: to remove anything hurtful or offensive.--adjs. WEED'ED, WEED'-GROWN, overgrown with weeds.--n. WEED'ER.--n.pl. WEED'ER-CLIPS (Scot.), shears for weeding.--ns. WEED'ERY, a place full of weeds; WEED'INESS; WEED'ING-CHIS'EL, -FOR'CEPS, -FORK, -HOOK, -TONGS (pl.) garden implements of varying forms for destroying weeds.--adjs. WEED'LESS; WEED'Y, weed-like, consisting of weeds; worthless. [A.S. wéod, an herb.]

WEED, w[=e]d, n. a garment, esp. in pl. a widow's mourning apparel.--adj. WEED'Y, clad in widow's mourning. [A.S. w['æ]d, clothing; Old High Ger. w[=a]t, cloth; cf. leinwand.]

WEED, w[=e]d, n. (Scot.) a popular name for any sudden illness, cold, or relapse with febrile symptoms in women after confinement or nursing: lymphangitis in the horse.--Also WEID.

WEEK, w[=e]k, n. the space of seven days, esp. from Sunday to Sunday: the six working days of the week.--n. WEEK'DAY, any day of the week except Sunday.--adj. WEEK'LY, coming, happening, or done once a week.--adv. once a week.--n. a publication appearing once a week.--WEEK ABOUT, in alternate periods of seven days.--A PROPHETIC WEEK (B.), seven years; A WEEK OF SUNDAYS (coll.), seven weeks: a long time; FEAST OF WEEKS, a Jewish festival lasting seven weeks; GREAT WEEK, HOLY WEEK, PASSION WEEK, the week preceding Easter Sunday; THIS DAY WEEK, a week from to-day. [A.S. wice; Dut. week, Ger. woche.]

WEEK, w[=e]k, n. (Spens.). Same as WICK.

WEEL, w[=e]l, n. a whirlpool. [A.S. w['æ]l.]

WEEL, w[=e]l, n. (prov.) a trap or snare for fish: (her.) a bearing resembling such.

WEEL, w[=e]l, adv. (Scot.) well.

WEEM, w[=e]m, n. (Scot.) a subterranean dwelling.

WEEN, w[=e]n, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S. wénan--wén (Ger. wahn), expectation, hope.]

WEEP, w[=e]p, v.i. to express grief by shedding tears: to wail or lament: to drip, rain: to be pendent, as a weeping willow.--v.t. to lament: to pour forth:--pa.t. and pa.p. wept.--n. WEEP'ER, one who weeps: a white border round the sleeve of a mourning dress: a crape hat-band: a widow's crape-veil: anything pendent.--adj. WEEP'ING, drooping the branches (as it were through grief).--ns. WEEP'ING-ASH, a variety of the common European ash, with drooping branches; WEEP'ING-BIRCH, a variety of the white birch, with drooping branches.--adv. WEEP'INGLY.--adj. WEEP'ING-RIPE (Shak.), ripe or ready for tears.--ns. WEEP'ING-ROCK, a rock through which water percolates slowly; WEEP'ING-SPRING, a spring from which water escapes slowly; WEEP'ING-TREE, a tree with long pendulous branches; WEEP'ING-WILL'OW (see WILLOW).--adj. WEEP'Y, oozy. [A.S. wépan--wóp, clamour; allied to Goth. wópjan.]

WEET, WEET'ING, WEET'INGLY, WEET'LESS, obsolete form of wit, &c.

WEET, dialectal form of wet.

WEEVER, w[=e]'v[.e]r, n. a genus of fishes (Trachinus) of which two species are British, with sharp dorsal and opercular spines capable of inflicting serious wounds.--Also Sting-fish. [Perh. conn. with L. vipera.]

WEEVIL, w[=e]v'il, n. a popular name for a large number of beetles, with the anterior part of the head prolonged into a beak or proboscis, feeding upon plants: any insect injurious to stored grain.--adjs. WEEV'ILED, WEEV'ILLED, WEEV'ILY, WEEV'ILLY, infested by weevils. [A.S. wifel; Ger. wiebel.]

WEFT, weft, n. the threads woven into and crossing the warp--also WOOF.--n. WEFT'AGE, texture. [A.S. weft--wefan, to weave.]

WEFT, weft, n. (Spens.) a waif, a castaway.

WEFTE, weft, v.pa.t. (Spens.) was wafted, avoided.

WEIGH. w[=a], v.t. to compare by the balance: to find the heaviness of: to be equal to in heaviness: to bear up, to raise, esp. a ship's anchor: to ponder in the mind: to consider worthy of notice.--v.i. to have weight: to be considered of importance: to press heavily: to weigh anchor, get under sail.--adj. WEIGH'ABLE, capable of being weighed.--ns. WEIGH'AGE, rate paid for the weighing of goods; WEIGH'-BAUK (Scot.), the beam of a balance: (pl.) a pair of scales; WEIGH'-BOARD (same as WAY-BOARD); WEIGH'-BRIDGE, a machine for weighing carts with their loads.--p.adj. WEIGHED (Bacon), experienced.--ns. WEIGH'ER, an officer who weighs articles or tests weights; WEIGH'-HOUSE, a public building for weighing goods, ascertaining the tonnage of boats, &c.; WEIGH'ING; WEIGH'ING-CAGE, a cage in which live animals are weighed; WEIGH'ING-MACHINE', a machine or apparatus for weighing heavy goods; WEIGHT, the heaviness of a thing when weighed, or the amount which anything weighs: the force with which a body is attracted to the earth, measured by the mass into the acceleration: a mass of metal adjusted to a standard and used for finding weight: anything heavy: a ponderous mass: pressure: importance: power: impressiveness: in mining, subsidence of the roof due to overhead pressure, also called WEIGH'TING.--v.t. to make more heavy.--adv. WEIGH'TILY.--n. WEIGH'TINESS.--adjs. WEIGHT'LESS; WEIGH'TY.--WEIGH DOWN, to depress: (Shak.) to preponderate over; WEIGH IN, to ascertain one's weight before a contest, as a horse-race; WEIGHT OF METAL, total weight of iron thrown at one discharge from a ship's guns.--DEAD WEIGHT (see DEAD). [A.S. wegan, to carry; Ger. wiegen; L. veh[)e]re, to carry.]

WEIGH, w[=a], n. a very common misspelling of way in the phrase 'Under way,' through confusion with the phrase 'To weigh anchor.'

WEIR, WEAR, w[=e]r, n. a dam across a river: a fence of stakes set in a stream for catching fish. [A.S. wer, an enclosure, allied to werian, to protect; cf. Ger. wehr, a dam, wehren, to ward.]

WEIRD, w[=e]rd, n. fate: that which comes to pass: a spell or charm.--adj. skilled in witchcraft: unearthly, uncanny.--v.t. to destine, doom, adjure.--adv. WEIRD'LY.--n. WEIRD'NESS.--DREE ONE'S WEIRD (see DREE).--THE WEIRD SISTERS, the Fates. [A.S. wyrd, fate--weorthan, to become; Ger. werden.]

WEISM, w[=e]'izm, n. inordinate use of the pronoun we.

WEISMANNISM, v[=i]s'man-izm, n. the doctrine in biology of August Weismann (born 1834)--that acquired characters are not transmitted, function and environment affecting the individual only, not the species, the sole source of evolutionary change being the intermingling of germ-plasma which occurs in fertilisation, and the condition of progress being found in the action of natural selection on the germinal variations which thus arise.

WELAWAY. Same as WELLAWAY.

WELCOME, wel'kum, adj. received with gladness: admitted willingly: causing gladness: free to enjoy.--n. kindly reception.--v.t. to receive with kindness: to entertain hospitably.--ns. WEL'COMENESS; WEL'COMER, one who welcomes.--BID A WELCOME, to receive with professions of kindness. [Scand., Ice. velkominn--vel, well, kominn, pa.p. of koma, to come.]

WELD, weld, n. a scentless species of mignonette, yielding a yellow dye--(Scot.) WALD. [Cf. Ger. wau.]

WELD, weld, v.t. to join together as iron or steel by hammering, when softened by heat: to join closely.--v.i. to undergo welding.--n. a welded joint.--n. WELDABIL'ITY.--adj. WEL'DABLE.--ns. WEL'DER; WEL'DING; WELD'-[=I]'RON, wrought-iron.--adj. WELD'LESS, having no welds.--n. WELD'-STEEL, puddled steel. [Scand., Sw. välla, orig. to well up, and so cog. with A.S. weallan, to boil; Ger. wallen.]

WELD, weld, v.t. (Spens.) to wield.

WELDER, wel'd[.e]r, n. a land-tenant holding under the farmer or middleman. [Ir.]

WELFARE, wel'f[=a]r, n. state of faring or doing well: freedom from any calamity, &c.: enjoyment of health, &c.: prosperity.

WELK, welk, v.i. (obs.) to wither, to shrivel or shrink: to decline.--v.t. to contract, shorten, or impair: to form into wrinkles or ridges. [From a root seen in Old High Ger. welc (Ger. welk), moist.]

WELKIN, wel'kin, n. the sky or region of clouds.--adj. (Shak.) sky-blue. [A.S. wolcnu, pl. of wolcen, cloud, air, sky; Ger. wolke, cloud.]

WELL, wel, n. a rise of water from the earth: a spring: a pit in the earth whence a supply of water is obtained: an enclosure in a ship's hold round the pumps: the open space in the middle of a staircase: a cavity: an eddy.--v.i. to issue forth, as water from the earth: to spring.--ns. WELL'-BOAT, -SMACK, a fishing-boat having a well; WELL'-BOR'ING, sinking wells by drilling through rock; WELL'-BUCK'ET, a vessel for drawing up water from a well; WELL'-CURB, the stone ring built round the mouth of a well; WELL'-DECK, an enclosed space on the deck of a ship; WELL'-DRAIN, a pit drawing the water from wet land; WELL'-DRESS'ING, the festal decoration of wells and springs, as at Tissington in Derbyshire on Ascension-day, &c.; WELL'-HEAD, the source of a spring; WELL'-HOLE, the pit or shaft of a well; WELL'-HOUSE, a room built over a well; WELL'ING, an outpouring; WELL'-ROOM, a room enclosing a mineral well: a cavity in a boat for collecting leakage and rain-water; WELL'-SINK'ER, one who digs wells; WELL'-SINK'ING, the act of boring for water; WELL'-SPRING, a fountain.--THE WELLS, any place where mineral wells are situated. [A.S. wella--weallan, to boil; cf. Ice. vella, to boil.]

WELL, wel, adj. good in condition: fortunate: comfortable: in health.--n. (Spens.) good health, fortune.--adv. in a proper manner: rightly: thoroughly: favourably: conveniently: to a considerable extent: conscientiously: so be it (as a sign of assent).--adjs. WELL'-ACQUAINT'ED, having intimate personal knowledge; WELL'-ADVISED', prudent.--adv. WELL'-ANEAR' (Shak.), very soon.--adj. WELL'-APPOINT'ED, in good trim.--n. WELL'-APPOINT'EDNESS'.--adjs. WELL'-BAL'ANCED, properly adjusted; WELL'-BEH[=A]VED', becoming in manner.--n. WELL'-B[=E]'ING, state of being well, welfare.--adjs. WELL'-BELOVED', very dear; WELL'-BESEEM'ING, properly becoming; WELL'-BESEEN' (Spens.), showy in appearance; WELL'-BORN, born of a good or respectable family: not of mean birth; WELL'-BREATHED, strong of lung; WELL'-BRED, educated to polished manners: of good stock; WELL'-CONDI'TIONED, in a desirable condition; WELL'-CONDUCT'ED, properly led: acting properly; WELL'-DISPOSED', favourable.--ns. WELL'-DO'ER, a benefactor; WELL'-DO'ING, a doing of what is right or good.--adjs. WELL'-EARNED, thoroughly deserved; WELL'-ED'UCATED, having a good education; WELL'-FAMED, famous; WELL-F[=A]'VOURED, good-looking; WELL'-FED, fat; WELL'-FOUND, commendable; WELL'-FOUND'ED, highly probable; WELL'-GRACED, popular; WELL'-GROUND'ED, very likely; WELL'-INFORMED', full of varied information; WELL'-INTEN'TIONED, of upright intentions or purpose; WELL'-JUDGED, correctly calculated; WELL'-KNIT, strongly framed; WELL'-KNOWN, fully known: celebrated: notorious; WELL'-LIK'ING (Shak.), in good condition: clever, smart; WELL'-LOOK'ING, good-looking; WELL'-MANN'ERED, polite: obedient; WELL'-MARKED, obvious, decided; WELL'-MEAN'ING, well-intentioned; WELL'-MEANT, rightly intended; WELL'-MIND'ED, favourably inclined.--adv. WELL'-NIGH, nearly: almost.--adjs. WELL'-OR'DERED, correctly governed; WELL'-PLEAS'ING, acceptable; WELL'-PLIGHT'ED (Spens.), well folded; WELL'-PROPOR'TIONED, having correct proportions; WELL'-READ, of extensive reading; WELL'-REG'ULATED, well-ordered; WELL'-RESPECT'ED, highly esteemed; WELL-ROUND'ED, symmetrical; WELL'-SEEN (Shak.), experienced, skilful; WELL'-SET, properly arranged: fitly put together; WELL'-SP[=O]'KEN, spoken properly: graceful in speech; WELL'-TEM'PERED (mus.), tuned in equal temperament; WELL'-THEWED (Spens.), well-educated, well-mannered, of good disposition; WELL'-TIM'BERED, furnished with much timber; WELL'-TIMED, opportune: keeping accurate time; WELL'-TO-DO, prosperous; WELL'-TURNED, accurately rounded or fashioned; WELL'-WARR'ANTED, having good credit.--ns. WELL'-WILL'ER, -WISH'ER, one who wills or wishes well.--adjs. WELL'-WISHED (Shak.), held in good-will; WELL'-WON, honestly gained; WELL'-WORN, worn threadbare: (rare) becomingly worn.--adv. WELL'Y (prov.), well-nigh.--WELL DONE, a word of praise, bravely! nobly! WELL ENOUGH, in a moderate but sufficient degree; WELL MET (see MEET); WELL OFF, in good circumstances; WELL SAID, well done! WELL UP (coll.), well versed in, well acquainted with (with in).--AS WELL AS (see AS); JUST AS WELL, all the same: so much the better. [A.S. wel; cog. with Goth. vaila, Ger. wohl, from the root of will.]

WELLADAY, wel'a-d[=a], WELLAWAY, wel'a-w[=a], interjs. alas! [Corr. from M. E. weylaway--A.S. wá, lá, wá, 'woe, lo! woe.']

WELLINGTONIA, wel-ing-t[=o]'ni-a, n. the largest of existing trees, a native of California--the same as SEQUOIA (q.v.).

WELLINGTONS, wel'ing-tonz, n. a kind of riding-boots covering the knee in front, but cut away behind: a shorter closely-fitting boot, worn under the trousers. [Named after the great Duke of Wellington.]

WELSH, welsh, adj. pertaining to Wales or its inhabitants.--n.pl. the inhabitants of Wales:--sing. their language.--ns. WELSH'-HARP, a large instrument, furnished with three rows of strings, two tuned in unison and in the diatonic scale, the third in the sharps and flats of the chromatic; WELSH'-HOOK, an old weapon, like the bill; WELSH'MAN, a native of WALES; WELSH'-ON'ION, the cibol, a perennial plant with a garlic taste; WELSH'-RABB'IT (see RABBIT). [A.S. welisc, foreign--wealh (pl. wealas), a foreigner, esp. the Celts or Welshmen.]

WELSH, welsh, v.t. and v.i. to run off from a race-course without settling or paying one's bets--also WELCH.--ns. WELSH'ER, WELCH'ER. [Perh. in allusion to the alleged bad faith of Welshmen.]

WELT, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging round a shoe: (coll.) a weal.--v.t. to furnish with a welt: to flog severely.--adj. WELT'ED.--n. WELT'ING. [W. gwald, a hem.]

WELT, welt, v.i. (prov.) to decay: to become stringy. [Wilt.]

WELTER, wel't[.e]r, v.i. to roll or tumble about, to wallow about, esp. in dirt: to lie in some floating substance.--v.t. to make way in a weltering manner.--n. a tossing about, a state of turmoil.--adj. WEL'TERING. [M. E. walten, to roll over--A.S. wealtan, to roll.]

WELTER-WEIGHT, wel't[.e]r-w[=a]t, n. an unusually heavy weight, carried mostly in steeple-chases and hurdle-races.--n. WEL'TER-RACE, a race in which such weights are carried.--n.pl. WEL'TER-STAKES, the stakes in a welter-race. [Perh. from welter, in allusion to the less free motion; others trace to swelter, from the heating of the heavily weighted horses.]

WELWITSCHIA, wel-wich'i-a, n. a genus of African Gymnosperms belonging to the Gnetaceæ, and containing only one species, its flower consisting of a panicle of brilliant overlapping scarlet scales. [Friedrich Welwitsch (1806-72), an Austrian traveller.]

WEN, wen, n. a sebaceous cyst, most commonly on the scalp, consisting of obstructed sebaceous glands, which enlarge by the internal pressure of their accumulated secretions.--adjs. WEN'NISH, WEN'NY, wen-like. [A.S. wen, a swelling, a wart; Dut. wen.]

WENCH, wensh, n. a maid, damsel: a working-girl, a maid-servant: a lewd woman, a mistress, a whore.--v.i. to frequent the company of whores.--n. WENCH'ER, one who indulges in lewdness. [Perh. from the sing. of A.S. winclo, children, prob. wencel, weak, wancol, unstable.]

WEND, wend, v.i. to go: to wind or turn. [A.S. wendan, the causative of windan, to turn round.]

WEND, wend, n. the name given by the Germans to a branch of the Slavs which, as early as the 6th century, occupied the north and east of Germany from the Elbe along the coast of the Baltic to the Vistula, and as far south as Bohemia: one of the Slavic population of Lusatia who still speak the Wendish tongue.--adjs. WEN'DIC, WEN'DISH. [Prob. ultimately cog. with wander.]

WENLOCK, wen'lok, adj. (geol.) denoting a group or series of rocks of the Upper Silurian period, consisting of limestone and shale, and largely developed in the neighbourhood of Wenlock in Shropshire.

WENT, went, properly pa.t. of wend, but now used as pa.t. of go.--n. (Spens.) a turning: a path.

WENTLE-TRAP, wen'tl-trap, n. a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, having a spiral shell with many deep whorls, crossed by elevated ribs, and the aperture round and narrow. [Ger. wendel-treppe, a winding staircase.]

WEPT, wept, pa.t. and pa.p. of weep.

WERE, wer, v.i. the pl. of was, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. w['æ]re; Ger. war, Ice. vera, to be. Cf. Was.]

WEREWOLF, WERWOLF, w[=e]r'woolf, n. a person supposed to be able by natural gift or magic art to change himself for a time into a wolf.--adjs. WERE'WOLFISH, WER'WOLFISH.--n. WERE'WOLFISM, lycanthropy. [A.S. werwulf--wer, man (Goth. vair, L. vir), wulf, a wolf. The modern Ger. Währwolf is the Mid. High Ger. Werwolf, Latinised as garulphus or gerulphus, whence the O. Fr. garoul, the modern French name being pleonastically loup-garou.]

WEREGILD, WERGILD, w[=e]r'gild, n. a composition by which, by the custom of Anglo-Saxons, Franks, and other Teutonic peoples, homicide and other heinous crimes against the person were expiated. [A.S. wergield, from wer, man, gield--gieldan, to pay.]

WERNERIAN, w[.e]r-n[=e]'ri-an, adj. pertaining or according to the opinions or system of A. G. Werner, a German mineralogist and geologist (1750-1817), who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated that all geological phenomena are due to the action of water.--n. an upholder of this theory.--n. WER'NERITE, a variety of scapolite.

WERSH, wersh, adj. (Scot.) tasteless, unsalted. [Wearish.]

WERT, wert, the 2d pers. sing. of were, used as the pa.t. subjunctive of be.

WERTHERIAN, ver-t[=e]'ri-an, adj. pertaining to or resembling the character of Werther in Goethe's romance, 'The Sorrows of Young Werther.'--n. WER'THERISM, sentimentality like that of WERTHER.

WESAND, w[=e]'zand, n. (Spens.). Same as WEASAND.

WESLEYAN, wes'le-an, adj. pertaining to Wesleyanism.--n. one who adopts Wesleyanism.--n. WES'LEYANISM, the system of doctrine and church polity of the Wesleyan Methodists: Arminian Methodism. [Named from John Wesley (1703-91).]

WEST, west, n. the quarter where the sun sets: one of the four chief points of the compass: the direction faced when one stands with his back to the high altar of a church: the countries to the west of Europe.--adj. situated towards or coming from the west: opposite the high altar of a church.--adv. towards the west.--v.i. (Spens.) to move towards the west.--adv. WEST'-ABOUT', towards the west.--v.i. WES'TER (obs.), to turn westward.--adjs. WES'TERING (Milt.), passing to the west; WES'TERLY, lying or moving towards west: from the west.--adv. towards the west.--adj. WES'TERN, situated in the west: belonging to the west: moving towards, or coming from, the west.--n. an inhabitant of a western region or country.--ns. WES'TERNER, a person belonging to the west; WES'TERNISM, an idiom or other characteristic of western people.--adj. WES'TERNMOST, furthest to the west.--n. WES'TING, space or distance westward: departure westward: time of setting or reaching the west.--adv. WEST'LING, towards the west.--adj. WEST'MOST, most westerly.--adj. and adv. WEST'WARD, towards the west.--advs. WEST'WARDLY, WEST'WARDS, towards the west.--WESTERN CHURCH, the Latin Church, as distinguished from the Eastern or Greek Church; WESTERN EMPIRE, the western division of the later Roman Empire; WESTERN STATES, the states of the American Union lying west of the Alleghanies.--WESTWARD HO! to the west! an old cry of London watermen plying westwards. [A.S. west (Fr. ouest, Ice. vestr); prob. conn. with Ice. vist, abode, L. vesper, Gr. hespera.]

WESTPHALIAN, west-f[=a]'li-an, adj. pertaining to Westphalia, a duchy, a kingdom, and now a province of Prussia.--n. a native of Westphalia.

WET, wet, adj. containing water: having water on the surface: rainy: (slang) given to drinking, tipsy: (U.S.) allowing the sale of intoxicating liquors, as opposed to prohibition.--n. water or wetness: moisture: act of wetting, a dram, a debauch.--v.t. to make wet: to soak with water: to sprinkle: (slang) to celebrate by drinking:--pr.p. wet'ting; pa.t. and pa.p. wet, (rarely) wet'ted.--ns. WET'-CUP'PING, the simultaneous application of a cupping-glass and the making an incision on the skin; WET'-DOCK, a dock or basin for floating vessels at all states of the tide; WET'NESS; WET'-NURSE, a nurse who suckles a child for its mother.--adj. WET'-SHOD, having shoes or feet wet.--n. WET'TING-MACHINE', a machine used to damp paper for printing.--adj. WET'TISH, somewhat wet.--WET BOB (slang), a boy at school who goes in for rowing in preference to cricket or football; WET BULB THERMOMETER (see PSYCHROMETER); WET GOODS, liquors; WET METER, a gas-meter in which the gas to be measured passes through water; WET PLATE (phot.), a plate coated with collodion and sensitised with a salt of silver.--A WET BLANKET, a damper, kill-joy. [A.S. w['æ]t; Ice. vátr; from root of water.]

WETHER, weth'[.e]r, n. a castrated ram. [A.S. wither; Ger. widder.]

WEY, w[=a], n. a measure or weight differing with different articles=182 lb. wool, 40 bushels salt or corn, 48 bushels oats, &c. [Weigh.]

WHACK, hwak, v.t. to thwack: (slang) to parcel out, share.--v.i. to keep on striking: (slang) to settle accounts.--n. a blow: a stroke, share.--n. WHACK'ER (slang), something big.--adj. WHACK'ING, very large, astounding. [Thwack.]

WHAISLE, WHAIZLE, hw[=a]'zl, v.i. (Scot.) to wheeze. [A form of wheeze.]

WHALE, hw[=a]l, n. the common name of a cetaceous mammal, the largest of sea-animals, including the toothed whales, such as Sperm Whale and Dolphin, and the whalebone whales, such as Right Whale and Rorqual, in which the teeth are only embryonic.--v.i. to take whales.--ns. WHALE'-BACK, a boat whose maindecks are covered in and rounded, for rough seas; WHALE'-BOAT, a long, narrow boat used in the pursuit of whales; WHALE'BONE, a light flexible substance consisting of the baleen plates of the Arctic and allied whales.--adj. made of whalebone.--ns. WHALE'-CALF, a young whale--also CALF WHALE; WHALE'-FISH'ER, one engaged in whale-fishery or the hunting of whales; WHALE'-FISH'ERY; WHALE'-FISH'ING; WHALE'-LINE, strong rope used for harpoon-lines in the whale-fishery; WHALE'-LOUSE, a genus of Crustacea, parasitic on the skin of Cetaceans; WHALE'-MAN, WH[=A]L'ER, a person employed in whale-fishing; WHALE'-OIL, oil obtained from the blubber of a whale; WH[=A]L'ER, WHALE'SHIP, a ship employed in the whale-fishing; WH[=A]L'ERY, whaling.--adj. WH[=A]L'ING, connected with whale-catching.--n. the business of catching whales.--ns. WH[=A]L'ING-GUN, a contrivance for killing whales by means of a projectile; WH[=A]L'ING-MAS'TER, the captain of a whaler; WH[=A]L'ING-PORT, a port where whalers are registered.--WHALE'S BONE, ivory.--BULL WHALE, an adult male whale. [A.S. hwæl (Ice. hvalr, Ger. walfisch); orig. unknown.]

WHALE, hw[=a]l, v.t. (slang) to thrash. [Form of wale.]

WHALLY, hw[=a]l'i, adj. wall-eyed.--n. WHALL, wall-eye.

WHANG, hwang, n. a leathern thong. [Form of thwang, thong.]

WHANG, hwang, v.t. to flog: (Scot.) to cut in great slices.--n. a blow, bang: a large slice. [Prob. a variant of whack.]

WHANGAM, hwang'gam, n. a feigned name of some animal, invented by Goldsmith.

WHARF, hworf, n. a bank of timber or stone on the shore of a harbour or river for lading and unlading vessels: (Shak.) the bank of a river:--pl. WHARFS, WHARVES.--v.t. to secure by a wharf: to place on a wharf.--ns. WHARF'AGE, the dues paid for using a wharf: accommodation at a wharf; WHARF'ING, material for making a wharf: wharfs; WHARFINGER (hworf'in-j[.e]r), one who has the care of, or owns, a wharf; WHARF'-RAT, the common brown rat: a fellow who loafs about a wharf in the hope of picking up a chance job. [A.S. hwerf, a dam; prob. conn. with hweorfan (Ice. hverfa), to turn.]

WHAT, hwot, interrog. pron. applied both to persons and things--also used elliptically and as an interjection: (Shak.) used to express a summons, or as a mere expletive.--interrog. adj. of what sort, how much, how great--also used in an intensive manner.--rel. pron. that which, such ... as: (Shak.) any, who, which.--indef. pron. something: (Spens.) a portion, bit.--adv. (obs.) why? to what degree?--conj. so much as: that, as in but what, that ... not.--ns. WHAT'ABOUTS, the things one is occupied about; WHAT'-D'YE-CALL (-IT, -'EM), a word substituted for the name of a thing (or person) because of forgetfulness, or in contempt.--adjs. WHAT'EN, WHAT'TEN (Scot.), what kind of.--prons. WHATEV'ER, WHATE'ER', anything which: (coll.) what?--adj. any or all that, no matter what.--adjs. WHAT'-LIKE (coll.), of what kind; WHAT'NA (Scot.), same as WHATEN.--pron. WHAT'NOT, whatever or whoever.--adj. WHAT'SO, of whatever kind.--pron. whosoever.--adjs. WHATSOEV'ER, WHATSOE'ER', of whatever kind; WHATSOMEV'ER (coll.), whatsoever.--WHAT AN IF (Shak.), what of; WHAT ELSE, could anything else be the case? WHAT ... FOR (Shak.), what kind of; WHAT HO! a loud summons; WHAT IF, what would happen if? WHAT NOT, elliptical for 'what may I not say?' implying the presence or existence of many other things; WHAT OF, what comes of? what do you think of? WHAT'S WHAT, the real or genuine thing; WHAT THOUGH, what matters it though, notwithstanding; WHAT TIME, at the very time when; WHAT WITH, by reason of. [A.S. hwæt, neut. of hwa, who; Ger. was, L. quid.]

WHATNOT, hwot'not, n. a piece of furniture with shelves for books, &c., so called because used to hold anything: anything, no matter what.

WHAUP, hwawp, n. (Scot.) a curlew--sometimes Great Whaup as opposed to Little Whaup, the whimbrel.

WHEAL, hw[=e]l, n. a wale, weal.--v.t. to cause weals upon. [Prob. conn. with A.S. hwelan, to pine.]

WHEAL, hw[=e]l, n. a Cornish name for a mine.

WHEAT, hw[=e]t, n. the most valuable of all the cereal grasses, the grain furnishing a white flour for bread--known as bearded, beardless, or bald, according to the presence or the absence of the awns or beard; as white, red, or amber, according to colour; and as spring, summer, autumn, or winter, according to the time of sowing.--ns. WHEAT'-BIRD, the chaffinch; WHEAT'-EAR, an ear of wheat; WHEAT'-EEL, a disease in wheat--also Ear-cockle.--adj. WHEAT'EN, made of wheat.--ns. WHEAT'-FIELD, a field of wheat; WHEAT'-FLY, name of several flies which destroy wheat--e.g. the Hessian fly; WHEAT'-MIDGE, a dipterous insect which lays its eggs in the flowers of wheat-heads, and whose reddish larvæ devour the kernels; WHEAT'-MIL'DEW, the rust which gathers on wheat and oats; WHEAT'-MOTH, one of several small moths whose larvæ devour stored wheat.--WHEAT-EAR STITCH, a fancy stitch in embroidery. [A.S. hw['æ]te--hwit, white; Ger. weizen; allied to white, and named from its colour.]

WHEAT-EAR, hw[=e]t'-[=e]r, n. a bird of the genus Chat, a common summer visitant of Britain, abounding on downs and fallow fields. [Corr. from White-arse.]

WHEEDLE, hw[=e]d'l, v.t. to entice by soft words: to flatter.--n. a coaxing person.--n. WHEED'LER.--adj. WHEED'LESOME, coaxing.--n. WHEED'LING. [Perh. from Ger. wedeln, to wag the tail, as a dog--wedel, a fan, brush--Old High Ger. wehan, to blow.]

WHEEL, hw[=e]l, n. a circular frame turning on an axle: an old instrument of torture: a steering-wheel: (fig.) the course of events, from the wheel, one of the attributes of Fortune, the emblem of mutability: (coll.) a bicycle or tricycle: circular motion: principle of life or motion: (Shak.) a refrain: (pl.) chariot: (slang) a dollar.--v.t. to cause to whirl: to convey on wheels: to turn.--v.i. to turn round or on an axis: to roll forward: to change direction: to move in a circle: to change about: (coll.) to ride a bicycle or tricycle.--ns. WHEEL'-AN'IMAL, -ANIMAL'CULE, a rotifer; WHEEL'-BARROW, a barrow supported on one wheel and two handles, and driven forward by one man; WHEEL'-BOAT, a boat having wheels, for use on water or on inclined planes; WHEEL'-CARR'IAGE, any kind of carriage moved on wheels; WHEEL'-CHAIR, a chair moving on wheels.--adj. WHEEL'-CUT, cut, or ground and polished, on a wheel--of glass.--n. WHEEL'-CUT'TER, a machine for cutting the teeth on watch and clock wheels.--p.adj. WHEELED, having wheels.--ns. WHEEL'ER, one who wheels: the horse nearest the wheels of a carriage: a maker of wheels; WHEEL'-HORSE, one of the horses next the wheels in a team; WHEEL'-HOUSE, a box or small house erected over the steering-wheel in ships: a paddle-box; WHEEL'ING, the act of moving or conveying on wheels: a turning or circular movement of troops; WHEEL'-LOCK, a lock for firing a gun by means of a small steel wheel; WHEEL'MAN, a steersman: a cyclist; WHEEL'-PLOUGH, a plough the depth of whose furrow is regulated by a wheel; WHEEL'-RACE, the part of a race in which the water-wheel is fixed; WHEEL'-TAX, a tax on carriages; WHEEL'-WIN'DOW, a circular window with radiating tracery; WHEEL'-WORK, a combination of wheels and their connection in machinery; WHEEL'WRIGHT, a wright who makes wheels and wheel-carriages.--adj. WHEEL'Y, like a wheel.--WHEEL AND AXLE, one of the mechanical powers, in its primitive form a cylindrical axle, on which a wheel, concentric with the axle, is firmly fastened, the power being applied to the wheel, and the weight attached to the axis; WHEEL OF LIFE (see ZOETROPE); WHEELS WITHIN WHEELS, a complication of circumstances.--BREAK A BUTTERFLY (FLY, &c.) UPON THE WHEEL, to inflict a punishment out of all proportion to the offence: to employ great exertions for insignificant ends. [A.S. hwéol; Ice. hjól.]

WHEEN, hw[=e]n, n. (Scot.) a small quantity: a quantity. [A.S. hw['æ]ne--hwón, adv., a little.]

WHEEZE, hw[=e]z, v.i. to breathe with a hissing sound: to breathe audibly or with difficulty.--n. WHEEZE--also WHEEZ'ING.--adv. WHEEZ'ILY.--v.i. WHEEZ'LE, to make wheezy sounds.--adj. WHEEZ'Y. [A.S. hwésan; Ice. hvæsa, to wheeze, to hiss.]

WHELK, hwelk, n. a popular name for a number of marine Gasteropods, especially applied to species of Buccinum common on the coasts of northern seas.--adjs. WHELKED, ridged like a whelk; WHEL'KY, knobby, rounded. [Wrong form of welk--A.S. wiloc, weoluc, prob. from wealcan, to roll.]

WHELK, hwelk, n. (Shak.) the mark of a stripe on the body, a wrinkle, an inequality or protuberance. [Weal, wheal.]

WHELM, hwelm, v.t. to cover completely: to plunge deep: to overburden: to ruin, destroy.--v.i. to pass over in such a way as to submerge. [M. E. whelmen, whelven, to overturn (Ice. hválfa, Ger. wölben); allied to A.S. hwealf, arched; cf. Gr. kolpos, a gulf.]

WHELP, hwelp, n. the young of the dog kind and of lions, &c.: a puppy: a cub: a young man (in contempt).--v.i. and v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S. hwelp; Ice. hvelpr.]

WHEMMLE, hwem'l, WHUMMLE, hwum'l, n. an overthrow: (Scot.) confusion.--v.t. to whelm, overthrow. [Freq. form of whelm.]

WHEN, hwen, adv. and conj. at what time? at which time: at or after the time that: while.--interj. (Shak.) an exclamation of impatience, like what!--conj. WHEN'AS (Shak.), when: whereas.--adv. and conj. WHENCE (also FROM WHENCE), from what place: from which things: wherefore.--adv. WHENCEFORTH' (Spens.), whence.--conjs. WHENCESOEV'ER, from what place, cause, or source soever; WHENEV'ER, WHENE'ER', at every time when; WHENSOEV'ER, at what time soever: whenever. [A.S. hwænne, hwonne (Ger. wann, wenn); orig. accus. of interrog. pron. hwá, who.]

WHERE, hw[=a]r, adv. and conj. at which place, at what place? to what place, to which place? (Shak.) whence, whereas: wherever.--n. (Shak.) situation, place.--adv. and conj. WHEREABOUT', about which, about where: near what?--also WHERE'ABOUTS.--n. WHERE'ABOUTS, one's present place.--conjs. WHEREAGAINST' (Shak.), against which; WHEREAS', as or on account of which: since: when in fact: where.--advs. and conjs. WHEREAT', at which: at what? WHEREBY', by which; WHERE'FORE, for which reason: for what reason? why?--n. the cause.--advs. and conjs. WHEREFROM', whence; WHEREIN', in which respect: in what? WHEREINSOEV'ER, in whatever place or respect; WHEREINTO (hw[=a]r-in't[=oo], -in-t[=oo]'), into what? into which.--n. WHERE'NESS, state of having place or position.--advs. and conjs. WHEREOF', of which: of what? WHEREON', on which: on what? WHEREOUT', out of which; WHERE'SO, WHERESOE'ER', WHERESOEV'ER, in what place soever: (Shak.) whencesoever; WHERETHROUGH', through which; WHERETO', to which: to what? WHEREUN'DER, under which; WHEREUNTIL' (Shak.), whereunto; WHEREUNTO', WHEREUN'TO, whereto: for what purpose? WHEREUPON', upon or in consequence of which; WHERE'ER', WHEREV'ER, at whatever place; WHEREWITH', WHEREWITHAL', with which? with what.--WHERE AWAY? (naut.), a query uttered by the officer of the deck as to the direction of an object sighted by the lookout.--THE WHEREWITH, WHEREWITHAL, means. [A.S. hw['æ]r, hwár; from stem of who. Cf. There.]

WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a shallow, light boat, sharp at both ends for speed:--pl. WHERR'IES.--n. WHERR'Y-MAN, one who rows a wherry. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn. with Ice. hverfr, crank--hverfa, to turn.]

WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a liquor made from the pulp of crab-apples.

WHET, hwet, v.t. to sharpen by rubbing: to make keen: to excite: (obs.) to preen:--pr.p. whet'ting: pa.t. and pa.p. whet'ted.--n. act of sharpening: something that sharpens the appetite.--ns. WHET'-STONE, a stone for sharpening edged instruments: a stimulant; WHET'TER.--WHET ON, or FORWARD (Shak.), to urge on. [A.S. hwettan--hwæt, sharp; Ger. wetzen.]

WHETHER, hweth'[.e]r, interrog. and rel. pron. signifying which of two.--conj. which of two alternatives.--interrog. adv. introducing the first of two questions, the second being introduced by or--also conj.--WHETHER OR NO (coll.), in any case, surely. [A.S. hwæther, from hwá, who, with the old comp. suffix -ther; cog. with Goth. hwathar, Ger. weder; also with L. uter, Gr. koteros, Sans. katara. Cf. Other and Alter.]

WHETHERING, hweth'[.e]r-ing, n. (prov.) the retention of the afterbirth in cows.

WHEW, WHEUGH, hw[=u], interj. expressing wonder or dismay.--n. a whistling sound noting astonishment.--v.i. to utter such a sound.

WHEW, hw[=u], v.i. (prov.) to bustle about.

WHEY, hw[=a], n. the watery part of milk, separated from the curd, esp. in making cheese.--adjs. WHEY'EY, WHEY'ISH, of whey: like whey.--n. WHEY'-FACE, a pale or white face, caused by fright.--adj. WHEY'-FACED.--ns. WHEY'ISHNESS; WHEY'-TUB. [A.S, hw['æ]g; Low Ger. wey.]

WHICH, hwich, interrog. pron. what one of a number?--also used adjectively.--rel. pron. (obs.) who, whom: now used of things only.--prons. WHICHEV'ER, WHICHSOEV'ER, every one which: whether one or other.--(obs.) WHICH...HE, who; WHICH...HIS, whose--surviving in the vulgar use of which as a mere introductory word; WHICH IS WHICH? which is the one, which is the other? a common phrase denoting inability to decide between two or more things.--THE WHICH (obs.), which. [A.S. hwilc, hwelc, from hwí, instrumental case of hwá, who, and líc, like; Goth. hwei-leiks, Ger. welch, welcher; L. qualis. Cf. Such and Each.]

WHID, hwid, n. (Scot.) a rapid movement.--v.i. to move quickly, to whisk.--v.i. WHID'DER, to whiz. [Prob. conn. with W. chwid, a jerk; or perh. A.S. hwitha, a breeze.]

WHID, hwid, n. (Scot.) a lie: (obs.) a word: (prov.) a quarrel.--v.i. to lie.--CUT BOON WHIDS, to speak good words. [Perh. A.S. cwide, a word--cwethan, to say.]

WHIDAH-BIRD. See WHYDAH.

WHIFF, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air or smoke from the mouth: a slight blast: a light kind of outrigger boat: (prov.) a glimpse.--v.t. to throw out in whiffs: to puff.--v.i. to go out or off in a whiff.--ns. WHIFF'ER; WHIFF'ET, a whipper-snapper.--v.i. WHIFF'LE, to veer about, blow in gusts: to be fickle: to prevaricate: to talk idly.--n. a fickle, light-headed person.--ns. WHIFF'LER, a fickle person: a herald, usher, piper, leading the way in a procession; WHIFF'LERY, levity; WHIFT, a breath, snatch. [W. chwiff, a puff; imit.]

WHIFF, hwif, v.i. to fish with a hand-line.--n. WHIFF'ING. [Whip.]

WHIFFLETREE, hwif'l-tr[=e], n. a swingletree.--Also WHIP'PLETREE. [From whifle, to turn. Cf. Whiff.]

WHIG, hwig, n. the name, since 1830 almost superseded by 'Liberal,' of one of the great English political parties: a Scotch Presbyterian, first so called in the middle of the 17th century: (U.S.) one of those who in the colonial period were opposed to British rule: one of the survivors of the old National Republican party, first so called in 1834--it died in 1852.--adj. composed of Whigs--also WHIG'GISH.--n. WHIG'GARCHY, government by WHIGS.--adv. WHIG'GISHLY.--ns. WHIG'GISM, WHIG'GERY, WHIG'GISHNESS, WHIG'SHIP, Whig principles. [Prob. short for whiggamore.]

WHIG, hwig, v.i. (Scot.) to jog along.

WHIG, hwig, n. (prov.) sour whey, buttermilk.

WHIGGAMORE, hwig'a-m[=o]r, n. originally a person who came from the west and south-west of Scotland to Leith to buy corn: one of the 7000 Western Covenanters who marched on Edinburgh in 1648, sealing the doom of Charles I.: a Scotch Presbyterian, a WHIG. [Traced by some to whiggam, a sound used by the peasantry of the western Lowlands in driving their horses; others derive from whig, sour whey. Not derivable from whig (1) and Gael. mor, great.]

WHIGMALEERIE, hwig-ma-l[=e]'ri, n. (Scot.) a trinket, knick-knack: a whim. [Orig. uncertain.]

WHILE, hw[=i]l, n. a space of time: trouble spent.--adv. during the time that: at the same time that, as long as.--v.t. to cause to pass without irksomeness (with away).--conjs. WHILE, WHILST, as long as: at the same time that: (Shak.) until; WHILES (B.), while, at the same time that.--adv. (Scot.) at times (orig. gen. of A.S. hwíl).--advs. WH[=I]'LOM, WH[=I]'LOME (Milt.), formerly, once (orig. dat. pl. of A.S. hwíl, time).--EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE, now and then; THE WHILE (Shak.), in the meantime; THE WHILST (Shak.), while: in the meantime; WORTH WHILE, worth the trouble and time taken. [A.S. hwíl; Goth. hweila, Ger. weile.]

WHILK, hwilk, pron. an obsolete form of which.

WHILLY, hwil'i, v.t. (Scot.) to cajole.--v.i. WHILL'Y-WHAW, to make wheedling speeches.--n. cajolery.--adv. smooth-tongued, wheedling. [Prob. a mixture of wile and wheedle.]

WHIM, hwim, n. a caprice: a fancy: a machine for raising ore, a mine.--v.i. to turn round, to be seized with a whim.--v.t. to cause to turn.--adjs. WHIM'MY, WHIM'SICAL, full of whims, odd, fantastical.--ns. WHIMSICAL'ITY, WHIM'SICALNESS.--adv. WHIM'SICALLY.--ns. WHIM'SY, WHIM'SEY, a whim, freak.--adj. full of whims, changeable.--n. WHIM'-WHAM, a ridiculous notion or thing, a freak, an odd device. [Ice. hvima, to have the eyes wandering.]

WHIMBREL, hwim'brel, n. a bird of the family Scolopacidæ, allied to the curlew and like it in form, plumage, and habits, but smaller, and having a shorter bill.--Also WIM'BREL. [Prob. imit.]

WHIMPER, hwim'p[.e]r, v.i. to cry with a low, whining voice.--n. a peevish cry.--ns. WHIM'PERER, one who whimpers; WHIM'PERING, peevish crying.--adv. WHIM'PERINGLY.--BE ON THE WHIMPER, to be peevish and ready to cry. [Scot. whimmer; Ger. wimmern; perh. from the root of whine.]

WHIMPLE, hwim'pl (Spens.). Same as WIMPLE.

WHIN, hwin, n. gorse, furze.--n. WHIN'-CHAT, a bird very similar in appearance, esp. when it assumes its duller autumn plumage, to the Stone-chat, a summer visitant of Britain.--adj. WHIN'NY, abounding in whins. [W. chwyn, weeds.]

WHIN, hwin, n. See WHINSTONE.

WHINE, hw[=i]n, v.i. to utter a plaintive, shrill cry: to complain in an unmanly way.--n. a plaintive cry: an affected nasal tone of complaint.--ns. WH[=I]'NER; WH[=I]'NING.--adv. WH[=I]'NINGLY. [A.S. hwínan, to whine; Ice. hvína.]

WHINGE, hwinj, v.i. (Scot.) to whine. [Whine.]

WHINGER, hwing'[.e]r, n. a dirk.--Also WHIN'IARD and WHIN'YARD. [Prob. a corr. of hanger.]

WHINNOCK, hwin'ok, n. (prov.) the smallest pig in a litter: a milk-pail.

WHINNY, hwin'i, v.i, to neigh:--pa.t. and pa.p. whinn'ied.--n. a neigh. [Freq. of whine.]

WHINSTONE, hwin'st[=o]n, n. a popular name in Scotland for any hard and compact kind of stone, as distinguished from sandstone or freestone and rocks of slaty structure.--Also WHIN. [Perh. corr. from whernstone, quernstone, stone suitable for querns.]

WHINYARD. See WHINGER.

WHIP, hwip, n. that which whips: a lash with a handle for punishing or driving: a driver, coachman: one who enforces the attendance of a political party: a whipper-in, the person who manages the hounds: a call made on members of parliament to be in their places against important divisions: a simple form of hoisting apparatus, a small tackle consisting of a single rope and block.--v.t. to strike with a lash: to drive or punish with lashes: to lash with sarcasm: (coll.) to beat, outdo: to beat into a froth, as eggs, cream, &c.: to keep together, as a party: to fish with fly: to overlay, as one cord with another, to enwrap, lay regularly on: to sew lightly: to overcast, as a seam: to move quickly, snatch (with up, away, out).--v.i. to move nimbly: to make a cast in fishing with fly:--pr.p. whip'ping; pa.t. and pa.p. whipped, whipt.--ns. WHIP'-AND-DER'RY, a hoisting apparatus--same as whip above; WHIP'CAT, a tailor; WHIP'CORD, cord for making whips.--adj. WHIP'CORDY, tough like whipcord.--v.t. WHIP'-GRAFT, to graft by fitting a tongue cut on the scion to a slit cut slopingly in the stock.--ns. WHIP'-HAND, the hand that holds the whip: advantage over; WHIP'-HAND'LE, the handle or stock of a whip: an advantage; WHIP'JACK, a poor whining seaman who never was at sea; WHIP'LASH, the lash of a whip; WHIP'PER, one who whips: an officer who inflicts the penalty of whipping; WHIP'PER-IN, one who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in to the line of chase: one who enforces the discipline of a party; WHIP'PER-SNAP'PER, a pretentious but insignificant person; WHIP'PING, act of whipping: punishment with the whip or lash: a defeat: a binding of twine, as at the end of a rope: in bookbinding, the sewing of the edges of single leaves in sections by overcasting the thread--also WHIP'-STITCH'ING; WHIP'PING-BOY, a boy formerly educated along with a prince and bearing his punishments for him; WHIP'PING-CHEER (Shak.), chastisement; WHIP'PING-POST, a post to which offenders are tied to be whipped: the punishment itself; WHIP'-SAW, a saw usually set in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and commonly worked by two persons.--v.t. to cut with a whip-saw: to have the advantage of a person at every point.--ns. WHIP'-SNAKE, a name given in North America to various species of the genus Masticophis (esp. M. flagelliformis, the coach-whip snake, four to five feet long, slender, and harmless), as also to species of Philodryas, of Passerita, &c.; WHIP'-SOCK'ET, a socket to hold the butt of a whip; WHIP'-STAFF, the handle of a whip; WHIP'STER (Shak.), same as WHIPPER-SNAPPER; WHIP'-STITCH, a kind of half-ploughing--raftering: a hasty composition: a tailor; WHIP'-STOCK, the rod or handle of a whip.--adjs. WHIP'-TAIL, -TAILED, having a long, slender tail.--WHIP AND SPUR, with great haste; WHIP THE CAT, to practise small economies: to work by the day as a dressmaker going from house to house. [M. E. whippen; prob. a form of wippen--Old Dut. wippen, to shake, conn. with Old High Ger. wipph, swinging motion (Ger. weifen, to move), and akin to L. vibr[=a]re, to tremble.]

WHIPPET, hwip'et, n. (obs.) a kind of dog, a cross between a greyhound and spaniel.

WHIPPLETREE. See WHIFFLETREE.

WHIP-POOR-WILL, hwip'-p[=oo]r-wil', n. a species of goat-sucker, a native of North America. [So named from the fancied resemblance of its notes to the words whip poor Will.]

WHIPPY, hwip'i, adj. (Scot.) active, nimble.--n. a pert young woman.

WHIR, hw[.e]r, n. a sound from rapid whirling.--v.i. to whirl round with a noise.--v.t. (Shak.) to hurry away with a whizzing sound:--pr.p. whir'ring; pa.t. and pa.p. whirred.--n. WHIR'RING. [Dan. hvirre, to whirl; ult. imit.]

WHIRL, hw[.e]rl, n. a turning with rapidity: anything that turns with velocity.--v.i. to revolve rapidly.--v.t. to turn round rapidly: to carry away rapidly, as on wheels.--ns. WHIRL'-ABOUT', anything that turns round rapidly; WHIRL'-BAT (obs.), the ancient cestus; WHIRL'-BLAST, a whirling blast of wind; WHIRL'-BONE, the knee-cap; WHIRL'ER; WHIRL'IGIG, a child's toy which is spun or whirled rapidly round: a merry-go-round: anything that revolves rapidly: the water-beetle (Gyrinus): an ancient instrument of punishment, consisting of a pivoted wooden cage in which the prisoner was spun round; WHIRL'ING; WHIRL'ING-DER'VISH, one of an order of Mohammedan devotees who dance or spin round--the Mevlevis or dancing dervishes, founded in 1273; WHIRL'ING-T[=A]'BLE, -MACHINE', a machine exhibiting the effects of centripetal and centrifugal forces: an instrument used by potters; WHIRL'POOL, a circular current in a river or sea, produced by opposing tides, winds, or currents: an eddy; WHIRL'WIND, a violent aerial current, with a whirling, rotary, or spiral motion and wild circling rush. [Skeat explains M. E. whirlen as a contraction for an assumed whirf-le, a freq. of Ice. hvirfla, to whirl, freq. of hverfa (pa.t. hvarf), to turn round; Ger. wirbeln, to whirl.]

WHIRRET, hwir'et, n. (obs.) a blow.--v.t. to give a box on the ear to: to vex.--Also WHIRR'ICK.

WHIRRY, hw[.e]r'i, v.i. (Scot.) to fly rapidly.

WHISH, hwish, v.i. to move with the whizzing sound of rapid motion. [Imit.]

WHISH, hwish, interj. hush!--also WHISHT.--adj. (obs.) silent.

WHISK, hwisk, v.t. to move with a quick motion: to sweep or stir rapidly.--v.i. to move nimbly and rapidly.--n. a rapid sweeping motion: a small bunch of anything used for a brush: a small instrument for beating or whisking, esp. eggs.--ns. WHIS'KER, he who, or that which, whisks: the hair on the sides of a man's face (esp. in pl.): the bristle on the face of a cat, &c.; WHISKERAN'DO, a whiskered person, in allusion to Don Ferolo Whiskerandos in Sheridan's Critic.--adjs. WHISKERAN'DOED, WHIS'KERED, WHIS'KERY, having whiskers; WHIS'KING, moving briskly; WHIS'KY-FRIS'KY, flighty. [Scand., Ice. visk, a wisp of hay; Sw. viska, to wipe, Ger. wischen; prob. conn. with wash.]

WHISK, hwisk, n. whist. [So called from the rapid action of sweeping the cards off the table after a trick has been won.]

WHISKET, hwis'ket, n. (prov.) a basket.

WHISKY, WHISKEY, hwis'ki, n. a spirit made by the distillation of the fermented extract from malted and unmalted cereals, potatoes, or any starch-yielding material--the best qualities made either from malted barley alone, or from a mixed grist of barley-malt and dried barley and oats.--adjs. WHIS'KIFIED, WHIS'KEYFIED, intoxicated.--n. WHIS'KY-LIV'ER, cirrhosis of the liver, from too much whisky.--WHISKY INSURRECTION, an outbreak against the excise regulations which occurred in Western Pennsylvania in 1794; WHISKY TODDY, toddy having whisky for its chief ingredient. [Gael. uisge beatha--uisge, water, beatha, life; cf. L. vita, Gr. bios, life.]

WHISKY, WHISKEY, hwis'ki, n. a light gig.

WHISKY-JACK, hwis'ki-jak, n. the gray or Canada jay.--Also WHIS'KY-JOHN. [Amer. Ind. wiss-ka-tjan.]

WHISPER, hwis'p[.e]r, v.i. to speak with a low sound: to speak very softly: to plot secretly.--v.t. to utter in a low voice or under the breath.--n. a low, hissing voice or sound: cautious or timorous speaking: a secret hint: a low rustling sound.--ns. WHIS'PERER, one who whispers: (B.) a secret informer; WHIS'PERING, whispered talk: insinuation.--adj. like a whisper.--n. WHIS'PERING-GALL'ERY, a gallery or dome so constructed that a whisper or slight sound is carried to an unusual distance.--advs. WHIS'PERINGLY, in a whisper or low voice; WHIS'PEROUSLY, in a whisper. [A.S. hwisprian; Ger. wispern, Ice. hvískra; allied to whistle.]

WHIST, hwist, adj. hushed: silent.--v.i. to become silent.--v.t. (Spens.) to hush or silence.--interj. hush! silence! be still! [Akin to hist!]

WHIST, hwist, n. a well-known game at cards, played with the whole pack, by two against two.--ns. WHIST'-PLAY, play in the game of whist; WHIST'-PLAY'ER.--DUMMY WHIST (see Dummy); FIVE POINT WHIST, whist played without counting honours; LONG WHIST, a game of ten points with honours counting; SHORT WHIST, the game of five points, without honours. [Orig. whisk. Cf. Whisk.]

WHISTLE, hwis'l, v.i. to make a shrill sound by forcing the breath through the lips contracted: to make a like sound with an instrument: to sound shrill: to inform by whistling, to become informer.--v.t. to form or utter by whistling: to call by a whistle.--n. the sound made in whistling: a small wind instrument: an instrument sounded by escaping steam, used for signalling on railway-engines, steamships, &c.--adj. WHIS'TLE-DRUNK (obs.), too drunk to whistle.--ns. WHIS'TLE-FISH, a rockling; WHIS'TLER, one who, or that which, whistles: a kind of marmot: a broken-winded horse; WHIS'TLING.--adv. WHIS'TLINGLY.--n. WHIS'TLING-SHOP (slang), a shebeen, the keeper being called a whistler.--WHISTLE DOWN THE WIND, to talk to no purpose; WHISTLE FOR, to summon by whistling; WHISTLE FOR A WIND, a superstitious practice of old sailors during a calm; WHISTLE OFF, to send off by a whistle: (Shak.) turn loose.--GO WHISTLE (Shak.), to go to the deuce; PAY FOR ONE'S WHISTLE, to pay highly for one's caprice; PIGS AND WHISTLES, an exclamation equivalent to 'The deuce!' or the like--also in phrase, 'To make pigs and whistles of anything'=to make a sad mess of it; WET ONE'S WHISTLE (coll.), to take a drink of liquor; WORTH THE WHISTLE, worth the trouble of calling for. [A.S. hwistlian; Sw. hvissla; cf. Whisper.]

WHIT, hwit, n. the smallest particle imaginable: a bit. [By-form of wight, a creature.]

WHITE, hw[=i]t, adj. of the colour of pure snow: pale, pallid: colourless: pure: unblemished: purified from sin: bright: burnished without ornament: transparent and colourless, as of wine: pertaining to the Carmelite monks: gracious, favourable: (U.S.) reliable, honest.--n. the colour of snow: anything white, as a white man, the mark at which an arrow is shot, the albuminous part of an egg.--v.t. to make white.--ns. WHITE'-ALLOY', a cheap alloy used to imitate silver; WHITE'-ANT, a termite.--adj. WHITE'-BACKED, having the back white or marked with white.--ns. WHITE'BAIT, the name by which the fry of the herring and sprat are known in the market, and when served for the table, esp. in London; WHITE'-BASS, a silvery serranoid fish of the American Great Lake region.--adj. WHITE'-BEAKED, having a white beak.--ns. WHITE'-BEAR, the polar bear; WHITE'-BEARD, an old man.-adjs. WHITE'-BEARD'ED; WHITE'-BELL'IED; WHITE'-BILLED.--ns. WHITE'BOY, a member of an association of Irish peasants first formed in County Tipperary about 1761--wearing white shirts--long noted for agrarian outrages; WHITE'BOYISM, the principles of the Whiteboys; WHITE'-BRASS, an alloy of copper and zinc.--adj. WHITE'-BREAST'ED.--n.pl. WHITE'CAPS (U.S.), the name given to a self-constituted committee of persons who generally commit outrageous acts under the guise of serving the community.--ns. WHITE'CHAPEL-CART, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by London butchers, grocers, &c.; WHITE'-COPP'ER, a light-coloured alloy of copper.--adjs. WHITE'-CREST'ED, -CROWNED, having the crest or crown white--of birds.--n.pl. WHITE'-CROPS, grain, as barley, rye, wheat.--ns. WHITE'-DAMP, carbonic oxide, a poisonous but not inflammable gas found in coal-mines in the after-damp; WHITE'-EL'EPHANT (see ELEPHANT).--adjs. WHITE'-FACED, having a face pale with fear or from illness: with white front, forehead--also WHITE'-FRONT'ED; WHITE'-F[=A]'VOURED, wearing white favours.--ns. WHITE'-FEATH'ER (see FEATHER); WHITE'FISH, a general name for such fish as the whiting, haddock, menhaden, &c.: the largest of all the Coregoni or American lake whitefish; WHITE'FRIAR, one of the Carmelite order of friars, so called from their white dress.--adj. WHITE'-HAND'ED, having white hands unstained with guilt.--ns. WHITE'-HASS (Scot.), an oatmeal and suet pudding; WHITE'HEAD, the blue-winged snow-goose: a breed of domestic pigeons, a white-tailed monk; WHITE'-HEAT, the degree of heat at which bodies become white; WHITE'-HERR'ING, a fresh or uncured herring; WHITE'-HON'EYSUCKLE, the clammy azalea; WHITE'-HORSE, the name applied to a figure of a horse on a hillside, formed by removing the turf so as to show the underlying chalk--the most famous in Berkshire, at Uffington, traditionally supposed to commemorate Alfred the Great's victory of Ashdown (871)--periodically 'scoured' or cleaned from turf, &c.--adj. WHITE'-HOT.--ns. WHITE'-[=I]RON, pig-iron in which the carbon is almost entirely in chemical combination with the iron; WHITE'-L[=A]'DY, a spectral figure which appears in many of the castles of Germany, as at Ansbach, Baireuth, Altenburg, &c., by night as well as by day, particularly when the death of any member of the family is imminent; WHITE'-LAND, land with a stiff clayey soil white when dry; WHITE'LEAD, a carbonate of lead used in painting white; WHITE'-LEATH'ER (see LEATHER); WHITE'-LEG, an ailment of women after parturition--also Milk-leg; WHITE'-LIE (see LIE); WHITE'-LIGHT, ordinary sunlight; WHITE'-LIME, whitewash.--adjs. WHITE'-LIMED, whitewashed; WHITE'-LIST'ED, having white lists or stripes on a darker ground; WHITE'-LIV'ERED, having a pale look, so called because thought to be caused by a white liver: cowardly: malicious; WHITE'LY (Shak.), coming near to white, white-faced.--ns. WHITE'-MEAT, food made of milk, butter, eggs, &c.: the flesh of poultry, rabbits, veal, &c.; WHITE'-MET'AL, a general name for alloys of light colour.--v.t. WH[=I]'TEN, to make white: to bleach.--v.i. to become or turn white.--ns. WH[=I]T'ENER; WHITE'NESS; WHITE'-POT, a Devonshire dish of sliced rolls, milk, eggs, sugar, &c. baked; WHITE'-PRECIP'ITATE, a white mercurial preparation used externally; WHITE'-PYR[=I]'TES, marcasite; WHITE'-RENT, the tinner's poll-tax of eightpence to the Duke of Cornwall: rent paid in silver.--adj. WHITE'-RUMPED.--ns. WHITES (see LEUCORRHOEA); WHITE'-SALT, salt dried and calcined; WHITE'SMITH, a worker in tinned or white iron: a tinsmith; WHITE'-SQUALL (see SQUALL); WHITE'STONE, granulite; WHITE'-SWELL'ING, a disease of the joints, esp. the knee, in which the synovial membrane passes into pulpy degeneration; WHITE'THORN, the common hawthorn; WHITE'THROAT, a bird of the same genus as the Blackcap, having the breast and belly of a brownish-white; WHITE'-VIT'RIOL, sulphate of zinc; WHITE'WASH, slaked quicklime, reduced to the consistency of milk by means of water, used for colouring walls and as a disinfectant: a wash for the skin: false colouring.--v.t. to cover with whitewash: to give a fair appearance to.--ns. WHITE'WASHER, one who whitewashes; WHITE'-WA'TER, shoal water near the shore, breakers: the foaming water in rapids, &c.; WHITE'-WAX, bleached beeswax: Chinese wax, or pela; WHITE'-WINE, any wine of clear transparent colour, as hock, &c.; WHITE'WING, the velvet scoter, scurf-duck: the chaffinch.--adj. WHITE'-WINGED.--ns. WHITE'WOOD, a name applied to a large number of trees or their timber--the American tulip-tree, white-wood cedar, cheesewood, &c.; WH[=I]'TING, a small sea-fish allied to the cod, so called from its white colour: ground chalk free from stony matter and other impurities, extensively used as a size-colour, &c.--also WHITE'NING, and SPANISH WHITE, PARIS WHITE (the finest); WH[=I]'TING-TIME (Shak.), bleaching-time.--adj. WH[=I]'TISH, somewhat white.--ns. WH[=I]'TISHNESS; WH[=I]T'STER (Shak.), a bleacher of cloth or clothes.--adjs. WH[=I]'TY, whitish; WH[=I]'TY-BROWN, white with a tinge of brown.--WHITE-HEADED EAGLE, the North American bald eagle; WHITE HORSE, a white-topped wave; WHITE HOUSE, a popular name of the official residence of the President of the United States at Washington; WHITE OF AN EGG, the albumen, the pellucid viscous fluid surrounding the yolk; WHITE OF THE EYE, that part of the ball of the eye which surrounds the iris or coloured part.--CHINA WHITE, a very pure variety of whitelead--also SILVER WHITE and FRENCH WHITE; PEARL WHITE, the basic nitrate of bismuth used as a cosmetic; ZINC WHITE, impure oxide of zinc.--MARK WITH A WHITE STONE (see STONE); SHOW THE WHITE FEATHER (see FEATHER). [A.S. hwít; Ice. hvitr, Ger. weiss.]

WHITHER, hwith'[.e]r, adv. to what place? to which place: to what: whithersoever.--adv. WHITHERSOEV'ER, to whatever place.--NO WHITHER, to no place. [A.S. hwider, from the stem of who. Cf. Thither, There.]

WHITLEATHER, hwit'leth-[.e]r, n. leather dressed with alum, white leather: the paxwax or nuchal ligament of the ox.

WHITLOW, hwit'l[=o], n. a painful inflammatory affection of the fingers, almost always proceeding to suppuration, paronychia.--n. WHIT'LOW-GRASS, a small British saxifrage: the small Draba verna of America. [A corr. of whick-flaw=quick-flaw. Cf. Quick and Flaw.]

WHIT-MONDAY, hwit'-mun'd[=a], n. the Monday following Whitsunday.

WHITSOUR, hwit'sowr, n. a kind of summer apple.

WHITSUN, hwit'sun, adj. pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide.--ns. WHIT'SUN-ALE, a festival formerly held at WHITSUNTIDE; WHIT'SUNDAY, WHIT'SUNTIDE, the seventh Sunday after Easter, commemorating the day of Pentecost, when the converts in the primitive Church wore white robes: in Scotland, one of the term-days (May 15) on which rents, annuities, &c. are payable, the Whitsunday removal terms in towns being fixed as May 28; WHIT'SUNTIDE, the season of Pentecost, comprising the week following Pentecost Sunday; WHIT'SUN-WEEK, the week beginning with Whitsunday.

WHITTAW, hwit'aw, n. (prov.) a saddler.--Also WHITT'AWER.

WHITTIE-WHATTIE, hwit'i-hwot'i, v.i. (Scot.) to mutter, whisper.--n. language intended to deceive.

WHITTLE, hwit'l, v.t. to pare or cut with a knife: to cut to an edge.--v.i. to cut wood aimlessly: (obs. slang) to confess at the gallows.--n. a small pocket-knife. [M. E. thwitel--A.S. thwítan, to cut.]

WHITTLE, hwit'l, n. (prov.) a woollen shawl: a blanket. [A.S. hwítel, a white mantle--hwít, white.]

WHIZ, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air:--pr.p. whiz'zing; pa.t. and pa.p. whizzed.--n. a hissing sound.--ns. WHIZ'ZER; WHIZ'ZING.--adv. WHIZ'ZINGLY. [Imit.; cf. Wheeze, Whist, and Hiss.]

WHO, h[=oo], pron. (both rel. and interrog.) what person? which person.--pron. WHOEV'ER, every one who: whatever person.--WHO BUT HE, who else? he only.--AS WHO SHOULD SAY, as if one should say.--THE WHO (Shak.), who. [A.S. hwá; cog. with Goth. hwas, Ice. hver, Ger. wer; also with Sans. kas, Gr. pos, L. quis.]

WHOA, hw[=o], interj. stop!

WHOLE, h[=o]l, adj. sound, as in health (so in B.): unimpaired: containing the total amount, number, &c.: all: not defective: complete: in mining, as yet unworked.--n. the entire thing: a system or combination of parts.--adv. wholly.--adjs. WHOLE'-COL'OURED, all of one colour; WHOLE'-FOOT'ED (coll.) unreserved; WHOLE'-HEART'ED, -SOULED, noble: hearty, generous; WHOLE'-HOOFED, having undivided hoof; WHOLE'-LENGTH, giving the whole figure, as a portrait: full-length.--n. a portrait or statue giving the whole figure.--ns. WHOLE'NESS; WHOLE'S[=A]LE, sale of goods by the whole piece or large quantity.--adj. buying and selling in large quantities: extensive.--n. WHOLE'S[=A]LER, one who sells by wholesale.--adjs. WHOLE'-SKINNED, having an unbroken skin: unhurt: safe in reputation; WHOLE'SOME, healthy: sound: salutary: (Shak.) prosperous.--adv. WHOLE'SOMELY.--ns. WHOLE'SOMENESS; WHOLE'-STITCH, a lace-making stitch used in filling.--adv. WHOLLY (h[=o]'li), completely, altogether.--n. WHOLTH, wholeness, soundness.--WHOLE NUMBER, a unit, or a number composed of units, an integral number.--UPON, ON, THE WHOLE, generally speaking, to sum up.--WITH WHOLE SKIN, safe, unscathed. [A.S. hál, healthy; Ice. heill, Ger. heil. By-form hale (1).]

WHOM, h[=oo]m, pron. objective case of who.--prons. WHOMEV'ER, WHOMSOEV'ER, objective case of whoever, whosoever. [A.S. hwám, which was orig. dat. of hwá, who, and replaced in the 12th and 13th centuries the older accus. hwone.]

WHOMMLE, hwom'l, WHOMBLE, hwomb'l, v.t. (prov.). Same as WHEMMLE.

WHOOBUB, h[=oo]'bub, n. (Shak.). Same as HUBBUB.

WHOOP, hw[=oo]p, or h[=oo]p, n. a loud eager cry.--v.i. to give a clear, sharp cry: to shout in scorn, eagerness, &c.--v.t. to insult with shouts.--interj. (Shak.) ho!--ns. WHOOP'ER, one who whoops: a species of swan; WHOOP'ING-COUGH, HOOPING-COUGH, an infectious and epidemic disease, mostly attacking children under ten, esp. in spring and autumn, its characteristic sign a cough occurring in paroxysms consisting of a series of short expiratory puffs followed by a deep inspiration of air through the contracted cleft of the glottis. [O. Fr. houper, to shout; cf. Houp! Houp-la! Perh. of Teut. origin, cog. with Goth. w[=o]pjan, to crow.]

WHOOT. See HOOT.

WHOP, WHAP, hwop, v.t. (coll.) to whip.--v.i. to flop on the ground.--n. WHOP'PER, one who whops: anything very large, esp. a monstrous lie.--adj. WHOP'PING (slang), very large. [Whip.]

WHORE, h[=o]r, n. a woman who prostitutes her body for hire, a prostitute, harlot, strumpet, hence any unchaste woman.--v.i. to practise lewdness.--v.t. to corrupt by lewd commerce.--ns. WHORE'DOM, unlawful sexual intercourse: idolatry; WHORE'HOUSE, a brothel; WHORE'MASTER (Shak.), a pimp.--adj. WHORE'MASTERLY, libidinous.--ns. WHORE'MONGER, a lecher: a pander; WHORE'SON (Shak.), a bastard.--adj. mean, scurvy.--adj. WH[=O]'RISH.--adv. WH[=O]'RISHLY.--n. WH[=O]'RISHNESS. [Ice. hóra, an adulteress, fem. of hórr, an adulterer. The word was confused with A.S. horu (Old High Ger. horo), dirt. There is no connection with hire.]

WHORL, hworl, n. a number of leaves in a circle round the stem: a turn in a spiral shell: a volution--e.g. in the ear: the fly of a spindle.--p.adj. WHORLED, having whorls: arranged in the form of a whorl or whorls. [By-form of whirl.]

WHORTLEBERRY, hwor'tl-ber-i, n. a widely-spread health plant with a purple edible berry, called also the Bilberry--in Scotland, Blaeberry--sometimes abbrev. WHORT. [A.S. wyrtil, a shrub (Ger. wurzel, root), dim. of wyrt, root, and berie, berry; confused rather than conn. with A.S. heort berge, berry of the buckthorn.]

WHOSE, h[=oo]z, pron. the possessive case of who or which.--pron. WHOSESOEV'ER (B.), of whomsoever. [M. E. hwas--A.S. hwæs, gen. of hwá, who.]

WHOSO, h[=oo]'so, WHOSOEVER, h[=oo]-so-ev'[.e]r, indef. rel. pron. every one who: whoever.

WHOT, hwot, adj. (Spens.). Same as HOT.

WHUMMLE, a form of whemmle.

WHUNSTANE, a form of whinstone.

WHY, hw[=i], adv. and conj. for what cause or reason? on which account: wherefore.--interj. used us an expletive or exclamation.--n. WHY'-NOT (obs.), a dilemma.--WHY, SO (Shak.), an expression of unwilling consent.--THE CAUSE WHY, THE REASON WHY, the reason why a thing is, or is to be done; THE WHY AND WHEREFORE, the whole reason. [A.S. hwí, hwý, instrumental case of hwá, who.]

WHYDAH, WHIDAH, hwid'a, n. a genus of birds of the Weaver family, natives of the tropical parts of Africa, often brought to Britain as cage-birds. [From the country of Whydah in Dahomey.]

WICK, wik, n. a creek. [Ice. vík, a bay. Cf. Viking.]

WICK, wik, v.t. in curling, to strike a stone in an oblique direction. [Prob. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

WICK, wik, n. the twisted threads of cotton or other substance in a candle or lamp which draw up the inflammable liquid to a flame. [A.S. weoca; allied to weak--A.S. wác.]

WICK, wik, adj. (prov.) quick, alive.--n. a lively person.

WICK, wik, n. a village or town, as in Ber_wick_, Green_wich_. [A.S. wíc--L. vicus, a village.]

WICKED, wik'ed, adj. evil in principle or practice: deviating from morality: sinful: ungodly: mischievous: (prov.) active, brisk.--n. (B.) a wicked person, (pl.) wicked persons collectively.--adv. WICK'EDLY.--n. WICK'EDNESS.--WICKED BIBLE, an edition printed in 1632 in which the word 'not' was omitted in Exodus xx. 14.--THE WICKED ONE, the devil. [Orig. a pa.p. with the sense 'rendered evil' from wikken, to make evil, wikke, bad; A.S. wicca, wizard.]

WICKEN, wik'n, n. the mountain-ash or rowan-tree.--Also WICK'Y.

WICKER, wik'[.e]r, n. a small pliant twig or osier: wickerwork.--adj. made of twigs or osiers.--adj. WICK'ERED, made of wicker: covered with wickerwork.--n. WICK'ERWORK, basketwork of any kind. [M. E. wiker--A.S. wicen, pa.p. of wícan, to bend.]

WICKET, wik'et, n. a small gate: one of three upright rods bowled at in cricket: a batsman's stay at the wicket: the ground where the wickets are placed.--ns. WICK'ET-DOOR, -GATE, a wicket; WICK'ET-KEEP'ER, in cricket, the fieldsman who stands immediately behind the wicket. [O. Fr. wiket (Fr. guichet), a dim. form, prob. from Ice. vik-inn, pa.p. of víkja, to move; cf. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

WIDDERSHINS, WIDERSHINS, &c. See WITHERSHINS.

WIDDY, wid'i, provincial form of widow and of withy (see WITHE).

WIDE, w[=i]d, adj. extended far: having a considerable distance between: broad: distant: bulging, expanded: deviating, errant, wild.--n. wideness: in cricket, a ball that goes wide of the wicket, counting one to the batting side.--advs. W[=I]DE, W[=I]DE'LY.--adj. W[=I]DE'-AWAKE', fully awake: on the alert: ready.--n. a kind of soft felt hat.--n. W[=I]DE'AWAKENESS.--adj. W[=I]DE'-CHAPPED, wide-mouthed.--v.t. and v.i, W[=I]'DEN, to make or grow wide or wider: (Shak.) to throw open.--ns. W[=I]DE'NER, one who, or that which, widens: a kind of tool; W[=I]DE'NESS, width.--adjs. W[=I]DE'-SPREAD, diffused; W[=I]DE'-STRETCHED (Shak.), large; W[=I]DE'-WA'TERED, bordered or covered by wide waters.--n. WIDTH, wideness, breadth. [A.S. wíd; Ice. víthr, Ger. weit.]

WIDGEON, WIGEON, wij'on, n. a genus of Ducks having the bill shorter than the head, the legs short, the feet rather small, the wings long and pointed, and the tail wedge-shaped: a fool. [O. Fr. vigeon--L. vipio, vipionis, a small crane.]

WIDOW, wid'[=o], n. a woman who has lost her husband by death.--v.t. to bereave of a husband: to strip of anything valued: (Shak.) to endow with a widow's right: to be widow to.--ns. WID'OW-BENCH, a widow's share of her husband's estate besides her jointure; WID'OW-BEWITCHED', a grass-widow; WID'OW-BIRD, a corruption of WHYDAH-BIRD; WID'OWER, a man whose wife is dead; WID'OWERHOOD; WID'OWHOOD, state of being a widow, or (rarely) of being a widower: (Shak.) a widow's right; WID'OW-HUN'TER, one who seeks to marry a widow for her money; WID'OW-M[=A]'KER, one who bereaves women of their husbands; WID'OW'S-CHAM'BER, the apparel and bedroom furniture of the widow of a London freeman, to which she was entitled; WID'OW-WAIL, a dwarf shrub with pink, sweet-scented flowers, native to Spain and southern France.--WIDOW'S LAWN, a fine thin muslin; WIDOW'S MAN, a fictitious person; WIDOW'S SILK, a silk fabric with dull surface, for mournings; WIDOW'S WEEDS, the mourning dress of a widow. [A.S. widwe, wuduwe; Ger. wittwe, L. vidua, bereft of a husband, Sans. vidhav[=a].]

WIELD, w[=e]ld, v.t. to use with full command: to manage: to use.--adj. WIEL'DABLE, capable of being wielded.--ns. WIEL'DER; WIEL'DINESS.--adjs. WIELD'LESS (Spens.), not capable of being wielded, unmanageable; WIEL'DY, capable of being wielded: manageable: dexterous, active.--WIELD THE SCEPTRE, to have supreme command or control. [A.S. geweldan--wealdan; Goth. waldan, Ger. walten.]

WIERY, w[=e]'ri, adj. (obs.) wet, marshy, moist. [A.S. wær, a pond.]

WIFE, w[=i]f, n. a woman: a married woman: the mistress of a house, a hostess--often in this sense 'goodwife.'--n. WIFE'HOOD, the state of being a wife.--adjs. WIFE'LESS, without a wife; WIFE'-LIKE, WIFE'LY. [A.S. wíf; Ice. víf, Ger. weib; not conn. with weave.]

WIG, wig, n. an artificial covering of hair for the head, worn to conceal baldness, formerly for fashion's sake, as in the full-dress full-bottomed form of Queen Anne's time, still worn by the Speaker and by judges, and the smaller tie-wig, still represented by the judge's undress wig and the barrister's or advocate's frizzed wig: a judge. (For BAG-WIG, see BAG.)--n. WIG'-BLOCK, a block or shaped piece of wood for fitting a wig on.--adj. WIGGED, wearing a wig.--n. WIG'GERY, false hair: excess of formality.--adj. WIG'LESS, without a wig.--n. WIG'-M[=A]'KER, a maker of wigs. [Short for periwig.]

WIG, wig, v.t. (coll.) to scold.--n. WIG'GING, a scolding. [Prob. derived from 'to snatch at one's wig,' to handle roughly.]

WIGAN, wig'an, n. a stiff canvas-like fabric for stiffening shirts, borders, &c. [Wigan, the town.]

WIGEON. See WIDGEON.

WIGGLE, wig'l, v.i. (prov.) to waggle, wriggle.--n. a wiggling motion.--n. WIGG'LER, one who wriggles.

WIGHT, w[=i]t, n. a creature or a person--used chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S. wiht, a creature, prob. from wegan, to move, carry; Ger. wicht. Cf. Whit.]

WIGHT, w[=i]t, adj. swift, nimble: courageous, strong.--adv. WIGHT'LY, swiftly, nimbly. [Ice. vígr, warlike--víg, war (A.S. wíg).]

WIGWAG, wig'wag, v.i. to twist about, to signal by means of flags.--adj. twisting.--adv. to and fro.

WIGWAM, wig'wam, n. an Indian hut. [Eng. corr. of Algonkin word.]

WILD, w[=i]ld, adj. frolicsome, light-hearted: being in a state of nature: not tamed or cultivated: uncivilised: desert: unsheltered: violent: eager, keen: licentious: fantastic: wide of the mark.--n. an uncultivated region: a forest or desert.--ns. W[=I]LD'-ASS, an Asiatic or African ass living naturally in a wild state; W[=I]LD'-BOAR, a wild swine or animal of the hog kind.--adj. W[=I]LD'-BORN, born in a wild state.--n. W[=I]LD'-CAT, the undomesticated cat.--adj. (U.S.) haphazard, reckless, unsound financially.--ns. W[=I]LD'-CHERR'Y, any uncultivated tree bearing cherries, or its fruit; W[=I]LD'-DUCK, any duck excepting the domesticated duck.--v.t. WILDER (wil'd[.e]r), to bewilder.--v.i. to wander widely or wildly.--adv. WIL'DEREDLY, in a wildered manner.--ns. WIL'DERING, any plant growing wild, esp. one that has escaped from a state of cultivation; WIL'DERMENT, confusion; WIL'DERNESS, a wild or waste place: an uncultivated region: a confused mass: (Shak.) wildness; W[=I]LD'-FIRE, a composition of inflammable materials: a kind of lightning flitting at intervals: a disease of sheep; W[=I]LD'-FOWL, the birds of the duck tribe: game-birds; W[=I]LD'-FOWL'ING, the pursuit of wild-fowl; W[=I]LD'-GOOSE, a bird of the goose kind which is wild or feral; W[=I]LD'-GOOSE-CHASE (see CHASE); W[=I]LD-HON'EY, the honey of wild bees; W[=I]LD'ING, that which grows wild or without cultivation: a wild crab-apple.--adj. uncultivated.--adj. W[=I]LD'ISH, somewhat wild.--n. W[=I]LD'-LAND, land completely uncultivated.--adv. W[=I]LD'LY.--ns. W[=I]LD'NESS; W[=I]LD'-OAT, a tall perennial Old World grass.--adj. W[=I]LD'-WOOD, belonging to wild uncultivated wood.--n. a forest.--WILD ANIMALS, undomesticated animals; WILD BIRDS, birds not domesticated, esp. those protected at certain seasons under the Act of 1880; WILD HUNT, the name given in Germany to a noise sometimes heard in the air at night, mostly between Christmas and Epiphany, as of a host of spirits rushing along, accompanied by the shouting of huntsmen and the baying of dogs--the 'Seven Whistlers' and 'Gabriel's Hounds' of our own north country; WILD SHOT, a chance shot.--Run wild, to take to loose living: to revert to the wild or uncultivated state; SOW WILD OATS (see OAT). [A.S. wild; prob. orig. 'self-willed,' from the root of will; Ger. wild.]

WILD, w[=i]ld, a variety of weald.

WILDGRAVE, w[=i]ld'gr[=a]v, n. a German noble, whose office was connected with hunting. [Ger. wild, game, graf, count.]

WILE, w[=i]l, n. a trick: a sly artifice.--v.t. to beguile, inveigle: coax, cajole: to make to pass easily or pleasantly (confused with while).--adj. WILE'FUL, full of wiles. [A.S. wíl, wíle; Ice. vél, væl, a trick. Doublet guile.]

WILL, wil, n. power of choosing or determining: volition: choice or determination: pleasure: command: arbitrary disposal: feeling towards, as in good or ill will: disposition of one's effects at death, the written document containing such.--v.i. to have a wish, desire: to resolve, be resolved: to be accustomed, certain, ready, or sure (to do, &c.)--used as an auxiliary, esp. in future constructions: to exercise the will: to decree: (B.) to be willing.--v.t. to wish, desire: to determine: to be resolved to do: to command: to dispose of by will: to subject to another's will, as in hypnotism:--pa.t. would.--adj. WIL'FUL, governed only by one's will: done or suffered by design: obstinate: (Shak.) willing.--adv. WIL'FULLY.--n. WIL'FULNESS.--adj. WILLED, having a will: brought under another's will.--n. WILL'ER, one who wishes, one who wills.--adjs. WILL'ING, having the will inclined to a thing: desirous: disposed: chosen; WILL'ING-HEART'ED, heartily consenting.--adv. WILL'INGLY.--n. WILL'INGNESS.--adj. WILL'YARD (Scot.), wilful: shy.--ns. GOOD'-WILL (see GOOD); ILL'-WILL (see ILL).--AT WILL, at pleasure; CONJOINT, JOINT, WILL, a testamentary act by two persons jointly in the same instrument; HAVE ONE'S WILL, to obtain what one desires; TENANT AT WILL, one who holds lands at the will of the owner; WITH A WILL, with all one's heart; WORK ONE'S WILL, to do exactly what one wants. [A.S. willa, will--willan, wyllan, to wish; Goth. wiljan, Ger. wollen, L. velle.]

WILLET, wil'et, n. a North American bird of the snipe family, belonging to the tattler group--also Stone-curlew.

WILLIEWAUGHT, wil'i-wäht, n. (Scot.), for gude-willie waught. [See WAUGHT.]

WILL-O'-THE-WISP, wil'-o-the-wisp', n. the ignis-fatuus: any deluding person or thing.

WILLOW, wil'[=o], n. any tree or shrub of the genus Salix, having slender, pliant branches: the wood of the willow: a cricket-bat.--v.t. to beat with willow rods, as in cleaning cotton, &c.--adj. WILL'OWED, abounding with, or containing, willows.--n. WILL'OW-HERB, a perennial herb (Epilobium) of the evening primrose family--also Rose-bay, Bay-willow, French or Persian willow.--adj. WILL'OWISH, like a willow, slender and supple.--ns. WILL'OW-MACHINE', a machine for extracting dirt from hemp, cotton, &c.--also WILL'OW; WILL'OW-MOTH, a common British night-moth; WILL'OW-WAR'BLER, -WREN, a small European sylviine bird; WILL'OW-WEED, one of various species of Polygonum or knot-weed: the purple loose-strife.--adj. WILL'OWY, abounding in willows: flexible, graceful.--n. WEEP'ING-WILL'OW, a very ornamental species, a native of the East, much planted in Britain on account of its beautiful pendent twigs.--BEDFORD WILLOW, a species whose bark is especially rich in salicin and in tannin; WHITE, or HUNTINGDON, WILLOW, the largest of British species, reaching a height of eighty feet. [A.S. welig; Low Ger. wilge, Dut. wilg.]

WILL-WORSHIP, wil'-wur'ship, n. (B.) worship that is self-invented, superstitious observance without divine authority.

WILLY, wil'i, n. (prov.) a willow basket.

WILLY-NILLY, wil'i-nil'i, adv. willing or unwilling.--adj. vacillating. [Will and nill.]

WILT, wilt, v.i. to droop, lose energy.--v.t. to render limp or pithless. [Cf. Welk; cf. Ger. welk, withered.]

WILT, wilt, 2d pers. sing. of will.

WILY, w[=i]'li, adj. full of wiles or tricks: using craft or stratagem: artful: sly.--adv. W[=I]'LILY.--n. W[=I]'LINESS, cunning.

WIMBLE, wim'bl, n. an instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle.--v.t. to bore through with such. [Scand., Dan. vimmel, auger; conn. with Old Dut. weme, a wimble, and wemelen, to whirl.]

WIMBLE, wim'bl, adj. (Spens.) active, nimble. [Sw. vimmel, giddy--vima, to be giddy; allied to whim.]

WIMPLE, wim'pl, n. a hood or veil folded round the neck and face (still a part of a nun's dress): a flag.--v.t. to hide with a wimple: (Shak.) to hoodwink: to lay in folds.--v.i. to ripple: (Spens.) to lie in folds. [A.S. wimpel, a neck-covering; cf. Ger. wimpel, a pennon, Fr. guimpe, a nun's veil, Eng. gimp, a thin cloth for trimming.]

WIN, win, v.t. to get by labour: to gain in contest: to allure to kindness, to gain: to achieve, effect: to attain: to induce: in mining, to sink down to a bed of coal: to obtain the favour of.--v.i. to gain the victory: to gain favour: (prov.) to make one's way, to succeed in getting:--pr.p. win'ning; pa.t. and pa.p. won (wun).--n. a victory, success.--ns. WIN'NER; WIN'NING, the act of one who wins: that which is won (usually in pl.): a shaft or pit to open a bed of coal.--adj. influencing: attractive.--adv. WIN'NINGLY.--ns. WIN'NINGNESS; WIN'NING-POST, the goal of a race-course.--WIN BY A HEAD, to win very narrowly; WIN IN A CANTER, to win easily, as it were at an easy gallop; WIN ON, UPON, to gain upon, to obtain favour with; WIN, or GAIN, ONE'S SPURS, to earn one's knighthood by valour on the field, hence to gain recognition or reputation by merit of any kind. [A.S. winnan, to suffer, to struggle; Ice. vinna, to accomplish, Ger. gewinnen, to win.]

WIN, win, v.t. (Scot.) to dry by exposure to the wind. [Wind.]

WINCE, wins, v.i. to shrink or start back: to be affected acutely, as by a sarcasm: to be restive, as a horse uneasy at its rider.--n. WIN'CER, one who winces. [O. Fr. guinchir, ganchir, to wince--Old High Ger. wenkan (Ger. wanken), to wince. Allied to Eng. wink, and Ger. winken, to nod.]

WINCEY, WINSEY, win'si, n. a cloth, plain or twilled, usually with a cotton warp and woollen filling--same as linsey-woolsey (q.v.).

WINCH, winsh, n. the crank of a wheel or axle: a kind of hoisting machine: a dyer's reel suspended horizontally by the ends of its axis over the vat, so as to allow the cloth to descend into either compartment of the bath according as it is turned on the right or left.--Also WINCE. [A.S. wince, prob. orig. 'a bent handle,' and so akin to Eng. wink.]

WIND, wind (poet. w[=i]nd), n. air in motion: breath: flatulence: anything insignificant: the wind instruments in an orchestra: air impregnated with scent: a hint or suggestion of something secret, publicity: (slang) a part of the body near the stomach: a disease of sheep in which the inflamed intestines are distended by gases.--v.t. (w[=i]nd) to sound or signal by blowing: to scent: (wind) to expose to the wind: to drive hard, so as to put out of breath: to allow to recover wind:--pr.p. w[=i]nd'ing and wind'ing; pa.p. wind'ed and wound.--ns. WIND'AGE, the difference between the size of the bore of a gun and that of the ball or shell: the influence of the wind in deflecting a missile; WIND'BAG, a person of mere words.--adjs. WIND'-BOUND, hindered from sailing by a contrary wind; WIND'-BR[=O]'KEN, affected with convulsive breathing--of a horse; WIND'-CHANG'ING, fickle.--ns. WIND'-CHART, a chart showing the direction of the wind; WIND'-CHEST, the box or reservoir that supplies compressed air to the pipes or reeds of an organ; WIND'-DROP'SY, tympanites; WIND'-EGG, an addle-egg, one soft-shelled or imperfectly formed; W[=I]ND'ER, one who sounds a horn: one who, or that which, winds or rolls; WIND'FALL, fruit blown off a tree by the wind: any unexpected money or other advantage.--adj. WINDFALL'EN, blown down by wind.--ns. WIND'-FLOW'ER, the wood-anemone; WIND'-FUR'NACE, any form of furnace using the natural draught of a chimney without aid of a bellows; WIND'-GALL, a puffy swelling about the fetlock joints of a horse; WIND'-GAUGE, an instrument for gauging or measuring the velocity of the wind: an appliance fixed to a gun by means of which the force of the wind is ascertained so that allowance may be made for it in sighting; WIND'-GUN, air-gun; WIND'-H[=O]'VER, the kestrel.--adv. WIND'ILY.--ns. WIND'INESS; WIND'-IN'STRUMENT, a musical instrument sounded by means of wind or by the breath.--adj. WIND'LESS, without wind.--ns. WIND'MILL, a mill for performing any class of work in which fixed machinery can be employed, and in which the motive-power is the force of the wind acting on a set of sails; WIND'PIPE, the passage for the breath between the mouth and lungs, the trachea.--adj. WIND'-RODE (naut.), riding at anchor with head to the wind.--ns. WIND'ROSE, a graphic representation of the relative frequency of winds from different directions drawn with reference to a centre; WIND'ROW, a row of hay raked together to be made into cocks, a row of peats, &c., set up for drying; WIND'-SAIL (naut.), a wide funnel of canvas used to convey a stream of air below deck.--adj. WIND'-SH[=A]'KEN, agitated by the wind.--ns. WIND'SIDE, the side next the wind; WIND'-SUCK'ER, the kestrel: a critic ready to fasten on any weak spot, however small or unimportant.--adjs. WIND'-SWIFT, swift as the wind; WIND'-TIGHT, air-tight.--adv. WIND'WARD, toward where the wind blows from.--adj. toward the wind.--n. the point from which the wind blows.--adj. WIND'Y.--A CAPFUL OF WIND, a slight breeze; BEFORE THE WIND, carried along by the wind; BETWEEN WIND AND WATER, that part of a ship's side which is now in, now out of, the water owing to the fluctuation of the waves: any vulnerable point; BROKEN WIND, a form of paroxysmal dyspnoea; CAST, or LAY, AN ANCHOR TO WINDWARD, to make prudent provision for the future; DOWN THE WIND, moving with the wind; FIGHT WINDMILLS, to struggle with imaginary opposition, as Don Quixote tilted at the windmill; GET ONE'S WIND, to recover one's breath; GET THE WIND OF, to get on the windward side of; GET TO WINDWARD OF, to secure an advantage over; GET WIND OF, to learn about, to be informed of; HAVE THE WIND OF, to be on the trail of; HOW THE WIND BLOWS, or LIES, the state of the wind: the position of affairs; IN THE WIND, astir, afoot; IN THE WIND'S EYE, IN THE TEETH OF THE WIND, right against the wind; SAIL CLOSE TO THE WIND, to keep the boat's head near enough to wind as to fill but not shake the sails: to be almost indecent; SECOND WIND, new powers of respiration succeeding to the first breathlessness; SOW THE WIND AND REAP THE WHIRLWIND, to act wrongly and receive a crushing retribution. [A.S. wind; Ice. vindr, Ger. wind, L. ventus, Gr. a[=e]t[=e]s, Sans. v[=a]ta, wind.]

WIND, w[=i]nd, v.t. to turn: to twist: to coil: to haul or hoist, as by a winch: to encircle: to change: (Spens.) to weave.--v.i. to turn completely or often: to turn round something: to twist: to move spirally: to meander: to beat about the bush:--pr.p. w[=i]nd'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. wound.--n. W[=I]ND'ER, one who winds: an instrument for winding: a twisting plant.--adj. W[=I]ND'ING, curving, full of bends: twisted.--n. a turning: a twist.--n. W[=I]ND'ING-EN'GINE, a machine for hoisting.--adv. W[=I]ND'INGLY.--ns. W[=I]ND'ING-MACHINE', a twisting or warping machine; W[=I]ND'ING-SHEET, a sheet enwrapping a corpse: the dripping grease which clings to the side of a candle; W[=I]ND'-UP, the close.--WIND A SHIP, to turn her about end for end; WIND UP, to come to a conclusion: to tighten, to excite very much: to give new life to: to adjust for final settlement: (Shak.) to restore to harmony. [A.S. windan; Ger. winden, Ice. vinda, Goth. windan. Cf. Wend, Wander.]

WINDLASS, wind'las, n. a modification of the wheel and axle, used for raising weights, consisting of a revolving cylinder.--v.i. to use a windlass.--v.t. to hoist by means of such. [Skeat explains as a corruption, due to confusion with the succeeding word, of M. E. windas, a windlass--Ice. vindáss--vinda, to wind; Dut. windas.]

WINDLASS, wind'las, n. (Shak.) indirect, crafty action.--v.i. to take a round-about course. [For wind-lace, a winding course; from wind (n.) and lace, a twist.]

WINDLE, win'dl, n. an engine for turning: a dry measure. [A.S. windel--windan, to turn.]

WINDLESTRAW, win'dl-straw, n. the stalk of various grasses. [A.S. windel, a woven basket, streów, straw.]

WINDOW, win'd[=o], n. an opening in the wall of a building for air and light: the frame in the opening: a cover, lid.--v.t. to furnish with windows: (Shak.) to make rents in: (Shak.) to place in a window.--ns. WIND'OW-BAR, a wooden or iron bar fitted into a window for security: (Shak.) lattice-work across a woman's stomacher; WIN'DOW-BLIND, a blind or screen for a window; WIN'DOW-BOLE (same as BOLE, 3); WIN'DOW-CUR'TAIN, a curtain hung over a window, inside a room.--adj. WIN'DOWED, having a window or windows.--ns. WIN'DOW-FRAME, a frame or case which surrounds a window; WIN'DOW-GAR'DENING, the cultivation of plants indoors before a window, or in boxes fitted on the outside sill; WIN'DOW-GLASS, glass suitable for windows.--adj. WIN'DOWLESS, having no windows.--ns. WIN'DOW-PANE, a square of glass set in a window; WIN'DOW-SASH, a light frame in which panes of glass are set; WIN'DOW-SCREEN, any device for filling the opening of a window; WIN'DOW-SEAT, a seat in the recess of a window; WIN'DOW-SHADE, a sheet covering the window when pulled out; WIN'DOW-SILL, the flat piece of wood at the bottom of a window-frame.--WINDOW TAX, till 1851 a tax in Great Britain levied on windows of houses.--BLIND WINDOW, a window space blocked up with masonry. [M. E. windowe--Ice. vindauga--vindr, wind, auga, eye.]

WINDRING, w[=i]nd'ring, adj. (Shak.) winding.

WINDSOR, win'zor, adj. pertaining to Windsor, as in WIND'SOR-CHAIR, a kind of strong, plain, polished chair, made entirely of wood; WIND'SOR-SOAP, a kind of perfumed brown toilet-soap.

WINE, w[=i]n, n. the fermented juice of the grape: a liquor made from other fruits: (fig.) intoxication: a wine-drinking, a wine-party.--ns. WINE'-BAG, a wine-skin: a tippler; WINE'-BIBB'ER, a bibber or drinker of wine: a drunkard; WINE'-BIBB'ING; WINE'-BIS'CUIT, a sweet biscuit intended to be served with wine; WINE'-CASK, a cask for holding wine; WINE'-CELL'AR, a cellar for storing wine.--adj. WINE'-COL'OURED, of the colour of red wine.--ns. WINE'-COOL'ER, a receptacle for cooling wine in bottles about to be served at table; WINE'-FAT, the vat receiving the liquor from a wine-press; WINE'-GLASS, a small glass used in drinking wine; WINE'-GLASS'FUL; WINE'-GROW'ER, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine; WINE'-MEAS'URE, an old English liquid measure, its gallon 5/6 of the gallon in beer-measure, containing 231 cubic inches--the standard United States gallon; WINE'-MER'CHANT, a merchant who deals in wine, esp. at wholesale; WINE'-PAR'TY, a drinking-party; WINE'-PRESS, a machine in which grapes are pressed in the manufacture of wine; WINE'-SKIN, a skin for holding wine; WINE'-STONE, crude argol; WINE'-T[=A]ST'ER, one whose business it is to sample wines; WINE'-VAULT, a vaulted wine-cellar: (pl.) a place where wine is tasted or drunk.--ADAM'S WINE, water; RHINE, RHENISH, WINE, wine produced on the banks of the Rhine, esp. hock; SPIRIT OF WINE, alcohol; WHITE WINE, Chablis, Sauterne, the wines of Germany--formerly Madeira and sherry. [A.S. wín; Goth, wein, Ger. wein; all from L. vinum; cog. with Gr. oinos.]

WING, wing, n. the organ of a bird, or other animal or insect, by which it flies: flight, means of flying: anything resembling a wing, any side-piece, the side of a building, &c.: one of the longer sides of crown-works or horn-works in fortification: the flank corps or division of an army on either side: the ships on either extremity of a fleet ranged in line: (fig.) protection.--v.t. to furnish or transport with wings: to lend speed to: to supply with side-pieces: to bear in flight, to traverse by flying: to wound on the wing, to wound a person in arm or shoulder.--v.i. to soar on the wing.--adv. WING'-AND-WING', the condition of a ship sailing before the wind with studding sails on both sides.--n. WING'-CASE, the horny case or cover over the wings of some insects, as the beetle.--adj. WINGED, furnished with wings: swift: wounded in the wing: lofty, sublime: alate, abounding in wings.--adv. WING'EDLY, on or by wings.--adjs. WING'-FOOT'ED, having wings on the feet, aliped; WING'LESS, without wings.--ns. WING'LET, the bastard wing or alula of a bird: the pterygium of a weevil; WING'-SHELL, a stromb: an aviculoid bivalve, a hammer-oyster: a wing-snail; WING'-SHOOT'ING, the act or practice of shooting flying birds; WING'-SHOT, a shot at a bird on the wing: one who shoots flying birds.--adj. shot in the wing, or while on the wing.--adj. WING'Y, having wings: soaring on wings.--WINGED BULL, a common form in Assyrian sculpture, symbolic of domination.--MAKE, TAKE, WING, to depart; ON, UPON, THE WING, flying, in motion: departing; ON THE WINGS OF THE WIND, with the highest speed; UNDER ONE'S WING, under one's protection. [Ice. vængr, a wing; Sw. vinge.]

WINK, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids quickly: to give a hint by winking: to seem not to see, connive at (gener. with at): to flicker, twinkle, sparkle.--v.t. to close and open quickly.--n. act of winking: a hint given by winking.--ns. WINK'-A-PEEP, the scarlet pimpernel; WINK'ER, one who winks: a horse's blinkers: (Shak.) an eye: the winking membrane of a bird's eye, the winking muscle: a small bellows in an organ, regulated by a spring, controlling variations of wind-pressure; WINK'ING, the act of winking.--adv. WINK'INGLY.--FORTY WINKS (coll.), a short nap; LIKE WINKING (slang), very rapidly; TIP ONE THE WINK, to wink to one as a sign of caution, or of mutual understanding, &c. [A.S. wincian (Ger. winken); akin to A.S. wancol, wavering.]

WINKLE=Periwinkle (q.v.).

WINNA, win'a, a Scotch form for will not.

WINNING, win'ing, adj. and n.--n. WIN'NER.--adv. WIN'NINGLY. [Win.]

WINNOCK, win'ok, n. (Scot.) a window.--Also WIN'DOCK.

WINNOW, win'[=o], v.i. to separate the chaff from the grain by wind: to fan: to examine: to sift: to blow upon: (Milt.) to set in motion: (rare) to flap, flutter.--v.i. to separate chaff from grain.--n. a fan for winnowing.--ns. WINN'OWER; WINN'OWING; WINN'OWING-FAN, -MACHINE', a fan, machine, for winnowing. [A.S. windwian, to winnow.]

WINSEY=Wincey (q.v.).

WINSOME, win'sum, adj. cheerful: pleasant: attractive.--adv. WIN'SOMELY.--n. WIN'SOMENESS. [A.S. wyn-sum, pleasant--wyn, joy (Ger. wonne).]

WINTER, win't[.e]r, n. the cold season of the year: a year: any season of cheerlessness: the last corn of the harvest, a harvest festival.--adj. wintry.--v.i. to pass the winter.--v.t. to feed, or to detain, during winter.--ns. WIN'TER-APP'LE, an apple that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen till winter; WIN'TER-BAR'LEY, a kind of barley which is sown in autumn.--adj. WIN'TER-BEAT'EN (Spens.), beaten or injured by the cold of winter.--ns. WIN'TER-BERR'Y, a name given to several shrubs of the genus Ilex, growing in the eastern parts of North America; WIN'TER-BLOOM, the witch-hazel; WIN'TER-BOURNE, an intermittent spring in the chalk-districts; WIN'TER-CHERR'Y, one of the Solanaceæ, a plant with edible red berries--also called in the United States Strawberry-tomatoes: the Balloon-vine, having large triangular, inflated fruit.--adj. WIN'TER-CLAD, warmly clad.--ns. WIN'TER-CLOV'ER, the partridge-berry; WIN'TER-CRESS, a cruciferous plant, cultivated for winter salad; WIN'TER-CROP, a crop that will endure the winter, or that yields fodder in winter-time.--adj. WIN'TERED, having seen many winters: exposed to winter: (Shak.) worn in winter.--ns. WIN'TER-FALL'OW, a fallow made in the winter; WIN'TER-GAR'DEN, an ornamental garden for winter; WIN'TER-GREEN, a plant of genus Pyrola, also of Chimaphila: a plant of genus Gualtheria, whose oil is an aromatic stimulant, used chiefly in flavouring confectionery and syrups.--v.t. WIN'TER-GROUND (Shak.), to protect, as a plant, from the inclemency of winter.--ns. WIN'TER-LODGE, -LODG'MENT, the hibernacle of a plant.--adj. WIN'TERLY, cheerless.--n.pl. WIN'TER-QUAR'TERS, the quarters of an army during winter: a winter residence.--ns. WIN'TER-SETT'LE, an old word for a winter dwelling; WIN'TER-TIDE, winter: WIN'TER-WHEAT, wheat sown in autumn; WIN'TRINESS.--adjs. WIN'TRY, WIN'TERY, resembling, or suitable to, winter: stormy. [A.S. winter; Ger. winter; of uncertain origin; not conn. with wind.]

WINTER, win't[.e]r, n. an appliance for fixing on the front of a grate, to keep warm a tea-kettle or the like.

WINTER'S-BARK, win't[.e]rs-bärk, n. a stimulant, aromatic, and tonic bark, named from Captain Winter, who first brought it from the Strait of Magellan in 1579.

WINTLE, win'tl v.i. (Scot.) to stagger.--n. a stagger.

WINY, w[=i]'ni, adj. having the qualities of, or resembling, wine: influenced by wine.

WINZE, winz, n. (Scot.) a curse. [Wish.]

WINZE, winz, n. in mining, a small ventilating shaft between two levels. [Prob. related to winnow.]

WIPE, w[=i]p, v.t. to clean by rubbing (with away, off, out): cleanse, clear away: to apply solder to with a piece of cloth or leather: (coll.) to beat.--n. act of cleaning by rubbing: a blow: a scar: (slang) handkerchief.--ns. W[=I]'PER; W[=I]'PING, the act of wiping: a thrashing. [A.S. wípian; cf. Low Ger. wiep, a wisp.]

WIRE, w[=i]r, n. a thread of metal: the metal thread used in telegraphy, &c.: the string of an instrument: the slender shaft of the plumage of certain birds: a telegram: (slang) a clever pickpocket: (Shak.) the lash, scourge.--adj. formed of wire.--v.t. to bind, snare, or supply with wire: to keep the ends of a broken bone together with wire: to send by telegraph.--v.i. to telegraph.--n. WIRE'-BRIDGE, a suspension-bridge.--adj. WIRED, having wiry feathers.--n. WIRE'-DAN'CER, a performer on a tight wire.--v.t. WIRE'-DRAW, to draw into wire: to draw or spin out to a great length: to strain or stretch the meaning of anything.--ns. WIRE'DRAWER; WIRE'DRAWING.--adj. WIRE'DRAWN, spun out into needless fine distinctions.--ns. WIRE'-GAUZE, a kind of stiff close fabric made of fine wire; WIRE'-GRASS, a kind of fine meadow-grass; WIRE'-GUARD, wire-netting placed in front of a fire; WIRE'-HEEL, a defect or disease of the foot; WIRE'-MAN, one who puts up or takes care of wires; WIRE'-NET'TING, WIRE'WORK, a texture of wire woven in the form of a net; WIRE'-PULL'ER, one who exercises an influence felt but not seen, as if the actors were his puppets and he pulled the wires that move them: an intriguer; WIRE'-PULL'ING; W[=I]'RER, a snarer; WIRE'-ROPE, a rope of twisted iron or steel.--adj. WIRE'-SEWED, -STITCHED, sewed with wire instead of thread.--ns. WIRE'WAY, transportation by means of wires; WIRE'WORK, articles made of wire; WIRE'WORKER; WIRE'WORKING; WIRE'-WORM, a name given to the larvæ of click-beetles, from their slenderness and uncommon hardness, very injurious to root, grain, and fodder crops.--adj. WIRE'WOVE, denoting a fine glazed quality of writing-paper.--adv. W[=I]'RILY.--n. W[=I]'RINESS, the state of being wiry.--adj. W[=I]'RY, made of, or like, wire: flexible and strong.--WIRE AWAY, or IN, to act with vigour.--PULL THE WIRES (see WIRE-PULLER above). [A.S. wír; Ice. vírr; perh. conn. with L. viriæ, bracelets.]

WIS, wis, v. (in the form I wis) erroneously used as 'I know.' [I wis is the M. E. adv. i-wis--A.S. ge-wis, certainly; cf. Ger. ge-wiss.]

WISARD, wiz'ard, n. Same as WIZARD.

WISDOM, wiz'dum, n. quality of being wise: judgment: right use of knowledge: learning: (B.) skilfulness, speculation, spiritual perception: the apocryphal Book of the Wisdom of Solomon (see APOCRYPHA).--n. WIS'DOM-TOOTH, a large double back-tooth, so called because it appears late, when people are supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. [A.S. wísdóm, wisdom. Cf. Wise.]

WISE, w[=i]z, adj. having wit or knowledge: able to make use of knowledge well: judging rightly: discreet: learned: skilful: dictated by wisdom: containing wisdom: pious, godly.--adjs. WISE'-HEART'ED, having wisdom: prudent; WISE'-LIKE (Scot.), sensible, judicious: looking as if capable of playing one's part well.--n. WISE'LING, one who pretends to be wise.--adv. WISE'LY.--n. WISE'NESS.--WISE WOMAN, a witch: (Scot.) a midwife.--NEVER THE WISER, still in ignorance. [A.S. wís; Ger. weise; from root of wit.]

WISE, w[=i]z, v.t. (Scot.) to guide in a certain direction, to incline.

WISE, w[=i]z, n. way, manner.--IN ANY WISE, IN NO WISE, in any way, in no way; ON THIS WISE, in this way. [A.S. wíse, orig. wiseness; Ger. weise; akin to wise (1) and wit. Doublet guise.]

WISEACRE, w[=i]'z[=a]-k[.e]r, n. one who pretends to wisdom without grounds, a simpleton quite unconscious of being such. [Perh. through the medium of Dutch from Ger. weissager, a soothsayer, weissagen, to foretell--Old High Ger. w[=i]zago, a prophet.]

WISH, wish, v.i. to have a desire: to long (so in B.): to be inclined.--v.t. to desire or long for: to ask: to invoke: (Shak.) to recommend.--n. desire, longing: thing desired: expression of desire.--n. WISH'ER.--adj. WISH'FUL, having a wish or desire: eager.--adv. WISH'FULLY.--ns. WISH'FULNESS; WISH'ING-BONE, WISH'-BONE, the furcula or merrythought of a fowl; WISH'ING-CAP, a cap by wearing which one obtains everything he wishes. [A.S. wýscan--wúsc, a wish; Ger. wünschen, Sw. önska.]

WISHTONWISH, wish'ton-wish, n. the North American prairie-dog. [Amer. Ind.]

WISH-WASH, wish'-wosh, n. (coll.) anything wishy-washy.--adj. WISH'Y-WASH'Y, thin and weak, diluted, feeble. [Formed from wash.]

WISKET, wis'ket, n. (prov.) a basket.

WISP, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw or hay: a small broom: will-o'-the-wisp: a disease affecting the feet of cattle.--v.t. to rub down with a wisp.--adj. WIS'PY, like a wisp. [M. E. wisp, wips, conn. with wipe; cf. Low Ger. wiep, Norw. vippa, a wisp.]

WIST, wist, v.pa.t. (B.) knew. [A.S. wiste, pa.t. of witan, 3d pers. sing. pr.t. wát, to know. Cf. Wit.]

WISTARIA, wis-t[=a]'ri-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants, some of the species amongst the most magnificent ornamental climbers known in English gardens, named from the American anatomist, Caspar Wistar (1761-1818).

WISTFUL, wist'f[=oo]l, adj. hushed: full of thought: thoughtful: earnest: eager, wishful, longing.--adv. WIST'FULLY.--n. WIST'FULNESS.--adv. WIST'LY (Shak.), silently, earnestly. [Most prob. for whistful, whistly--i.e. silently; and not conn. with wish. Skeat, however, makes it a substitution for wishful, confused with wisly=certainly--Ice. viss, certain (distinct from, yet allied to, víss, wise).]

WISTITI=Ouistiti (q.v.)--WIS'TIT (obs.).

WIT, wit, v.i. to know:--pr.t. 1st pers. sing. WOT; 2d, WOST (erroneously WOT'TEST); 3d, WOT (erroneously WOT'TETH):--pl. 1st, 2d, 3d, WOT; pa.t. WIST (erroneously WOT'TED); pr.p. WIT'TING, WEET'ING (erroneously WOT'TING); pa.p. WIST.--TO DO TO WIT, to cause to know; TO WIT, that is to say--the A.S. gerund tó witanne. [A.S. witan, to know (pr.t. ic wát, þu wást, he wát, pl. witon; pa.t. wiste--also wisse, pl. wiston, pa.p. wist); Goth. witan, Ger. wissen; cf. L. vid[=e]re, Gr. idein.]

WIT, wit, n. understanding: a mental faculty (chiefly in pl.): the power of combining ideas with a ludicrous effect, the result of this power: ingenuity: (rare) imagination: (obs.) information.--adj. WIT'LESS, wanting wit or understanding: thoughtless.--adv. WIT'LESSLY.--ns. WIT'LESSNESS; WIT'LING, one who has little wit: a pretender to wit; WIT'-MONG'ER, a poor would-be wit; WIT'-SNAP'PER (Shak.), one who affects wit or repartee.--adj. WIT'TED, having wit or understanding.--n. WITTICISM (wit'i-sizm), a witty remark: a sentence or phrase affectedly witty.--adv. WIT'TILY.--n. WIT'TINESS.--adv. WIT'TINGLY, knowingly: by design.--adj. WIT'TY, possessed of wit: amusing: droll: sarcastic: (B.) ingenious: (Shak.) wise, discreet.--v.i. WIT'WANTON, to indulge in irreverent wit.--AT ONE'S WITS' END, utterly perplexed; LIVE BY ONE'S WITS, to live in a haphazard manner by any shift; THE FIVE WITS, the five senses. [A.S. wit, from the verb above.]

WIT, wit, n. a person of understanding or judgment, esp. a person who has a keen perception of the ludicrous and can express it neatly. [Perh. a use of the preceding word; others trace through A.S. wita, gewita, a counsellor--witan, to know.]

WITAN, wit'an, n.pl. members of the Witenagemot. [Pl. of A.S. wita, a man of knowledge. See preceding words.]

WITCH, wich, n. a woman regarded as having supernatural or magical power and knowledge through compact with the devil or some minor evil spirit: a hag, crone: (coll.) a fascinating young girl: (Shak.) a wizard.--v.t. to bewitch, to effect by means of witchcraft.--ns. WITCH'CRAFT, the craft or practice of witches: the black art, sorcery: supernatural power; WITCH'-DOC'TOR, a medicine-man; WITCH'ERY, witchcraft: fascination; WITCH'ES'-BROOM, a popular name for the broom-like tufts of branches developed on the silver-fir, birch, cherry, &c. by means of an uredineous fungus; WITCH'ES'-BUT'TER, a dark-brown fungus (see NOSTOC); WITCH'ES'-THIM'BLE, the sea-campion; WITCH'-FIND'ER, one whose business was to detect witches.--adj. WITCH'ING, weird: fascinating.--adv. WITCH'INGLY.--ns. WITCH'-KNOT, a knot, esp. in the hair, tied by means of witchcraft; WITCH'-MEAL, the inflammable pollen of the club-moss.--adj. WITCH'-RIDD'EN, ridden by witches.--n. WITCH'-WIFE, a woman who practises witchcraft. [M. E. wicche (both masc. and fem.)--A.S. wicca (masc.), wicce (fem.), wizard, witch; prob. reduced from wítega, wítiga, witga, a seer (Old High Ger. w[=i]zago)--a supposed adj. wítig, seeing--wítan, to see, allied to witan, to know. For the change, cf. Orchard--A.S. ortgeard. Cf. Wit and Wicked.]

WITCH, WITCH-ELM, wich, wich'-elm, n. the common wild elm--also WITCH'-H[=A]'ZEL.--n. WITCH'EN, the mountain-ash or rowan. [A.S. wice, the service-tree--wícan, to bend.]

WIT-CRACKER, wit'-krak'[.e]r, n. (Shak.) a joker, jester.

WITE, w[=i]t, v.t. (Spens.) to blame, to reproach.--n. (Spens.) blame, reproach.--adj. WITE'LESS (Spens.), blameless. [A.S. wítan, to punish, fine (Ice. víta); ult. conn. with witan, to know.]

WITENAGEMOT, wit'e-na-ge-m[=o]t', n. the supreme council of England in Anglo-Saxon times, composed of the bishops, the ealdormen of shires, and a number of the king's friends and dependents, the king's thanes. It was thus purely a council of royal officers and territorial magnates, not at all resembling the representative House of Commons. [A.S. witena gemót--wita, a wise man, gemót, a meeting.]

WITH, n. Same as WITHE.

WITH, wi_th_, prep. denoting nearness, agreement, or connection: by: in competition or contrast: on the side of: immediately after: among: possessing: in respect of, in the regard of: like: by, by means of, through: showing, using: from.--adv. WITHAL', with all or the rest: likewise: moreover.--prep. an emphatic form of with.--WITH THAT, thereupon. [A.S. wið; Ice. við, Ger. wider. It absorbed the A.S. mid, with (Ger. mit).]

WITHDRAW, with-draw', v.t. to draw back or away: to take back: to recall.--v.i. to retire: to go away.--ns. WITHDRAW'AL, WITHDRAW'MENT; WITHDRAW'ER; WITHDRAW'ING-ROOM, a room used to retire into: a drawing-room. [Pfx. with-, against, and draw.]

WITHE, with, or w[=i]th, WITHY, with'y, n. a flexible twig, esp. of willow: a band of twisted twigs: an elastic handle to a tool to save the hand from the shock of blows: a boom-iron.--adj. WITHY (with'i or w[=i]'_th_i), made of withes: like withes, flexible. [A.S. withthe, a form of withig, a withy; Ice. vidhir, Ger. weide, willow.]

WITHER, with'[.e]r, v.i. to fade or become dry: to lose freshness: to shrink: waste.--v.t. to cause to dry up: to cause to decay, perish, waste.--adj. WITH'ERED, dried up.--n. WITH'EREDNESS.--adj. WITH'ERING, blasting, blighting, scorching.--n. WITH'ERING-FLOOR, the drying-floor of a malt-house.--adv. WITH'ERINGLY. [A.S. wedrian, to expose to weather.]

WITHERS, wi_th_'[.e]rz, n.pl. the ridge between the shoulder-bones of a horse and behind the root of the neck.--adj. WITH'ER-WRUNG, injured in the withers. [A.S. wither, against, an extension of with, against.]

WITHERSHINS, WIDDERSHINS, with'-, wid'[.e]r-shinz, adv. (Scot.) in the contrary direction--to the left, contrary to the course of the sun, in the wrong way.--Also WIDD'ERSINS, WIDD'ERSINNIS. Cf. the Gaelic deiseil, to the right, going round in the way of the sun. [Widder- is the Ice. vithra, against (A.S. wither, Ger. wieder, Dut. weder); Sins is the adverbial genitive, from Ice. sinni, walk, movement, originally journey, cog. with A.S. síth, Goth. sinths, journey, Old High Ger. sind.]

WITHHOLD, with-h[=o]ld', v.t. to hold back: to keep back.--v.i. to stay back:--pa.t. and pa.p. WITHHELD' (arch. pa.p. WITHHOL'DEN).--ns. WITHHOL'DER; WITHHOLD'MENT. [Pfx. with-, against, and hold.]

WITHIN, with-in', prep. in the inner part: inside: in the reach of: not going outside of.--adv. in the inner part: inwardly: at home.--WITHIN CALL, HAIL, not too far to hear a call, hail. [A.S. wiðinnan--wið, against, with, innan, in.]

WITHOUT, with-owt', prep. outside or out of: beyond: not with: in absence of: not having: except: all but.--adv. on the outside: out of doors.--conj. except.--adj. WITHOUT'-DOOR (Shak.), being out of doors.--prep. WITHOUT'EN (Spens.), without.--WITHOUT BOOK, on no authority; WITHOUT DISTINCTION, indiscriminately.--FROM WITHOUT, from the outside. [A.S. wiðútan--wið, against, útan, outside.]

WITHSTAND, with-stand', v.t. to stand against: to oppose or resist:--pa.t. and pa.p. WITHSTOOD'.--n. WITHSTAND'ER.

WITHWIND, with'w[=i]nd, n. the bindweed.

WITLOOF, wit'l[=o]f, n. a kind of chicory with large roots. [Dut.]

WITNESS, wit'nes, n. knowledge brought in proof: testimony of a fact: that which furnishes proof: one who sees or has personal knowledge of a thing: one who attests.--v.t. to have direct knowledge of: to see: to give testimony to: to show: (Shak.) to foretell.--v.i. to give evidence.--ns. WIT'NESS-BOX, the enclosure in which a witness stands when giving evidence in a court of law; WIT'NESSER.--WITH A WITNESS (Shak.), to a great degree. [A.S. witnes, testimony--witan, to know.]

WITTOL, wit'ol, n. one who knows his wife's faithlessness, and submits to it.--adj. WITT'OLLY (Shak.), like a wittol or contented cuckold. [Formerly also wittal, wittold, a particular use of witwal, the popinjay; cf. the similar allusions to the cuckoo, from which grew the word cuckold.]

WITWAL, wit'wawl, n. the popinjay, or green woodpecker, the greater spotted woodpecker. [Var. of woodwale, a woodpecker.]

WIVE, w[=i]v, v.t. to take for a wife: to provide with a wife.--v.i. to marry.--n. WIVE'HOOD (Spens.), wifehood. [A.S. wífian--wíf, wife.]

WIVERN, w[=i]'vern, n. Same as WYVERN.

WIVES, w[=i]vz, pl. of wife.

WIZARD, wiz'ard, n. one who practises witchcraft or magic: (obs.) a wise man.--adj. with magical powers.--adv. WIZ'ARDLY, like a wizard.--n. WIZ'ARDRY, sorcery. [O. Fr. guiscart--Ice. vizkr (for vitskr), from vita, to know.]

WIZEN, wiz'n, WIZENED, wiz'nd, adj. dried up: thin: shrivelled.--v.i. and v.t. to become dry, to make dry.--adj. WIZ'EN-FACED, having a thin, shrivelled face. [A.S. wisnian, to wither; cog. with Ice. visinn, wizened, visna, to wither.]

WIZIER=Vizir.

WO. Same as WOE.

WOAD, w[=o]d, n. a genus of cruciferous plants, whose few species are mostly natives of the countries around the Mediterranean--DYER'S WOAD yields a good and very permanent dye, but is now largely superseded by indigo.--adj. WOAD'ED, dyed blue with woad. [A.S. wád; Ger. waid; L. vitrum.]

WOBBLE, WOBBLER, WOBBLING. See WABBLE.

WODEN, w[=o]'den, n. the Anglo-Saxon form of the Norse Odin.--n. W[=O]'DENISM, the worship of Woden.

WOE, WO, w[=o], n. grief: misery: a heavy calamity: a curse: an exclamation of grief.--adj. sad, wretched.--adjs. WOE'BEGONE, W[=O]'BEGONE, beset with woe (see BEGONE); WOE'FUL, W[=O]'FUL, WOE'SOME (Scot. WAE'SOME), sorrowful: bringing calamity: wretched.--advs. WOE'FULLY, W[=O]'FULLY.--ns. WOE'FULNESS, W[=O]'FULNESS.--adjs. WOE'-WEA'RIED, -WORN, wearied, worn, with woe.--WOE WORTH THE DAY (see WORTH).--IN WEAL AND WOE, in prosperity and adversity. [A.S. (interj.) wá; Ger. weh; L. væ, Gr. ouai. Cf. Wail.]

WOIWODE. See VOIVODE.

WOLD, w[=o]ld, n. an open tract of country. [A.S. weald, wald, a wood, perh. ultimately conn. with wealdan, to possess, wield.]

WOLF, woolf, n. the common name of certain species of the genus Canis--including the ravenous Common Wolf, the Abyssinian Wolf, the Antarctic Wolf, the Maned Wolf, and the Prairie Wolf or Coyote: anything very ravenous: a greedy and cunning person: (obs.) a tuberculous excrescence: (mus.) a harsh discord heard in the organ, &c.:--pl. WOLVES.--v.i. to hunt for wolves.--v.t. (slang) to devour ravenously.--ns. WOLF'-DOG, a dog of large breed kept to guard sheep, esp. against wolves; WOL'FER, one who hunts wolves; WOLF'-FISH, a fierce and voracious salt-water fish--called also Sea-wolf and Cat-fish; WOLF'-HOUND (see BORZOI); WOL'FING, the hunting of wolves for their skins.--adjs. WOL'FISH, WOL'VISH, like a wolf either in form or quality: rapacious.--adv. WOL'FISHLY.--ns. WOLF'KIN, WOLF'LING, a young wolf; WOLF'S'-BANE, aconite; WOLF'S'-FOOT, -CLAW, the club-moss Lycopodium; WOLF'-SKIN, the skin or pelt of a wolf; WOLF'S'-PEACH, the tomato; WOLF'-SP[=I]'DER, the tarantula; WOLF'-TOOTH, a small supernumerary premolar in a horse.--CRY WOLF, to give a false alarm--from the story of the boy who cried 'Wolf' when there was none, and was not believed when there was one; HAVE A WOLF BY THE EARS, to be in a very difficult situation; HAVE A WOLF IN THE STOMACH, to be ravenously hungry; KEEP THE WOLF FROM THE DOOR, to keep out hunger; SEE A WOLF, to lose one's voice, in allusion to an old superstition. [A.S. wulf; Ger. wolf; L. lupus; Gr. lykos.]

WOLFFIAN, w[=oo]l'fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of the German embryologist K. F. Wolff (1733-94)--applied to the primordial renal organs in the embryo of the higher vertebrates, performing the function of kidneys till superseded by the true or permanent kidneys.

WOLFIAN, w[=oo]l'fi-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Johann Christian von Wolf (1679-1754). He systematised and popularised the philosophy of Leibnitz, and gave a strong impulse to that development of natural theology and rationalism which soon almost drove out revelation by rendering it unnecessary--also WOLFF'IAN.--n. WOLF'IANISM.

WOLFIAN, w[=oo]l'fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824), the most gifted classical scholar and first critic of his age--applied esp. to his theory that the Odyssey and Iliad are composed of numerous ballads by different minstrels, strung together in a kind of unity by subsequent editors.

WOLFRAM, wol'fram, n. a native compound of tungstate of iron and manganese. [Ger.]

WOLVERENE, WOLVERINE, wool-ve-r[=e]n', n. a name given to the American glutton or carcajou, from its rapacity. [Extension of wolf.]

WOMAN, woom'an, n. the female of man, an adult female of the human race: the female sex, women collectively: a female attendant:--pl. WOMEN (wim'en).--v.t. to cause to act like a woman, to unite to a woman (both Shak.): to call a person 'woman' abusively.--n. WOM'AN-BOD'Y (Scot.), a woman, used disparagingly.--adjs. WOM'AN-BORN, born of woman; WOM'AN-BUILT, built by women.--adv. WOM'ANFULLY, like a woman.--adj. WOM'AN-GROWN, grown to womanhood.--ns. WOM'AN-H[=A]T'ER, a misogynist; WOM'ANHOOD, the state, character, or qualities of a woman.--adj. WOM'ANISH, having the qualities of a woman: feminine.--adv. WOM'ANISHLY.--ns. WOM'ANISHNESS; WOM'ANKIND, WOM'ENKIND, women taken together: the female sex.--adj. WOM'AN-LIKE, like a woman.--n. WOM'ANLINESS.--adj. WOM'ANLY, like or becoming a woman: feminine.--adv. in the manner of a woman.--ns. WOM'AN-POST (Shak.), a female messenger; WOM'AN-QUELL'ER, a killer of women; WOM'AN-SUFF'RAGE, the exercise of the electoral franchise by women.--adjs. WOM'AN-TIRED (Shak.), hen-pecked; WOM'AN-VEST'ED, wearing women's clothes.--WOMAN OF THE TOWN, a whore; WOMAN OF THE WORLD, a woman of fashion.--WOMEN'S RIGHTS, the movement of women towards personal and proprietary independence.--PLAY THE WOMAN, to give way to weakness. [A.S. wimman, wífman, a compound of wíf, a woman, man, man.]

WOMB, w[=oo]m, n. the uterus, the organ in which the young of mammals are developed and kept till birth: (Shak.) the stomach: the place where anything is produced: any deep cavity.--v.t. (Shak.) to contain.--adj. WOMB'Y (Shak.), capacious. [A.S. wamb; Ger. wamme, paunch.]

WOMBAT, wom'bat, n. an Australian marsupial mammal of the opossum family. [Native name.]

WON, wun, v.i. to dwell: to abide: to be accustomed.--n. a dwelling: an abode.--n. WON'ING, dwelling. [A.S. wunian, Dut. wonen, Ger. wohnen, to dwell.]

WON, wun, pa.t. and pa.p. of win.

WONDER, wun'd[.e]r, n. the state of mind produced by something new, unexpected, or extraordinary: a strange thing: a prodigy: a sweet fried cake--also Cruller.--v.i. to feel wonder: to be amazed (with at): to speculate expectantly.--p.adj. WON'DERED (Shak.), having performed, or able to perform, wonders.--n. WON'DERER.--adj. WON'DERFUL, full of wonder: exciting wonder: strange: (B.) wonderfully.--adv. WON'DERFULLY.--ns. WON'DERFULNESS; WON'DERING.--adv. WON'DERINGLY, with wonder.--ns. WON'DERLAND, a land of wonders; WON'DERMENT, surprise.--adjs. WON'DEROUS (same as WONDROUS); WON'DER-STRUCK, -STRICK'EN, struck with wonder or astonishment.--ns. WON'DER-WORK, a prodigy, miracle: thaumaturgy; WON'DER-WORK'ER; WON'DER-WORK'ING.--adjs. WON'DER-WOUND'ED (Shak.), wonder-stricken; WON'DROUS, such as may excite wonder: strange.--adv. WON'DROUSLY.--ns. WON'DROUSNESS.--BIRD OF WONDER, the phoenix; NINE DAYS' WONDER, something that astonishes everybody for the moment; SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD (see SEVEN). [A.S. wundor; Ger. wunder, Ice. undr.]

WONGA-WONGA, wong'ga-wong'ga, n. the large Australian white-faced pigeon--a table delicacy.

WONT, wunt, adj. used or accustomed.--n. habit.--v.i. to be accustomed.--adj. WON'TED, accustomed: usual.--n. WON'TEDNESS.--adj. WONT'LESS (Spens.), unaccustomed. [Orig. pa.p. of won, to dwell--A.S. wunian; Ger. wohnen.]

WON'T, w[=o]nt, will not. [Contr. of M. E. wol not.]

WOO, w[=oo], v.t. to ask in order to marriage: to court: to solicit eagerly, to seek.--v.i. to court or make love: to ask.--ns. WOO'ER; WOO'ING. [A.S. wógian, to woo--wóg, wóh, bent.]

WOOD, wood, n. the solid part of trees: trees cut or sawed: timber: a collection of growing trees: the cask or barrel, as distinguished from the bottle: (print.) a woodblock.--v.t. to supply with wood.--ns. WOOD'-AC'ID, wood-vinegar, impure acetic acid from wood-distillation; WOOD'-ANEM'ONE, the wind-flower, a little woodland plant, blooming in early spring, with a single white flower purplish outside; WOOD'-ANT, a large forest-dwelling ant: a white ant infesting the wood of old buildings.--n.pl. WOOD'-ASH'ES, ashes obtained by burning wood or plants--the source of many potassium salts.--ns. WOOD'BINE, WOOD'BIND, the honeysuckle, applied also to other climbers, such as some kinds of ivy, the Virginia-creeper, &c.; WOOD'-BIRD, a bird that lives in the woods; WOOD'BLOCK, a die cut in relief on wood and ready to furnish ink impressions: a woodcut.--adjs. WOOD'-B[=O]'RING; WOOD'-BORN, born in the woods.--ns. WOOD'-CAR'VING, the process of carving in wood; WOOD'CHAT, a bird which, notwithstanding its name, is not a species of Chat, but of Shrike; WOOD'CHUCK, the green woodpecker; WOOD'-COAL, coal like wood in texture: charcoal: lignite or brown coal; WOOD'COCK, a genus of birds allied to the snipes, but of a more bulky body, and with shorter and stronger legs; WOOD'COCK'S-HEAD, a tobacco-pipe; WOOD'CRAFT, skill in the chase or anything pertaining to forests, forestry generally; WOOD'CUT, an engraving cut on wood: an impression from it; WOOD'-CUT'TER, one who cuts wood: a wood-engraver; WOOD'-CUT'TING, the act or employment of cutting wood: wood-engraving.--adjs. WOOD'ED, supplied with wood: covered with wood; WOOD'EN, made of wood: hard: dull, insensible: heavy, stupid: clumsy, without grace or spirit--of literary style, &c.--ns. WOOD'-ENGR[=A]'VER; WOOD'-ENGR[=A]VING, the art of engraving designs on wood, differing from copper and steel plate engraving by having the parts intended to print on the paper in relief: an engraving on or taken from wood; WOOD'EN-HEAD, a blockhead, stupid person.--adj. WOOD'EN-HEAD'ED, stupid.--n. WOOD'EN-HEAD'EDNESS.--adv. WOOD'ENLY.--ns. WOODENNESS, wooden quality: want of spirit or expression, clumsiness; WOOD'-[=E]'VIL, red-water: severe constipation in cattle, often occurring after eating freely of hedge-cuttings or shoots of trees; WOOD'-F[=I]'BRE, fibre derived from wood; WOOD'-FRET'TER, a wood-borer or wood-eater; WOOD'-GOD, a deity of the woods; WOOD'-GROUSE, the capercailzie; WOOD'-HOLE, a place where wood is stored; WOOD'-HON'EY, wild honey; WOOD'-HORSE, a saw-horse; WOOD'-HOUSE, a house or shed in which wood for fuel is deposited; WOOD'-[=I]'BIS (see TANTALUS); WOOD'INESS, the state or quality of being woody; WOOD'LAND, land covered with wood; WOOD'LANDER, an inhabitant of the woods; WOOD'LARK, a species of lark, found in or near woods, singing chiefly on the wing; WOOD'-LAY'ER, a young oak, &c., laid down in a hedge.--adj. WOOD'LESS, without wood.--ns. WOOD'LESSNESS; WOOD'-LOUSE, any terrestrial isopod of the family Oniscidæ--the Scotch slater, common under stones, &c.: a termite or white ant: any one of the pseudo-neuropterous family Psocidæ, found in the woodwork of houses; WOOD'MAN, a man who cuts down trees: a forest officer: a huntsman; WOOD'-MITE, a beetle-mite; WOOD'-NAPH'THA, the mixture of light hydrocarbons distilled from wood (see PYROXYLIC); WOOD'-NIGHT'SHADE, bitter-sweet, or woody nightshade; WOOD'-NOTE (Milt.), a wild musical note, like that of a song-bird; WOOD'-NYMPH, a nymph or goddess of the woods; WOOD'-OFF'ERING (B.), wood burned on the altar; WOOD'-[=O]'PAL, silicified wood; WOOD'-OWL, the European brown owl; WOOD'-P[=A]'PER, paper prepared from wood; WOOD'PECKER, one of a family (Picidæ) of birds in the order Picariæ, remarkable for the structural modification of the skull in adaptation to its use as an axe, and for the long flexible tongue, which is used for extracting insects from holes and crevices of trees; WOOD'-PIG'EON, the cushat or ringdove; WOOD'-PULP, wood-fibre reduced to a pulp, used in making paper; WOOD'-REEVE, the overseer of a wood; WOOD'RUFF, a genus of rubiaceous plants with whorled leaves and a funnel-shaped corolla--Sweet Woodruff has a creeping root-stock sending up erect stems, and small white flowers; when dried it has a very agreeable fragrance like vernal-grass--(obs.) WOOD'-ROOF; WOOD'-SAGE, the wood germander; WOOD'-SAND'PIPER, a common European tattler, allied to the redshank; WOOD'-SCREW, a screw for fastening pieces of wood or wood and metal; WOOD'SHED, a shed for storing firewood; WOOD'-SHOOK, the pekan, fisher, or Pennant's marten--also Black-cat and Black-fox; WOOD'-SKIN, a Guiana Indian's canoe, made of the bark of the purple heart-tree; WOODS'MAN, a woodman; WOOD'-SOOT, soot from burnt wood; WOOD'-SORR'EL, a plant of the genus Oxalis; WOOD'-SPIR'IT (same as PYROXYLIC SPIRIT); WOOD'-SPITE, the green woodpecker or yaffle; WOOD'-STAMP, a stamp made of wood, as for stamping fabrics in colours; WOOD'-STONE, petrified wood; WOOD'-SWALL'OW, an Australian name for any of the fly-catching Artamidæ, also called Swallow-shrike--the resemblance to shrikes being considerably closer than to swallows either in appearance or habits.--adj. WOOD'SY, pertaining to, or characteristic of, woods.--ns. WOOD'-TAR, tar obtained from the dry distillation of wood; WOOD'THRUSH, a singing-thrush common in the woods of the eastern United States, reddish-brown above, olive on the rump, white spotted with black on breast; WOOD'-TICK, any tick of the family Ixonidæ: a small insect which makes a ticking sound in the woodwork of a house, the death-watch; WOOD'-TIN, a nodular variety of cassiterite, or tin-stone; WOOD'-VIN'EGAR (see WOOD-ACID); WOOD'WALE, a woodpecker, esp. the green woodpecker, Yaffle or Rainbird; WOOD'-WARB'LER, the yellow willow-warbler or woodwren: an American warbler, esp. of the beautiful genus Dendroeca; WOOD'WARD, an officer to guard the woods; WOOD'WORK, a part of any structure made of wood; WOOD'WORM, a worm or larva infesting wood; WOOD'WREN, the willow-warbler or willow-wren (Phylloscopus trochilus): the true wood-warbler or yellow willow-wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix)--neither being properly wrens.--adj. WOOD'Y, abounding with woods: pertaining to woods: consisting of wood.--n. WOOD'Y-NIGHT'SHADE (see WOOD-NIGHTSHADE).--WOODEN HORSE, or Timber-mare (see HORSE); WOODEN LEG, an artificial leg made of wood; WOODEN SPOON, a spoon of wood presented to the person who stands lowest for the year in the mathematical tripos list at Cambridge; WOODEN TYPE, large type cut in wood.--COMMISSIONERS OF WOODS AND FORESTS, a department of government having charge of the Crown woods and forests. [A.S. wudu; cog. with Ice. vidhr, wood; akin to Ir. fiodh, timber.]

WOOD, wood, adj. (Shak.) mad, furious.--n. WOOD'NESS. [A.S. wód; Ice. ódhr, Goth. wods, frantic, Ger. wuth, madness.]

WOODBURYTYPE, wood'ber-i-t[=i]p, n. a method of photograph printing in which a sensitised gelatine film, developed under a negative to an extra relief, is impressed on soft metal by hydraulic pressure. This in turn can be printed by special ink in a press, and as it gives all the gradations of tint, it may be said to be a perfect photo-mechanical printing process. [Named from the inventor.]

WOODCHUCK, wood'chuk, n. the marmot. [Corr. from an Amer. Ind. name.]

WOODIE, wood'i, n. (Scot.) the gallows. [A form of widdy, withy,]

WOOF, woof, n. same as Weft (q.v.).--adj. WOOF'Y, dense. [A.S. ówef, áweb--áwefan, to weave--á-, prefix, wefan, to weave.]

WOOINGLY, w[=oo]'ing-li, adv. in a wooing or persuasive manner. [Woo.]

WOOL, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of sheep and other animals: short, thick hair: any light, fleecy substance resembling wool.--n. WOOL'BALL, a ball of wool, such as is sometimes found in a sheep's stomach.--adj. WOOL'-BEAR'ING, bearing or yielding wool.--ns. WOOL'-CARD'ING, the process of separating the fibres of wool preparatory to spinning; WOOL'-COMB'ER, one whose occupation is to comb wool in order to disentangle and straighten out the fibres; WOOL'-COMB'ING; WOOL'-DR[=I]'VER, one who buys up wool for a market.--adj. WOOL'-DYED, dyed before spinning or weaving.--ns. WOOL'FAT, lanolin; WOOL'FELL, the skin with the wool still on it; WOOL'-GATH'ERING, indulgence of idle fancies.--adj. dreamy: listless.--n. WOOL'-GROW'ER, one who raises sheep for the production of wool.--adj. WOOL'LEN, made of, or pertaining to, wool: clad in wool, rustic.--n. cloth made of wool.--ns. WOOL'LEN-CORD, a ribbed stuff, the face all of wool; WOOL'LEN-DR[=A]'PER, one who deals in woollen goods; WOOL'LINESS.--adjs. WOOL'LY, consisting of, or like, wool: clothed with wool; WOOL'LY-HAIRED, -HEAD'ED, having the hair like wool.--ns. WOOL'LY-PAS'TINUM, a kind of red orpiment; WOOL'MAN, a dealer in wool; WOOL'-MILL, a building for the spinning of wool and the weaving of woollen cloth; WOOL'PACK, the package in which wool was formerly done up for sale: a bundle weighing 240 lb.: cirro-cumulus cloud; WOOL'-PACK'ER; WOOL'-PICK'ER, a machine for cleaning wool; WOOL'SACK, the seat of the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, being a large square sack of wool covered with scarlet; WOOL'SEY, a material made of cotton and wool.--n.pl. WOOL'-SHEARS, shears used in shearing sheep.--ns. WOOL'-SORT'ER, one who sorts wool according to quality, &c.; WOOL'-ST[=A]'PLE, the fibre or pile of wool; WOOL'-ST[=A]'PLER, a wool-factor: a wool-sorter.--adv. WOOL'WARD (Shak.), in wool, as a penance.--ns. WOOL'-WIND'ER, one who bundles wool for packing; WOOL'WORK, needlework imitative of tapestry.--WOOL-SORTERS' DISEASE (see ANTHRAX).--ANGORA WOOL, the wool of the Angora goat; BERLIN-WOOL, a kind of fine-dyed wool used for worsted work. [A.S. wull; Goth. wulla, Ger. wolle, L. villus.]

WOOLD, w[=oo]ld, v.t. to wind about.--adj. WOOL'DED.--ns. WOOL'DER, a stick used in woolding a mast or yard, or a pin in a rope-maker's top; WOOL'DING.

WOOM, w[=oo]m, n. beaver fur.

WOOMERA, w[=oo]m'[.e]r-a, n. a stick for spear-throwing (Austral.).

WOON, w[=oo]n, n. a governor of a province. [Burmese.]

WOON, w[=oo]n, v.i. (Spens.). Same as WON (1).

WOORALI, woo'ra-li, n. a S. American poison for arrows.--Also WOO'RARA, WOU'RALI, same as Curari (q.v.).

WOOTZ, woots, n. steel made by fusing iron with carbonaceous matter. [Perh. the Canarese ukku, steel.]

WOP, wop, v.t. See WHOP.

WORD, wurd, n. an oral or written sign expressing an idea or notion: talk, discourse: signal or sign: message: promise: declaration: a pass-word, a watch-word, a war-cry: the Holy Scripture, or a part of it: (pl.) verbal contention.--v.t. to express in words: (Shak.) to flatter.--v.i. to speak, talk.--ns. WORD'-BLIND'NESS, loss of ability to read; WORD'-BOOK, a book with a collection of words: a vocabulary.--adj. WORD'-BOUND, unable to find expression in words.--n. WORD'-BUILD'ING, the formation or composition of words.--adj. WOR'DED, expressed in words.--adv. WOR'DILY.--ns. WOR'DINESS; WOR'DING, act, manner, or style of expressing in words.--adj. WOR'DISH (obs.), verbose.--n. WOR'DISHNESS.--adj. WORD'LESS (Shak.), without words, silent.--ns. WORD'-MEM'ORY, the power of recalling words to the mind; WORD'-PAINT'ER, one who describes vividly; WORD'-PAINT'ING, the act of describing anything clearly and fully by words only; WORD'-PIC'TURE, a description in words which presents an object to the mind as if in a picture.--adj. WOR'DY, full of words: using or containing many words.--WORD FOR WORD, literally, verbatim.--BREAK ONE'S WORD, to fail to fulfil a promise; BY WORD OF MOUTH, orally; GOOD WORD, favourable mention, praise; HARD WORDS, angry, hot words; HAVE A WORD WITH, to have some conversation with; HAVE WORDS WITH, to quarrel, dispute with; IN A WORD, IN ONE WORD, in short, to sum up; IN WORD, in speech only, in profession only; PASS ONE'S WORD, to make a promise; THE WORD, the Scripture: (theol.) the second person in the Trinity, the Logos. [A.S. word; Goth. waurd, Ice. orth, Ger. wort; also conn. with L. verbum, a word, Gr. eirein, to speak.]

WORDSWORTHIAN, wurds-wur'thi-an, adj. pertaining to the style of the sovereign poet of nature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850).--n. an admirer of WORDSWORTH.

WORE, w[=o]r, pa.t. of wear.

WORK, wurk, n. effort directed to an end: employment: the result of work: that on which one works: anything made or done: embroidery: deed: effect: a literary composition: a book: management: an establishment for any manufacture, a factory (gener. in pl.): (physics) the product of a force by the component displacement of its point and application in the direction of the force: (pl.), (fort.) walls, trenches, &c.: (theol.) acts performed in obedience to the Divine law: a manufactory, workshop, place of work (esp. in pl.): mechanism--e.g. of a watch.--v.i. to make efforts to attain anything: to perform: to be in action: to be occupied in business or labour: to produce effects, to make progress with difficulty, to strain or labour: to ferment: to be agitated, to seethe: to embroider.--v.t. to make by labour: to bring into any state by action: to effect: to carry on operations in: to put in motion: to purge: to influence: to manage: to solve: to achieve: to cause to ferment: to provoke, agitate: to keep employed: to embroider:--pa.t. and pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt).--ns. WORKABIL'ITY, WORK'ABLENESS.--adjs. WORK'ABLE, that may be worked; WORK'ADAY, work-day, toiling, plodding.--ns. WORK'-BAG, -BAS'KET, a bag, basket, for holding materials for work, esp. needlework; WORK'-BOX, a lady's box for holding materials for work; WORK'-DAY, a day for work: a week-day.--adj. pertaining to a work-day.--ns. WORK'ER, a toiler, performer: among insects, the neuter or undeveloped female; WORK'-FELL'OW, one who is engaged in the same work with another.--ns.pl. WORK'FOLK, WORK'FOLKS, persons engaged in manual labour.--adj. WORK'FUL, industrious.--ns. WORK'GIRL, a girl or young woman employed in some manual labour; WORK'HOUSE, a house where any work or manufacture is carried on: a house of shelter for the poor, who are made to work; WORK'ING, action, operation: fermentation: (pl.) the parts of a mine, &c., where actual operations are in hand.--adj. active: labouring: connected with labour.--ns. WORK'ING-BEAM, the oscillating lever of a steam-engine connecting the piston-rod and the crank-shaft, a walking-beam; WORK'ING-CLASS, manual labourers (often in pl.); WOR'KING-DAY, a day on which work is done, as distinguished from the Sabbath and holidays: the period of actual work each day.--adj. laborious: plodding.--ns. WORK'ING-DRAW'ING, a drawing of the details of a building by which the builders are guided in their work; WORK'ING-HOUSE (Shak.), workshop; WORK'ING-PAR'TY, a group of persons who do some work in common, or who meet periodically for such a purpose; WORK'MAN, WORK'ING-MAN, a man who works or labours, esp. manually: a skilful artificer.--adjs. WORK'MAN-LIKE, like a workman: becoming a skilful workman: well performed; WORK'MANLY, becoming a skilful workman.--adv. in a manner becoming a skilful workman.--ns. WORK'MANSHIP, the skill of a workman: manner of making: work done; WORK'-MAS'TER, a skilled or directing workman, esp. in some great undertaking.--n.pl. WORK'-PEO'PLE, people engaged in labour.--ns. WORK'ROOM, a room for working in; WORK'SHOP, a shop where work is done.--adj. WORK'SOME, industrious.--ns. WORK'-T[=A]'BLE, a small table used by ladies at their needlework; WORK'-WOMAN, a woman who makes her living by some manual labour.--WORK OF ART, a production in one of the fine arts; WORK DOUBLE TIDES, to work through continuous tides, night and day; WORK IN, to intermix, to make to penetrate; WORK INTO, to make way gradually into: to change, alter; WORK OFF, to separate and throw off, to get rid of, circulate: to produce as by work, esp. to print; WORK ON, or UPON, to act or operate upon, to influence; WORK ONE'S PASSAGE, to give one's work on board in place of passage-money; WORK OUT, to effect by continued labour: to expiate: to exhaust: to solve or study anything fully out; WORK UP, to excite, rouse: to create by slow degrees, to expand, elaborate: to use up, as material: (naut.) to set at an irksome or needless task; WORK WITH, to strive to influence by appeals, &c.--BOARD OF WORKS, the body which has the management and control of public works and buildings, of which the expenses are defrayed from the crown revenues or parliamentary grants; HAVE ONE'S WORK CUT OUT, to have one's work prescribed: to have a difficult task before one; MAKE SHORT WORK OF (see SHORT); OUT OF WORK, out of working order: without employment; SET TO WORK, to employ in some work: to engage in some work; SEVEN WORKS OF CORPORAL MERCY, to feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, visit prisoners, visit the sick, harbour strangers, bury the dead--OF SPIRITUAL MERCY, to convert sinners, instruct the ignorant, counsel the doubtful, console the afflicted, bear wrongs patiently, forgive injuries, pray for the living and the dead. [A.S. weorc; Ice. verk, Ger. werk; further conn. with Gr. ergon.]

WORLD, wurld, n. the earth and its inhabitants: the system of things: present state of existence: any planet or heavenly body: public life or society: an organic whole: business: the public: a secular life: course of life: a very large extent of country, as the 'New World:' very much or a great deal, as 'a world of good:' time, as in the phrase 'world without end'=eternally: possibility, as in 'nothing in the world:' (B.) the ungodly.--adjs. WORL'DED, containing worlds; WORLD'-HAR'DENED, hardened by the love of worldly things.--ns. WORLD'-LANG'UAGE, a universal language; WORLD'LINESS; WORLD'LING, one who is devoted to worldly or temporal possessions.--adjs. WORLD'LY, pertaining to the world, esp. as distinguished from the world to come: devoted to this life and its enjoyments: bent on gain--also adv.; WORLD'LY-MIND'ED, having the mind set on the present world.--n. WORLD'LY-MIND'EDNESS.--adjs. WORLD'LY-WISE, wise in this world's affairs; WORLD'-OLD, exceedingly ancient; WORLD'-WEA'RIED, -WEA'RY, tired of the world; WORLD'WIDE, wide or extensive as the world.--ALL THE WORLD, everybody: everything; ALL THE WORLD AND HIS WIFE (coll.), everybody: also, an ill-assorted mass; A WORLD, a great deal; CARRY THE WORLD BEFORE ONE, to pass to success through every obstacle; FOR ALL THE WORLD, precisely, entirely; GO TO THE WORLD (Shak.), to get married; IN THE WORLD, an intensive phrase, usually following an interrogative pronoun or adverb.--THE NEW WORLD, the western hemisphere, the Americas; THE OLD WORLD, the eastern hemisphere, comprising Europe, Africa, and Asia; THE OTHER WORLD, the non-material sphere, the spiritual world; THE WHOLE WORLD, the sum of what is contained in the world; THE WORLD'S END, the most distant point possible. [A.S. woruld, world, weorold, (lit.) 'a generation of men,' from wer, a man, and yldo, sig. an age; Ice. veröld, Old High Ger. weralt (Ger. welt).]

WORM, wurm, n. a term destitute of scientific precision, but often applied to any one of the members of numerous classes of invertebrate animals which are more or less earthworm-like in appearance, the earthworm, a grub, a maggot: anything spiral: the thread of a screw: the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue: the instrument used to withdraw the charge of a gun: a spiral pipe surrounded by cold water into which steam or vapours pass for condensation in distilling: anything that corrupts, gnaws, or torments: remorse: a debased being, a groveller: (pl.) any intestinal disease arising from the presence of parasitic worms.--v.i. to move like a worm, to squirm: to work slowly or secretly.--v.t. to effect by slow and secret means: to elicit by underhand means: to remove the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue.--n. WORM'-CAST, the earth voided by the earthworm.--adjs. WORM'-EAT'EN, eaten by worms: old: worn-out; WORM'-EAT'ING, living habitually on worms; WORMED, bored by worms: injured by worms.--ns. WORM'-FENCE, a zigzag fence formed of stakes; WORM'-F[=E]'VER, a feverish condition in children ascribed to intestinal worms; WORM'-GEAR, a gear-wheel having teeth shaped so as to mesh with a worm or shaft on which a spiral is turned, an endless screw; WORM'-GEAR'ING; WORM'-GRASS, pink-root: a kind of stonecrop; WORM'-HOLE, the hole made by a worm.--adj. WORM'-HOLED, perforated by worm-holes.--ns. WORM'-POW'DER, a vermifuge; WORM'-SEED, santonica: the treacle mustard; WORM'-WHEEL, a wheel gearing with an endless screw or worm, receiving or imparting motion.--adj. WOR'MY, like a worm: grovelling: containing a worm: abounding with worms: gloomy, dismal, like the grave. [A.S. wyrm, dragon, snake, creeping animal; cog. with Goth. waurms, a serpent, Ice. ormr, Ger. wurm; also with L. vermis.]

WORMIAN, wurm'i-an, adj. associated with the name of the Danish anatomist Olaus Worm (1588-1654), applied esp. to the supernumerary bones developed in the sutures of the skull.

WORMWOOD, wurm'wood, n. the bitter plant Artemisia absinthium: bitterness. [A.S. wermod (Ger. wermuth), wormwood; perh. lit. 'keep-mind,' in allusion to its medicinal (anthelmintic and tonic) properties--werian, to protect (Ger. wehren), mód, mind.]

WORN, w[=o]rn, pa.p. of wear.

WORN-OUT, w[=o]rn'-owt, adj. much injured or rendered useless by wear: wearied: past, gone.

WORRICOW, wur'i-kow, n. (Scot.) a hobgoblin: the devil: anything frightful or even only grotesque.

WORRY, wur'i, v.t. to tear with the teeth: to harass: to tease: (Scot.) to choke.--v.i. to trouble one's self: to be unduly anxious: to fret:--pa.t. and pa.p. worr'ied.--n. act of worrying: trouble, perplexity, vexation.--ns. WORR'IER, one who worries himself or others; WORR'IMENT (coll.), anxiety.--adj. WORR'ISOME, causing trouble.--v. WORR'IT (slang), to worry.--n. (slang) annoyance.--adj. WORR'YING, harassing.--adv. WORR'YINGLY.--WORRY DOWN, to swallow with a strong effort. [A.S. wyrgan, found in compound áwyrgan, to harm; cf. Dut. worgen, Ger. würgen, to choke; A.S. wearg, werg, a wolf.]

WORSE, wurs, adj. (used as comp. of bad) bad or evil in a greater degree: more sick.--adv. bad in a higher degree: less: (Shak.) with more severity.--v.t. (obs.) to worst.--v.i. WOR'SEN, to grow worse.--v.t. to make worse.--adv. WOR'SER, a redundant comparative of worse.--THE WORSE, defeat, disadvantage. [A.S. wyrsa, from wiers-sa from wirsiza (Goth. wairsiza), formed with comp. suffix -iz from a Teut. root wers, found in Ger. ver-wirren, to confuse.]

WORSHIP, wur'ship, n. religious service: fervent esteem: adoration paid to God: a title of honour in addressing certain magistrates, &c.: submissive respect.--v.t. to respect highly: to treat with civil reverence: to pay divine honours to: to adore or idolise.--v.i. to perform acts of adoration: to perform religious service:--pr.p. wor'shipping; pa.t. and pa.p. wor'shipped.--adjs. WOR'SHIPABLE, WOR'SHIPFUL, worthy of worship or honour, used as a term of respect.--adv. WOR'SHIPFULLY.--n. WOR'SHIPFULNESS.--adj. WOR'SHIPLESS, destitute of worship or worshippers.--n. WOR'SHIPPER.--HOUSE, or PLACE, OF WORSHIP, a church or chapel. [A.S. weorthscipe--weorth, WURTH, worth, affix -scipe, -ship.]

WORST, wurst, adj. bad or evil in the highest degree.--adv. to a very bad or very evil degree.--n. the highest degree of badness: the most evil state.--v.t. to get the advantage over in a contest: to defeat.--v.i. (obs.) to grow worse. [A.S. wyrst, wyrrest, wyrresta, from the same source as worse.]

WORSTED, woost'ed, or woorst'ed, n. twisted thread or yarn spun out of long, combed wool: woollen yarn for ornamental needlework.--adj. made of worsted yarn.--n. WORST'ED-WORK, needlework done with worsted. [From Worstead, a village near Norwich in England.]

WORT, wurt, n. a plant of the cabbage kind. [A.S. wyrt; Ger. wurz, wurzel, a root.]

WORT, wurt, n. new beer unfermented or in the act of fermentation: the sweet infusion of malt. [A.S. wyrte, new beer (Ice. virtr)--wyrt, root. See preceding word.]

WORTH, wurth, n. value: possessions: that quality which renders a thing valuable: price: moral excellence: importance.--adj. equal in value to: having a certain moral value: deserving of.--adj. WORTH'FUL.--adv. WORTH'ILY (th), in a worthy manner: justly: truly.--n. WORTH'INESS (th).--adj. WORTH'LESS, of no worth or value: having no value, virtue, excellence, &c.: useless.--adv. WORTH'LESSLY.--n. WORTH'LESSNESS.--adj. WORTHY (wur'_th_i), having worth: valuable: deserving: suited to: (B.) deserving (either of good or bad).--n. a man of eminent worth: a local celebrity: (Shak.) anything of value:--pl. WOR'THIES.--v.t. to make worthy.--WORTHIEST OF BLOOD, male, as opposed to female--of inheritance.--NINE WORTHIES, Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar; Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus; Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. [A.S. weorth, wurth (Ger. wert), value.]

WORTH, wurth, v.i. to be, happen, as in the phrase WOE WORTH=woe be to (with the noun in the dative). [A.S. weorthan, to become; cf. Ger. werden.]

WOT, wot, WOTTETH, wot'eth, v.t. (B.) pr.t. of obsolete wit, to know. [Wit.]

WOULD, wood, pa.t. of will.--adj. WOULD'-BE, aspiring, trying, or merely professing to be.--n. a vain pretender. [A.S. wolde, pa.t. of willan.]

WOULFE-BOTTLE, woolf'-bot'l, n. a form of three-necked bottle, generally arranged in a series known as Woulfe's apparatus, used for the purpose of purifying gases, or of dissolving them in suitable solvents--from the name of the London chemist, Peter Woulfe (1727-1806).

WOUND, wownd, pa.t. and pa.p. of wind.

WOUND, w[=oo]nd, n. any division of soft parts, including the skin, produced by external mechanical force--whether incised, punctured, contused, lacerated, or poisoned: any cut, bruise, hurt, or injury.--v.t. to make a wound in: to injure.--adj. WOUN'DABLE, capable of being wounded.--n. WOUN'DER.--adv. WOUN'DILY (coll.), excessively.--n. WOUN'DING.--adj. WOUND'LESS, exempt from being wounded, invulnerable: harmless.--n. WOUND'WORT, a name applied to several plants of popular repute as vulneraries, as the kidney-vetch, &c.: a plant of genus Stachys, the marsh or clown's woundwort.--adj. WOUN'DY, causing wounds: (coll.) excessive. [A.S. wund (Ger. wunde, Ice. und)--A.S. wund, wounded; prob. orig. pa.p. of A.S. winnan, to fight, strive.]

WOURALI. See WOORALI.

WOVE, WOVEN, pa.t. and pa.p. of weave.

WOW, wow, v.i. (Spens.) to woo.

WOW, wow, interj. an exclamation of wonder.

WOWF, wowf, adj. (Scot.) crazy.

WOW-WOW, wow'-wow, n. the gibbon of Sumatra.

WOX, WOXEN. (Spens.), pa.t. and pa.p. of wax.

WRACK, RACK, rak, n. a term loosely given to various seaweeds, esp. to the Fucaceæ, common on British shores, long valuable as a source of kelp, and utilised as manure: shipwreck: ruin.--adj. WRACK'FUL, destructive. [Lit. 'something cast ashore,' A.S. wræc, exile, misery--wrecan, to drive, urge. Wrack is a doublet of wreck.]

WRACK, rak, by-form of wreck.

WRAITH, r[=a]th, n. a spectre: an apparition in the exact likeness of a person seen before or soon after his death. [Cf. dial. form warth, an apparition; prob. orig. having the sense of 'guardian spirit'--Ice. vörthr, a guardian.]

WRANGLE, rang'gl, v.i. to make a disturbance: to dispute: to dispute noisily or peevishly.--n. a noisy dispute.--ns. WRANG'LER, one who wrangles or disputes angrily: (Shak.) a stubborn foe: in the University of Cambridge, one of those who have attained the first class in the public mathematical honour examinations; WRANG'LERSHIP.--adj. WRANG'LESOME, given to wrangling.--n. WRANG'LING.--SENIOR WRANGLER, the student taking the first place in the class mentioned, the second being called SECOND WRANGLER, and so on in the same way. [A freq. of wring.]

WRAP, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together: to enfold: hide: to cover by winding something round (often with up):--pr.p. wrap'ping; pa.t. and pa.p. wrapped.--n. a wrapper, as a shawl, &c.--ns. WRAP'PAGE, act of wrapping: things used as wrappers; WRAP'PER, one who, or that which, wraps: a loose outer garment of a woman; WRAP'PING; WRAP'-RAS'CAL, a loose greatcoat worn about 1740 (a humorous term).--WRAPPED UP IN, bound up in: engrossed with: comprised in. [A form of warp--M. E. wrappen, also wlappen. Cf. Lap (v.t. to wrap) and Envelop.]

WRAP. Same as RAP.

WRASSE, ras, n. a genus of bony fishes representative of the large family Labridæ, and including many species on European and North African coasts. Common British species are the ballan-wrasse, the red wrasse, and the gibbous wrasse. [Perh. the W. gwrachen.]

WRATH, räth, n. violent anger: holy indignation: heat.--adj. violently angry.--adj. WRATH'FUL, full of wrath: very angry: springing from, or expressing, wrath.--adv. WRATH'FULLY.--n. WRATH'FULNESS.--adv. WRATH'ILY.--adjs. WRATH'LESS; WRATH'Y, apt to wrath. [Old Northumbrian wr['æ]ððo--A.S. wráð, adj. wroth; Ice. reithi.]

WRAWL, rawl, v.i. (Spens.) to cry as a cat, to caterwaul. [Imit.]

WRAXLING, raks'ling, n. wrestling.

WREAK, r[=e]k, v.t. to inflict: avenge.--n. WREAK'ER.--adjs. WREAK'FUL, revengeful: angry; WREAK'LESS, unpunished. [A.S. wrecan, orig. to drive, and so to punish, avenge; Ice. reka, to drive, pursue, Ger. rächen; conn. with L. urg[=e]re.]

WREAK, r[=e]k, v.i. (Shak.). Same as RECK.

WREATH, r[=e]th, n. a chaplet: a garland: anything long and circular: a defect in glass.--v.t. WREATHE (r[=e]th), to form by twisting: to form into a wreath: to twine about or encircle.--v.i. to be interwoven.--adj. WREATH'EN (th), wreathed.--n. WREATH'ER (th).--adjs. WREATH'LESS; WREATH'Y. [A.S. wrædh, 'a twisted band'--wríthan, to writhe.]

WRECK, rek, n. destruction: destruction of a ship: ruins of a destroyed ship: remains of anything ruined: shipwrecked property.--v.t. to destroy or disable: to ruin.--v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin.--ns. WRECK'AGE, the act of wrecking: wrecked material; WRECK'ER, a person who purposely causes a wreck or who plunders wreckage: one who lures a ship on to the rocks for purposes of plunder: one who criminally ruins anything: a person employed by the owners in recovering disabled vessels or their cargo.--adj. WRECK'FUL, causing ruin.--n. WRECK'-MAS'TER, a person taking charge of a disabled ship and its cargo.--WRECK COMMISSIONERS, a tribunal which inquires into shipping disasters.--RECEIVERS OF WRECKS, wreck-masters. [A.S. wræc, expulsion--wrecan, to drive, Low Ger. wrak, Dut. wrak, Ice. reki, a thing drifted ashore; a doublet of wrack.]

WRECK, rek, n. (Spens.) same as WREAK.--v.t. (Milt.) to wreak.

WREN, ren, n. a genus (Troglodytes) and family (Troglodytidæ) of birds, having a slender, slightly curved and pointed bill, the wings very short and rounded, the tail short and carried erect, the legs slender and rather long.--ns. WREN'NING, the stoning of a wren to death on St Stephen's Day, December 26th--WRENNING DAY--once practised in the North Country; WREN'-TIT, a Californian bird (Chamæa fasciata), of dubious relations, at once resembling the wren and the titmouse. [A.S. wrenna, wr['æ]nna--wr['æ]ne, lascivious.]

WRENCH, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with a twist: to force by violence: to sprain.--v.i. to undergo a violent wrenching.--n. a violent twist: a sprain: an instrument for turning bolts, &c.: in coursing, bringing the hare round at less than a right angle--half a point in the recognised code of points for judging. [A.S. wrencan (Ger. renken)--wrenc, fraud; root of wring.]

WREST, rest, v.t, to twist from by force: to twist from truth or from its natural meaning.--n. violent pulling and twisting: distortion: an instrument, like a wrench, for tuning the piano, &c.--n. WREST'ER. [A.S. wr['æ]stan--wr['æ]st, firm, from wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; Dan. vriste.]

WRESTLE, res'l, v.i. to contend by grappling and trying to throw the other down: to struggle: to apply one's self keenly to: (Scot.) to pray earnestly.--v.t. to contend with in wrestling.--n. a bout at wrestling: a struggle between two to throw each other down.--ns. WREST'LER; WREST'LING, the sport or exercise of two persons struggling to throw each other to the ground in an athletic contest governed by certain fixed rules--catch-hold, ground-wrestling, catch-as-catch-can, back-hold, &c. [A.S. wr['æ]stlian; a freq. of wr['æ]stan, to wrest.]

WRETCH, rech, n. a most miserable person: one sunk in vice: a worthless person: body, creature (in pity, sometimes admiration).--adj. WRETCH'ED, very miserable: distressingly bad: despicable: worthless.--adv. WRETCH'EDLY.--n. WRETCH'EDNESS. [A.S. wrecca, an outcast--wræc, pa.t. of wrecan, to drive.]

WRETHE, r[=e]th, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.). Same as WREATHE.

WRICK, rik, v.t. (prov.) to twist, turn. [Low Ger. wrikken, to turn.]

WRIGGLE, rig'l, v.i. to twist to and fro: to move sinuously: to use crooked means.--v.t. to cause to wriggle.--n. the motion of wriggling.--ns. WRIGG'LER, one who wriggles: one who uses trickery; WRIGG'LING;. [A freq. of obs. wrig, to move about, itself a variant of wrick, M. E. wrikken, to twist; cf. Dut. wriggelen, to wriggle.]

WRIGHT, r[=i]t, n. a maker (chiefly used in compounds, as ship-wright, &c.). [A.S. wyrhta--wyrht, a work--wyrcan, to work.]

WRING, ring, v.t. to twist: to force, or force out, by twisting: to force or compress: to pain: to extort: to bend out of its position.--v.i. to writhe: to twist:--pa.t. and pa.p. wrung, (B.) wringed.--ns. WRING'-BOLT, a bolt with a ring or eye, used to secure a ship's planks against the frame till they are permanently fixed in place; WRING'ER, one who wrings: a machine for forcing water from wet clothes--also WRING'ING-MACHINE'.--adj. WRING'ING-WET, so wet that water can be wrung out.--n.pl. WRING'-STAVES, strong pieces of wood used in applying wring-bolts.--WRING FROM, to extort; WRING OFF, to force off by wringing; WRING OUT, to squeeze out by twisting; WRING THE HANDS, to manifest grief by convulsive clasping of the hands. [A.S. wringan, to twist; Dut. wringen, Ger. ringen. Cf. Wreak, Wry.]

WRINKLE, ring'kl, n. (coll.) a tip, valuable hint. [Perh. from A.S. wrenc, a trick. Cf. Wrench.]

WRINKLE, ring'kl, n. a small ridge on a surface caused by twisting or shrinking: unevenness.--v.t. to contract into wrinkles or furrows: to make rough.--v.i. to shrink into ridges.--adj. WRINK'LY, full of wrinkles: liable to be wrinkled. [M. E. wrinkel, conn. with A.S. wringan, to twist; prob. related to Sw. rynka, Dan. rynke, a wrinkle.]

WRIST, rist, n. the joint by which the hand is united to the arm: a stud or pin projecting from the side of a crank.--ns. WRIST'BAND, the band or part of a sleeve which covers the wrist; WRIST'-DROP, inability to extend the hand, often caused by lead-poisoning; WRIST'LET, an elastic band used to confine the upper part of a glove to the wrist: a bracelet: (slang) a handcuff; WRIST'-PLATE, an oscillating plate bearing wrist-pins for the connection of rods or pitmans, as on the cut-off gear of an engine; WRIST'-PIN, any pin connecting a pitman to a cross-head; WRIST'-SHOT, in golf, a short stroke usually played with an iron, from the wrist, without swinging the club over the shoulder. [A.S. wrist--wríthan, to twist; Ger. rist.]

WRIT, rit, obsolete pa.t. and pa.p. of write.

WRIT, rit, n. a writing: (law) a written document by which one is summoned or required to do something: a formal document, any writing.--HOLY WRIT, the Scriptures.--SERVE A WRIT ON, to deliver a summons to.

WRITE, r[=i]t, v.t. to form letters with a pen or pencil: to express in writing: to compose: to engrave: to record: to communicate by letter.--v.i. to perform the act of writing: to be employed as a clerk: to compose books: to send letters: to practise the art of writing: to work as an author: to compose a letter:--pr.p. wr[=i]'ting; pa.t. wr[=o]te; pa.p. writ'ten.--ns. WR[=I]'TER, one who writes: a professional scribe or clerk: an ordinary legal practitioner in Scotch country towns: an author: a petty officer in the United States navy who keeps the watch-muster and other books of the ship--usually Ship-writer:--fem. WR[=I]'TERESS (rare); WR[=I]'TER'S-CRAMP (see CRAMP); WR[=I]'TERSHIP, the office of a writer; WR[=I]'TING, the forming letters with a pen or pencil: that which is written: literary production; WR[=I]'TING-BOOK, a book of paper for practising penmanship; WR[=I]'TING-CASE, a portable case containing materials for writing; WR[=I]'TING-CHAM'BER, a room fitted for writing: a law office; WR[=I]'TING-DESK, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon: a portable writing-case; WR[=I]'TING-INK, ink suited for writing with; WR[=I]'TING-MAS'TER, a master who teaches the art of penmanship: the yellow-bunting; WR[=I]TING-P[=A]'PER, paper finished with a smooth surface, for writing upon; WR[=I]'TING-SCHOOL, a school for penmanship; WR[=I]'TING-T[=A]'BLE, a table fitted or used for writing upon.--adj. WRIT'TEN, reduced to writing--opposed to Oral.--WRITERS TO THE SIGNET, an ancient society of solicitors in Scotland who formerly had the exclusive right to prepare all summonses and other writs pertaining to the supreme court of justice, and still have the exclusive privilege of preparing crown writs, which include all charters, precepts, and writs from the sovereign or prince of Scotland.--WRITE DOWN, to put down in written characters: to condemn in writing; WRITE OFF, to cancel by an entry on the opposite side of the account; WRITE OUT, to transcribe: to exhaust one's mental capacity by too much writing; WRITE UP, to put a full description of in writing: to praise something in writing above its merits. [A.S. wrítan; Ice. ríta; the original meaning being 'to scratch' (cf. the cog. Ger. reissen, to tear).]

WRITHE, r[=i]th, v.t. to turn to and fro: to twist violently: to wrest: (obs.) to extort.--v.i. to twist.--n. (rare) a contortion.--adv. WR[=I]'THINGLY. [A.S. wríthan, to twist; Ice. rítha. Cf. Wreath, Wrest, Wrist.]

WRITHLE, rith'l, v.t. (Spens.) to wrinkle: (Shak.) to shrivel.

WRIZZLED, riz'ld, adj. (Spens.) wrinkled.

WROKE, r[=o]k, WROKEN, r[=o]k'n, obsolete pa.p. of wreak.

WRONG, rong, adj. not according to rule or right, deviating from what is correct or suitable: perverse: not fit or suitable: incorrect: not right or true.--n. whatever is not right or just: any injury done to another: an erroneous view.--adv. not rightly.--v.t. to do wrong to: to deprive of some right: to injure.--ns. WRONG'-DO'ER, one who does wrong: one who injures another; WRONG'-DO'ING, evil or wicked action or conduct; WRONG'ER, one who wrongs.--adj. WRONG'FUL, wrong: unjust: injurious.--adv. WRONG'FULLY.--n. WRONG'FULNESS.--adj. WRONG'-HEAD'ED, obstinately and perversely stubborn.--adv. WRONG'-HEAD'EDLY.--n. WRONG'-HEAD'EDNESS.--adv. WRONG'LY, in a wrong manner.--adj. WRONG'-MIND'ED, having erroneous views.--n. WRONG'NESS.--adj. WRONG'OUS, unjust, illegal.--adv. WRONG'OUSLY.--adj. WRONG'-TIMED, inopportune.--GO WRONG, to fail to work properly: to stray from virtue; HAVE WRONG, to be wrong: to suffer injustice; IN THE WRONG, holding an erroneous view or unjust position; PRIVATE WRONG, a violation of the civil or personal rights of an individual in his private capacity; PUT IN THE WRONG, to cause to appear in error. [A.S. wrang, a wrong; most prob. Scand., Ice. rangr, unjust, Dan. vrang, wrong. Skeat explains A.S. wrang as from wrang, pa.t. of wringan, to wring, like Fr. tort, from L. tortus, twisted.]

WROTE, r[=o]t. pa.t. of write.

WROTH, r[=o]th, adj. wrathful. [A.S. wráth, angry--wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; cf. Ice. reithr.]

WROUGHT, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of work.--n. WROUGHT'-[=I]'RON, malleable iron. [A.S. worhte, geworht, pa.t. and pa.p. of wyrcan, wircan, to work.]

WRUNG, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of wring.

WRY, r[=i], adj. twisted or turned to one side: not in the right direction.--n. (prov.) distortion.--v.i. (Shak.) to go astray.--v.t. to give a twist to, pervert.--n. WRY'BILL, a New Zealand plover with bill bent sideways.--adv. WRY'LY.--adj. WRY'-MOUTHED, having a crooked mouth, unflattering.--n. WRY'-NECK, a twisted or distorted neck: a small bird allied to the woodpecker, which twists round its head strangely when surprised.--adj. WRY'-NECKED.--n. WRY'NESS.--MAKE A WRY FACE, or MOUTH, to pucker up the face, or mouth, in sign of disgust or pain. [A.S. wrigian, to drive, bend. Ult. conn. with wriggle and writhe.]

WULL, wul, v.i. (Spens.). Same as WILL.

WUTHER, wuth'[.e]r, v.i. (prov.) to roar sullenly.--n. a low roaring. [Perh. traceable to A.S. wóth, a cry.]

WUZZENT, wuz'ent, adj. (Scot.) wizened.

WUZZLE, wuz'l, v.t. (U.S.) to jumble.

WYCH-ELM, n. See WITCH-ELM.

WYCLIFITE, WYCLIFFITE, wik'lif-[=i]t, adj. pertaining to the English reformer and translator of the Bible, John Wycliffe (1325-84).--n. a follower of WYCLIFFE; a Lollard.

WYKEHAMIST, wik'am-ist, n. a student, or former student, of Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (died 1404).

WYLIE-COAT, w[=i]'li-k[=o]t, n. (Scot.) a flannel undervest or petticoat.

WYND, w[=i]nd, n. (Scot.) a lane: narrow alley in a town. [Same as Wind (2).]

WYVERN, w[=i]'vrn, n. (her.) a fictitious monster allied to the dragon and the griffin, and having its two legs and feet like those of the eagle. [O. Fr. wivre, a viper--L. vipera.]

* * * * *

X the twenty-fourth letter in our alphabet, having in modern English the value of ks, which it had in Anglo-Saxon--except at the beginning of a word, where it is pronounced like z. As a numeral X stands for ten, [X on its side] for a thousand, [=X] for ten thousand; X as an abbreviation represents the word Christ--Xian, Xmas; x in algebra is the first of the unknown quantities; and the use of X, XX, and XXX on barrels of stout is a well-known way of indicating the quality.--X-RAYS, the name given by Röntgen of Würzburg in 1895 to those dark or invisible rays emitted, under the influence of an electric current, from a glass-bulb highly exhausted of air through an aluminium window into a close box, and which when passed through the hand or other part of the body imprint a shadow-picture of the bones on a sensitive photographic plate--a discovery of high value in surgery, enabling a bullet, &c., embedded in the flesh to be carefully localised.

XANTHEINE, zan'the-in, n. the yellow colouring matter of flowers. [From Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

XANTHIAN, zan'thi-an, adj. pertaining to Xanthus, the capital of ancient Lycia, in Asia Minor.

XANTHIN, zan'thin, n. a name given to the yellow colouring matter of various flowers, to a principle in madder, and to a deposit of urine.--n. XAN'THATE, a salt of xanthic acid.--adj. XAN'THIC. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

XANTHIUM, zan'thi-um, n. a weedy plant of the aster family.--Also Cockle-bur, Clot-bur.

XANTHOCHROI, zan-thok'roi, n.pl. one of the five groups of men, according to Huxley and other ethnologists, comprising the fair whites.--n. XANTHOCHROI'A, a yellow discolouration of the skin.--adjs. XANTHOCHR[=O]'IC, XANTHOCH'R[=O]OUS. [Formed through L. from Gr. xanthos, yellow, chroa, skin.]

XANTHOMA, zan-th[=o]'ma, n. a skin disease consisting of a growth of flat or tuberculated yellowish patches, often on the eyelids.--adj. XANTHOMA'ATOUS. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

XANTHOMELANOUS, zan-th[=o]-mel'a-nus, adj. applied to a type of men with black hair and yellow or olive skins. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, melas, -anos, black.]

XANTHOPHYLL, zan'th[=o]-fil, n. any one of certain yellow pigments contained in leaves.

XANTHOPSY, zan'thop-si, n. a kind of colour-blindness in which everything looks yellowish.

XANTHOSIS, zan-th[=o]'sis, n. the formation of a yellowish pigment in the areolar or muscular tissue, discolouring the skin--esp. in cancerous tumours.

XANTHOUS, zan'thus, adj. yellow. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

XANTHOXYLUM, zan-thok'si-lum, n. a genus of the Rutaceæ, comprising over one hundred species, of which many are found in Brazil and the West Indies--the Prickly Ash or Toothache-tree. [Formed from Gr. xanthos, yellow, xylon, wood.]

XANTHURA, zan-th[=u]'ra, n. a genus of American jays, with yellow tail. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, oura, tail.]

XANTIPPE, zan-tip'e, n. a scold, shrew. [Wife of Socrates.]

XEBEC, z[=e]'bek, n. a small three-masted vessel much used by the former corsairs of Algiers. [Sp.,--Turk. sumbak[=i].]

XEMA, z[=e]'ma, n. the genus of fork-tailed gulls.

XENARTHRAL, zen-arth'ral, adj. peculiarly jointed, as dorso-lumbar vertebræ. [Gr. xenos, strange, arthron, a joint.]

XENIAL, z[=e]'ni-al, adj. of or belonging to hospitality. [Gr. xenos, a guest.]

XENIUM, z[=e]'ni-um, n. a present made to a guest, stranger, or ambassador. [Gr.]

XENODOCHY, z[=e]-nod'[=o]-ki, n. reception of strangers.--n. XENODOCH[=E]'UM, a building for the reception of strangers: an inn in modern Greece.

XENOGAMY, zen-og'a-mi, n. (bot.) cross-fertilisation. [Gr. xenos, strange, gamos, marriage.]

XENOGENESIS, zen-[=o]-jen'e-sis, n. the generation of something altogether and permanently unlike the parent.--adj. XENOGENET'IC. [Gr. xenos, a stranger, genesis, birth.]

XENOMANIA, zen-[=o]-m[=a]'ni-a, n. an inordinate attachment to things foreign. [Gr. xenos, foreign, mania, madness.]

XENOMENIA, zen-[=o]-m[=e]'n[=i]-a, n. vicarious or supplementary menstruation. [Gr. xenos, strange, m[=e]niaia, menses.]

XENOMORPHIC, zen-[=o]-mor'fik, adj. not having its own proper form, but an irregular shape impressed by adjacent minerals. [Gr. xenos, strange, morph[=e], form.]

XENOPS, z[=e]'nops, n. a genus of South American tree-creepers, with short turned-up bills. [Gr. xenos, strange, [=o]ps, face.]

XENURUS, z[=e]-n[=u]'rus, n. a genus of armadillos.--adj. XEN[=U]'RINE. [Gr. xenos, strange, oura, tail.]

XERANSIS, z[=e]-ran'sis, n. siccation.--Also XER[=O]'SIS.

XERANTIC, z[=e]-ran'tik, adj. drying up, exsiccant.

XERASIA, z[=e]-r[=a]'si-a, n. a morbid dryness of the hair.--Also XER[=O]'SIS. [Gr. x[=e]ros, dry.]

XERODERMA, z[=e]-r[=o]-der'ma, n. a morbid state of dryness of the skin due to diminished secretion of the sebaceous glands.

XERODES, z[=e]-r[=o]'d[=e]s, n. any tumour attended with dryness.

XEROMYRUM, z[=e]-rom'i-rum, n. a dry ointment.

XEROPHAGY, z[=e]-rof'a-ji, n. the habit of living on dry food. [Gr. x[=e]ros, dry, phagein, to eat.]

XEROPHILOUS, z[=e]-rof'i-lus, adj. (bot.) loving dryness.

XEROPHTHALMIA, z[=e]-rof-thal'mi-a, n. a dry form of conjunctivis.

XEROSTOMIA, z[=e]-r[=o]-st[=o]'mi-a, n. abnormal dryness of the mouth.

XEROTES, z[=e]'r[=o]-t[=e]z, n. a dry habit of body.--adj. XEROT'IC.

XEROTRIBIA, z[=e]-r[=o]-trib'i-a, n. dry friction.--Also XEROTRIP'SIS.

XIPHOID, zif'oid, adj. resembling the sword-fish.

XOANON, z[=o]'a-non, n. a primitive statue, fallen from heaven, originally of wood, later overlaid with ivory and gold. [Gr.]

X-RAYS. See under X.

XYLANTHRAX, z[=i]-lan'thraks, n. wood-coal.

XYLEM, z[=i]'lem, n. the woody part of vegetable tissue--opposed to the phloëm, or bast part.

XYLOBALSAMUM, z[=i]-l[=o]-bal'sa-mum, n. the dried twigs of the balm-of-Gilead tree.

XYLOCARP, z[=i]'l[=o]-kärp, n. a hard and woody fruit.--adj. XYLOCAR'POUS.

XYLOGRAPHY, zi-log'ra-fi, n. the art of engraving on wood.--ns. XYL'OGRAPH, an impression or print from a wood block: an impression of the grain of wood for surface decoration; XYLOG'RAPHER.--adjs. XYLOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Gr. xylon, wood, graphein, to write.]

XYLOID, z[=i]'loid, adj. woody, ligneous.

XYLOIDINE, z[=i]-loi'din, n. an explosive like gun-cotton, prepared by the action of strong nitric acid on starch or woody fibre. [Gr. xylon, wood, eidos, form, appearance.]

XYLOL, z[=i]'lol, n. any of the metameric dimethyl benzenes. [Gr. xylon, wood, L. oleum, oil.]

XYLONITE, z[=i]'-l[=o]-n[=i]t, n. a kind of celluloid (q.v.). [Gr. xylon, wood.]

XYLOPHAGAN, z[=i]-lof'a-gan, n. one of the XYLOPH'AGA, a genus of boring bivalves.

XYLOPHAGOUS, z[=i]-lof'a-gus, adj. wood-eating.

XYLOPHILOUS, z[=i]-lof'i-lus, adj. fond of wood, living upon wood.

XYLOPHONE, z[=i]'l[=o]-f[=o]n, n. a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of wooden bars, which are rested on straw, and are struck by wooden hammers. [Gr. xylon, wood, ph[=o]n[=e], a voice.]

XYLOPIA, z[=i]-l[=o]'p[=i]-a, n. a genus of plants, natives of the tropics, chiefly in America. [Gr. xylon, wood, pikros, bitter.]

XYLOPYROGRAPHY, z[=i]-l[=o]-p[=i]-rog'ra-fi, n. poker-painting.

XYST, zist, n. a covered portico used by athletes for their exercises.--Also XYST'OS, XYST'US.

XYSTER, zis't[.e]r, n. a surgeon's instrument for scraping bones.

* * * * *

Y the twenty-fifth letter of our alphabet.--Y=150; [=Y]=150,000.--ns. Y'-LEVEL, an engineers' spirit-level, so called because of the telescope formerly resting on 'Y's,' capable of being rotated at will--now substituted by the 'dumpy-level'--also Wye-level; Y'-MOTH, the gamma, a destructive noctuid moth, with a silvery Y-shaped mark on the upper wings; Y'-TRACK, a short track laid at right angles to a railway-line, connected with it by two switches resembling a Y, used instead of a turn-table for reversing engines.

YACCA, yak'a, n. a kind of evergreen in the West Indies.

YACHT, yot, n. a sailing or steam vessel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips or racing, or as a vessel of state.--v.i. to sail in a yacht.--adj. YACHT'-BUILT, built on the model of a yacht.--ns. YACHT'-CLUB, a club of yachtsmen; YACHT'ER, one engaged in sailing a yacht; YACHT'ING, sailing in a yacht; YACHTS'MAN, one who keeps or sails a yacht; YACHTS'MANSHIP, the art of sailing a yacht. [Dut. jagt (formerly jacht), from jagen, to chase=Old High Ger. jag[=o]n, Ger. jagen, to hunt.]

YAFF, yaf, v.i. (Scot.) to bark like a snarling dog.

YAFFINGALE, yaf'ing-g[=a]l, n. (Tenn.) the green woodpecker. [From Prov. Eng. yaffle (and under the influence of nightingale), from the sound.]

YAGER, y[=a]'g[.e]r, n. formerly one of various bodies of light infantry in German armies, largely recruited from foresters, now one of various corps of infantry or cavalry, generally riflemen.--Also JÄ'GER. [Ger. jäger, a huntsman.]

YAGGER, yag'[.e]r, n. (Scot.) a peddler, a stroller. [Dut. jager, a huntsman--jagen, to hunt.]

YAHOO, ya-h[=oo]', n. a name given by Swift in Gulliver's Travels to a class of animals which have the forms of men but the understanding and passions of the lowest brutes: a despicable character.

YAHVEH, yä-v[=a]'=Jehovah.--n. YAH'VIST=Jehovist.

YAK, yak, n. a species of ox found in Tibet, and domesticated there, covered all over with a thick coat of long silky hair, that of the lower parts hanging down almost to the ground. [Tibetan.]

YAKUT, ya-k[=oo]t', n. a member of a mixed Turkish race in Siberia, in the Lena district.

YALD, YAULD, yäld, adj. (Scot.) active, supple.

YAM, yam, n. a large root like the potato growing in tropical countries. [Port. inhame.]

YAMA, yam'a, n. in Hindu mythology, the first mortal progenitor of the human race. [Sans.]

YAMADOU, yam'a-d[=oo], n. an oil from the yellow-nutmeg.

YAMMER, yam'[.e]r, v.i. to lament, wail: to whine.--n. YAMM'ERING. [A.S. geómerian--geómor, sad.]

YAMUN, yä'mun, n. the office and residence of a mandarin. [Chin.]

YANK, yangk, v.t. to carry, move with a jerk (with out, over).--n. (Scot.) a blow, buffet.--n. YANK'ER (Scot.), a rap: a big lie.--adj. YANK'ING (Scot.), active: (U.S.) pulling, jerking.--n. YANK'IE (Scot.), a scold: an impudent woman. [Scand., Sw. prov. jakka, to rove about, Ice. jaga, to move about.]

YANKEE, yang'k[=e], n. a citizen of the New England States in America: an inhabitant of the United States--also YANK (coll.).--ns. YANK'EEDOM, the country inhabited by Yankees: Yankees generally; YANK'EE-DOO'DLE, a Yankee, from a popular air--also adj.--adj. YANK'EEFIED.--n. YANK'EEISM, Yankee characteristics. [Perh. a corr. of English, or of Fr. Anglais, by the North American Indians.]

YAP, yap, v.i. (prov.) to yelp, bark constantly.--n. a yelp: a cur.--n. YAP'STER, a dog.

YAPOK, YAPOCK, yap'ok, n. the S. Amer. water-opossum. [From the river Oyapok, in French Guiana.]

YAPON, yä'pon, n. a bushy evergreen shrub of the holly family, native to the S.E. coasts of the U.S., its leaves yielding the medicinal 'black drink' of the Indians.--Also YAU'PON, YU'PON. [Most prob. Amer. Ind.]

YAPP, yap, n. a kind of limp leather binding in which the cover overlaps the edge of the book.

YARD, yärd, n. an English measure of 3 feet or 36 inches: a long beam on a mast for spreading square sails: the penis.--ns. YARD'-ARM, either half of a ship's yard (right or left) from the centre to the end; YARD'STICK, a stick 3 feet long, any standard of measurement--also YARD'WAND. [A.S. gyrd, gierd, a rod, measure; Dut. garde, Ger. gerte; further conn. with Goth. gazds, a stick, L. hasta, a spear.]

YARD, yärd, n. an enclosed place, esp. near a building, as 'prison-yard,' or where any special work is carried on, as 'brick-yard,' 'wood-yard,' 'dock-yard,' 'navy-yard:' a garden.--v.t. to enclose in a yard.--ns. YARD'AGE, the use of a yard, or the charge made for such: the cutting of coal at so much per yard; YARD'-LAND, the amount of land held by a tenant in villeinage, in older English usage, varying from 15 to 40 acres; YARD'MAN, the person having special charge of a farm-yard: one employed in a railway-yard in making up trains, &c.; YARD'-MAS'TER, one who has the special oversight of a railway-yard. [A.S. geard, hedge, enclosure; Ger. garten; conn. with L. hortus, Gr. chortos.]

YARE, y[=a]r, adj. ready: dexterous: quick: easily handled, manageable.--adv. YARE'LY (Shak.), promptly: dexterously: skilfully. [A.S. gearu, gearo, ready, prompt; Dut. gaar, dressed, Ger. gar, wholly.]

YARN, yärn, n. spun thread: one of the threads of a rope: a sailor's story (spun out to some length), a story generally.--v.i. to tell stories. [A.S. gearn, thread; Ice. and Ger. garn.]

YARPHA, yär'fa, n. peaty soil in Shetland.

YARR, yär, n. (prov.) the corn spurry.

YARRISH, yär'ish, adj. (prov.) having a rough, dry taste.

YARROW, yar'[=o], n. the plant milfoil. [A.S. gearuwe; Ger. garbe.]

YASHMAK, yash'mak, n. the double veil worn by Moslem women in public, the eyes only being uncovered. [Ar.]

YASHT, yäsht, n. in the Zend-Avesta, one of a collection of hymns and prayers.

YATAGHAN, yat'a-gan, n. a long Turkish dagger, without guard, usually curved. [Turk.]

YATE, y[=a]t, n. (Spens.) a gate.

YAUD, yäd, n. Scotch form of jade.

YAUP, yäp, n. (prov.) the blue titmouse.

YAUP, yäp, v.i. (Scot.) to be hungry.--adj. hungry.

YAW, yaw, v.i. to move unsteadily: (naut.) to deviate temporarily or to turn out of the line of her course, as a ship.--n. a deviation from the course. [Scand., cf. Norw. gaga, to bend back, Ice. gagr, bent back.]

YAWL, yawl, v.i. to howl. [Cf. Gowl.]

YAWL, yawl, n. a ship's small boat, generally with four or six oars: a small fishing-boat: a small sailing-boat with jigger and curtailed mainboom. [Dut. jol. Cf. Jollyboat.]

YAWN, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws involuntarily from drowsiness: to gape: to gape with astonishment.--n. the opening of the mouth from drowsiness.--adj. YAWN'ING, gaping: opening wide: drowsy.--n. act of opening wide or gaping: a modification of the ordinary movements of respiration, in which the inspiration is deeper than usual, accompanied by a kind of spasmodic contraction of the muscles which depress the lower jaw, and by a great elevation of the ribs and to some degree of the shoulder-blades.--adv. YAWN'INGLY. [A.S. gánian, to yawn--gínan, pa.t. gán, to gape widely; Ice. gína, to gape, Gr. chainein, to gape.]

YAWS, yaws, n. a tropical epidemic and contagious disease of the skin--also Framboesia, Button scurvy, Verruga Peruviana, Buba or Boba, Patta, Tetia, &c.--adj. YAW'EY, pertaining to the yaws. [African yaw, a raspberry.]

Y-CLAD, i-klad', an obsolete form of clad, pa.p. of clothe.

YCLEPT, or YCLEPED, i-klept', pa.p. (obs.) called. [Clepe.]

YE, y[=e], pron. the nom. pl. of the 2d person--in old English ye was always used as a nominative, and you as a dative or accusative, as in the English Bible. [M. E. ye, [gh]e, nom.; your, [gh]our, gen.; you, [gh]ou, yow, dat. and accus. pl. A.S. ge, nom. ye; eówer, gen. of you; eów, to you, you, dat. and accus.]

YEA, y[=a], adv. yes: verily.--adj. (B.) true.--n. an affirmative vote. [A.S. geá; Dut. and Ger. ja, Ice. já. Cf. Yes.]

YEAD, YEDE, y[=e]d, v.i. (Spens.) to go: to march:--pr.p. yead'ing; pa.p. y[=o]de. [A.S. eode, went, pa.t. of gán, to go.]

YEAN, y[=e]n, v.t. to bring forth young.--n. YEAN'LING (Shak.), the young of a sheep: a lamb. [A.S. éanian, to bring forth--eacen, pregnant.]

YEAR, y[=e]r, n. a period of time determined by the revolution of the earth in its orbit, and embracing the four seasons, popularly a period beginning with 1st January and ending with 31st December, consisting of 365 days (excepting every fourth year, called 'bissextile' or 'leap-year,' in which one day is added to February, making the number 366)--the CALENDAR, CIVIL, or LEGAL YEAR: a space of twelve calendar months: (pl.) period of life, esp. age or old age.--ns. YEAR'-BOOK, a book published annually, containing reports of judicial cases, or of discoveries, events, &c.; YEAR'LING, an animal a year old.--adj. a year old.--adjs. YEAR'LONG, lasting a year; YEAR'LY, happening every year: lasting a year.--adv. once a year: from year to year.--YEAR OF GRACE, or OF OUR LORD, date of the Christian era.--ANOMALISTIC YEAR (see ANOMALY); ASTRONOMICAL YEAR, the interval between one vernal equinox and the next, or one complete mean apparent circuit of the ecliptic by the sun, or mean motion through 360° of longitude--365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds--called also the EQUINOCTIAL, SOLAR, or TROPICAL YEAR; CANICULAR YEAR--the ancient Egyptian--counted from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next--(the Canicular Cycle was the cycle of 1461 years of 365 days each, or 1460 Julian years, also called the Sothiac period); ECCLESIASTICAL YEAR, the year as arranged in the ecclesiastical calendar, with saints' days, festivals, &c.; EMBOLISMIC YEAR, a year of thirteen lunar months or 384 days, occurring in a lunisolar calendar like that of the Jews; HEBREW YEAR, a lunisolar year, of 12 or 13 months of 29 or 30 days--in every cycle of nineteen years the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th having thirteen months instead of twelve; JULIAN YEAR, a period of 365¼ days, thus causing an annual error of about 11 minutes--corrected by dropping 10 days in 1582 under Pope Gregory XIII.--not adopted in England till 3d September 1752, which became September 14 (see STYLE); LEGAL YEAR, the year by which dates were reckoned, which till 1752 began in England on 25th March, that date being originally chosen by Dionysius Exiguus as being the Annunciation--exactly nine months before Christmas. In Scotland the year began on 1st January since 1600.--The most common New Year's Days were these four--(a) 25th December; (b) 25th March; (c) Easter; (d) 1st January. Thus England used both the first and second from the 6th century to 1066; the fourth till 1155; then the second till the day after 31st December 1751, which was called 1st January 1752. Scotland used the second till 1599, when the day after 31st December 1599 was called 1st January 1600. France under Charlemagne used the first, and afterwards also the third and second till 1563; LUNAR YEAR, a period of twelve lunar months or 354 days, PLATONIC YEAR, a cycle of years at the end of which the heavenly bodies are in the same place as at the Creation--also GREAT, or PERFECT, YEAR; SABBATIC, -AL, YEAR (see SABBATH); SIDEREAL YEAR, the period required by the sun to move from a given star to the same star again--affected by Nutation only, one of the most invariable quantities which nature affords us, having a mean value of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.6 seconds.--IN YEARS, advanced in age. [A.S. geár, gér; Ger. jahr, Ice. ár, Gr. h[=o]ra, season.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, v.i. to feel earnest desire: to feel uneasiness, as from longing or pity.--n. YEARN'ING, earnest desire, tenderness, or pity.--adj. longing.--adv. YEARN'INGLY. [A.S. giernan, giernian, to desire--georn, desirous, eager; cf. Ger. begehren. to long for.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, v.i. and v.t. (Shak.) to grieve. [M. E. ermen--A.S. yrman, to vex--earm, poor.]

YEARN, y[.e]rn, v.t. (Spens.) to earn.

YEARN, y[.e]rn, v.i. to curdle, as milk--also Earn.--n. YEARN'ING, rennet.

YEAST, y[=e]st, n. the froth of malt liquors in fermentation: the vegetable growth to which fermentation is due, of value in brewing, baking, &c.: (Shak.) spume or foam of water.--v.i. to ferment.--ns. YEAST'INESS, the state of being yeasty or frothy; YEAST'-PLANT, a small plant causing alcoholic fermentation in saccharine liquids; YEAST'-POW'DER, a baking powder.--adj. YEAST'Y, like yeast: frothy, foamy: unsubstantial. [A.S. gist, gyst; Ger. gäscht, gischt.]

YELD, yeld, adj. (Scot.) barren, not giving milk. [A variant of geld.]

YELDRING, yel'dring, n. the same as YOWLEY.--Also YEL'DROCK.

YELK. Same as YOLK.

YELL, yel, v.i. to howl or cry out with a sharp noise: to scream from pain or terror.--v.t. to utter with a yell.--n. a sharp outcry.--n. YELL'ING.--v.i. YELL'OCH (Scot.), to yell.--n. a yell. [A.S. gellan, gyllan; Ger. gellen; conn. with A.S. galan, to sing.]

YELLOW, yel'[=o], adj. of a bright gold colour.--n. a bright golden colour: (pl.) the peach-yellows (see PEACH): (Shak.) jaundice in horses.--v.t. to make yellow.--v.i. to become yellow.--adjs. YELL'OW-BACKED, -BELL'IED, -BILLED, -BREAST'ED, -COV'ERED, -CROWNED, -EYED, -FOOT'ED, -FRONT'ED, -HEAD'ED, -HORNED, -LEGGED, -NECKED, -POLLED, -RINGED, -RUMPED, -SHOUL'DERED, -SPOT'TED, &c.--ns. YELL'OW-BIRD, one of various birds of a yellow colour--the golden oriole, summer-warbler, &c.; YELL'OW-BOY, a gold coin: a mulatto or dark quadroon:--fem. YELL'OW-GIRL; YELL'OW-BUNT'ING, the yellow-hammer; YELL'OW-EARTH, a yellow ochre sometimes used as a pigment; YELL'OW-F[=E]'VER, a pestilential contagious fever of a continuous and special type, presenting at least two well-defined stages, the first occupying 36 to 150 hours, marked by a rapid circulation and high temperature; the second being characterised by general depression and black vomit--also known as Yellow Jack, Bronze John, El Vomito, and Vomito Prieto or Vomito Amarilli; YELL'OW-FLAG, a flag of a yellow colour, displayed by a vessel in quarantine or over a military hospital or ambulance; YELL'OW-GUM, the melæna or black jaundice of infants; YELL'OW-HAMM'ER, -AMM'ER, a song-bird, so named from its yellow colour: the common yellow-bunting.--adj. YELL'OWISH, somewhat yellow.--ns. YELL'OWISHNESS; YELL'OW-MET'AL, a brass consisting of sixty parts copper and forty parts zinc; YELL'OWNESS; YELL'OW-ROOT, an American herb whose root-stock yields berberine--also Orange-root, Goldenseal; YELL'OW-SOAP, common soap composed of tallow, resin, and soda; YELL'OW-WASH, a lotion consisting of a mixture of mercuric chloride and lime-water; YELL'OW-WEED, weld; YELL'OW-WOOD, a name given to Fustic and many other trees--e.g. satin-wood, and various kinds of podocarpus, rhus, xanthoxylum, &c.; YELL'OW-WORT, an annual of the gentian family--also YELL'OW-CEN'TAURY.--adj. YELL'OWY, yellowish.--ns. YELL'OW-YOL'DRING, -YOR'LING, or -YOW'LEY, the European yellow-hammer.--YELLOW BERRIES, Persian berries. [A.S. geolo; Ger. gelb; cog. with L. heluus, light bay.]

YELP, yelp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark.--n. a sharp, quick cry or bark.--n. YELP'ER. [A.S. gilpan, to boast, exult; Ice. giálpa, to yelp.]

YEN, yen, n. a Japanese gold or silver coin, used as the monetary unit since 1871, and now equivalent to about 2s. 0½d. of our money. [Jap.,--Chin. yuen, round, a dollar.]

YEOMAN, y[=o]'man, n. in early English history, a common menial attendant, but after the fifteenth century, one of a class of small freeholders, forming the next grade below gentlemen: a man of small estate, any small farmer or countryman above the grade of labourer: an officer of the royal household: a member of the yeomanry cavalry: (Shak.) a journeyman, assistant: a gentleman in a royal or noble household, ranking between a sergeant and a groom.--adj. YEO'MANLY, of yeoman's rank: humble and honest.--adv. staunchly, bravely.--n. YEO'MANRY, the collective body of yeomen or smaller freeholders: a cavalry volunteer force in Great Britain, formed during the wars of the French Revolution, its organisation by counties, under the lords-lieutenant, raised and drilled locally, the men providing their own horses and uniform.--YEOMEN OF THE GUARD, a veteran company of picked soldiers, employed in conjunction with the gentlemen-at-arms on grand occasions as the sovereign's bodyguard--constituted a corps in 1485 by Henry VII., and still wearing the costume of that period; YEOMAN'S SERVICE, powerful aid, such as came from the yeomen in the English armies of early times. [M. E. yoman, yemen, doubtless from an A.S. gáman, not found, but seen in Old Frisian g[=a]man, villager--g[=a], a village (Ger. gau, district), man, man.]

YERBA, yer'ba, n. the Paraguay tea or maté. [Sp.,--L. herba.]

YERK, y[.e]rk, v.t. to throw or thrust with a sudden, quick motion, to jerk: (obs.) to beat, rouse, excite (Scot.): to bind or tie with a jerk. [Akin to jerk.]

YES, yes, adv. ay: a word of affirmation or consent. [A.S. gise, gese--geá, yea, sý, let it be.]

YESTER, yes't[.e]r, adj. relating to yesterday: last.--n. YES'TERDAY, the day last past.--adv. on the day last past.--ns. YES'TEREVE, -N, YES'TEREVENING, the evening last past; YES'TERMORN, YES'TERMORNING, the morning last past; YES'TERNIGHT, the night last past; YES'TERYEAR, last year.--adv. YESTREEN' (Scot.), last evening, contracted from yestereven. [A.S. geostran-, giestran- (only in compounds); Ger. gestern; cf. L. hesternus, Gr. chthes.]

YET, yet, adv. in addition: besides: at the same time: up to the present time: hitherto: even: however.--conj. nevertheless: however. [A.S. git, gita; Ger. jetz.]

YETT, yet, n. (Scot.) a gate, door--another term of yate, itself a dialectal form of gate.

YEVE, y[=e]v, v.t. to give:--pa.p. (Spens.) YEV'EN.

YEW, [=u], n. a tree of genus Taxus--natural order Taxaceæ, itself a suborder of Coniferæ--widely diffused over the whole northern parts of the world, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves (in Europe long planted in graveyards), yielding an elastic wood good for bows: its wood.--adj. YEW'EN (Spens.), made of yew.--n. YEW'-TREE. [A.S. íw, éow, éoh; Ger. eibe, Ir. iubhar.]

YEX, yeks, v.i. (prov.) to hiccup.--n. a hiccup.

YGGDRASIL, ig'dra-sil, n. (Scand. myth.) the ash-tree binding together heaven, earth, and hell, and extending its branches over the whole world and above the heavens--according to Vigfusson and Powell, not a primitive Scandinavian idea, but originating after the contact with Christianity, and so a corruption of the cross [Ice. Yggdra Syll; cf. Yggr, Uggr, a surname of Odin, syll, sill. Magnusson explains as 'Odin's horse,' Ice. sleipner, horse.]

YIDDISH, yid'ish, n. a strange compound of very corrupt Hebrew and ancient or provincial German spoken by the commoner Jews--extensively in the East End of London.--ns. YID, YIDD'ISHER, a Jew. [Ger. jüdisch, Jewish.]

YIELD, y[=e]ld, v.t. to resign: to grant: to give out: to produce: to allow.--v.i. to submit: to comply with: to give place.--n. amount yielded: product.--adj. YIELD'ABLE, that may be yielded: inclined to yield.--ns. YIELD'ABLENESS; YIELD'ER.--adj. YIELD'ING, inclined to give way or comply: compliant.--adv. YIELD'INGLY.--n. YIELD'INGNESS.--YIELD UP THE GHOST (see 'Give up the ghost,' under GIVE). [A.S. gieldan, gildan, to pay, gelten, Ice. gjalda.]

YILL, yil, n. (Scot.) ale. [Ale.]

YITE, y[=i]t, n. (prov.) the yellow-bunting.--Also YOIT.

Y-LEVEL, Y-MOTH. See Y.

YO, y[=o], interj. expressive of effort, &c.--YO-HO, in order to call attention.

YODEL, YODLE, y[=o]'dl, v.t. and v.i. to sing, changing frequently from the ordinary voice to falsetto and back again after the manner of the mountaineers of the Tyrol.--n. a song sung in this fashion--also J[=O]'DEL.--ns. Y[=O]'DELER, Y[=O]'DLER. [Ger. dial. jodeln.]

YOGA, y[=o]'ga, n. a system of Hindu philosophy showing the means of emancipation of the soul from further migrations.--ns. Y[=O]'GI, a Hindu ascetic who practises the yoga system, consisting in the withdrawal of the senses from external objects, long continuance in unnatural postures, &c.; Y[=O]'GISM. [Hind. yoga--Sans. yoga, union.]

YOICKS, y[=o]'iks, interj. an old fox-hunting cry.--v.t. Y[=O]'ICK, to urge on by this cry.

YOJANA, y[=o]'ja-na, n. an Indian measure of distance, usually about five miles.--Also Y[=O]'JAN.

YOKE, y[=o]k, n. that which joins together: the frame of wood joining oxen for drawing together: any similar frame, as one for carrying pails: (prov.) a chain of hills: a stretch of work--e.g. from meal-time to meal-time: a mark of servitude: slavery: a pair or couple.--v.t. to put a yoke on: to join together: to enslave.--v.i. to be joined: to go along with.--ns. YOKE'-DEV'IL (Shak.), a companion devil; YOKE'-FELL'OW, -MATE, an associate: a mate or fellow.--adj. YOKE'-TOED, pair-toed.--n. Y[=O]K'ING, as much work as is done at a stretch. [A.S. geoc, iuc, ioc; Ger. joch; L. jugum, Gr. zygon.]

YOKEL, y[=o]'kl, n. a country bumpkin.--adj. Y[=O]'KELISH. [Ety. dub.; but cf. Gawk and Gowk.]

YOLDING, YOLDRING. Same as YOWLEY.

YOLK, y[=o]k, YELK, yelk, n. the yellow part of an egg: the vitellus of a seed: wool-oil.--adjs. YOLKED, having a yolk; YOLK'Y, like yolk. [A.S. geoloca, geoleca--geolo, yellow.]

YON, yon, YONDER, yon'd[.e]r, adv. at a distance within view.--adj. being at a distance within view. [A.S. geon; Goth. jains (masc.), jaina (fem.), Ger. jen-er, that.]

YOND, yond, adj. (Spens.) furious, mad--apparently a mere coinage from the foregoing.

YONI, y[=o]'n[=e], n. the pudendum muliebre, the symbol under which Sakti is worshipped in India.

YONKER=Younker (q.v.).

YOOP, yoop, n. a word imitative of a sobbing sound.

YORE, y[=o]r, n. in old time. [A.S. geára, formerly, gen. pl. of gár, a year.]

YORKER, york'[.e]r, n. a term in cricket applied to a ball pitched to a point directly under the batsman's bat--formerly called tice from entice. [Prob. from Yorkshire, but history quite unknown.]

YORKISH, york'ish, adj. pertaining to the county or city of York: adhering to the House of York in the Wars of the Roses.--n. YORK'IST, one of this party.--YORKSHIRE GRIT, a grit from Yorkshire used for polishing; YORKSHIRE PUDDING, a pudding made of unsweetened batter, and baked under meat so as to catch the drippings.

YOU, [=u], pron. 2d pers. pron. pl., but also used as singular.--pron.pl. YOU'-UNS, a provincial form for you, you ones.--YOU'RE ANOTHER, the vulgar form of tu quoque, effective in vituperation, but not an argument. [A.S. eów, orig. only dat. and accus. Cf. Ye.]

YOUNG, yung, adj. not long born: in early life: in the first part of growth: vigorous: relating to youth: junior, the younger of two persons having the same name: inexperienced: newly arrived--in Australia.--n. the offspring of animals.--adjs. YOUNG'-EYED (Shak.), with the bright eyes of youth; YOUNG'ISH, somewhat young.--n. YOUNG'LING, a young person or animal.--adj. youthful, young.--adv. YOUNG'LY.--ns. YOUNG'NESS; YOUNG'STER, a young person: a lad; YOUNGTH (Spens.), youth.--adj. YOUNGTH'LY (Spens.), youthful.--YOUNG BLOOD, fresh accession of strength; YOUNG ENGLAND, the name applied, during the Corn-Law struggle (1842-45), to a little band of young Tory politicians, who hated Free Trade and Radicalism, and professed a sentimental attachment to earlier forms of social life in England; YOUNG ENGLAND, AMERICA, &c., the rising generation in England, America, &c.; YOUNG IRELAND, a group of Irish politicians who broke away from O'Connell about 1844, because of his rooted aversion to physical force; YOUNG ITALY, an association of Italian republican agitators, active about 1834, under the lead of Mazzini; YOUNG PERSON, Mr Podsnap's phrase for youth generally, considered as too inexperienced to hear about some matters within the range of adult human experience--from Dickens's Our Mutual Friend; YOUNG PRETENDER, Prince Charlie, as distinguished from his father the Pretender or Old Pretender.--WITH YOUNG, pregnant. [A.S. geong; Ger. jung; also conn. with L. juvenis, Sans. yuvan, young.]

YOUNKER, yung'k[.e]r, n. a young person: (Shak.) a simpleton: (Spens.) a young gentleman or knight. [Old Dut. joncker (Dut. jonker), from jonk-heer, 'young master' or 'lord;' Ger. junker.]

YOUR, [=u]r, pron. poss. of you: belonging to you: (Shak.) used to denote a class or species well known, the use implying something of contempt.--YOURN (prov.), yours. [A.S. eówer. Cf. Ye.]

YOURS, [=u]rz, pron. poss. of you, not followed by a noun: used in many idiomatic senses, as e.g. 'you and yours,' your family, property, 'yours of yesterday,' your letter, &c.--YOURS FAITHFULLY, SINCERELY, TRULY, &c., YOURS TO COMMAND, &c., are forms used in letters just before the signature, as phrases of conventional politeness, for the most part: also sometimes used by a vulgar speaker in alluding to himself.

YOURSELF, [=u]r-self', pron. your own self or person:--pl. YOURSELVES'.

YOUTH, y[=oo]th, n. state of being young: early life: a young person: young persons taken together: (Shak.) recentness, freshness.--adj. YOUTH'FUL, pertaining to youth or early life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous.--adv. YOUTH'FULLY.--ns. YOUTH'FULNESS; YOUTH'HEAD, YOUTH'HOOD (obs.), youth.--adjs. YOUTH'LY (Spens.), young, youthful; YOUTH'SOME, youthful; YOUTH'Y, young. [A.S. geogoth--geong, young; Ger. jugend.]

YOWL, yowl, v.i. to cry mournfully, as a dog: to yell, bawl.--n. a distressed cry.--n. YOWL'ING, a howling. [M. E. yowlen--Ice. gaula, to howl; cf. Scot. gowl and Eng. yell.]

YOWLEY, yow'li, n. the yellow-bunting.--Also YEL'DRING, YEL'DROCK, YOR'LING, &c. [A.S. geolu, yellow.]

Y-POINTING, i-point'ing, adj. (Milt.) pointing, looking up into the air. [An erroneous formation, as the prefix y- was confined to the past participle, and then, too, only or nearly always to words of Anglo-Saxon origin.]

Y-RAVISH, i-rav'ish, v.t. (Shak.) to ravish. [An erroneous formation. Cf. Y-pointing.]

YSLAKED, an obsolete pa.p. of slake.

Y-TRACK. See Y.

YTTERBIUM, i-ter'bi-um, n. an element discovered by Marignac in gadolinite.

YTTRIUM, it'ri-um, n. a rare metal obtained as a blackish-gray powder, and contained in a few minerals in which there are usually also present compounds of one or more other rare metals, such as cerium, didymium, erbium, and lanthanum.--n. YTT'RIA, its oxide, a yellowish-white powder.--adjs. YTT'RIC; YTTRIF'EROUS; YTT'RIOUS.--ns. YTT'RO-C[=E]'RITE, a violet mineral found embedded in quartz, a fluoride of yttrium, cerium, and calcium; YTT'RO-COL'UMBITE, -TAN'TALITE, a brownish mineral found at YTTERBY, a tantalate of yttrium, uranium, and iron, with calcium. [From Ytterby, a town in Sweden, where it was first discovered.]

YUCCA, yuk'a, n. a genus of plants of natural order Liliaceæ, natives of Mexico, &c., some cultivated in gardens on account of the singularity and splendour of their appearance.--YUCCA GLORIOSA, a native of Virginia, but quite hardy in England, the stem two or three feet high, its upper part producing a great tuft or crown of large sword-shaped evergreen leaves, each terminating in a sharp black spine. From the centre of this crown of leaves rises the flower-stalk, three feet high, branching out into a large panicle, the flowers white with a purple stripe. [West Indian name.]

YUCK, yuk, v.i. (prov.) to itch.--n. the itch.--adj. YUCK'Y, itchy.

YUCKER, yuk'[.e]r, n. the American flicker or golden-winged woodpecker.

YUFTS, yufts, n. Russia leather.

YUGA, y[=oo]'ga, n. one of the Hindu ages of the world.--Also YUG. [Sans.]

YULAN, y[=oo]'lan, n. a Chinese magnolia, with large white flowers. [Chin.]

YULE, yool, n. the season or feast of Christmas.--n. YULE'TIDE, the time or season of Yule or Christmas.--YULE LOG, the block of wood cut down in the forest, then dragged to the house, and set alight in celebration of Christmas. [A.S. géol, yule, se ['æ]rra géola, December; Ice. jól. Not conn. either with Ice. hjól, wheel, or M. E. youlen, yollen, to cry out or yawl.]

YUNX, yungks, n. the wry-neck.

Y-WIS, i-wis', adv. (Spens.) certainly, truly. [Cf. Iwis.]

* * * * *

Z the twenty-sixth and last letter in our alphabet, is derived through the Greek zeta, from zayin, the seventh Semitic letter--its sound a voiced sibilant, either a voiced s as in 'zeal,' or a voiced sh as in 'azure.'--The cedilla (ç) is a 'little zed,' as is implied by the Italian name zediglia, from zeticula.

ZABIAN, z[=a]'bi-an, adj. and n. the same as SABIAN.--ns. Z[=A]'BAISM, Z[=A]'BISM, the doctrines esp. of the Pseudo-ZABIANS, or Syrian Zabians (in Haurân, Edessa, Bagdad), remnants of the ancient Syrian but Hellenised heathens, from about the 9th to the 12th century. Under the name Zabians used to be grouped several peoples distinct in origin and by no means alike in religion. The medieval Arabic and Jewish writers called nearly all those heathens or Sabæans who were neither Jews or Christians, nor Mohammedans or Magians. Now the name Sabæans denotes strictly the ancient inhabitants of southern Arabia, who were but little modified by Babylonian influences; the Zabians of the Koran were originally non-Christian Gnostics--the ancestors of the still existing Mandæans (q.v.) or Joannes' Christians.

ZABRA, zä'bra, n. a small vessel on the Spanish coast. [Sp.]

ZABRUS, z[=a]'brus, n. a large genus of caraboid beetles. [Gr. zabros, gluttonous.]

ZADKIEL, zad'ki-el, n. the name assumed by Richard James Morrison (1794-1874), the compiler of a popular astrological almanac, a retired commander in the royal navy, a Hebraist, mathematician, astronomer, and a real believer in his pseudo-science.

ZAFFRE, ZAFFER, zaf'[.e]r, n. the impure oxide obtained by partially roasting cobalt ore previously mixed with two or three times its weight of fine sand. [Fr. zafre, of Ar. origin.]

ZALOPHUS, zal'[=o]-fus, n. a genus of otaries or eared seals. [Gr. za-, intens., lophos, a crest.]

ZAMBOMBA, tham-bom'ba, n. a simple Spanish musical instrument made by stretching a piece of parchment over a wide-mouthed jar and inserting a stick in it which is rubbed with the fingers.

ZAMIA, z[=a]'mi-a, n. a genus of palm-like trees or low shrubs of the order Cycadaceæ--some species yield an edible starchy pith. [L. zamia, a dead fir-cone--Gr. z[=e]mia, damage.]

ZAMINDAR=Zemindar (q.v.).

ZAMOUSE, za-moos', n. the short-horned buffalo of West Africa.

ZAMPOGNA, tsam-p[=o]'nya, n. the Italian bagpipe. [It.]

ZANDER, zan'd[.e]r, n. the European pike-perch.--Also SAN'DER and ZANT. [Ger.]

ZANELLA, z[=a]-nel'a, n. a mixed twilled fabric for covering umbrellas.

ZANJE, than'h[=e], n. an irrigating canal.--n. ZANJ[=E]'RO, one who superintends the distribution of such water. [Sp. Amer.]

ZANTE, zan'te, n. the same as ZAN'TE-WOOD, the wood of the smoke-tree, from Zante, one of the principal Ionian Islands: satin-wood.--n. ZAN'TIOTE, a native of Zante.--ZANTE CURRANT, the small seedless fruit of a Zante grape.

ZANY, z[=a]'ni, n. a merry-andrew: a buffoon.--v.t. to play the zany to.--n. Z[=A]'NYISM, condition or habits of a buffoon. [Fr. zani--It. zani, a corr. of Giovanni, John. Cf. the similar use of the names John and Jack.]

ZAPOROGIAN, z[=a]-p[=o]-r[=o]'ji-an, adj. pertaining to those Little Russian or Ukraine Cossacks who dwelt near the Porogi or falls of the Dnieper.--n. one of the foregoing.

ZAPOTILLA, zap-[=o]-til'a, n. the same as Sapodilla.

ZAPTIEH, zap'ti-[=a], n. a Turkish policeman.--Also ZAB'TIEH.

ZARAPE, za-rä'pe, n. the same as SERAPE.

ZARATHUSTRIAN, zar-a-th[=oo]s'tri-an, adj. and n.=Zoroastrian.--ZARATHUS'TRIANISM, ZARATHUS'TRISM=Zoroastrianism; ZARATHUS'TRIC=Zoroastric.

ZARATITE, zar'a-t[=i]t, n. a hydrous carbonate of nickel, found usually as an incrustation on chromite. [From Zarate, a Spaniard.]

ZAREBA, z[=a]-r[=e]'ba, n. in the Soudan, a stockade, thorn-hedge, &c. against wild animals or enemies, a fortified camp generally.--Also ZAREE'BA, ZERE'BA, ZERI'BA.

ZARF, zärf, n. an ornamental holder for a hot coffee-cup.--Also ZURF. [Ar. zarf, a vessel.]

ZARNICH, zär'nik, n. a native sulphide of arsenic, orpiment, realgar.--Also ZAR'NEC. [Ar. zernikh--Gr. arsenikon, arsenic.]

ZARZUELA, thär-th[=oo]-[=a]'la, n. a kind of operetta or vaudeville--named from the royal residence of La Zarzuela in Spain.

ZASTRUGA, zas-tr[=oo]'ga, n. one of a series of long parallel snow-ridges on the open wind-swept plains of Russia. [Russian.]

ZATI, zä'ti, n. the capped macaque of India and Ceylon.

ZAX, zaks, n. a slaters' hammer.--Also Sax (q.v.).

ZEA, z[=e]'a, n. a cereal having monoecious flowers. The only species is Z. mays, the well-known maize or Indian corn. [Gr.]

ZEAL, z[=e]l, n. boiling or passionate ardour for anything: enthusiasm.--n. ZEAL'ANT (Bacon), a zealot or enthusiast.--adj. ZEAL'LESS, wanting zeal.--ns. ZEALOT (zel'ot), one full of zeal: an enthusiast: a fanatic: one of a fanatical Jewish party whose restless opposition to the Roman domination finally brought about the ruin of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.; ZEALOTISM (zel'-), the character of a zealot; ZEALOTRY (zel'-).--adj. ZEALOUS (zel'-), full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent in anything.--adv. ZEALOUSLY (zel'-).--n. ZEALOUSNESS (zel'-). [O. Fr. zele--L. zelus--Gr. z[=e]los, zeein, to boil. Cf. Yeast.]

ZEBEC, ZEBECK=Xebec (q.v.).

ZEBRA, z[=e]'bra, n. a generic name given to the group of striped Equidæ--all of which are peculiar to the African continent--and thus including the Dauw or Burchell's Zebra, the Quagga, and the true or Mountain Zebra.--n. Z[=E]'BRA-WOOD, the hard and beautifully striped wood of a Guiana tree.--adj. Z[=E]'BRINE, like the zebra. [Of African origin.]

ZEBU, z[=e]'b[=u], n. the humped domestic ox of India (or Brahminy bull), a kind of ox very nearly allied to the common ox, diffused over India, China, the east coast of Africa, &c. [Fr. zébu, the whimsical name taken by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair as if African.]

ZEBUB, z[=e]'bub, n. an Abyssinian fly hurtful to cattle, similar to the tsetse. [Ar. zub[=a]b, a fly.]

ZECCHINO, tsek-k[=e]'n[=o], n. a Venetian gold coin, the same as the sequin (q.v.).

ZECHSTEIN, zek'st[=i]n, n. a deposit of calcareous rock which covers the Kupfer-schiefer. [Ger.,--zeche, a mine, stein, a stone.]

ZED, zed, n. the letter Z, also called zee and izzard: a bar of metal of form similar to the letter Z.

ZEDOARY, zed'[=o]-[=a]-ri, n. certain species of curcuma, natives of India, China, &c., whose root-stocks (rhizomes) are aromatic, bitter, pungent, and tonic, and used for similar purposes with ginger--a powerful sudorific. [Ar. Jedwar.]

ZEIN, z[=e]'in, n. a proteid found in Indian corn. [Zea.]

ZEITGEIST, ts[=i]t'g[=i]st, n. the spirit of the age. [Ger.]

ZEL, zel, n. a form of Oriental cymbal. [Pers. zil.]

ZELOTYPIA, zel-[=o]-tip'i-a, n. morbid zeal in the prosecution of any project or cause. [Gr. z[=e]lotypia, jealousy, z[=e]los, zeal, typtein, to strike.]

ZEMINDAR, zem-in-dar', n. under the Mogul emperors of India, the farmer of revenue from land held in common by the cultivators, as responsible for the revenue--now the actual native proprietor paying revenue direct, and not to any intermediate superior--also ZAMINDAR'.--n. ZEM'INDARY, the jurisdiction of a zemindar, the system of land-tenure and taxation under such--also ZAM'INDARI, ZEM'INDARI, &c. [Pers. zem[=i]nd[=a]r, a landholder.]

ZEMSTVO, zems'tv[=o], n. in Russia, a district and provincial assembly to which the administration of the economic affairs of the district and the province was committed in 1866, but whose rights were much curtailed in 1890. [Russ.]

ZENANA, ze-nä'na, n. the apartments in which Indian women are secluded, corresponding to the harem in Arabic-speaking Moslem lands.--ZENANA MISSION, a mission to Hindu women, necessarily conducted by women. [Pers. zan[=a]na--zan, a woman.]

ZEND, zend, n. the ancient East-Iranian and purely Aryan language, in which the Zend-Avesta was long orally preserved and at last written--closely related to the Vedic Sanskrit.--ZEND-AVESTA, the ancient sacred writings of the Parsees, including works of widely differing character and age, collected into their present canon under Shah-puhar II. (Shah-pur II.; 309-338 A.D.). [A word meaning 'commentary' (zend=zand, from Sans. jñâ, to know).]

ZENDIK, zen'dik, n. an unbeliever in revealed religion in the East, one who practises magic. [Ar. zend[=i]q.]

ZENITH, zen'ith, n. that point of the heavens which is exactly overhead--i.e. in line with the spectator's position and the centre of the earth (it is thus the upper pole of the spectator's horizon, as the nadir is the under pole): greatest height, summit of ambition, &c.--adj. ZEN'ITHAL.--ns. ZEN'ITH-DIS'TANCE, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the zenith; ZEN'ITH-SEC'TOR, an instrument for measuring zenith-distances. [Fr., through Sp. zenit, from Ar. samt, short for samt-ur-ras, lit. 'way of the head.']

ZEOLITE, z[=e]'[=o]-l[=i]t, n. the common name of a large group of minerals often called the Zeolitic family--they are all soluble in acids, and most of them gelatinise in acids in consequence of silica being set free.--adjs. ZEOLIT'IC; ZEOLIT'IFORM. [Gr. zeein, to boil, lithos, a stone.]

ZEPHYR, zef'ir, n. the west wind: a soft, gentle breeze: thin light worsted or woollen yarn, also a close-fitting jersey or undergarment made of such: anything very light and fine of its kind.--ZEPHYR CLOTH, a thin, finely spun woollen cloth for women's gowns. [Gr. zephyros--zophos, darkness, the dark quarter, the west.]

ZERDA, zer'da, n. a small African fox, a fennec.

ZEREBA=Zareba (q.v.).

ZERO, z[=e]'ro, n. cipher: nothing: the point from which the reckoning begins on scales, such as those of the barometer, &c. [Fr.,--Ar. sifr. Doublet cipher.]

ZERUMBET, z[=e]-rum'bet, n. an East Indian drug, the cassumunar--sometimes for the round zedoary.

ZEST, zest, n. something that gives a relish: relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or lemon used to give a flavour--L. schistus--Gr. schistos, cleft, divided--schizein, to cleave.]

ZETA, z[=e]'ta, n. a small closet or parlour, the sexton's room over the porch of a church. [Gr. diaita, a dwelling.]

ZETETIC, z[=e]-tet'ik, adj. proceeding by inquiry.--n. a seeker, the name taken by some of the Pyrrhonists. [Gr. z[=e]t[=e]tikos--z[=e]tein, to seek.]

ZEUGLODON, z[=u]g'l[=o]-don, n. a fossil whale-like mammal, so named by Owen from the yoke-like double-rooted formation of its cheek teeth.--adj. and n. ZEUG'LODONT.--n.pl. ZEUGLODON'TIA, a suborder of Cetacea, represented by the zeuglodonts. [Gr. zeugl[=e], the strap or loop of the yoke, odous, -ontos, a tooth.]

ZEUGMA, z[=u]g'ma, n. (gram.) a figure by which an adjective or verb which agrees with a nearer word is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote, whether grammatically corresponding or not.--adj. ZEUGMAT'IC. [Gr.,--zeugnunai, to yoke.]

ZEUS, z[=u]s, n. the greatest of the national deities of Greece, son of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, brother of Poseidon (Neptune), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). His consort was Hera; his supreme seat, Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr.]

ZEUXITE, z[=u]ks'[=i]t, n. a ferriferous tourmaline. [Gr.,--zeuxis, joining--zeugnunai, to yoke.]

ZIAMET, zi-ä'met, n. a large military fief under the Turkish feudal system. [Turk.]

ZIBELINE, zib'e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.--n. the fur of the sable. [Sable.]

ZIBET, zib'et, n. an Asiatic or Indian civet. [Civet.]

ZIGANKA, zi-gan'ka, n. a Russian country-dance, the music for such, usually quick, with a drone bass. [Russ.]

ZIGZAG, zig'zag, n. a short, sharp turning.--adj. having short, sharp turns, bent from side to side.--v.t. to form with short turns:--pr.p. zig'zagging; pa.p. zig'zagged.--adv. with frequent sharp turns--also ZIG'ZAGGY.--n. ZIGZAG'GERY, angular crookedness.--adj. ZIG'ZAGGY, zigzag. [Fr. zig-zag--Ger. zick-zack, zacke, a sharp point.]

ZILLAH, zil'a, n. the technical name for the administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which has in the older provinces a Collector (or Collector and Magistrate combined), a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the Punjab and British Burma, a Deputy Commissioner. [Properly Ar. (in Indian pronunciation) zila, 'a rib,' thence 'a side,' 'a district.']

ZIMB, zimb, n. an Abyssinian dipterous insect, like the tsetse, hurtful to cattle. [Ar. zimb, a fly.]

ZIMBI, zim'bi, n. a money-cowry. [East Ind.]

ZIMENT-WATER, zi-ment'-wa't[.e]r, n. water found in copper-mines.

ZIMOCCA, zi-mok'a, n. a fine quality of bath-sponge.

ZINC, zingk, n. a bluish-white metal, breaking with a crystalline fracture--when chemically pure it is malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature, but ordinary zinc is so only at temperatures above 212° Fahr.--v.t. to cover with zinc.--ns. ZINC'-AM'YL, a colourless transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyl; ZINC'-BLENDE, sphalerite, native sulphide of zinc; ZINC'-BLOOM, hydrozincite; ZINC-COL'IC, a colic caused by the slow poison of zinc-oxide; ZINC'-[=E]'THYL, a colourless volatile liquid, composed of zinc and the radical ethyl.--adjs. ZINCIF'EROUS, ZINKIF'EROUS, containing or producing zinc.--ns. ZINC'ITE, a native oxide of zinc, brittle, translucent, deep red; ZINCKIFIC[=A]'TION, ZINKIFIC[=A]'TION, the process of coating or impregnating an object with zinc.--vs.t. ZINCK'IFY, ZINK'IFY, to cover or impregnate with zinc.--adjs. ZINCK'Y, ZINK'Y, pertaining to zinc: looking like zinc.--n. ZINC'-METH'YL, a mobile stinking liquid, spontaneously inflammable, resembling zinc-ethyl.--adj. ZINC'OID, like zinc.--ns. ZINCOL'YSIS, a mode of decomposition caused by an electric current; ZINC'OLYTE, a body decomposable by electricity; ZINC'OTYPE, a zincograph.--adj. ZINC'OUS, pertaining to zinc.--ns. ZINC'-WHITE, zinc oxide used as a pigment; ZINC'-WORK'ER. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to zinn, tin.]

ZINCALI, zin'ka-li, n. a name in Spain for the Gipsies, akin to Zingaro (q.v.).

ZINCKENITE, zing'ken-[=i]t, n. a grayish mineral consisting of the sulphides of antimony and lead. [Named from the German metallurgist Zincken (1790-1862).]

ZINCO, zing'k[=o], n. a familiar abbreviation for zincograph.--v.i. to produce a plate for printing by the zincographic process.

ZINCODE, zing'k[=o]d, n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery: the anode of an electrolytic cell.

ZINCOGRAPHY, zing-kog'ra-fi, n. a process of etching on zinc (or copper) by which black and white pictures of all kinds can be reproduced as surface-blocks for printing by the ordinary letterpress process--in the etching the whites, and not the black lines as in the ordinary etching, are eaten away.--ns. ZINC'OGRAPH, a plate or picture produced by zincography; ZINCOG'RAPHER, one who makes zincographic plates.--adjs. ZINCOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Zinc, Gr. graphein, to write.]

ZINGARO, zing'ga-r[=o], n. a name in Italy for the Gipsies;--pl. ZING'ARI, ZING'ANE.--Also ZING'ANO. [Cf. the Ger. Zigeuner, Czech Cingán or Cigán, Magyar Cigány.]

ZINGEL, zing'el, n. a fish of the perch family, found in the Danube. [Ger.]

ZINGIBERACEÆ, zin'ji-be-r[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], n.pl. a natural order of about 470 species of perennial tropical herbs, with horizontal thickened root-stock and cone-like inflorescence--the typical genus ZIN'GIBER.--adjs. ZINGIBER[=A]'CEOUS, ZINZIBER[=A]'CEOUS. [L. zingiber--Gr. zingiberis, ginger.]

ZINKE, tsing'ke, n. an old wind instrument like a cornet, of wood or horn, with seven finger-holes. [Ger.]

ZION, z[=i]'on, n. Jerusalem: the Israelitish theocracy: the Christian Church: heaven.--adv. Z[=I]'ONWARD, heavenward. [Gr. Zi[=o]n--Heb. ts[=i]y[=o]n, a hill.]

ZIP, zip, n. the ping or sound of a bullet striking anything or whizzing through the air. [Imit.]

ZIPHIINÆ, zif-i-[=i]'n[=e], n.pl. a subfamily of Physteridæ, the ziphioid or ziphiiform cetaceans--the typical genus ZIPH'IUS.--n.pl. ZIPHI[=I]'DÆ, the ziphiinæ rated as a family apart from Physteridæ, and divided into Ziphiinæ and Anarnacinæ.--adjs. ZIPHI[=I]'FORM; ZIPH'IOID. [Gr. xiphios, the sword-fish--xiphos, a sword.]

ZIRCONIUM, zir-k[=o]'ni-um, n. the metallic constituent of the earth ZIRC[=O]'NIA, which is found in association with silica in the minerals ZIR'CON and hyacinth, and is obtained only in Ceylon, one district of the Ural, and southern Norway.--n. ZIR'CONITE, a variety of zircon. [Ar. zark[=u]n, vermilion--Pers. zarg[=u]n, gold-coloured.]

ZITHER, z[=i]th'[.e]r, n. the cithern, the modern representative of the ancient cithara, a popular and common instrument in Tyrol--a flat stringed instrument, having a wooden frame and flat sounding-board with from twenty-nine to forty-two strings, placed on a table or on the knees, the strings played by the right hand, the thumb being armed with a metallic plectrum.--Also ZITH'ERN. [Ger.]

ZIZANIA, z[=i]-z[=a]'ni-a, n. a genus of tall aquatic grasses, of tribe Oryzeæ--wild, water, or Indian rice. [Gr. zizanion, darnel.]

ZIZEL, ziz'el, n. a European ground squirrel, type of a genus mainly American.--Also Suslik.

ZIZYPHUS, ziz'i-fus, n. a genus of shrubs or trees of the buckthorn family, mostly native to tropical Asia and America--the jujube-tree. [L.,--Gr. zizyphos.]

ZOANTHARIA, z[=o]-an-th[=a]'ri-a, n.pl. a division of Actinozoa, including the sea-anemones, &c.--adj. and n. ZOANTH[=A]'RIAN.

ZOANTHROPY, z[=o]-an'thr[=o]-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which a man believes himself to be a beast--the devout divine, Simon Browne (1680-1732), under this belief devoted himself to the making of a dictionary--'I am doing nothing,' he says, 'that requires a reasonable soul: I am making a dictionary.'--adj. Z[=O]ANTHROP'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, anthr[=o]pos, a man.]

ZOANTHUS, z[=o]-an'thus, n. the typical genus of Zoanthidæ, a family of hexacoralline actinozoans. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, anthos, a flower.]

ZOARIUM, z[=o]-[=a]'ri-um, n. the colony of the polypides of a polyzoan. [Gr. z[=o]arion, dim. of z[=o]on, an animal.]

ZOBO, z[=o]'b[=o], n. a name used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the Himalaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much used in transport and agriculture.--Also ZH[=O]'BO, DS[=O]'MO. [Tibetan.]

ZOCCO, zok'[=o], n. a socle.--Also ZOCC'OLO. [It.,--L. soccus, a sock.]

ZODIAC, z[=o]'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in the heavens, having as its mesial line the ecliptic or apparent path of the sun, and containing the twelve constellations, called signs of the zodiac. The constellations, with the appropriate symbols of the corresponding signs, are as follows: Aries (Ram), [Aries]; Taurus (Bull), [Taurus]; Gemini (Twins), [Gemini]; Cancer (Crab), [Cancer]; Leo (Lion), [Leo]; Virgo (Virgin), [Virgo]; Libra (Balance), [Libra]; Scorpio (Scorpion), [Scorpio]; Sagittarius (Archer), [Sagittarius]; Capricornus (Goat), [Capricornus]; Aquarius (Water-bearer), [Aquarius]; Pisces (Fishes), [Pisces].--adj. ZOD[=I]'ACAL.--ZODIACAL LIGHT, a singular appearance seen after sunset or before sunrise, at all seasons of the year in low latitudes, but rarely in Great Britain, except in March, April, and May in the evenings, and six months later in the mornings. [Fr. zodiaque--L. zodiacus--Gr. z[=o]diakos, belonging to animals--z[=o]dion, dim. of z[=o]on, an animal, zaein, to live.]

ZOËA, z[=o]-[=e]'a, n. a larval stage of certain decapod crustaceans--also called the copepod stage preceding the megalopa stage--also ZOOE'A:--pl. ZOË'Æ.--adjs. ZOË'AL, ZOOE'AL; Z[=O]'ËFORM. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal.]

ZOËTIC, z[=o]-et'ik, adj. vital. [Gr. z[=o][=e], life.]

ZOETROPE, z[=o]'e-tr[=o]p, n. a scientific toy by which several pictures of objects or persons in various positions are combined into one visual impression, so as to give the appearance of movement or life--the Thaumatrope and Praxinoscope are variations.--adj. ZOETROP'IC. [Gr. z[=o][=e], life, tropos, a turning--trepein, to turn.]

ZOIATRIA, z[=o]-i-at'ri-a, n. veterinary surgery. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, iatreia, healing.]

ZOIC, z[=o]'ik, adj. pertaining to animals: containing evidences of life in fossils--of rocks. [Gr. z[=o]ikos, of animals--z[=o]on, an animal.]

ZOILISM, z[=o]'i-lizm, n. carping and unjust criticism.--adj. ZOIL'[=E]AN, characteristic of Zoilus, a Greek grammarian who flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon, and assailed Homer with such asperity that his name became proverbial for a captious and malignant critic.--n. Z[=O]'ILIST, a carping critic.

ZOISITE, zoi's[=i]t, n. a mineral closely allied to epidote. [Baron von Zois.]

ZOISM, z[=o]'izm, n. the doctrine that life originates from a specific principle.--n. Z[=O]'IST, one who maintains this theory. [Gr. z[=o][=e], life.]

ZOLAISM, z[=o]'la-izm, n. the literary principles and practice of the industrious French novelist Emile Zola (1840-1902)--an attempt at a so-called realism claimed to be a proper scientific view of human nature and human life. In effect Zola's books are dull and dirty, and his realism is not reality.

ZÖLLNER'S LINES, rows of parallel lines appearing to be not parallel through the optical effect of oblique intersecting lines.--Also ZÖLLNER'S PATTERN.

ZOLLVEREIN, zol've-r[=i]n, n. a union of the German states, under the leadership of Prussia, so as to enable them in their commercial relations with other countries to act as one state. [Ger.,--zoll, duty, verein, union.]

ZONDA, zon'da, n. a dry, hot, and dusty wind blowing from the Andes in the vicinity of San Juan, Argentine Republic, during July and August.

ZONE, z[=o]n, n. a girdle, a belt, a stripe of different colour or substance round anything: one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided: any continuous tract with particular characteristics.--v.t. to encircle, as with a zone.--n. Z[=O]'NA, a term in anatomy, &c., for a belt: herpes zoster.--adjs. Z[=O]'NAL, like a zone, arranged in zones: pertaining to the somites of an articulate or annulose animal; Z[=O]'NARY, resembling a belt or girdle; Z[=O]'NATE, marked with zones, belted; ZONED, wearing a zone, having zones; ZONE'LESS, wanting a zone or belt.--n. Z[=O]'NIC, a girdle.--adjs. ZONIF'EROUS, zoned; Z[=O]'NOID, like a zone.--n. Z[=O]'NULA, a small zone.--adj. Z[=O]'NULAR, like a zone or zonule.--ns. ZON'ULE, ZON'ULET, a little girdle. [L. zona--Gr. z[=o]n[=e], a girdle--z[=o]nnynai, to gird; akin to join, yoke.]

ZONOTRICHIA, z[=o]-n[=o]-trik'i-a, n. a genus of American finches, the crown-sparrows. [Gr. z[=o]n[=e], a girdle, thrix, trichos, hair.]

ZONURUS, z[=o]-n[=u]'rus, n. the typical genus of Zonuridæ, a South African family of lizards. [Gr. z[=o]n[=e], a belt, oura, a tail.]

ZOO, z[=oo], n. the Zoological Gardens in London: any similar collection of animals.

ZOOBLAST, z[=o]'[=o]-blast, n. an animal cell. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, blastos, a germ.]

ZOOCHEMISTRY, z[=o]-[=o]-kem'is-tri, n. the chemistry of the constituents of the animal body.--adj. ZOOCHEM'ICAL. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, chemistry.]

ZOODYNAMICS, z[=o]-[=o]-d[=i]-nam'iks, n. the science that treats of the vital powers of animals, animal physiology. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, dynamics.]

ZOOECIUM, z[=o]-[=e]'si-um, n. one of the cells forming the investment of polyzoans:--pl. ZOOE'CIA. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, oikia, a house.]

ZOOGAMOUS, z[=o]-og'a-mus, adj. pertaining to zoogamy.--n. ZOÖG'AMY, sexual reproduction. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, gamos, marriage.]

ZOOGENY, z[=o]-oj'e-ni, n. the doctrine or the process of the origination of living beings--also ZOÖG'ONY.--adj. ZOOGEN'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, geneia, production.]

ZOOGEOGRAPHY, z[=o]-[=o]-j[=e]-og'ra-fi, n. the science of the distribution of animals on the surface of the globe, faunal geography.--n. ZOOGEOG'RAPHER, a student of faunal geography.--adjs. ZOOGEOGRAPH'IC, -AL. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, geography.]

ZOOGLOEA, z[=o]-[=o]-gl[=e]'a, n. the term applied to the resting, motionless stage of the Bacteria, in which they are embedded in gelatinous material.--adjs. ZOOGLOE'IC; ZOOGLOE'OID. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, gloios, a sticky substance.]

ZOOGRAFT, z[=o]'[=o]-graft, n. a piece of tissue taken from the living body of an animal to supply a part wanting in the human body, by being grafted on it. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, graft.]

ZOOGRAPHY, z[=o]-og'ra-fi, n. descriptive zoology.--n. ZOÖG'RAPHER.--adjs. ZOOGRAPH'IC, -AL.--n. ZOÖG'RAPHIST. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, graphein, to write.]

ZOOGYROSCOPE, z[=o]-[=o]-j[=i]'r[=o]-sk[=o]p, n. a development of the zoetrope by means of which an appearance of an object in motion is thrown on a screen. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, gyroscope.]

ZOOID, z[=o]'oid, adj. having the nature of an animal, having organic life and motion.--n. a term applied to each of the individuals which make up a compound organism. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, eidos, form.]

ZOOKS, z[=oo]ks, interj. a minced oath--same as GADZOOKS.

ZOOLATRY, z[=o]-ol'a-tri, n. the worship of animals.--ns. ZOÖL'ATER, one who worships animals; ZOOL[=A]'TRIA, zoolatry.--adj. ZOÖL'ATROUS. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, latreia, worship.]

ZOOLITE, z[=o]'[=o]-l[=i]t, n. a fossil animal--also Z[=O]'OLITH.--adjs. ZOOLITH'IC, ZOOLIT'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, lithos, a stone.]

ZOOLOGY, z[=o]-ol'[=o]-ji, n. the science of animal life included along with Botany within the science of Biology. The various departments of zoological study are the Morphological, Physiological, Historical, and the Ætiological.--adj. ZOOLOG'ICAL.--adv. ZOOLOG'ICALLY.--n. ZOOL'OGIST, one versed in zoology.--ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, a place where wild animals are kept for public exhibition. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, logia--legein, to speak.]

ZOOMAGNETISM, z[=o]-[=o]-mag'ne-tizm, n. animal magnetism.--adj. ZOOMAGNET'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, magnetism.]

ZOOMANCY, z[=o]'[=o]-man-si, n. divination by observation of animals.--adj. ZOOMAN'TIC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, manteia, divination.]

ZOOMETRY, z[=o]-om'e-tri, n. comparative measurement of the parts of animals.--adj. ZOOMET'RIC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, metron, a measure.]

ZOOMORPHIC, z[=o]-[=o]-mor'fik, adj. pertaining to zoomorphism: representing animals in art.--n. ZOOMOR'PHISM, the representation or the conception of a god or a man in an animal form, the attributing of human or of divine qualities to beings of animal form--also ZOOMOR'PHY. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, morph[=e], form.]

ZOON, z[=o]'on, n. a morphological individual, the total product of a fertilised ovum:--pl. Z[=O]'A, Z[=O]'ONS.--adjs. Z[=O]'ONAL, like a zoon; ZOÖN'IC, relating to animals.--n. Z[=O]'ONITE, one of the segments of an articulated animal.--adj. ZOONIT'IC. [Gr.]

ZOONOMY, z[=o]-on'[=o]-mi, n. animal physiology--also ZOON[=O]'MIA.--adj. ZOONOM'IC.--n. ZOÖN'OMIST. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, nomos, law.]

ZOONOSIS, z[=o]-on'[=o]-sis, n. a disease communicated to man from the lower animals, as hydrophobia, &c.:--pl. ZOÖN'OS[=E]S. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, nosos, disease.]

ZOOPATHOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-pa-thol'[=o]-ji, n. the study of disease in animals. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, pathology.]

ZOOPATHY, z[=o]-op'a-thi, n. animal pathology. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, pathos, suffering.]

ZOOPHAGA, z[=o]-of'a-ga, n.pl. the carnivorous animals collectively.--n. ZOÖPH'AGAN, a carnivorous animal.--adj. ZOÖPH'AGOUS. [Gr. z[=o]ophagos, flesh-eating, z[=o]on, an animal, phagein, to eat.]

ZOOPHILIST, z[=o]-of'il-ist, n. a lover of animals.--n. ZOÖPH'ILY, love of animals. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, philos, dear.]

ZOOPHORUS, z[=o]-of'[=o]-rus, n. a continuous frieze sculptured in relief with figures of men and animals.--adj. ZOOPHOR'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, pherein, to bear.]

ZOOPHYSICS, z[=o]-[=o]-fiz'iks, n. the study of the structure of animal bodies, comparative anatomy. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, physics.]

ZOOPHYTE, z[=o]'[=o]-f[=i]t, n. a term employed by Cuvier in his earlier attempts at classification to designate numerous simple animals, sedentary in habit, often with a superficial resemblance to plants--now restricted to hydroid colonies.--adjs. ZOOPHYT'IC, -AL; ZOÖPH'YTOID; ZOOPHYTOLOG'ICAL.--ns. ZOOPHYTOL'OGIST; ZOOPHYTOL'OGY; ZOÖPH'YTON:--pl. ZOÖPH'YTA. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, phyton, a plant.]

ZOOPLASTIC, z[=o]-[=o]-plas'tik, adj. pertaining to the operation of transplanting living tissue from one of the lower animals to man. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, plassein, to form.]

ZOOPRAXINOSCOPE, z[=o]-[=o]-prak'si-n[=o]-sk[=o]p, n. a mechanical toy by means of which images of animals are made to go through motions on a screen. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, praxis, doing, skopein, to view.]

ZOOPSYCHOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-s[=i]-kol'[=o]-ji, n. the psychology of the lower animals. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, psychology.]

ZOOSCOPY, z[=o]'[=o]-sk[=o]-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which one sees imaginary animals, esp. snakes.--adj. ZOOSCOP'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, skopein, to view.]

ZOOSPERM, z[=o]'[=o]-sperm, n. the sperm-cell, or male seed-cell--also ZOOSPER'MIUM.--adj. ZOOSPERMAT'IC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, sperma, seed.]

ZOOSPORE, z[=o]'[=o]-sp[=o]r, n. a spore capable of moving about.--adjs. ZOOSPOR'IC; ZOOSPORIF'EROUS. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, spora, a seed.]

ZOOTAXY, z[=o]'[=o]-tak-si, n. the science of the classification of animals, systematic zoology. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, taxis, arrangement.]

ZOOTECHNY, z[=o]'[=o]-tek-ni, n. the science of the breeding and domestication of animals.--Also ZOOTECH'NICS. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, techn[=e], art.]

ZOOTHAPSIS, z[=o]-[=o]-thap'sis, n. premature burial. [Gr. zoo-, living, thaptein, to bury.]

ZOOTHECIUM, z[=o]-[=o]-th[=e]'si-um, n. the tubular sheath of certain infusorians.--adj. ZOOTH[=E]'CIAL. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, th[=e]kion, a casket.]

ZOOTHEISM, z[=o]'[=o]-th[=e]-izm, n. the attribution of divine qualities to an animal.--adj. ZOOTHEIS'TIC. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, theism.]

ZOOTHERAPY, z[=o]-[=o]-ther'a-pi, n. veterinary therapeutics. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, therapeia, service.]

ZOOTOCOLOGY, z[=o]-[=o]-t[=o]-kol'[=o]-ji, n. the biology of animals. [Gr. z[=o]otokos, viviparous, legein, to speak.]

ZOOTOMY, z[=o]-ot'[=o]-mi, n. the dissection of animals: comparative anatomy.--adjs. ZOOTOM'IC, -AL.--adv. ZOOTOM'ICALLY.--n. ZOÖT'OMIST, one who dissects the bodies of animals: an anatomist. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, temnein, to cut.]

ZOOTROPHIC, z[=o]-[=o]-trof'ik, adj. pertaining to the nourishment of animals. [Gr. z[=o]on, an animal, trophos, food.]

ZOOZOO, z[=oo]'z[=oo], n. (prov.) the wood-pigeon. [Imit.]

ZOPILOTE, z[=o]-pi-l[=o]'te, n. one of the smaller American vultures, the turkey-buzzard, an urubu.--Also Tzopilotl. [Mex.]

ZOPISSA, z[=o]-pis'a, n. an old medicinal mixture of pitch and tar scraped from the sides of ships. [Gr. z[=o]pissa.]

ZOPPO, tsop'p[=o], adj. (mus.) alternately with and without syncopation. [It.]

ZORGITE, zor'g[=i]t, n. a metallic copper-lead selenide, found at Zorge, in the Harz Mountains.

ZORIL, ZORILLE, zor'il, n. an African skunk-like carnivore: an American skunk.--n. ZORIL'LA, a genus of African skunk-like quadrupeds, representing the Zorillinæ, an African subfamily of Mustelidæ. [Fr. zorille--Sp. zorilla, dim. of zorra, a fox.]

ZOROASTRIANISM, zor-[=o]-as'tri-an-izm, n. the ancient religion founded or reformed by Zoroaster--the Greek pronunciation of Zarathushtra--set forth in the Zend-Avesta (q.v.), and still held by the Guebres and Parsees in India.--n. and adj. ZOROAS'TRIAN.

ZORRA, zor'a, n. a South American skunk.--Also ZORRINO (zo-r[=e]'n[=o]). [Sp.]

ZORRO, zor'[=o], n. a South American fox-wolf. [Sp.]

ZOSTER, zos't[.e]r, n. an ancient Greek waist-belt for men: herpes zoster or shingles. [Gr. z[=o]st[=e]r, a girdle.]

ZOTHECA, z[=o]-th[=e]'ka, n. a small living-room, as distinguished from a sleeping-room: an alcove. [Gr. z[=o]th[=e]k[=e].]

ZOUAVE, zwäv, n. one of a body of troop wearing a quasi-Moorish dress in the French army, which derives its name from the Zwawa, a tribe of Kabyles in the Algerian province of Constantine. These Kabyles had long been employed as mercenaries by the deys of Algiers; and after the conquest in 1830 the French took them into their service.

ZOUNDS, zowndz, interj. an exclamation of anger and astonishment. [A corr. of God's wounds, referring to Christ's sufferings on the cross.]

ZUCCHETTA, tsuk-ket'ta, n. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic, covering the tonsure: a form of helmet worn in the 16th century. [It., dim. of zucca, a gourd.]

ZUFOLO, z[=oo]'f[=o]-l[=o], n. a small flute or flageolet used in training singing-birds.--Also ZUF'FOLO. [It.]

ZULU, zoo'loo, n. a branch of the great Bantu division of the human family, belonging to South Africa, conspicuous for physical and intellectual development.--adj. pertaining to the ZULUS, their language, &c. [South African.]

ZUMBOORUK, zum'b[=oo]-ruk, n. a small cannon mounted on a swivel, carried on the back of a camel.--Also ZUM'BOORUCK, ZOM'BORUK, ZAM'BOORAK. [Hind. zamb[=u]rak--Turk. zamb[=u]rak--Ar. zamb[=u]r, a hornet.]

ZUÑI, z[=oo]'ny[=e], n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians living in large communal houses near the Zuñi river in New Mexico.--adj. and n. ZU'ÑIAN.

ZUPA, z[=u]'pa, n. a confederation of village communities governed by a ZU'PAN, in the early history of Servia, &c. [Servian.]

ZURF. See ZARF.

ZURLITE, zurl'[=i]t, n. a white or green Vesuvian mineral.

ZUZ, z[=oo]z, n. a coin or money of account in New Testament times.

ZWANZIGER, tswan'tsi-g[.e]r, n. an old Austrian silver coin, equivalent to twenty kreutzers. [Ger.,--zwanzig, twenty.]

ZWIEBACK, zv[=i]'bak, n. biscuit rusk, or a sweet spiced bread toasted. [Ger.]

ZWINGLIAN, zwing'- or tswing'gli-an, adj. pertaining to the Swiss reformer Huldreich Zwingli (1484-1531), or his doctrines, esp. his divergence from Luther in the doctrine of the Eucharist. Zwingli rejected every form of local or corporeal presence, whether by transubstantiation, impanation, or consubstantiation, assailing every form, however subtle, of the old Capernaitic (John vi. 51-53, 59) conception of a carnal presence and carnal appropriation.--n. a follower of ZWINGLI.

ZYGADITE, zig'a-d[=i]t, n. a variety of albite found in thin twin crystals at Andreasberg, in the Harz Mountains. [Gr. zygad[=e]n, jointly--zygon, a yoke.]

ZYGÆNA, z[=i]-j[=e]'na, n. a genus of moths, typical of the family Zygænidæ: a genus of sharks, the hammer-heads, now Sphyrna.--adjs. ZYGÆ'NID, ZYGÆ'NINE, ZYGÆ'NOID. [Gr. zygaina, a shark.]

ZYGAL, z[=i]'gal, n. pertaining to a zygon, formed like a letter [H shape]. [Zygon.]

ZYGANTRUM, z[=i]-gan'trum, n. a fossa on the posterior face of the arches of each of the vertebræ of the Lacertilia, into which the zygosphene of the succeeding vertebra fits. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, antron, a cave.]

ZYGAPOPHYSIS, z[=i]-ga-pof'i-sis, n. one of the yoke-pieces or articulations of the vertebræ: pl. ZYGAPOPH'YS[=E]S. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, apophysis, process.]

ZYGITE, z[=i]'g[=i]t, n. a rower in the second tier of a Greek trireme. [Gr. zygit[=e]s--zygon, yoke.]

ZYGOBRANCHIATE, z[=i]-g[=o]-brang'ki-[=a]t, adj. having paired gills or ctenidia, as certain molluscs: belonging to the ZYGOBRANCHI[=A]'TA, an order or suborder of Gastropoda.--Also ZY'GOBRANCH. [Gr. zygon, yoke, brangchia, gills.]

ZYGOCARDIAC, z[=i]-g[=o]-kär'di-ak, adj. yoke-like and cardiac, as an ossicle of the stomach of some Crustacea. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, kardia, the heart.]

ZYGODACTYL, z[=i]-g[=o]-dak'til, adj. having the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind, as certain birds--also ZYGODACTYL'IC, ZYGODAC'TYLOUS.--n. ZYGODAC'TYLISM. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, daktylos, a finger.]

ZYGODONT, z[=i]'g[=o]-dont, adj. pertaining to molar teeth whose cusps are paired, possessing such molars. [Gr. zygon, yoke, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

ZYGOMA, z[=i]-g[=o]'ma, n. the arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull.--adj. ZYGOMAT'IC.--ZYGOMATIC FOSSA, the lower part of the fossa bridged over by the zygomatic arch; ZYGOMATIC MUSCLES, two muscles (major and minor) arising from the zygomatic arch. [Gr. zyg[=o]ma--zygon, a yoke.]

ZYGOMORPHOUS, z[=i]-g[=o]-mor'fus, adj. yoke-shaped--of flowers divisible into similar halves in one plane only--also ZYGOMOR'PHIC.--ns. ZYGOMOR'PHISM, ZYGOMOR'PHY. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, morph[=e], form.]

ZYGOMYCETES, z[=i]-g[=o]-m[=i]-s[=e]'t[=e]z, n.pl. a group of fungi marked by the production of zygospores--the commonest type Mucor mucedo, the common white mould of dead organic matter, as horse-dung.--adj. ZYGOMYC[=E]'TOUS. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, myk[=e]s, myk[=e]tos, a mushroom.]

ZYGON, z[=i]'gon, n. a connecting bar: an [H shape]-shaped fissure of the brain. [Gr., a yoke.]

ZYGOPHYLLACEÆ, z[=i]-g[=o]-fil-[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], n.pl. a natural order containing about 100 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, chiefly natives of subtropical countries--the bean-caper family--the typical genus Zygophyllum. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyllon, a leaf.]

ZYGOPHYLLUM, z[=i]-g[=o]-fil'um, n. a genus of plants, natural order Zygophylleæ, of the bean-caper family.

ZYGOPHYTE, z[=i]'g[=o]-f[=i]t, n. a plant in which reproduction takes place by means of zygospores. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyton, a plant.]

ZYGOPLEURAL, z[=i]-g[=o]-pl[=oo]'ral, adj. bilaterally symmetrical. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, pleura, the side.]

ZYGOSIS, z[=i]-g[=o]'sis, n. (bot.) conjugation, the coalescence of two distinct cells: the sexual intercourse of protoplasmic bodies.--n. ZY'GO[=I]TE, an organism resulting from zygosis.--adj. ZY'GOSE, pertaining to zygosis. [Gr. zyg[=o]sis, a joining.]

ZYGOSPHENE, z[=i]'g[=o]-sf[=e]n, n. a process on the anterior face of each of the vertebral arches in the Lacertilia, which articulates with the zygantrum of the preceding arch. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, sph[=e]n, a wedge.]

ZYGOSPORE, z[=i]'g[=o]-sp[=o]r, n. a spore produced by the union of buds from two adjacent hyphaæ in the process of conjugation by which some fungi multiply--the same as ZY'GOSPERM and ZY'GOTE. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, spora, seed.]

ZYLONITE=Xylonite (q.v.).

ZYMASE, z[=i]'m[=a]s, n. the same as ENZYM. [See ZYME.]

ZYME, z[=i]m, n. a ferment: a disease-germ--the supposed specific cause of a zymotic disease.--n. ZY'MASE, enzym, any of the unorganised ferments.--adj. ZY'MIC, relating to fermentation.--ns. ZY'MITE, a priest using leavened bread in the Eucharist; ZY'MOGEN, a substance capable of developing by internal change into a ferment.--adjs. ZYMOGEN'IC; ZY'MOID, like a ferment; ZYMOLOG'IC, -AL, pertaining to zymology.--ns. ZYMOL'OGIST, one skilled in zymology; ZYMOL'OGY, the science of fermentation; ZYMOL'YSIS, ZYM[=O]'SIS, fermentation of any kind; ZYMOM'ETER, ZYMOSIM'ETER, an instrument for measuring the degree of fermentation; ZY'MOPHYTE, a bacterioid ferment capable of liberating fatty acids from neutral fats.--adjs. ZYMOTECH'NIC, -AL, producing and utilising fermentation.--n. ZYMOTECH'NICS, the art of managing fermentation.--adj. ZYMOT'IC, pertaining to fermentation.--adv. ZYMOT'ICALLY.--ZYMOTIC DISEASE, a term for diseases caused by the multiplication of a living germ introduced from without into the body. [Gr. zym[=e], leaven, zym[=o]sis, fermentation.]

ZYMOME, z[=i]'m[=o]m, n. an old name for the part of gluten insoluble in alcohol.

ZYMURGY, z[=i]'m[.e]r-ji, n. that department of technological chemistry which treats of wine-making, brewing, distilling, and similar processes involving fermentation. [Gr. zym[=e], leaven, ergon, work.]

ZYTHEPSARY, z[=i]-thep'sa-ri, n. (obs.) a brewery.

ZYTHUM, z[=i]'thum, n. a kind of beer made by the ancient Egyptians--much commended by Diodorus. [Gr. zythos.]

ZYXOMMA, zik-som'a, n. a genus of Indian dragon-flies, of family Libellulidæ, with large head and eyes and narrow face. [Gr. zeuxis, a joining, omma, eye.]

* * * * *

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

* * * * *

The best account of these is to be found in Kellner's edition of Dr Morris's Historical Outlines of English Accidence (1895), and especially in Professor Skeat's Principles of English Etymology--First Series (2d ed. 1892), chaps. xii.-xiv.; Second Series (1891), chap. xviii. To these books the following lists are largely indebted.

A- (A.S.) represents:

(1) A.S. an, on, on, as _a_bed, _a_board, _a_foot, _a_shore, _a_sunder, now-_a-_days, twice-_a-_week, _a_live, _a_mong, _a_bout, _a-_fishing.

(2) A.S. and-, over against, in reply to, to, as _a_long (from A.S. and-lang, i.e. over against in length); appearing also as E- in _e_lope, as AM- in _am_bassador, and as EM- in _em_bassy; the same as un- in verbs. See Un- (2). [Cog. with Goth. and-, Ger. ent-, ant-, L. ante-, Gr. anti-.]

(3) A.S. á-, an intensive prefix to verbs, out, out from, as in _a_rise (from A.S. árísan, to rise out of or up); or sig. 'very,' as in _a_ghast. Cf. _a_bide, _ac_curse, _af_fright, _a_maze, _a_rise, _a_rouse, _a_go. [Cog. with Ger. er-, Goth. us-, ur-.]

(4) A.S. of, of, from, as in _a_down (from A.S. of dúne, 'from the height'), _a_new, _a_kin; or from of-, intensive, as _a_thirst.

(5) A.S. ge-, y-, as _a_ware (A.S. ge-w['æ]re), _a_fford.

(6) at, old sign of inf., as _a_do. [A Northern idiom, due to Scand. influences, as in Ice., Sw., &c.]

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1) L. AB-, as in _a_vert; (2) L. AD-, as _a_chieve; (3) L. E- or EX-, as in _a_bash, _a_mend; (4) Gr. A- (for AN-), as in _a_byss. See these prefixes.

A-, AB-, ABS-, AS- (L.), away from, as _a_vert, _ab_sent, _ab_solve, _ab_stract; and also _as_soil and _av_aunt through French. Indeed, this prefix appears as A-, ADV-, AV-, V-, as in _a_vert, _adv_ance, _av_aunt, _v_anguard, &c. [L. a, ab, abs (oldest form ap); cog. with Gr. apo-, Sans. apa, Ger. ab, Eng. off.]

AB-. See Ad-.

AC-. See Ad-.

AD- (L.), to, at, as ADhere, ADapt. It appears as A-, AB-, AC-, AD-, AF-, AG-, AL-, AN-, AP-, AR-, AS-, AT-, as in _a_chieve, _ab_breviate, _ac_cede, _ad_mire, _af_fix, _ag_gregate, _al_lot, _an_nex, _ap_prove, _ar_rive, _as_sign, _at_tract. The words _a_chieve, _a_gree, _a_merce, _a_mount, _a_cquit, _a_cquaint, _a_vow, &c. show the same prefix, derived through the medium of Old French. [L. ad; cog. with Sans. adhi, Goth. and Eng. at, Celt. ar-.]

AF-. See Ad-.

AFTER- (A.S.), as _after-_growth, _after-_math, _after-_wards. [A.S. æfter-.]

AG-. See Ad-.

AL-. See Ad-.

AL- (Ar.), the--also as A-, AR-, AS-, EL-, L-, as _a_pricot, _ar_tichoke, _as_sagai, _el_ixir, _l_ute.

ALL- (A.S.), all, as _al_mighty, _all-_wise. In Early English al-=quite is added (1) to past participles, as _al-_brent=quite burnt, _al-_heled=quite concealed; (2) to verbs preceded by to, as _al-_to-brenne=to burn up entirely. In Elizabethan and later writers all-to=altogether, quite--the original meaning of to having been lost sight of. Cf. Milton's 'all-to ruffled,' &c. [A.S. eall-.]

AM-, (1) the Fr. em--L. im for in, as _am_bush: see In- (2); (2) the Gr. an-, as in _Am_brosia: see An- (2); (3) the same as An- (1), as in _am_bassador.

AMBI-, AMB-, AM- (L.), round about, both, as _ambi_dexter, _am_bition, _am_putate. [L.; cog. with Gr. amphi-, Sans. abhi, around.]

AMPHI- (Gr.), round about, both, as _amphi_theatre, _amphi_bious. [Cog. with L. ambi-, amb-.]

AN- (A.S.), against, in return, as _an_swer. See A- (A.S.) (2), above. [A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth. and-.]

AN-, A-, AM- (Gr.), not, without, as _an_archy, _a_tom, _am_brosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. an-, a-, L. in-, Eng. un-, in-, not.]

AN- (Fr. en--L. in), as in anoint. See In- (2).

AN-, as in _an_cestor; see Ante- (below).

AN-. See Ad-.

ANA-, AN- (Gr.), up, back, as _ana_lyse, _ana_tomy, _an_eurism. [Cog. with Goth. ana, Eng. on.]

ANTE-, ANTI-, ANCI-, AN- (L.), before, as _ante_cedent, _anti_cipate, _anc_ient, _anc_estor (for L. antecessor). [L. ante, old form anti; conn. with anti-; Fr. anci-, an-.]

ANTI- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as _anti_pathy, _anti_podes; as ANT- in _ant_agonist, and ANTH- in _anth_em. [Gr.; conn. with L. ante-, Sans. anti-, facing, Ger. ant- in _Ant_wort, Eng. an- (for and-) in answer (see Dict.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (2), above.]

AP-. See Ad-.

APO- (Gr.), off, from, away, as APOstle; as APH- in _aph_elion, _aph_æresis. [Cog. with L. ab-.]

AR-. See Ad-.

ARCH-, ARCHI-, ARCHE- (Gr.), first, chief, as _arch_bishop, _archi_tect, _arche_type.

AS-. See Ad-.

AT-. See Ad-.

AT- (Eng.), denoting nearness, as _at_one; against, as _t_wit (A.S. æt-wítan, to blame). [A.S. æt.]

AUTO-, AUTH- (Gr.), self, as _auto_crat, _auto_graph, _auto_psy, _auth_entic.

AV-. See Ab-.

BE- (A.S.), the most fertile of all English prefixes, is the weak form of by. The original meaning was 'about.' (1) It forms derivative verbs, with the sense of 'around,' 'on all sides,' 'in all directions,' as _be_blear=to blear all over, _be_girdle, _be_jumble, _be_paste, _be_smudge; (2) it forms intensive verbs, with the sense of 'thoroughly,' 'soundly,' as _be_breech=to breech soundly, _be_daub, _be_welcome; (3) it renders intransitive verbs transitive by adding a prepositional relation, as _be_chatter=to environ with chattering, _be_gaze=to gaze at, _be_smile=to smile at, _be_speak; (4) it forms transitive verbs of adjectives and substantives, as _be_foul=to affect with foulness, _be_dim=to make dim, _be_dew=to cover with dew, _be_friend.

BIS-, BI-, BIN- (L.), twice, double, as _bis_cuit, _bi_ennial, _bin_ocular; as BA- in balance. [Corr. of duis, ablative of duo, two.]

CATA-, CATH-, CAT- (Gr.), down, downwards, according to, thoroughly, as _cata_ract, _cath_olic, _cat_echism. [Gr. kata.]

CIRCUM-, CIRCU- (L.), round about, as _circum_scribe, _circu_it. [Properly accusative of circus, a circle. See Circle in Dict.]

CIS- (L.), on this side, as _cis_alpine.

COM-, CON-, CO- (L.), together, with, as _con_nect, _co_here, _col_lect, _cor_rect, _coun_cil. In _cur_ry, this prefix has been attached to O. Fr. roi, order; often intensive, as _com_motion; _co-_admire, _co-_enjoy, _co-_actor, _co-_believer. [Com- is the old form of L. cum, with; cog. with Gr. syn, Sans. sam. The root, originally signifying 'one,' is seen in L. sim-ul, together, Gr. ham-a, together, Eng. _sim_ple (which see in Dict.).]

CONTRA-, CONTRO-, CONTR-, COUNTER- (L.), against, as _contra_dict, _contro_vert, _contr_alto, _counter_act. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre), from Con-, and -tra, from root tar, to cross, seen also in trans.]

DE- (L., or Fr.--L.), down, from, away, occurs in words derived either directly from L., as _de_duce; or through the Fr. from L., in which case DE-, DI-, represents either (1) O. Fr. des- from L. dis-, asunder, not, as in _de_feat (O. Fr. _des-_fait), or (2) Fr.--L. de-, as _de_scribe [lit. 'write down'], decompose. This prefix DE- is negative and oppositive in destroy, desuetude, deform, or intensive in declare, desolate, desiccate.

DEMI- (Fr.--L.), half, as _demi_god, _demi_quaver. [Fr. demi--L. dimidium, half.]

DI- (Gr.), double, as _di_lemma, _di_alogue.

DIA- (Gr.), through, as _dia_meter; shortened to DI- in _di_æresis, and appearing as DE-, DEA-, in _de_vil, _dea_con. [Gr. dia, from dyo, two.]

DIF-. See Dis-.

DIS- (Gr.), two, twice, as _dis_syllable, _di_cotyledonous. [From duis, from root of two.]

DIS-, DI- (L.; in O. Fr. DES-), in two, asunder, as _dis_part, _dif_fer, _dis_perse; negative, as _dis_relish; privative, as _dis_lodge. Thus variously DI-, DIF-, DIS-, DES-, DE-, and even S-, as in _s_pend. [Dis for duis, from L. duo, Gr. dyo, Sans. dvi, Goth. and Eng. two.]

DYS- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as _dys_entery, _dys_pepsy. [Cog. with Sans. dus, Goth. tus, Ger. zer-, A.S. to-, Eng. two.]

E-. See Ex-.

E-=A.S. ge-, in enough (A.S. genóh, Ger. genug).

E-, as in _e_lope. See A- (A.S.) (2), and also An- (A.S.).

E-, a purely phonetic addition, of French origin, as in _e_squire, _e_state, _e_schew, _e_special, _e_scutcheon.

EC- or EX- (Gr.), out of, from, as _ec_stasy, _ex_odus; also as EL- in _el_lipse. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, out.]

EDD-, in eddy. [A.S. ed-, back.]

EF-. See Ex-.

EL-, in _el_lipse, &c. See Ec- or Ex-.

EMB-, in _emb_er days. [A.S. _ymb-_ryne, a circuit.]

EN- (Gr.), in, on, as _en_ergy, _en_demic, emphasis--sometimes extended to ENDO-, within, as _endo_gen.

EN-, EM- (Fr.--L.), in, into, as _en_list; to make, as _en_large, _en_act, _en_dure; before b and p, EM-, as _em_bark, _em_bolden. [Fr. en--L. in. See In- (L.), in, into.]

ENTER- (Fr.), between, among, as _enter_tain. [Fr. entre--L. inter-.]

EPI-, EP-, EPH- (Gr.), on, as _epi_taph; during, as _ep_och, _eph_emeral. [Gr. epi; Sans. api, L. ob-.]

ES- (Fr. or Sp.--L.), out, as _es_cape, _es_planade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es--L. ex-.]

ESO- (Gr.), in, into, as _eso_teric. [From Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. ens, a strengthened form of EN- (Gr.).]

EU- (Gr.), well, as _eu_phony, _eu_logy; as EV- in _ev_angelist. [Gr. eu, eus, good, for an assumed es-us, real.]

EX- or E- (L.), from, out of, as _ex_pel, _e_ject, _ef_flux; by assimilation, appearing as A-, E-, EF-, ES-, EX-, ISS-, S-, as _a_mend, _e_normous, _ef_fect, _es_cape, _ex_tend, _iss_ue, _s_ample. It is French influence which has disguised it in such words as affray, amend, escape, escheat, essay, &c.--EX- has a privative sense in _ex-_emperor, _ex-_mayor. [L. ex-, e-; O. Fr. es-, Fr. é-, ex.]

EX-, out of, as in _ex_odus.--EXO-, outside, as _exo_tic. [Gr. ex, out of, ex[=o], outside.]

EXTRA- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as _extra_mural, _extra_ordinary, _extra-_work; as STRA- in _stra_nge. [Contr. of exter[=a] (parte being understood), abl. fem. of exterus, beyond, a comp. form, from Ex- (L.).]

FOR- (A.S.), in place of, as _for_asmuch. [A.S. prep. for.]

FOR- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as _for_swear, _for_bid, _fore_go (better _for_go). [A.S. for-; Ger. ver-, Goth. fra-, conn. with far and from.]

FOR- (Fr.--L.), as in _fore_close, _for_feit. [Fr.--L. foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']

FORE- (A.S.), before, as _fore_tell, _fore_bode; _fore_dated, _fore_said, _fore_told; _fore_castle, _fore_father, _fore_sight. [A.S. fore-; Ger. vor.]

FORTH- (A.S.), forth, only in _forth_with.

FRO- (A.S.), from, as _fro_ward. [A.S. fro--Scand., Ice. frá.]

GAIN- (A.S.), against, as _gain_say. [A.S. gegn. See Against in Dict.]

HEMI- (Gr.), half, as _hemi_sphere--shortened to ME- in _me_grim. [Gr.; cog. with L. semi-, Sans. s[=a]mi-.]

HETERO- (Gr.), other, as _hetero_doxy. [Gr. heteros, other.]

HOLO- (Gr.), entire, as _holo_graph. [Gr. holos, entire.]

HOMO- (Gr.), same--lengthened to HOMOEO-, as _homoeo_pathy. [Gr. homos, same.]

HYPER- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as _hyper_borean, _hyper_critical. [Cog. with super- and over-.]

HYPO-, HYPH-, HYP-, (Gr.), under, as _hypo_tenuse, _hyph_en, _hyp_allage. [Cog. with L. sub-, Goth. uf, Sans. upa.]

I-, in _i_gnoble. See In- (1), negative.

I-, Y-, as in _I-_wis, _y_clept, hand-_y-_work. This prefix appears as A- in _a_ware, as C- in _c_lutch, and as E- in _e_nough. [A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle passive.]

IL-, as in _il_lude. See In- (2).

IL-, as in _il_legal. See In- (1).

IN-, IM- (L.), not, as _in_convenience, _in_cautious, _in_firm. Before p the n changes to m, as _im_pudent; before l, m, and r it is assimilated to those consonants, as _il_legal, _im_mature, _ir_regular. This prefix thus appears as EN-, I-, IL-, IM-, IN-, IR-, as _en_emy, _ig_noble, _il_legal, _im_mortal, _in_firm, _ir_regular. [L.; cog. with Gr. an-, Eng. un-.]

IN- (L.), in, into, as _in_fuse, _il_lumine, _im_pel, _ir_rigate. It becomes il- before l; im- before b, m, and p; ir- before r. This prefix thus appears as AM-, AN-, EM-, EN-, IL-, IM-, IN-, IR-, as _am_bush, _an_oint, _em_brace, _en_close, _il_lude, _im_mure, _in_clude, _ir_ritate.

IN- (A.S.), in, on, as _in_come, _in_ward, _in_land, _in_sight; to make, as _im_bitter, lit. to put into a state of bitterness; as im- in _im_bed, _im_park, &c.

INTER- (L.), in the midst of, between, as _inter_val, _intel_lect, _inter_marry. [A compar. form; cog. with Eng. under, and Sans. antar, within.]

INTRA- (L.), in the inside of, within, as _intra_mural. [Contr. of intera, ablative feminine of interus, inward--Inter-.]

INTRO- (L.), into, within, as _intro_duce. [Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of interus--Inter-.]

IR-, as in _ir_ritate. See In- (2).

IR-, as in _ir_regular. See In- (1).

ISS-, as in _iss_ue. See Ex- (1).

JUXTA- (L.), near, as _juxta_position. [Superl. form, from root of L. jung[)e]re, to join.]

L-, as in _l_one; an abbreviation of all.

L-, as in _l_ouver. See Al-.

L-, as in _l_ute. See Al-.

MALE-, MALI-, MAL-, MAU- (L.), badly, ill, as _male_factor, _mal_content, _male_diction, _male_volent; through French, _mau_gre=notwithstanding. [L. male, badly.]

META-, METH-, MET- (Gr.), among, with; after, as _meth_od. (lit. 'way after'); often implies change, as _meta_morphose, _met_eor, _met_onomy. [Gr. meta; cog. with A.S. mid, Goth. mith, Ger. mit.]

MID- (A.S.), with, as _mid_wife. [A.S. mid-, together with.]

MIS- (A.S.), wrong, ill, as _mis_behave, _mis_deed, _mis_lead. [A.S. mis-; Ice. mis-, Goth. missa-, Ger. miss-. Cf. _Mis-_in Dict.]

MIS- (Fr.--L.), as in _mis_chief, _mis_alliance, _mis_chance. [Fr. mis-, for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.]

MONO-, MON- (Gr.), single, as _mono_graph, _mono_logue, _mon_k, and _min_ster. [Gr. monos, alone.]

MULTI-, MULT-, many, as in _multi_ply, _mult_eity. [L. multus, much, many.]

N-, as in _n_ewt, _n_ickname, due to the n of the article in an ewt, an ekename. In _n_uncle the origin is mine uncle; in 'for the nonce,' M. E. for the nones, miswritten for then ones, for the once.

N- (A.S.), no, not, as _n_ever; or L. NE-, as in _n_ull. [A.S. ne; cog. with Goth. ni, L. ne, Sans. na.]

NE- (Gr.), not, as _ne_penthe; NE-, NEG- (L.), not, as _ne_farious, _ne_uter, _neg_ative, _neg_lect. [L. ne, nec, a contr. of neque, from ne, not, que, and.]

NON- (L.), not, as _non_sense, _non_age. It appears as um- in _um_pire=_num_pire. [From ne unum, not one.]

OB- (L., by assimilation, O-, OB-, OC-, OF-, OP-, also OS-), in front of, against, in the way of, as _ob_struct, _o_mit, _oc_cur, _of_fer, _op_pose, _os_tentation. [Cog. with Gr. epi, Sans. api.]

OC-, as in _oc_cur. See Ob-.

OF-, as in _of_fer. See Ob-.

OFF- (A.S.), off, from, away, as _of_fal, _off_shoot, _off_set. [A form of OF. There is the same relation between of and off as between be and by; A.S. of has been differentiated into the stressless or weak form of, and the stressed or strong form off. Cf. A-, Ab-.]

ON- (A.S.), on, as _on_set, _on_looker. [See On in Dict.]

OP-, as in _op_press. See Ob-.

OR- (A.S.), out, in _or_deal. [A.S. or-; cog. with Dut. oor-, Ger. ur-, Goth, us-, away, out of.]

OS-, as in _os_tensible. See Ob-.

OUT- (A.S.), out, beyond, as _out_law, _out_bid, _out_side, _out_cast. [A.S. út.]

OVER- (A.S.), over, above, as _over_arch, _over_seer. [A.S. ofer.]

PA-, as in _pa_lsy. See Para-.

PALIN-, PALIM- (Gr.), again, as _palin_genesis, _palim_psest. [Gr. palin, again.]

PAN-, PANTO- (Gr.), all, as _pan_acea, _pan_theism, _panto_mime.

PARA-, PAR- (Gr.), beside, as _para_ble; beyond, wrong, as _para_lyse. It appears as PA- in _pa_lsy, PAR- in _par_ody. [Gr. para.]

PEL-, as in _pel_lucid. See Per-.

PENE- (L.), almost, as _pen_insula.

PER- (L.), through, as _per_mit; thoroughly, as _per_fect; also appearing as PAR-, PEL-, PIL-, as in _par_son, _par_don, _pel_lucid, _pil_grim. In _per_jure, _per_ish, it has a destructive force, equivalent to Eng. FOR- in _for_swear (for-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. para-, beside, Eng. for-, Ger. ver.]

PERI- (Gr.), round, as _peri_meter, _peri_phrasis. [Gr. peri; Sans. pari, also allied to Gr. para.]

POL-, POR- (L.), as _pol_lute, _por_tend. [From Old L. port-, towards; cf. Ger. pros, Eng. forth.]

POLY- (Gr.), many, as _poly_gamy.

POR-, as in _por_trait. See Pro- (2).

POST- (L.), after, backwards, behind, as _post_date, _post_script, _post_pone.

POUR-, PUR- (Fr.--L.), as _pour_tray, _pur_vey. [Fr.--L. pro-.]

PRE-, PRÆ- (L.), before, as _pre_dict, _pre_fer, _pre_arrange, _præ_tor; also in _pri_son and _pro_vost. [L. præ, akin to L. pro.]

PRETER- (L.), beyond, as _preter_it, _preter_natural, _preter_mit. [L. præter--præ, with comp. suffix -ter.]

PRO- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. pro-, Sans. pra, Eng. for (prep.).]

PRO- (L.), forth, forward, before, instead, as _pro_ject; instead of, from the idea of being before, as _pro_noun, _pro_consul. Appearing also as POR-, POUR-, PR-, PROF-, PUR-, and as PROD- in _prod_igal.--Of Fr. origin, _pro_ceed, _pur_chase, _pur_pose, _pur_sue, _pur_vey. [Cog. with pro- (Gr.), which see.]

PROS- (Gr.), towards, as _pros_elyte, _pros_ody.

PROTO-, PROT- (Gr.), first, as _proto_type, _prot_oxide. [Gr. pr[=o]tos, first.]

PUR-. See under Pour-.

RE-, RED-, REN- (L.), change of place or condition, as in _re_move, _re_union (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite='back,' 'again,'as _re_tract, _re_sound, _re_deem, _re_dolent. It appears as REN- in _ren_der, &c.; as R- in _r_ally, _r_ampart; as RA- in _ra_gout. In _re_build, _re_mind, &c. it has been prefixed to English words.

RETRO- (L.), back, backwards, as _retro_spect, _retro_grade.--Of Fr. origin, _rere_ward, ar_rear_, &c.

S- for Se-, as in _s_ure; for Dis-, as in _s_pend; for Ex-, as in _s_ample; for Sub-, as in _s_ombre.

SE-, SED- (L.), without, as _se_cure; aside, as _se_duce, _se_cede, _sed_ition; appearing as S- in _s_ure, _s_ober.

SEMI- (L.), half, as _semi_circle. [L.; cog. with Gr. h[=e]mi.]

SINE- (L.), without, as _sine_cure.

SO-, as in _so_journ. See Sub-.

SO-, as in _so_ber. See Se-.

SOVR-, SOPR-. See Super-.

SU-, as in _su_spect. See Sub-.

SUB- (L.), by assimilation, before c, f, g, m, p, r, s--SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, SUR-, SUS-; under, from under, after, as _sub_ject, _sus_pect, _suc_ceed, _suf_fuse, _sug_gest, _sum_mon, _sup_port, _sur_prise, _sus_pend--also as S- in _s_ombre and SO- in _so_journ.--Of Fr. origin, _suc_cour, _sum_mon; Eng. formations, _sub_let, _sub-_kingdom, _sub-_worker. [L. sub (which in O. Fr. became so-).]

SUBTER- (L.), under, as _subter_fuge. [From Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning motion.]

SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-. See Sub-.

SUPER- (L.), over, above, beyond, as _super_structure, _super_natural.--Of Fr. origin, _sur_face, _sur_feit, _sur_pass, _sur_prise;--Eng. compounds, _super_abundant, _super_cargo, _super_critical. [L.; cog. with Sans. upari, Gr. hyper.]

SUPRA- (L.), over, above, as _supra_mundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. of superus, above, from Super-.]

SUR- (Fr.), over, as _sur_mount. [Fr., from L. super.]

SUR-, as in _sur_rogate. See Sub-.

SUS-, as in _sus_pend. See Sub-.

SYN-, SY-, SYL-, SYM- (Gr.), together, with, as _syn_tax, _sys_tem, _syl_lable, _sym_bol, _sym_metry. [Cog. with Com-.]

T-, in _t_wit, for at; in _t_awdry=Saint Awdry, the t being the final letter of saint; in _t_autology, representing the Greek article to.

THOROUGH- (A.S.), through, as _thorough_fare. [A.S. ðurh, through.]

TO- (A.S.), in _to-_day, _to_gether, _to_ward, here-_to-_fore, is the prep. to. [A.S. tó.]

TO- (A.S.), asunder, as in _to-_brake. [A.S. tó-; cf. Ger. zer-, Gr. dys-.]

TRANS-, TRA-, TRAN-, TRES-, TRE- (L.), beyond, across, as _trans_port, _tra_verse, _tran_scend, _tres_pass, and _tre_ason (through French).

TRI- (L.), thrice, as in _tri_ple, _tre_ble.

TWI- (A.S.), double, as in _twi_light. [A.S. twí-, double, twá, two.]

U- (Gr.), no, not, as _U_topia. [Gr. ou, not.]

ULTRA- (L.), beyond, as _ultra_marine. The French form outre appears in _out_rage and in _utter_ance. [From ulter (stem of ulterior), ul- being from root of L. ille.]

UM-, in _um_pire. See Non-.

UN- (A.S.), negative prefix, not, as _un_happy, _un_truth, _un_couth. [Cog. with Gr. an- and L. in- (negative).]

UN- (A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying the reversal of an action, as _un_lock, _un_bind, _un_do, _un_wind. [A.S. on-, un-; cf. Dut. ont-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-. See A- (A.S.) (2).]

UN-, UNI- (L.), one, as _un_animous, _uni_form. [L. unus, one.]

UNDER- (A.S.), under, below, as _under_growth, _under_wood, _under_prop, _under_sell. [See Under in Dict.]

UP- (A.S.), up, as _up_land, _up_start, _up_right, _up_hill, _up_braid, _up_set. [A.S. up, upp; Ger. auf.]

VE- (L.), apart from, as _ve_stibule. [L. ue, apart from; prob. allied to bi- and duo, two.]

VIS-, VICE- (Fr.--L.), in place of, as _vis_count, _vice_roy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, instead of.]

WAN- (A.S.), wanting, as _wan_ton. [See Wanton in Dict.]

WITH- (A.S.), against, back, as _with_stand, _with_draw; with, near, as within (this meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S. with--wither. See With in Dict.]

Y-. See under I-.

* * * * *

SUFFIXES.

-ABLE, adj. suffix, capable of, as port_able_, laugh_able_; cf. also come-at_-able_, get-at_-able_. [L., according to the stem-ending, -abilis, -ebilis, -ibilis, -ubilis.]

-AC, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegi_ac_; also used as noun suffix, as mani_ac_. [L. -acus, Gr. -akos.]

-ACEOUS, having the qualities of, as herb_aceous_. [L. -aceus.]

-ACIOUS, full of, as aud_acious_. [L. -ax, -acis.]

-ADE, noun suffix, the L. -ata, which in popular French words appears as -ée, becomes -ade in words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accol_ade_, gascon_ade_. Also we have ambass_ade_, ambusc_ade_, balustr_ade_, brig_ade_, casc_ade_, &c. from French, words in -ade. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are block_ade_, orange_ade_.

-AGE, ending of abstract nouns, as hom_age_; marks place where, as vicar_age_;--of English formation, bond_age_, brew_age_, parson_age_. [L. -aticum; Fr. -age.]

-AIN, -AN, -EN, -ON, noun suffixes, as vill_ain_, pag_an_, ward_en_, surge_on_. [L. -anus.]

-AL, adj. suffix, as annu_al_, leg_al_, mort_al_, cardin_al_;--of English or French formation, circumstanti_al_, cordi_al_, nation_al_. Noun suffix, as approv_al_, deni_al_, remov_al_, betroth_al_. Latin nouns in -alia (neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became -aille (fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -al, as Latin spons_[=a]lia_, O. Fr. espous_ailles_, M. E. spous_aille_, spous_al_; L. batt_[=a]lia_, O. Fr. bat_aille_, M. E. bat_aille_, bat_ail_, battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. -alis; Fr. -al, -el.]

-AN, -AIN, -ANE, adj. suffix, as hum_an_, cert_ain_, hum_ane_;--of English formation, Anglic_an_, suburb_an_. Noun suffix [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en], as public_an_, veter_an_. [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.]

-ANA, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoni_ana_, Burnsi_ana_. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in -anus. See -an.]

-ANCE, -ENCE (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. -ance), noun suffix, as in arrog_ance_, repent_ance_, experi_ence_, penit_ence_.

-ANCY, -ENCY, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier -ance, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in -ntia, as in eleg_antia_, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form -ance, as in aid_ance_, guid_ance_. The modern tendency is to confine -nce to action, and to express quality or state by -ncy; cf. compli_ance_, pli_ancy_, annoy_ance_, buoy_ancy_.

-AND, -END, noun suffix, as vi_and_, leg_end_. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.]

-ANEOUS, belonging to, as extr_aneous_. [L. -aneus.]

-ANT, -ENT, adj. suffix, as repent_ant_, pati_ent_. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as inst_ant_, serge_ant_, stud_ent_, innoc_ent_. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]

-AR, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angul_ar_, popul_ar_. [L. -aris; Fr. -ier or -aire.]

-AR, -ARD, -ART. See under -er (marking the agent).

-AR, -ER, -OR, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cell_ar_, lard_er_, man_or_ [L. -arium];--denoting the agent, as vic_ar_, treasur_er_, chancell_or_. [L. -arius.]

-ARD, intensive, as drunk_ard_, cow_ard_, slugg_ard_, wiz_ard_. [O. Fr. -ard, -art; Ger. -hard, strong.]

-ARY, noun suffix, marking place where, as semin_ary_ [L. -arium]; the agent, as secret_ary_, antiqu_ary_ [L. -arius]. Adjective suffix [L. -arius, Fr. -aire], as contr_ary_, necess_ary_, second_ary_.

-ASM. See under -ism.

-ASS, -ACE, as cuir_ass_, cutl_ass_, men_ace_, pinn_ace_. [L. -aceus, -acius; It. -accio, Fr. -as.]

-ASTER, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poet_aster_. [Fr. -artre (It. astro)--L. -as-ter.]

-ATE, -ETE, -ITE, -UTE, -T, forming adjectives--all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accur_ate_, desol_ate_; compl_ete_, repl_ete_; contr_ite_, exquis_ite_; absol_ute_, min_ute_; abjec_t_, elec_t_.

-ATE, verbal suffix, as navig_ate_, perme_ate_. Adj., as above. Noun, as leg_ate_, advoc_ate_. [Norm. Fr. at--L. -[=a]tus, suffix of pa.p.]

-BLE. See -able.

-BLE, -PLE, fold, as dou_ble_, tre_ble_, quadru_ple_. [L. -plus, lit. 'full.']

-BUND and -CUND, as mori_bund_, rubi_cund_. [L. -bundus and -cundus; Fr. -bond and -cond.]

-CE. See under -s, adverbial suffix.

-CELLI, -CELLO, dim., as vermi_celli_, violon_cello_. [It., from L. -culus.]

-CH, dim., as blot_ch_. [See -ock.]

-CLE, -CULE, dim., as in parti_cle_, animal_cule_, from L. culus, which also gives (through It.) -CELLI, -CELLO, [See under -l.]

-CRAFT, noun suffix, as in book_craft_, priest_craft_. [A.S. cræft, skill.]

-CY, -SY, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemen_cy_, bankrupt_cy_, cura_cy_, minstrel_sy_. [L. -tia, as in constan_tia_, constan_cy_, or -tio, as in conspira_tio_, conspira_cy_.]

-D, -T, or -ED, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. -de, 'did,' from di-de, pa.t. of do.]

-D, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as love_d_; in nouns (with passive meaning), as dee_d_, see_d_; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as boote_d_, feathere_d_, woode_d_; in the form -TH (or -T), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as dea_th_, fligh_t_, swif_t_, (with euphonic -s-) du_-s__-t_, bla_-s__-t_. [Orig. -th, as in uncou_th_, and from the root of the, that; seen also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]

-DOM, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as king_dom_; state, as free_dom_; act, as martyr_dom_. New words, as flunkey_dom_, can be coined. [A.S. dóm, judgment, Ger. -thum.]

-DOR, -DORE, noun suffix, as in corri_dor_, mata_dore_, steve_dore_, battle_door_. [Sp. -DOR, L. -tor.]

-ED. See -d.

-EE, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trust_ee_, legat_ee_. In such words as absent_ee_, devot_ee_, the old function of -ee is entirely lost; refug_ee_ is adopted from Fr. refugié, grand_ee_ from Sp. grande. [Fr. -é--L. -[=a]tus, suffix of pa.p.]

-EER, -IER, one who, has frequentative meaning, as chariot_eer_; also -ER, -AR, as in carpent_er_, vic_ar_. [Fr. -ier---L. -arius.]

-EL, dim., as dams_el_. [See under -l.]

-EN, dim., as chick_en_, maid_en_. [A.S. -en.]

-EN, fem. suffix, now found only in vix_en_. [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.]

-EN, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense--earth_en_, wheat_en_, wood_en_, wooll_en_. [A.S. -en; Goth. -en, -an, Ger. -en, -ein, Sans. -um; a genitive suffix, as in mi_ne_.]

-EN, pa.p., as wov_en_, bor_ne_, swo_rn_. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn. with -ant, -ent.]

-EN, pl. suffix, as ox_en_, ki_ne_ (for M. E. kyen--A.S. cý, pl. of cú, a cow). [A.S. -an.]

-EN, to make, as dark_en_, moist_en_, strength_en_, whit_en_.

-EN, -IN, -ENE, belonging to, as ali_en_, verm_in_, terr_ene_. [L. -enus, -ena, -enum.]

-ENCE, -ENCY. See -nce, -ncy.

-ENT, belonging to, as different. [L. -ens, -entis. See -ant.]

-EOUS, in right_eous_, corr. of -wise (which see); in court_eous_, from O. Fr. -eis (from L. -ensis.)

-EOUS, same as in -ous, as lign_eous_. [L. -eus.]

-ER, freq. and intens., as glimm_er_, flutt_er_.

-ER, infinitive suffix, as cov_er_, encount_er_. [Fr, -re, -ir, from L. pres. infin. -[=a]re, -[=e]re, -[)e]re, -[=i]re.]

-ER marks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writ_er_, sing_er_, hatt_er_, lead_er_, sometimes changed to -ar, as li_ar_; with -i- or -y- prefixed, as cloth_-i__-er_, law_-y-er_ (where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in [gh]); with excrescent -t or -d, as bragg_-ar__-t_. Note that in the words auger, heifer, shelter, what looks like the suffix -er is really an independent substantive. [A.S. -ere; Goth. -arja, Ger. -er.]

-ER, more, used in compar. of adjs., as great_er_, mo_re_. [Aryan compar., suffix -ra.]

-ER, noun suffix, as matt_er_, gutt_er_. [Fr. -iere--L. -eria.]

-EREL, dim. suffix, as mack_erel_. [See under -l.]

-ERIE, place where, as menag_erie_. [Fr., from L. -arium. See -ery.]

-ERLY, direction to or from, as south_erly_. [From -ern and -ly.]

-ERN, adj. suffix sig. direction, as south_ern_ [A.S. _-er__-n_]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as mod_ern_ [L. -ernus]; noun suffix, as cist_ern_ [L. -erna].

-ERY, noun suffix, as brew_ery_, witch_ery_, cutl_ery_. [Noun suffix -Y added to nouns in -ER (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory.]

-ES or -S, pl. suffix, as fox_es_, hat_s_. [A.S. -as. -S is a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr. -es.]

-ESCENT, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as conval_escent_. [L. -esco, -isco, -asco, Gr. -ask[=o], suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]

-ESE, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japan_ese_. [L. -ensis; O. Fr. -eis, mod. Fr. -ois, -ais.]

-ESQUE, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as pictur_esque_, grot_esque_, Turner_esque_. [Fr. -esqe (It. -esco)--L. -iscus, a by-form of -icus (see -ic), and conn. with -ish, adj. suffix.]

-ESS, fem. suffix of nouns, as lion_ess_, godd_ess_. [Fr. -esse, L. -issa.]

-ESS, -ICE, -ISE, as prow_ess_, just_ice_, merchand_ise_. Note that riches was mistaken for a plural, being really M. E. richesse--Fr. richesse. [L. -itia, -ities, Late L. -icia, Fr. -esse.]

-EST, as in harv_est_, earn_est_.

-EST, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bring_est_. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, -sthon. -S or -ST = 2d pers. pron., Gr. sy (su), L. tu, Eng. thou.]

-EST, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding -t, as small_est_. [A.S. -est (in adjectives), -ost (in adverbs); L. -issimus, Gr. -istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans. -ishta.]

-ET, -ETE, noun suffix, marking the agent, as proph_et_, po_et_, athl_ete_. [L. -[=e]ta, Gr. _-[=e]t[=e]_s.]

-ET, -ETTE, -OT, dim., as cygn_et_, bill_et_, etiqu_ette_, ball_ot_. See also -let. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot; Fr. -et, -ette.]

-EUR. See under -or.

-EVER, at any time, as who_ever_, every one who. [See Ever in Dict.]

-FARE, way, as in wel_fare_, chaf_fer_. [See Fare in Dict.]

-FAST, adj. suffix, as in stead_fast_, shame_faced_ (A.S. scamfæst). [A.S. fæst, firm, fast.]

-FOLD, adj. suffix, as four_fold,_ mani_fold_. [A.S. -feald.]

-FUL, full of, as delight_ful_. [A.S. -full.]

-FY, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as puri_fy_. [Fr. -fier--L. -fic-[=a]re, for fac-[)e]re, to make.]

-HEAD, -HOOD, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as God_head_, man_hood_, likeli_hood_, hardi_hood_. Note that liveli_hood_ was in A.S. líflád=líf, life + lád, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus -lihood took its place. [From A.S. hád, Ger. -heit, state; changed into Hood.]

-I, pl. suffix of nouns in -us, as in literat_i_ [L. -i; conn. with Ger. -ai, -oi]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.--L.].

-IAN, adj. suffix, as Arab_ian_, Christ_ian_. See -an. [L. -ianus; Fr. -ien.]

-IBLE, adj. suffix, as poss_ible_, flex_ible_. [From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. See -able.]

-IC, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigant_ic_, publ_ic_, volta_ic_. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabr_ic_. [L. -icus, -ica, -icum, Gr. -ikos; Fr. -ic, -igne.]

-ICAL, adj. suffix, belonging to, as cub_ical_, whims_ical_. [-ic and -al.]

-ICE, noun suffix, as chal_ice_ [Fr.--L. -ex, -icis]; nov_ice_ [Fr.--L. -icius]. [See another -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise.]

-ICISM. See -ism.

-ICS, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathemat_ics_. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, neuter pl. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic.]

-ID, noun suffix, as Nere_id_; also used in coining chemical words, as chlor_ide_, ox_ide_, brom_ide_ [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide]. Also adj. suffix, as tep_id_, ac_id_, morb_id_ [L. -idus].

-IE, -Y, dim., as lass_ie_. [From -ick, a weakened form of -ock.]

-IER, noun suffix, one who, as caval_ier_, cloth_ier_, braz_ier_, hos_ier_. [Fr. -ier; usually appears in form -eer.]

-IFF. See -ive.

-IL, -ILE, able, as civ_il_, duct_ile_. [L. -[)i]lis, from verbal roots, -[=i]lis, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.]

-ILE, belonging to, as Gent_ile_. [L. -ilis.]

-IM, pl. suffix, as cherub_im_. [Heb. îm.]

-INA, fem. suffix, as czar_ina_. [See -en, fem.]

-INE, fem. suffix, as hero_ine_. [See -en, fem.]

-INE, -IN, noun suffix, as rav_ine_, medic_ine_, cous_in_; much used in chemical compounds, as iod_ine_, glycer_ine_, brom_ine_. Also adj. suffix, as adamant_ine_, div_ine_. [L. -inus, -ina; Fr. -in.]

-ING, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as lov_ing_, charm_ing_. [Corr. of A.S. -ende, which, as also -ande, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]

-ING, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as liv_ing_, dwell_ing_; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learn_ing_. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.]

-ING, representing Teut. ingoz (masc.), with several functions--(1) -ing (A.S. -ing), patronymic æðeling (the son of a noble), cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne = king), Elising (the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Hard_ing_, Mann_ing_; esp. in place-names, as Bill_ing_sgate, Read_ing_. (2) -ING is also found in names of animals, as in herr_ing_, whit_ing_. (3) -ING in names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farth_ing_ (the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shill_ing_.

-ION, -SION, -TION, -SON, -SOM, being, state of being, as opin_ion_, rebell_ion_, relig_ion_, ten_sion_, poi_son_, ran_som_, rea_son_, sea_son_, crea_tion_. [L. -io, -tio, -sio; Fr. -ion, -sion, -tion.]

-IOR, more, term. of comp. degree, as super_ior_. [L. -ior. See -er, more.]

-IQUE, belonging to, as ant_ique_. [Fr.--L. -iquus; conn. with -ic, L. -icus. See -ac.]

-ISE, -IZE, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equal_ise_. [L. -iz[=a]re, from Gr. -izein; Fr. -iser.]

-ISE, noun suffix. See -ice.

-ISH, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Ir_ish_; signifying somewhat, as brown_ish_, old_ish_; sometimes implying depreciation, as outland_ish_, child_ish_. [A.S. -isc.]

-ISH, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establ_ish_. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix -iss-ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.]

-ISK, dim., as aster_isk_. [Gr. -iskos; conn. with -ish, little. See -ock.]

-ISM, -ASM, -ICISM, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as ego_ism_, de_ism_, Calvin_ism_, lacon_ism_, pleon_asm_; Angl_icism_, wittic_ism_. [L. -ismus, -asmus--Gr. -ismos, -asmos.]

-IST, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvin_ist_, chem_ist_, novel_ist_, art_ist_, royal_ist_, nihil_ist_. [L. -ista--Gr. -ist[=e]s.]

-ITE, -IT, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israel_ite_, Jesu_it_. [L. -ita--Gr. -it[=e]s.]

-ITUDE, noun suffix, as fort_itude_, mult_itude_. [L. -itudo.]

-IVE (-IFF), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bail_iff,_ capt_ive_, nat_ive_, plaint_iff_; forming adjectives (L. -ivus), as act_ive_, extens_ive_, furt_ive_.

-IX, fem. suffix, as testatr_ix_. [L. -ix, -icis. Conn. with -ess, fem. suffix.]

-IZE, to make, same as -ise.

-K, a verbal suffix, freq. or intens., as har_k_, lur_k_, tal_k_, wal_k_.

-KIN, dim., as bump_kin_, fir_kin_, lamb_kin_, manni_kin_, nap_kin_; also in proper names, as Jen_kins_ (John), Per_kins_ (Peterkin), Wil_kins_ (William). [A.S. -cen--very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger. -chen.]

-KIND, noun suffix, kind, race, as man_kind_, woman_kind_. [See -kin above.]

-L, -LE, -EL (after v, th, ch, n), represents A.S. -el, -ela, -ele, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nai_l_, sai_l_; bead_le_, fidd_le_, sick_le_, app_le_, bramb_le_, bund_le_, icic_le_, nett_le_; runn_el_. -AL is sometimes from A.S. -els from isli, as brid_le_, ridd_le_, buri_al_. -L, -LE, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as knee_l_, drizz_le_, nest_le_, spark_le_.

-LEDGE. See -lock (1).

-LENCE, -LENCY, forming abstract nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See -lent.]

-LENT, adj. suffix, full of, as vio_lent_, viru_lent_. [L. -lentus.]

-LESS, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guilt_less_, god_less_. [A.S. -léas, Ger. -los, Goth. -laus.]

-LET, dim., as brace_let_, leaf_let_, stream_let_. [From -L and -ET, dim. in certain words formed with -et on substantives ending in -el.]

-LIKE, like, as god_like_. [See Like in Dict.]

-LING, dim., hence expressing affection, as dar_ling_ (A.S. déorling), duck_ling_, gos_ling_; sometimes implying depreciation, as hire_ling_, ground_ling_, under_ling_, world_ling_. [A.S. -ling.]

-LING, -LONG, adv. suffix, as dark_ling_, side_long_. [A.S. -lunga, -linga.]

-LOCK, noun suffix, in wed_lock_ and know_ledge_. It is the A.S. lác, the same as lác, sport.

-LOCK, -LICK, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S. leác, a leek, as in hem_lock_, gar_lic_, char_lock_.

-LY, adj. and adv. suffix, as man_ly_, on_ly_, wicked_ly_. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. líc, Eng. like; adv. is from líc-e, dat. of líc.]

-M, noun suffix, as blosso_m_ [A.S. blóstma]; fatho_m_ [A.S. -ma, -m]; as real_m_, regi_me_ [Fr.,--L. -men].

-MA, noun suffix, as diora_ma_, ene_ma_. [Gr.]

-MEAL, adv. suffix, as inch_meal_, piece_meal_. [A.S. -m['æ]lum.]

-MEN, that which, state, as regi_men_, acu_men_. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L. -men; Sans. -man. See -ment, -mony.]

-MENT, noun suffix, as nourish_ment_, establish_ment_, detri_ment_;--of Eng. formation, acknowledg_ment_, employ_ment_. [L. -mentum, Fr. -ment. See -men.]

-MONY, as testi_mony_, parsi_mony_. [L. -mon-iu-m, -mon-ia. See -men.]

-MOST, suffix of superl. deg., as end_most_. See Most in Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the word most, the m being part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and -ost, the superl. suffix, as in in_most_=in_-m-ost_. See -est, superl. suffix.]

-N, in participles, as broke_n_, hew_n_; in substantives, as bair_n_, beaco_n_, burde_n_, chi_n_, cor_n_, heave_n_, maide_n_.

-NCE, -NCY, forming abstract nouns, as dista_nce_, dece_ncy_. [Fr. -nce--L. -nt-ia.]

-ND, as fie_nd_ (lit. 'hating'), frie_nd_ (lit. 'loving'). [A.S. pr.p. suffix.]

-NESS, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tender_ness_, sweet_ness_. [A.S. -nis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -niss.]

-OCK, dim., as hill_ock_, bull_ock_--also in proper names, as Poll_ock_ (from Paul), &c. In stir_k_ we see the simple suffix -k, the word being the diminutive of steer, A.S. stéor, whence stýric, a stirk. [A.S. -uca--Aryan -ka. See -ie and -ing, dim.]

-OM, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as wh_om_; in adverbs of time, as seld_om_. [A.S. -um.]

-ON, -EON, -ION, noun suffix, as cap_on_, mas_on_, trunch_eon_, on_ion_, clar_ion_. [Fr.--L. -onem, ionem.]

-OON, noun suffix, often augmentative, as ball_oon_, sal_oon_. [Fr. -on, It. -one.]

-OR, -OUR, -ER, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), but mostly through O. Fr. -[)o]r, -our (mod. Fr. eur), as emper_or_ (old spelling emper_our_, Fr. empereur--L. imperatorem); in others, Eng. -er has supplanted -eur, -our, as preach_er_ (Fr. prêcheur--L. prædicatorem), while -or is at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sail_or_. In certain abstract nouns from L. -or, Fr. -eur is still represented by -our, as col_our_, lab_our_, hon_our_, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grand_eur_. The words demean_our_ and behavi_our_ are English formations with -our.

-ORY, belonging to, as prefat_ory_ [L. -orius]; place where, as purgat_ory_. [L. -orium.]

-OSE, full of, as bellic_ose_, mor_ose_, verb_ose_. [L. -osous. See -ous.]

-OT, dim., as ball_ot_. [See -et, dim.]

-OUR. See -or.

-OUS, adj. suffix, as religi_ous_, deliri_ous_, curi_ous_ [L. -osus]; dubi_ous_, anxi_ous_ [L. -us].--In righte_ous_ the ous has replaced wís, A.S. rihtwís.

-OW, noun suffix, as shad_ow_ [from A.S. -u]; swall_ow_ [from A.S. -ewe]; marr_ow_ [from A.S. -h]. Also adj. suffix, as narr_ow_ [from A.S. -u].

-PLE. See -ble, fold.

-R, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stai_r_, timb_er_; adj. suffix, as bitt_er_.

-RE, place, as he_re_. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a locative suffix.]

-RED, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hat_red_, kind_red_ (in A.S. cynren, a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by -red). [A.S. -r['æ]den; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Read in Dict.]

-RED, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hund_rað_, Ger. hund_ert_, the suffix implying number, reckoning.

-RIC, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishop_ric_. [A.S. ríce, power.]

-RIGHT, as up_right_, down_right_. [A.S. riht.]

-RY, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, as chevalerie, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigot_ry_, pedant_ry_, sorce_ry_; condition, as outlaw_ry_, slave_ry_; trade, as carpent_ry_, herald_ry_; the place of action or occupation, as laund_ry_, nurse_ry_; the result or product of action, as poet_ry_, tapest_ry_; forming collective nouns, as infant_ry_, yeoman_ry_. [Fr. rie = er + ie.]

-S, adverbial suffix, as need_s_, alway_s_, on_ce_, hen_ce_, then_ce_, whil_-s_-t, betwi_-x_-t. [A.S. -es, gen. suffix.]

-'S, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. -es--Aryan -s or sya, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this -s was a relic of his.]

-S, -SE, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, as cleanse (A.S. cl['æ]nsian), rinse (Ice. hreinsa--hreinn, pure). It also occurs in cla_s_p, gra_s_p, put for clap_-s_, grap_-s_.

-SHIP, -SCAPE, noun suffix, as friend_ship_, steward_ship_, wor_ship_, land_scape_ (earlier land_skip_, the Dut. land_schap_). [A.S. scipe, shape, form--scapan; cog. with Ger. -schaft.]

-SIS, action or state, as the_sis_. [Gr.]

-SOME, adj. suffix, full of, as glad_some_, bu_xom_ (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S. búhsum, lissome, from búgan, to bow, bend). [A.S. -sum, Ger. -sam; a by-form of same.]

-SON, son, as John_son_.

-SON, in ar_son_, rea_son_, trea_son_, the same as -tion (q.v.).

-ST. See -est, suffix of 2d sing.

-STER marks the agent, as malt_ster_, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Ba_xter_, Brew_ster_, Web_ster_; often with depreciation, as game_ster_, pun_ster_. [A.S. -estre, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spin_ster_.]

-STRESS, fem. suffix, as song_stress_. [From -ster, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L. -ess.]

-SY, state, as pleuri_sy_. [Same as -sis.]

-T. See -d.

-T, -TE, adj. and noun suffix, as conven_t_, fac_t_, chas_te_, tribu_te_. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix; cog. with -d, pa.p. suffix.]

-TEEN, ten to be added, as four_teen_. [A.S. -tyne. Cf. -ty, ten to be multiplied.]

-TER, noun suffix, as charac_ter_. [Gr. -ter, L. -tor, Sans. -tri; perh. conn. with -ster.]

-TER, -THER, as in af_ter_, hi_ther_. [A.S. -der, -ther, old comp. suffix.]

-TH, order, as six_th_. [Becomes also -d; conn. with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quar_tus_, fourth.]

-TH, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to -s. [A.S. from root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti, -si, -tai, -to.]

-TH, -T, noun suffix, as in streng_th_, heigh_t_; see under -d (pa.p. suffix).

-THER, denoting the agent, as fa_ther_, mo_ther_. [Cf. -tor.]

-THER. See -ter, -ther.

-TOR, the agent, as conduc_tor_. See -ther, and cf. -or, -our, -er.

-TOR-Y, -SOR-Y, noun suffix, denoting place, as dormi_tory_.

-TUDE forms abstract nouns, as grati_tude_. [L. -tudo.]

-TY, being or state of being, as digni_ty_; quality, as hones_ty_. [L. -tas, -tatem; O. Fr. -té.]

-TY, ten to be multiplied, as six_ty_. [A.S. -tig; cog. with Ger. -zig. Cf. -teen.]

-ULE, little, dim. [from L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum], as in glob_ule_, pust_ule_; also -CULE [L. -culus, -cula, -culum], as animal_cule_, or [through Fr.] -CLE, as arti_cle_. A different Latin suffix -culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form -cle in several words adopted through French, as mira_cle_, ora_cle_, specta_cle_.

-UM, neuter term., as medi_um_. [L. -um, Gr. -on.]

-UNCLE, little, dim., as ped_uncle_. [L. _-un-cu-l_us, A.S. -incle; conn. with -en and -cule, diminutives.]

-URE, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capt_ure_; state of being, as verd_ure_.--In leis_ure_ and pleas_ure_, -ir has been replaced by -ure, O. Fr. leis_ir_, plais_ir_. [L. -ura; Fr. -ure.]

-URNAL, belonging to, as di_urnal_. [L. -urn-us and -al; conn. with -ern (in mod_ern_).]

-WARD, -WARDS, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as east_ward_, home_ward_, home_wards_; down_ward_, for_ward_, in_ward_, to_ward_. [A.S. -weard, gen. -weardes, cog. with Ger. -wärts; conn. with A.S. weorthan, to be, and L. versus--vert[)e]re, to turn.]

-WAY, -WAYS, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as al_way_, al_ways_, straight_way_. [Cf. -wise.]

-WISE, way, manner, as like_wise_, also righteous. [A.S. -wíse, manner; Ger. -wiss.]

-WORTH, adj. suffix, as stal_worth_, stal_wart_. [A.S. weorð, wurð.]

-Y, adj. suffix, as spong_y_ [from L. -iosus]; as joll_y_ [Norm. Fr. -if from L. -ivus; cf. -ive]; as sill_y_, dirt_y_, an_y_ [A.S. -ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goth. -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s, Gr. -ko-s].

-Y, noun suffix, as stor_y_, famil_y_, Ital_y_ [Fr. -ie, L. -ia]; as augur_y_, jo_y_, remed_y_ [from L. -ium]; as all_y_, clergy, deput_y_, treat_y_ [from L. -[=a]tus, Fr. -é]; as progen_y_ [from L. -ies]; as arm_y_, countr_y_, entr_y_ [from L. -[=a]ta, Fr. ée]; as bod_y_ [from A.S. -ig]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as pupp_y_, bab_y_, lass_ie_, from pup, babe, lass; Bill_y_ from Bill; Bets_y_, Lizz_ie_, &c.

-YER, as in law_yer_. See -er, noun suffix.

* * * * *

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

* * * * *

The following are the more important significant syllables or words that enter into the composition of the names of rivers, mountains, towns, &c. See C. Blackie's Dictionary of Place-Names, Dr Joyce's Irish Names of Places, Isaac Taylor's Words and Places, and the Rev. James B. Johnston's Place-Names of Scotland (1892).

A (A.S. eá, Ice. -aa), 'a stream;' as Gret_a_, Roth_a_, Thurs_o_ ('Thor's stream'), Lax_ay_ ('salmon stream').

ABAD (Pers. and Sans.), 'a dwelling;' as Hyder_abad_, Allah_abad_.

ABER (Celt.), 'a confluence,' 'an embouchure;' as _Aber_feldy, _Aber_deen, _Aber_ystwith, _Bar_mouth, _Aber_brothwick or _Ar_broath, Foch_abers_, Loch_aber_, _Apple_cross for Aber-Crossan. [Synonymous with Inver.]

AIN (Heb.), 'a fountain;' as _En_gedi.

AK (Turk.), 'white;' as Ak-serai, 'white palace.'

ALL (Gael.), 'white;' AL-IAN, 'white water,' so the rivers Allen, Ellen, Aln, Lune, Allwen, Elwin.

ALT (Gael.), 'a stream;' as _Alt_rive, _Alt_naharra, Garv_ald_.

AR, ARA, found in many river-names; as Aire, Ayr, Aar, Aray, _Ir_vine, Arno, Arve. [Perh. conn. with Sans. ara, 'swift,' 'flowing.']

ARD (Celt.), 'high;' as _Ard_och, _Aird_rie, _Ard_rossan, _Ard_glass, _Ard_en, _Ard_ennes.

ATH (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as _Ath_lone, _Ath_truim (now Trim), _Ath_ole. The Gael. abh, 'water,' appears in _Ab_oyne, Awe.

AUCH (Gael.), AGH (Ir.), 'a field;' as _Auch_inleck, _Agh_inver, _Agh_adoe.

AUCHTER (Gael.), 'summit;' as _Auchter_arder, _Auchter_muchty.

AVON (Celt.), 'a river;' as Avon, Aven, Aisne, Inn, Ain, Vienne; also in Devon, Evan, Guadi_ana_, Punj_aub_.

AY. See Ea.

BAB (Ar.), 'a gate;' as Bab-el-mandeb, Bab-el.

BAD (Teut.), 'a bath;' as Bath, _Bad_en, Karls_bad_.

BAHR (Ar.), 'a sea,' 'lake,' 'river;' as in _Bahr_ein, Bahar-el-azrak.

BALA (Turk.), 'high;' as Balla-hissar, _Bal_kan.

BALLOCH (Gael.), 'a pass;' as _Balloch_myle, _Ballagh_more.

BALLY (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as _Bally_more, _Bal_briggan, _Bal_moral, _Ball_antrae, _Bal_quhidder.

BAN (Celt.), 'white;' as _Ban_na, _Ban_on, _Ban_chory; the rivers Ben, Bann, _Ban_don, _Ban_ney, &c.

BECK (Scand.), BACH (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Hol_beck_, Lauter_bach_. [See Beck in Dict.]

BEDD (W.), 'a grave;' as _Bedd_gelert.

BEER (Heb.), 'a well;' as _Beer_sheba, _Beir_out.

BEG, BIHAN (Celt.), 'little;' as Bally_beg_, Mor_bihan_.

BEN (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' PEN (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, The Twelve Pins, _Ban_gor; Pen, _Pen_nigant, _Pen_zance, _Pen_nine Alps, _Apen_nines, _Pin_dus.

BERG, BOROUGH (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingle_borough_, Flam_borough_ Head, Brow_berg_ Hill, Königs_berg_, _Berg_en. [From the same root as Burgh (below).]

BETH (Heb.), 'a house;' as _Beth_el (house of God).

BETTWS (W.), 'a dwelling;' as Bettws-y-coed.

BLAIR (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as Blair-Athole, _Blair_gowrie.

BOCA (Sp.), 'a mouth;' as Boca-grande.

BOR (Slav.), 'wood;' as _Bor_ovsk, Rati_bor_.

BOTTLE or BATTLE, BÜTTEL (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as New_battle_, Buittle, More_battle_, Wolfen_büttel_.

BROAD (Eng.), as _Brad_don, _Brad_shaw, _Brad_ford.

BRUNN (Ger.), 'a spring;' as Salz_brunn_, Pader_born_.

BRYN (W.), 'a hill-ridge;' as Brown-Willy.

BUEN (Sp.), 'good;' as Buenos-Ayres ('good breezes').

BURGH, BOROUGH, BURY (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as Edin_burgh_, Peter_borough_, Shrews_bury_, Ham_burg_, Cher_bourg_, Caris_brook_, _Burg_os. [A.S. burg, burh (see Borough in Dict.), Ger. burg.]

BURN (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. burna), 'a brook.;' as _Burn_foot, Black_burn_, Ty_burn_, East_bourne_.

BY (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Der_by_, Rug_by_, Whit_by_, El_boeuf_. [Cf. Bylaw in Dict.]

CAER, CADER (W.), CAHER (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as _Caer_leon, _Caer_narvon, _Car_digan, _Car_lisle, Cader-Idris, San_quhar_, _Car_lingford.

CAM (Celt.), 'crooked;' as Cam, _Cam_beck, _Cam_buskenneth, More_cambe_ Bay, _Cam_brai.

CARRICK (Gael. and Ir. carraig), CARREG (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as _Carrick_fergus, Carrick-on-Suir, _Carrig_afoyle, Cerrig-y-Druidion.

CASTER, CHESTER, CESTER (--L. castra), 'a camp,' as Don_caster_, Chester, Win_chester_, Lei_cester_.

CEANN (Gael.), 'a head,' 'promontory;' as _Kin_tyre, _King_horn, _Ken_more.

CEFN (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as _Cefn_coed, Chevin, _Keyn_ton, _Chevin_gton, Cheviot, Cevennes.

CHEAP and CHIPPING (A.S. ceap), 'price,' 'a market;' as Chipping-Norton, _Chep_stow, _Cheap_side, _Copen_hagen (Dan. Kjöben-havn, 'merchants' haven'). [See Cheap in Dict.]

CIVITA (It.), CIUDAD (Sp.), 'a city;' as Civita Vecchia ('old city'); Ciudad Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. civitas.]

CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gael.), 'a stone;' as _Clack_mannan, _Clogh_er, Auchna_cloy_, _Clon_akilty.

CLACHAN (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty clachans in Scotland.

CLUAN, CLOON (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as _Clun_ie, _Clon_mel, _Clon_tarf, _Clyn_der.

CLYD (Celt.), 'warm,' CLYTH (Celt.), 'strong;' as Clwyd--most prob. not Clyde.

CNOC (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as _Knock_meledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell (Studies in the Topography of Galloway, 1885) gives 220 Knocks in Galloway alone.

COED (Celt.), 'a wood;' _Cots_wold Hills, _Chat_moss.

COLN (from L. colonia), 'a colony;' as Lin_coln_, Colne, Cologne (Köln). [See Colony in Dict.]

COMBE (A.S.), CWM or CUM (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wy_combe_, _Comp_ton, The Coombs, _Com_o.

CRAIG, CRAG (Celt.), 'a rock;' as _Craig_ie, _Crath_ie, Carrick, Crick, _Crick_lade, Croagh-Patrick. See Carrick (above).

CROFT (A.S.), 'an enclosed field;' as _Croft_on, Thorny_croft_.

DAGH (Turk.), 'mountain;' as Kara_dagh_.

DAL (Scand.), THAL (Ger.), DAIL and DOL (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddes_dale_, Ry_dal_, Ken_dal_, Arun_del_, Rhein_thal_; (in Celtic names prefixed) _Dal_ry, _Dal_keith, _Dol_gelly. [See Dale in Dict.]

DAR (Ar.), 'a dwelling,' 'district;' as _Dar_fur, _Diar_bekr.

DEN or DEAN (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenter_den_, South_dean_, Hazel_dean_, _Den_holm.

DORF. See THORPE.

DOUR (Celt.), 'water;' as the Dour, Adour, Douro, Dore, Thur, Doro, Adder, _Der_went, _Dar_win, _Dar_ent, _Dar_t, _Dor_chester, _Dor_dogne.

DRUM AND DROM (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as _Drom_ore, _Drum_mond, Augh_rim_, Leit_rim_.

DU (Celt.), 'black;' as _Dou_glas; the rivers _Du_las, _Dou_las; _Dub_lin ('dark pool').

DUM, DUN (Gael.), DINAS, DIN (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as _Dun_more, _Dun_blane, _Dun_keld, _Dum_barton, _Dum_fries, _Dun_stable, _Dun_mow, _Down_patrick, _Don_egal, Mal_don_, Ver_dun_, Ley_den_, _Din_as-fawr, _Din_an, _Den_bigh. [See Down, a hill, in Dict.]

DYSART (Celt.--L. desertum), 'a hermitage;' as Dysart, _Dysert_more.

EA, EY (A.S. íg, Ice. ey, Norw. and Dan. ö), 'an island;' as Swan_sea_, _E_ton, Jers_ey_, Romn_ey_, Shepp_ey_, Rothes_ay_, Staff_a_, Far_oe_. [See Island in Dict.]

ECCLES, EGLES (like Fr. église, through L., from Gr. ekkl[=e]sia), 'a church;' as _Eccle_ston, _Eccle_fechan, _Eccles_machan, _Eccles_iamagirdle, _Eagles_ham, Terr_egles_.

ELF, ELV (Goth.), 'a river;' as Elbe.

ERMAK (Turk.), 'a river;' as Kizil-ermak.

ESK (Gael. and Ir. easg [obs.] or uisge, W. wysg), 'water;' as the Esk, Usk, Ise, Oise, _Ease_burn, _Ash_bourne, Iz, _Is_is, Exe, Ux, Ouse, _Wis_beach, Wis, _Isch_ia, _Is_ère, _Ais_ne, _Aus_onne.

ESKI (Turk.), 'old,' as Eski-djuma ('old ditch').

FAHR, FUHR (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as _Fahr_enbach, Camp_vere_, Queens_ferry_, Connel-Ferry.

FELD, or VELD (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Hudders_field_, Lich_field_, Spital_fields_.

FELL (Old Norse fjall, fell), 'a mountain;' as Carter_fell_, Goat_fell_, Snae_fell_.

FIN, FINN (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as _Fin_don, _Fin_try, _Fin_castle, Knock_fin_.

FIORD, FJORD (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Lax_fiord_, Water_ford_, Wex_ford_.

FLEET (Scand. fljót, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as Pur_fleet_; found in Normandy as fleur, as Har_fleur_, Bar_fleur_.

FOLK (A.S.), 'people;' as Nor_folk_ ('north people'), Suf_folk_ ('south people').

FORD (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelms_ford_, Here_ford_, Stam_ford_.

FORS, FOSS (Scand.), 'a waterfall;' as High Force, Wilber_force_, _Fos_ton.