Opening
AGRICOLA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER LONDON: FETTER LANE, E.C. 4
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY } CALCUTTA } MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS } TORONTO: THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
AGRICOLA
A STUDY OF AGRICULTURE AND RUSTIC LIFE IN THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF LABOUR
BY W E HEITLAND MA FELLOW OF ST JOHN’S COLLEGE
CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1921
‘Inspect the basis of the social pile: Inquire,’ said I, ‘how much of mental power And genuine virtue they possess who live By bodily toil, labour exceeding far Their due proportion, under all the weight Of that injustice which upon ourselves Ourselves entail.’ Such estimate to frame I chiefly looked (what need to look beyond?) Among the natural abodes of men, Fields with their rural works; recalled to mind My earliest notices; with these compared The observations made in later youth, And to that day continued—For, the time Had never been when throes of mighty Nations And the world’s tumult unto me could yield, How far soe’er transported and possessed, Full measure of content; but still I craved An intermingling of distinct regards And truths of individual sympathy Nearer ourselves.
WORDSWORTH, Prelude, book XIII.
Preface
Very few words are needed here, for the book is meant to explain its own scope. I have only to thank those to whose kindness I am deeply indebted. Professor Buckland was so good as to help me when I was striving to utilize the evidence of the Roman jurists. Chapter XLIX in particular owes much to his genial chastisement. On chapters II and LXI Mr G G Coulton has given me most valuable criticism. Yet I thank these gentlemen with some reluctance, fearing that I may seem to connect their names with errors of my own. Mr T R Glover kindly read chapter XXIX. Professor Housman called my attention to the ‘Farmer’s Law,’ and kindly lent me Mr Ashburner’s articles, to which I have referred in Appendix B. To all these, and to the Syndics of the University Press for undertaking the publication of this unconventional work, I hereby express my sincere gratitude. My reasons for adopting the method followed in this book are given on pages 5-6 and 468.
W E HEITLAND
CAMBRIDGE
August 1920
INTRODUCTORY
I. EVIDENCE 1-7
II. LAND AND LABOUR 7-15
AUTHORITIES IN DETAIL—GREEK
III. THE ILIAD AND ODYSSEY 16-22
IV. HESIOD, WORKS AND DAYS 22-24
V. STRAY NOTES FROM EARLY POETS 24-26
VI. TRACES OF SERFDOM IN GREEK STATES 26-28
VII. HERODOTUS 28-30
VIII. THE TRAGEDIANS
Aeschylus and Sophocles 31-33
Euripides 33-37
IX. THE ‘CONSTITUTION OF ATHENS’ OR ‘OLD OLIGARCH’ 37-40
X. ARISTOPHANES 40-48
XI. THUCYDIDES 48-52
XII. XENOPHON 53-61
XIII. THE COMIC FRAGMENTS 61-65
XIV. EARLY LAWGIVERS AND THEORISTS 65-70
XV. PLATO 70-80
XVI. THE EARLIER ATTIC ORATORS 80-85
XVII. ARISTOTLE 85-103
XVIII. THE LATER ATTIC ORATORS 103-112
XIX. THE MACEDONIAN PERIOD AND THE LEAGUES 112-130
Polybius etc—Theocritus—Plautus and Terence—Inscriptions—Letter of Philip V to Larisa—Evidence preserved by Plutarch, Diodorus, Livy, etc
ROME—EARLY PERIOD TO 200 BC
XX. THE TRADITIONS COMBINED AND DISCUSSED 131-149
[No contemporary authors]
XXI. ABSTRACT OF CONCLUSIONS 149-150
ROME—MIDDLE PERIOD
XXII. INTRODUCTORY GENERAL VIEW OF PERIOD 200 BC-180 AD 151-164
Growth of slavery—Slave risings, etc
XXIII. CATO 164-173
XXIV. AGRICULTURE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 174-177
XXV. VARRO 178-187
XXVI. CICERO 187-199
XXVII. SALLUST ETC 199-202
ROME—THE EMPIRE
XXVIII. AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL LABOUR UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 203-212
ROME—AUGUSTUS TO NERO
XXIX. HORACE AND VERGIL 213-241
XXX. THE ELDER SENECA ETC 241-243
XXXI. SENECA THE YOUNGER 244-248
XXXII. LUCAN, PETRONIUS, ETC 248-250
XXXIII. COLUMELLA 250-269
AGE OF THE FLAVIAN AND ANTONINE EMPERORS
XXXIV. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 270-274
Note on emigration from Italy 274-275
XXXV. MUSONIUS 275-280
XXXVI. PLINY THE ELDER 281-287
XXXVII. TACITUS 287-292
Note on an African inscription 293
XXXVIII. FRONTINUS 294-296
XXXIX. INSCRIPTIONS RELATIVE TO ALIMENTA 296-300
XL. DION CHRYSOSTOM 300-303
XLI. NEW TESTAMENT WRITERS 303-305
XLII. MARTIAL AND JUVENAL 305-317
XLIII. PLINY THE YOUNGER 317-325
XLIV. SUETONIUS ETC 325-328
XLV. APULEIUS 328-335
COMMODUS TO DIOCLETIAN
XLVI. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 336-342
XLVII. THE AFRICAN INSCRIPTIONS 342-353
XLVIII. DISCUSSION OF THE SAME 353-361
XLIX. THE JURISTS OF THE DIGEST 361-378
L. THE LATER COLONATE, ITS PLACE IN ROMAN HISTORY 378-384
Additional notes 385
FROM DIOCLETIAN
LI. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 386-399
LII. LIBANIUS 399-402
LIII. SYMMACHUS 402-409
LIV. AMMIANUS 409-415
LV. CLAUDIAN 415-417
LVI. VEGETIUS 417-419
CHRISTIAN WRITERS
LVII. LACTANTIUS 420-422
LVIII. SULPICIUS SEVERUS 422-423
LIX. SALVIAN 423-426
LX. APOLLINARIS SIDONIUS 426-432
LXI. CONCLUDING CHAPTER 432-459