Toadstools, mushrooms, fungi, edible and poisonous; one thousand American fungi How to select and cook the edible; how to distinguish and avoid the poisonous, with full botanic descriptions. Toadstool poisons and their treatment, instructions to students, recipes for cooking, etc., etc. (part 4 of 4)

Toadstools, mushrooms, fungi, edible and poisonous; one thousand American fungi How to select and cook the edible; how to distinguish and avoid the poisonous, with full botanic descriptions. Toadstool poisons and their treatment, instructions to students, recipes for cooking, etc., etc. (part 4 of 4)

=H. coralloi´des= Scop. (Plate CXXXIV.) 6–18 in. across. Tufts on wood. Pure shining white growing yellow with age, composed wholly of attenuated interlacing branches ½ in. at base, tapering to a point. =Spines= growing from one side of the branches, 3–4 lines in length, awl-shaped.

=Spores= globose, 4–6µ diameter Massee.

Peck, Rep. 22; Indiana, H.I. Miller; Massachusetts, Sprague; California; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Edible. Curtis.

Grows upon standing and fallen timber which is attacked by decay. Fir, oak, beech, ash, birch, hickory and other trees are inhabited by it. August to frost.

This beautiful species can not be mistaken for any other. Its name is the best guide to its identification. Dame Nature has made many exquisite decorations for herself and this is one of them.

It is generally eaten, but is rare. Professor Peck speaks affectionately of it as a gratuitous adjunct to his bill of fare when on botanical tramps in the Adirondacks.

=H. caput-ur´si= Fr.—bear-head. 6–8 in. high, 6–8 in. across. Tufts usually pendulous, compact, white, becoming yellow and brownish. =Spines= up to 1 in. long, round, pointed. =Branches= in every direction, short.

Closely resembling H. coralloides and in small forms with shorter spines easily mistaken for it. Position of growth has much to do with its shape and appearance. On fallen timber the branchlets and spines may be erect.

New York, Peck, 44th Rep.; North Carolina, Curtis; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Edible. Curtis. Edible. Peck.

Hydnum caput-ursi is common in West Virginia forests. It is conspicuous on standing oaks, and at a distance a puzzling object to one not familiar with such excrescences. It grows on standing oaks near Haddonfield, N.J., and sparsely at Mt. Gretna, Pa.

It is more compact, and is tougher than H. coralloides and H. Medusæ, but cooks tender and is very good.

=H. caput-Medu´sæ= Bull.—head of Medusæ. (Plate CXXXV.) 3–18 in. across, 2–8 in. high. Tufts pendulous. White then grayish. Body compact, tapering to a solid base, more or less stem-like. =Spines= covering entire surface. Those upon top are long, thin, straight or distorted, growing shorter around and to the under side where they are short and straight. The wavy appearance of the slender spines remind of the snaky locks of Medusa, hence the name.

Edible. Curtis. Edible. Leuba.

On elms at Haddonfield, N.J.; on oaks at Mt. Gretna, Pa., and in Woodland Cemetery, and on elms in Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa. McIlvaine.

Commonly eaten in Italy and parts of Austria; rare elsewhere in Europe. Occurring over the United States. Specimens eighteen inches across were seen by the writer in the West Virginia mountains.

Mr. H.I. Miller, Terre Haute, Ind., sent me a fine specimen weighing 10½ pounds.

The American species, as far as seen by the writer, changes to a light yellow when ageing. The entire fungus is edible and excellent, but the tender spines and more delicate parts make a dish equaled by few fungi.

=H. erina´ceum= Bull.—erinaceus, a hedgehog. 2–8 in. and more across. Tufts pendulous. White and yellowish-white becoming yellow-brownish, fleshy, elastic, tough, sometimes emarginate (broadly attached as if tuft was cut in two, sliced off where attached), a mass of latticed branches and fibrils. =Spines= 1½-4 in. long, crowded, straight, equal, pendulous. =Stem= sometimes rudimentary.

On trunks of oak, beech, etc. July to October.

=Spores= subglobose, 5–6µ diameter Massee; white, plain, 5×6µ W.G.S.

Alabama, Miss K. Skehan; Pennsylvania, McIlvaine; Massachusetts, Sprague; New York, Peck, Rep. 22.

Eaten in Germany and France. Cooke.

A dead beech trunk at Eagle’s Mere, Pa., in August, 1898, bore at least fifty pounds of it. It draped one side of the tree from root to top with yellowish, pendulous tufts, with spines up to 3 in. long, which waved in the wind. The spines and tender parts were stewed, and enjoyed by many. It shrinks very much in drying, becoming sour.

A´PUS. Gr—without; a foot.

(Stemless, dimidiate, margin distinct.)

=H. septentriona´le= Fr.—Northern. Fleshy-fibrous, becoming pale, imbricated. =Pilei= not numerous, growing one above the other, plane, behind thick, consolidated, margin straight, whole. =Spines= very crowded, slender, equal.

The largest known Hydnum.

Received from E.B. Sterling, Trenton, N.J., September, 1897. The specimens formed part of a dense fasciculate mass weighing over 20 pounds, growing on a beech stump. Edges of the young plant are edible, but have little taste.

=IR´PEX= Fr.

A harrow.

Hymenium inferior, toothed from the first. Teeth firm, somewhat coriaceous, acute, concrete with the pileus, arranged in rows or like network, connected at the base by folds, which are gill-like (in sessile species) or resemble honeycomb (in resupinate ones). Sporophores 4-spored. Growing on wood, somewhat growing from the side or upon the back, approaching Lenzites and Dædaleæ.

Irpex differs from Hydnum in having the spines connected at the base, and in their being less awl-shaped and pointed.

It is reported as found well up in the northern States, but its species prefer warm climates. Irpex contains no choice species, but all I have tested can be eaten.

=I. obli´quus= Fr.—oblique. White, inclining to pale, effused (spread), forming an adnate crust, circumference flaxy. Teeth extended from a base resembling honeycomb, compressed, unequal, incised, oblique, 2–3 lines long.

At first abundantly porous, but toothed from the first, at length quite as in Hydna.

On stumps and dead branches. November to February. Stevenson.

This spreads in irregular patches on the surface of decaying wood. The pores for a small space round the margin are round and distinct, but toward the center are greatly lengthened out, lying one upon another in an imbricated manner. The color is white at first, when old it changes to a yellow-brown, and at last to a dirty fuscous black. Bolton.

At first it looks more like a small white orbicular resupinate Polyporus than an Irpex. Peck.

The species is common and can be collected at most times of the year. When fresh and moist it can be shaved from its host plant. Goodly quantities can thus be obtained. It stews to a firm gelatinous mass of pleasant flavor. The lost hunter need not die of starvation in any woods if he will but study the tree-growing fungi, and especially the small species, hitherto insignificant in food circles.

=I. car´neus= Fr.—resembling the color of flesh. Reddish, effused, 1–3 in. long, cartilaginous-gelatinous, membranaceous, adnate. Teeth obtuse and awl-shaped, entire, united at the base.

It inclines to Radula and Phlebia. Stevenson.

On tulip poplar, Haddonfield, N.J., September, 1892; on hickory, Angora, Philadelphia, September, 1897. McIlvaine.

The entire fungus is good, cooking like a Hydnum.

=I. defor´mis= Fr.—deformed. White, effused, crustaceous, thin, circumference pubescent, somewhat flaxy. Teeth extended in awl-shape from a minutely porous base, thin, somewhat digitato-incised (cut in finger-shape), 1–2 lines long. Fries.

It approaches the Polypori. Grows on wood. Stevenson.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Massachusetts, Frost.

Common on stumps and trees. The awl-shaped teeth, which have the appearance of shreds, can be scraped from the fresh plant, or if dried plants are moistened, the teeth are detachable, and are food-giving.

=I. fusco-vioia´ceus= Fr.—fuscus, brown; violaceous, violet. =Pileus= 2 in. long, more than 1 in. broad, white inclining to hoary, effuso-reflexed, coriaceous, silky, zoned. Teeth in rows in the form of plates, brownish-violet, incised at the apex. Fries.

On pine trunks. Stevenson.

Decaying trunks of spruce, abies nigra. Adirondack mountains. July.

Our specimens are not “silky,” as required by the description, but villose or tomentose-villose as in Polyporus hirsutus and P. abietinus, the latter of which this species closely resembles. The hymenium, however, is coarser, more highly colored and lamellated to such an extent that young specimens might easily be taken for a Lenzites. Peck, 30th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Found in West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. McIlvaine.

Very common on logs of coniferous trees. It is difficult to collect it entirely free from resin, which as a seasoning is not recommended.

FAMILY IV.—=THELEPHORA´CEÆ= Fr.

Gr—a teat; Gr—to bear.

=Sporophore= erect and stipitate, with a central stem, effused, with the upper portion free and bent backward, or entirely resupinate. =Hymenium= perfectly even or radiately wrinkled, glabrous or minutely bristled with projecting cystidia; basidia normally 4-spored. =Spores= without a division, colorless or colored. Massee.

In Thelephoraceæ are shapes closely resembling those found in Hydnaceæ, Polyporaceæ and Agaricaceæ. The genus Craterellus is closely allied to Cantharellus, and, though the spore surface is much less wrinkled or veined, resembles it in several of its species. Other types show likeness to Merulius in Polyporaceæ; others to Tremellineæ and Clavariaceæ. Many puzzles are presented by its species, but the solving is interesting.

Though populous it contains but few edibles. The best of them is Craterellus cornucopoides.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. SPORES COLORED.

Spores smooth.

CONIOPHORA.

Resupinate, dry and pulverulent. (No edible species reported.)

ALDRIDGEA.

Resupinate, soft and subgelatinous. (No edible species reported.)

Spores warted or echinulate.

THELEPHORA.

Dry and fibrous, hymenium rugulose. (No edible species reported.)

SOPPITTELLA.

Subgelatinous, effused or variously incrusting, hymenium even. (No edible species reported.)

B. SPORES COLORLESS.

Parasitic on living leaves or stems.

EXOBASIDIUM.

Saprophytes growing on dead wood, branches, etc. Hymenium minutely setulose with projecting cystidia.

PENIOPHORA.

Cystidia colorless, rough at the tip with particles of lime. (No edible species reported.)

HYMENOCHÆTE.

Cystidia brown, smooth. (No edible species reported.)

Hymenium glabrous.

CORTICIUM.

Entirely resupinate, hymenium usually cracked when dry. (No edible species reported.)

STEREUM.

Effuso-reflexed, pileus silky or strigose, hymenium even. (No edible species reported.)

CLADODERRIS.

Horizontal and attached by a narrow point behind, hymenium radiato-rugulose. (No edible species reported.)

CRATERELLUS. Page 508.

Large, erect, funnel-shaped.

CYPHELLA.

Minute, cup-shaped, mouth open. (No edible species reported.)

SOLENIA.

Minute, cylindrical, gregarious or crowded, tubular, mouth contracted. (No edible species reported.)

=CRATEREL´LUS= Fr.

Crater, a bowl.

=Hymenium= waxy-membranaceous, distinct but adnate to the hymenophore, inferior, continuous, smooth, even or wrinkled. =Spores= white. Fries.

This, the only genus of Thelephoraceæ containing edible fungi, has the form and general appearance of Cantharellus to which it is allied, but it is distinguished by its nearly even hymenium, which in Cantharellus has the form of gills, fold-like and thick but still distinctly gills. The species vary from fleshy to membranaceous, all having a funnel-shaped pileus and stem merging into it. On the ground. Autumn. The slightly veined surface where the spores are borne, and the spores themselves, when a microscope is brought to bear upon them, distinguish this genus from Cantharellus; and its thin flesh and funnel-shape from the large forms of Pistillaria. Several of the species are edible. It is probable that all are.

Toadstools, despite their name, are more popularly associated with fairies than with toads. “Fairy rings,” “Fairy Bread” and “Fairy Clubs” are titles belonging to them, and these link us to the pretty belief of childhood—a belief we often do not outgrow. A group of C. lutescens or C. cornucopoides may well be likened to fairy trumpets, or to a tiny orchestrion thrusting its horns through wood earth where roots of stumps abound.

=C. cantharel´lus= Schw. (Plate XLVI, fig. 3.) =Cap=n. across, convex, often becoming depressed and funnel-shaped, glabrous, yellowish or pinkish-yellow. =Flesh= white, tough, elastic. =Hymenium= slightly wrinkled, yellow or faint salmon color. =Stem= 1–3 in. high, 3–5 lines thick, glabrous, solid, yellow. =Spores= on white paper yellowish or pale salmon.

=Spores= 7.5–10×5–6µ Peck.

West Virginia, McIlvaine.

No one not looking for minute botanic details would separate this species from Cantharellus cibarius, especially if found growing near or with it. The pinkish tinge sometimes present in C. cantharellus I have never observed in C. cibarius. The present species is of equal excellence.

FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE.

1. SPATHULARIA CLAVATA, 549 6. HYGROPHORUS COCCINEUS, 156

2. PEZIZA COCCINEA, 559 7. CRATERELLUS SINUOSUS, 510 VAR. CRISPUS,

3. PEZIZA AURANTIA, 557 8. CRATERELLUS 509 CORNUCOPOIDES,

4. CANTHARELLUS AURANTIACUS, 216 9. CANTHARELLUS LUTESCENS, 218

5. HYPOMYCES LACTIFLUORUM, 562

=C. cornucopoi´des= Pers.—cornu and copiæ, horn of plenty. (Plate CXXXVI, fig. 8, p. 508.) =Cap= dark sooty shades of gray or brown—shades of well-worn velveteen—1–2 in. across, whole plant from 2–4 in. high, trumpet-shaped, or like a funnel with its open mouth, plane, wavy, split or in folds. Substance very thin and either brittle or tough. The inside is sometimes minutely scaly, the opening extending to the base; outside, where the spores are borne, it has neither gills, pores nor protuberances, but a slightly uneven surface varying little in color. =Stem= obsolete or seldom noticeable. =Odor= slight.

=Spores= pointed, 11–12×7–8µ Massee.

Grows single, clustered or in troops along shaded roads, or from leaf mold and ground in woods. July to frost.

Large patches, clustered, grow near stumps in moist places on Botanic Creek, West Philadelphia. It is plentiful near Haddonfield, N. J., at Mt. Gretna, Pa., and many other places in the United States.

It is not pleasant to look upon, because of its peculiar color, but when one gets used to it it has an attractiveness of its own. Its graceful shape, even its funereal hue and name—Trompet du Morte—are alluring.

It dries well, and when moistened expands to its normal size. It is a first-class edible fungus. It should be stewed slowly until tender.

=C. clava´tus= Fr.—clava, a club. =Pileus= 2 in. broad, somewhat light-yellowish, fleshy, top-shape, truncate or depressed, flexuous, unpolished, attenuated into the solid stem. =Flesh= thick, white. =Hymenium= even, then corrugated, purplish then changing color. Fries.

=Spores= elliptical, pale-yellow, 10–12×4–5µ Massee.

Professor Peck notes that the species so closely resembles Cantharellus cibarius that it might easily be mistaken for a deformed condition of it.

The resemblance to the yellow forms of Clavaria pistillaria is marked.

Massachusetts, Sprague, Farlow; New York, Peck, Rep. 32; West Virginia, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

An excellent species. Its scarcity is regrettable.

=C. du´bius= Pk. =Pileus= infundibuliform, subfibrillose, lurid-brown, pervious to the base, the margin generally wavy and lobed. =Hymenium= dark cinereous, rugose when moist, the minute crowded irregular folds abundantly anastomosing, nearly even when dry. =Stem= short. =Spores= broadly elliptical or subglobose, 6–7.5µ long.

=Plant= simple or cespitose, 2–3 in. high. =Pileus= 1–2 in. broad.

Ground under spruce trees. Adirondack mountains. August.

In color this species bears some resemblance to Cantharellus cinereus. From Craterellus sinuosus it is separated by its pervious stem, and from C. cornucopoides by its more cespitose habit, paler color and smaller spores. Peck, 31st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Its edible qualities are in every way equal to those of C. cornucopoides.

=C. sinuo´sus= Fr.—sinus, a curve. Strong scented. =Pileus= funnel-shaped, downy, grayish-brown, margin undulated. =Stem= pale yellow, elongated, stuffed. =Hymenium= with anastomosing ribs, grayish. =Spores= elliptical, pale yellow, 8–9×5µ.

In woods. =Pileus= ½-1 in. high and broad. =Stem= about 1 in. high, sometimes very short. =Smell= strong, musky. =Hymenium= becoming tan-color when dry. =Pileus= more or less villose. Massee.

The above description is given so that Var. crispus which follows may be compared with it. Fries considered var. crispus a good species.

Var. cris´pus—crispus, curled. (Plate CXXXVI, fig. 7, p. 508.) Margin of hymenium sinuous and crisped. =Pileus= pervious. =Stem= stuffed at base only. =Hymenium= almost even. Massee.

Solitary and cespitose in mixed woods.

Found by Dr. S.C. Schmucker near West Chester, Pa., 1896; Wm. H. Rorer, Mt. Gretna, Pa., August, 1897.

=Cap= varies in color from dark to light brownish-gray. =Gills= brownish-gray, almost even. =Stem= hollow, dark yellow. =Smell= strong, musky, much like A. silvicola.

Substance tender and of markedly high and pleasant flavor.

FAMILY V.—=CLAVARIA´CEÆ.=

=Hymenium= not distinct from the hymenophore, covering entire outer surface. Somewhat fleshy, not coriaceous, vertical, simple or branched. Fries.

For the most part growing upon the ground.

In this family there is no separation into stem and pileus, with the spore-bearing surface restricted to gills or tubes, but the substance of the plant is continuous, and the spores are produced on the clubs or branches.

But three genera—Clavaria, Sparassis and Pistillaria—include species of food value. They are easily recognized.

The genus Calcocera resembles Clavaria in form, but is very different in material, being a jelly-like viscid, cartilaginous substance, horny when dry, resembling that of Tremella.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

SPARASSIS. Page 512.

Very much branched, branches compressed, plate-like, crisped.

TYPHULA.

Simple or club-shaped, with a thread-like stem.

CLAVARIA. Page 513.

Fleshy, simple or branched, branches typically round, some forms club-shaped.

PISTILLARIA.

Club-shaped, simple, rigid when dry; usually minute.

PTERULA.

Branches numerous, slender, forming a tuft, or single, leathery, round or compressed.

=SPARAS´SIS= Fr.

Gr—to tear in pieces.

Fleshy, branched, with flat leaf-like branches, composed of two plates, fertile on both sides, with four-spored sporophores. Fries.

Very beautiful plants of striking appearance.

Unfortunately they are not common, although they generally occur yearly in the same locality.

=S. Herb´stii= Pk. Plants much branched, forming tufts 4–5 in. high and 5–6 in. broad, whitish, inclining to creamy-yellow, tough, moist, the branches numerous, thin, flattened, concrescent, dilated above and spatulate or fan-shaped, often somewhat longitudinally curved or wavy, mostly uniformly colored, rarely with a few indistinct, nearly concolorous, transverse zones near the broad, entire apices.

=Spores= subglobose or broadly elliptical, 5–6×4–5µ.

Trexlertown. August.

Closely allied to S. spathulata Schw., but differs in its paler color with no rufescent hues, more branching habit and absence of any distinct zones.

Four specimens were found at Mt. Gretna, Pa., during August, 1898. These were not as symmetrical as S. crispa, which they closely resembled in fold and texture. They were of equal excellence cooked.

=S. lamino´sa= Fr.—a thin plate. =Base= branching, straw-color. =Branches= erect, crowded, growing together, straight at the top, zoneless, entire.

North Carolina, Curtis. On oak log.

Edible, Curtis. “Deliciosa,” Fries.

=S. cris´pa= Fr.—crispus, curly. (Plate CXXXVII.) =Height= 3–12 in., width 4–24 in. Tufts very handsome, whitish, oyster color or pale-yellow, very much branched. =Branches= flat, leaf-like. Spore surface on both sides, sometimes crimped on edges. Compacted into a round mass, ending below in a solid rooting base.

=Spores= pale-ochraceous, 5–6×3–4µ Massee.

Very variable in size. On ground in woods and grassy places in open woods. Summer, autumn. North Carolina, Curtis; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Have seen it 2 ft. across. “Delicosissima.” Fries.

A perfect specimen of S. crispa resembles a huge rosette, round and many-folded in tortuous design. The folds are wide, flattened branches springing from a common base, thin, semi-transparent, not unlike damp sheets of gelatine although thicker. Surfaces of the leaves are dull, like the flattened seaweeds and the light-colored sea-rock mosses. S. crispa may be easily dried, and though shrinking much in size, retains its shape, forming a very pretty ornament for the desk of the mycologist. It is not common. Where it has chosen a habitat several tufts may be found during the moderate season. The writer found three specimens ranging from 6–12 in. in diameter near Haddonfield, N.J., others, not as large, in West Virginia and in Chester county, Pa.

It has long been known as edible. It makes an ever-to-be-remembered dish.

=CLAVA´RIA= L.

Clava, a club.

Fleshy, branched or simple, somewhat round, without a distinct stem. =Hymenium= continuous, dry, homogeneous. For the most part growing on ground. Fries.

The members of this genus vary greatly in form, which in some is that of a club growing singly or cespitose, while others present a more or less bush-like appearance, being slightly or excessively branched.

The color of the plant covers a wide range, as it may be white, red, yellow, violet or their various shades, and to be in harmony the spores do not confine themselves to one color, but are white, ochraceous or cinnamon. In cases where the plant is not otherwise well defined the spore colors will be found a valuable aid in placing it.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

RAMARIA (ramus, a branch). Page 514.

Branched, branches attenuated upward.

A. SPORES WHITE OR PALLID.

* Plant, color bright, red, yellow or violet.

** Plant white, gray or yellowish.

B. SPORES OCHRACEOUS OR CINNAMON.

* Plant yellow or dingy ochraceous.

** Growing on wood.

SYNCORYNE (Gr—together; a club). Page 523.

Clubs almost simple, tufted at the base.

HOLOCORYNE (Gr—entire; a club). Page 524.

Clubs almost simple, distinct at the base.

Excepting to toadstool hunters the Clavaria, though numerous, are not known to those who “Know a toadstool when they see it.” They bear no semblance to the stereotyped toadstool. They seem to possess an imitative faculty. Those growing among grasses harmonize with the faded stalks under debris or the bleached surfaces of blades famishing for sunlight; those of the woods take on the color of the leaf mat or of the lichens, and shapes of club and deer-horn mosses, or assemble in groves as pigmy trees, boled and sturdy-branched in mimicry of their giant protectors towering above them. In their forms many are delicate, graceful, beautiful, others are intricate. There is fascination for eye and brain in looking through the vistas and labyrinths of their branches.

A few species are tough as shoe-strings; a few bitter; one, C. dichotoma, on the authority of Leuba, contains a minor poison. The genus is plentiful and reliable. Many individuals are of marked excellence. In soups, stews, patties, they remind one of noodles; sometimes of macaroni. The hard parts of the stem should be removed, the branches broken or cut in ½ in. lengths. If stewed, they require time and slow cooking; if fried in butter they are crisp, choice bits.

RAMA´RIA—ramus, a branch.

Branched, branches attenuated upward.

A. SPORES WHITE OR PALLID.

* Plant, color bright, red, yellow or violet.

=C. fla´va= Schaeff.—yellow. Fragile, trunk thick, fleshy, white, very much branched. =Branches= even, round, fastigiate, obtuse, yellow. Fries.

=Height= 2–4 in., 2–4 in. across; pale-yellow, dingy-yellow. =Stem= or trunk short, robust, whitish. =Branches= very numerous, dense, fragile, erect, straight, lighter than the yellow tips (fading with age) which are toothed. =Flesh= white. =Spores= white. Taste and odor pleasant.

Woods and open places. June to frost.

Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

The C. flava and C. botrytes have long been noted edible species, liberally commended abroad and in the United States. Variations in their structure are interchangeable; variations in their quality are due to environment. There is a slight difference in the measurement of their spores, but the difference is not so great as between spores of the same specimen. Specific differences may exhibit themselves in young plants, yet disappear with age.

Plants for the table should be young and fresh. When aged or when the ravages of insects appear, they should not be used, as they then have an unpleasant taste which will effect a whole dish.

They should be cut into small pieces and stewed slowly for fully thirty minutes. They can be seasoned and eaten as a stew or made into patties.

=C. botry´tes= Pers. Gr—a cluster of grapes (from shape). =Height= 3–4 in., 3–6 in. across, white, yellow, pinkish, dingy in shades of these colors. =Base= thick, short, fleshy, unequal. =Branches= many, swollen, thick, crowded, unequal, enlarged at the ends and divided into several small branchlets which are sometimes reddish at tips. =Flesh= white.

=Spores= ellipsoid, sub-transparent, white, 8×5µ Massee.

On wood earth. Common.

New York, Peck, Rep. 24; West Virginia, New Jersey, McIlvaine.

A general favorite and highly esteemed in Europe. Edible. Curtis.

“When old the branches both of this species and of C. flava become elongated, obtuse, very fragile, and of a uniform color. The yellow tips of the latter and the red ones of the former species wholly disappear.” Peck, 32d Rep.

Excepting when young (not always then) the red tips to the branchlets can not be relied upon as distinctive features of this species. The place of its growth and the character of the soil have very much to do with its size, and the color and quality of its flesh. A well-shaded thin-soiled spot will, after a rain, grow pale, spindling, tender bunches, having but a tinge of red upon the points; perhaps not any. A rich, better lighted spot will produce more robust and highly colored plants. The same can be said of C. flava. C. botrytes is plentiful in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia and like latitudes. It must be well cooked.

=C. amethys´tina= Bull.—amethyst in color. (Plate CXXXIX, fig. 1, p. 516.) =Height= ½-3 in. =Color= violet, very much branched or almost simple. =Branches= round, even, fragile, smooth, obtuse, known by its color.

=Spores= elliptical, pale ochraceous, sub-transparent, 10–12×6–7µ Massee.

Common in open woods and grassy places.

New York, Peck 30th Rep.; West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, McIlvaine. August, September.

Eaten in Europe, and by some preferred to any other.

A handsome species, very brittle, and though large, delicate.

=C. fastigia´ta=—fastigium, the top. =Height= 1–2 in., tufted, yellow. =Branches= numerous, flexible, tough, equal, fastigiate (branches pointing upward), sometimes short and simple, when higher very much branched.

=Spores= white, irregularly globose, 4–6µ Massee.

In pastures and grassy places, during warm months.

North Carolina, Curtis; California, West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Commonly eaten throughout Europe. In Germany they call it Ziegenbart—goat’s beard.

This is one of the species that has to be looked for. Grass tufts hide it. Its yellowish stools are not unlike them in color. It is freely found, and, though not of the best, well rewards the seeker.

FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE. 1. CLAVARIA AMETHYSTINA, 516 3. CLAVARIA FORMOSA, 520 2. CLAVARIA AUREA, 520

=C. muscoi´des=—muscus, moss. =Height= 1–1½ in., slightly tufted, yellow. =Stem= slender, tomentose at base, becoming two or three times forked. =Branchlets= thin, tapering, crescent-shaped, acute.

=Spores= white, subglobose, 5–6µ Massee.

In pastures.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Ohio; New York, Peck, 47th Rep.

Edible. Curtis.

=C. Her´veyi= Pk. Gregarious or subcespitose, simple or with a few branches, often compressed or irregular, scarcely 1 in. high, golden-yellow, sometimes brownish at the apex. =Flesh= white. =Branches= when present, short, simple or terminating in few or many more or less acute denticles. =Spores= globose, 7.5µ broad, minutely roughened; mycelium white.

Ground under hemlock trees. Orono, Me. September. F.L. Hervey.

Allied to C. fastigiata and C. muscoides, but distinct from both by its more irregular and less branching character and by its larger spores. Peck, 45th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Near Haddonfield, N.J., August, 1890, among scrub pines and spruce. A pretty species of medium flavor.

** Plant white, gray or yellowish.

=C. coralloi´des= Linn. =Height= 2–4 in., usually tufted, growing into each other, white. =Trunk= thick, short, much branched. =Branches= repeatedly forked, compressed, hollow within, fragile, dilated upward, tips crowded acute.

Occasionally the branches do not develop entirely and are obtuse; they then somewhat resemble in shape C. rugosa, but are not wrinkled.

=Spores= pale-ochraceous, pointed, 10×8µ Massee.

Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

A common edible species in Europe. Common in United States.

The writer has eaten it for many years. It is not always tender. It should be young, fresh, and the branches alone cooked. It requires slow, patient cooking if at all old. It does dry well, as stated by some writers, but it does not wet well again.

(Plate CXL.)

=C. cine´rea= Bull.—cinis, ashes. (Plate CXL.) =Height= 1–3 in., gregarious or tufted, sometimes in rows. Gray. =Stem= either thin or thick, short, lighter than branches. =Branches= very numerous compressed, wrinkled, irregular, somewhat obtuse or flattened and divided into slender points.

Its gray color easily distinguishes it from others. It is variable in its mode of growth and in its shape.

On ground in woods. Common. June to frost.

Eatable, but injurious in quantities. Cordier. Edible, but provokes indigestion in delicate stomachs. Leuba.

Eaten generally in Europe. In France it is called pied de coq.

Plentiful in United States, in mixed woods. June to frost.

The writer and his friends have eaten it for fifteen years, and know of no Clavaria equalling it.

=C. tetrago´na= Schw.—Four-angled. Very fragile, deep orange-yellow, twice forked. =Stem= and =branches= quadrangular, 1–1½ in. tall.

Moist shady places.

New York. Ground in shaded places. August and September. Poughkeepsie, Gerard, Peck, 24th Rep.; North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz.

Edible. Curtis.

=C. crista´ta= Pers.—crista, a crest. (Plate CXLI, p. 518.) =Height= 1–5 in., whitish, tufts of broad flattened branches cut on margins or crested. =Base= short, stout. =Branches= numerous, irregular, flattened upward and divided like moose horns, tough, stuffed, dingy. This peculiarity distinguishes it and separates it from C. coralloides.

=Spores= pale ochraceous, pointed, 10×8µ Massee.

Woods. Common. Summer and autumn. Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, McIlvaine.

Edible. Curtis.

After a summer rain the crested Clavaria is usually abundant where there is good encouragement of mossy beds or mats of rich wood-soil in woods where leaves and mold accumulate. It is not as tender as many other species, but chopped fine and stewed slowly for an hour it will be eaten with enjoyment.

=C. rugo´sa= Bull.—ruga, a wrinkle. White or dingy, simple or tufted, 2–4 in. high, branched from the base with irregular blunt branches wrinkled lengthwise, sometimes thickened upward.

Distinguished by the distinct, irregular, longitudinal wrinkles.

=Spores= white, irregularly globose, 8–10µ Massee.

In woods, solitary or gregarious. August to November.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis. Pennsylvania, Ohio.

It is reported edible by Dr. Curtis, M.C. Cooke and Dr. Badham.

=C. pyxida´ta= Pers.—pyxis, a small box. Tufted, light tan-color, shaded with red, 1–3 in. high. =Stem= or trunk thin, smooth, variable in length, dividing into many erect forked branches, which are cup-shaped at the tips. The margins of these tips have slender branchlets issuing from them (proliforme).

Distinguished by the cup-like tips. =Spores= white, 4×3µ Massee.

On rotten wood, on rotten roots in ground. June and into the autumn.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Specimen sent by writer to Prof. Peck, June, 1897, and identified by him. Not tested by writer, but is in Dr. Curtis' list of edible species.

=C. subtil´is= Pers. Scattered, slender, subtenaceous, pallid-white, bases smooth and of equal thickness, branches few, forked, subfastigiate.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania.

Edible. Curtis.

=C. den´sa= Pk. =Tufts= 2–4 in. high, nearly as broad, whitish or creamy-yellow, branching from the base. =Branches= very numerous, nearly parallel, crowded, terete, somewhat wrinkled when dry, the tips dentate, concolorous. =Spores= slightly colored, elliptical, 7.5–10×5–8.5µ.

Ground in woods. Selkirk. August.

Apparently closely allied to C. condensata, but differing decidedly in color. Peck, 41st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Specimens identified by Professor Peck.

Large masses of it grew at Mt. Gretna, Pa., July, August and September, 1898, in mixed woods.

Brittle; when young it is very compact. It is without much flavor, but stews tender and makes a good dish.

B. SPORES OCHRACEOUS OR CINNAMON.

** Plant yellow or dingy ochraceous.

=C. au´rea= Schaeff.—aurum, gold. (Plate CXXXIX, fig. 2, p. 516.) =Trunk= thick, elastic, pallid. =Flesh= white, dividing into numerous thick branches that become repeatedly divided in a dichotomous manner upward, and terminate in slender, erect, round, yellow branchlets. =Spores= pale ochraceous, elliptical, 10–11×5–6µ.

In woods. Forming large tufts 2–3 in. high, colorless or almost so below, tips yellow. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; Ohio, Alabama. Found in West Virginia, 1882; Devon, Angora, Eagle’s Mere, Mt. Gretna, Pa.; Haddonfield, N.J. August and September. McIlvaine.

Eaten in Europe. Edible. Curtis.

In structure it reminds one of a miniature cropped Lombardy poplar. The color is not bright, but dingy-yellow. Resembles C. flava; distinguished by different color of spores. The branches (not stem) are tender and good.

Var. rufes´cens Schaeff.

This plant occurs after heavy rains. It sometimes grows in continuous rows several feet in extent. The pinkish-red tips of the branches fade with age. The axils are rounded and the plant is quite fragile. Fries considers it a variety of C. aurea. Peck, 25th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Found at Springton, Chester county, Pa., August, 1887. It is edible and good. The plant is tender and easily cooked.

=C. formo´sa= Pers.—formosus, finely formed. (Plate CXXXIX, fig. 3, p. 416.) =Height= 2–4 in. =Trunk= 1 in. and more thick, whitish or yellowish, elastic. =Branches= numerous, crowded, elongated, divided at ends into yellow branchlets which are thin, straight, obtuse or toothed.

=Spores= ochraceous 9×3–4µ Massee; elongated, oval, rough, 16×8µ W.G.S.

On ground in woods, in large tufts, frequently in rows several feet long.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, McIlvaine.

Esteemed in Europe. Edible. Dr. Curtis.

Common in the United States in woods. Variable. An orange-rose color is sometimes prominent on the tips. The tenderer portions of the plant are excellent, but must be well cooked.

=C. spinulo´sa= Pers.—spined. =Height= 2–3 in. high. =Stem= ½-1 in. thick. =Trunk= stout, short, whitish. =Branches= numerous, crowded, erect, tense, elongated, tapering upward. =Color= cinnamon-brown or darker.

=Spores= ochraceous, elliptical, 11–13×5–6µ Massee.

On ground in pine woods. August to October.

New York, Peck, 24th Rep.; New Jersey, Sterling; Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

Of same edible quality as C. aurea, which it resembles, excepting that it is darker and less abrupt in the ending of its clusters.

=C. flac´cida= Fr.—flaccidus, flaccid. =Height= 1–3 in., bright ochraceous, slender. =Stem= short, smooth, sometimes wanting, thin, 1–2 lines thick, repeatedly branched. =Branches= crowded, unequal, flaccid, upper ones forcep-shaped, pointed. Does not turn green when bruised like C. abietina. The whitish mycelium creeps over the leaves on which it grows. Brittle, tender, flesh white.

=Spores= ochraceous, broadly elliptical 4–5×3µ K.

Received from E.B. Sterling, Trenton, N.J.

Two specimens eaten. These were quite dry. After soaking they were tender and had good flavor.

(Plate CXLII.)

=C. cir´cinans= Pk.—circino, to make round. (Plate CXLII.) =Stem= short, solid, dichotomously or subverticillately branched. =Branches= slightly diverging or nearly parallel, nearly equal in length, the ultimate ones terminating in two or more short acute concolorous ramuli. =Spores= ochraceous.

=Plant= 1–2 in. high, obconic in outline, flat-topped, appearing almost as if truncated, pallid or almost whitish in color, generally growing in imperfect circles or curved lines.

Under spruce and balsam trees. Adirondack mountains. August. Peck, 39th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Where pines have grown, but where now oak and chestnut trees make rather open woods, it grows at Mt. Gretna, Pa. A stumpy fungus impressing one as stunted. Its texture is solid. It does not cook tender, but yields a fungus flavor to the cooking medium.

** Growing on wood.

=C. stric´ta= Pers.—stringo, to draw tight. =Height= 2–3 in. =Color= pale dull-yellow becoming brown when bruised. =Stem= distinct, thick, short. =Branches= numerous, repeatedly forked, straight, closely pressed, tips pointed.

=Spores= dark cinnamon, Fries; creamy yellow 4×6µ W.G.S.

Var. fu´mida. The whole plant is a dingy, smoky-brownish hue, otherwise of the typical form. Catskill mountains. September. In the fresh state the specimens appear very unlike the ordinary form, but in the dried state they are scarcely to be distinguished. Peck, 41st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Eaten in Germany.

This form occurs in West Virginia mountains and at Mt. Gretna, Pa., Trenton, N.J., in August and September, among leaves in mixed woods. It compares favorably with the ordinary run of Clavaria.

=C. dicho´toma= God.—dividing by pairs. Cespitose, white; branches regularly dividing by pairs, elongated, flexuous, diverging, somewhat compressed, extremities obtuse, rounded at or just below the apex broadly compressed.

On the ground, under beeches.

“Notwithstanding its beauty this is dangerous. In 1883, when it was very plentiful, I saw entire families sick from it and in 1888 there was a repetition with new victims. “It produces nausea, vertigo and violent diarrhea.” Leuba.

I have not seen the plant.

SYNCO´RYNE. Gr—together, a club.

Clubs almost simple, tufted at the base.

FIG. PAGE. FIG. PAGE.

1. CLAVARIA FUSIFORMIS, 523 3. CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS 524 (DARK VAR.),

2. CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS 524 (YELLOW VAR.),

=C. fusifor´mis= Sow.—fusus, a spindle. (Plate CXXXVIII, fig. 1, p. 522.) Yellow, cespitoso-connate, slightly firm, soon hollow. =Clubs= somewhat fusiform, simple and toothed, even, attenuated to the base which is of the same color. Stevenson.

=Spores= pale yellow, globose, 4–5µ Massee.

Closely resembles C. inæqualis Fl. Dan.

Woods and pastures. August to November.

Received from E.B. Sterling, Trenton, N.J., August, 1897.

The clubs are 1⁄16 in. through, 4 in. high, light clear yellow, translucent, clustered in groups of four or five united at the base.

Tender, well flavored, cooks easily.

=C. auran´tio-cinnabari´no= Schw.—aurantius, orange; cinnabaris, vermilion. Orange-red; base white with a sub-hairy powder; clubs simple, flexuous, fleshy, somewhat tenacious, fasciculate, thickened in the middle and attenuated toward either end, at first cylindrical then compressed, 6–7 mm. thick, 2–4 in. high.

Pennsylvania. On the ground among rhododendrons.

Received from E.B. Sterling, Trenton, N.J.

The plant when fresh is a beautiful rose color, inclining to orange at the tips. It reminds one of the peach-blow vase color in some of its shades. The single clubs, growing in cluster, to the height of four inches, graceful in outline, exquisitely shaded, are a sight one lingers over. While they invite the mycophagist to eat them, his voracity is checked by their beauty. They are tender and delicious. It is regrettable that thus far it has not been reported in quantity.

=C. inæqual´is= Fl. Dan.—unequal. =Height= 2–3 in. club-shaped, yellow, gregarious, single or in loose tufts, fragile, stuffed. =Clubs= club-shaped or almost equal, simple, sometimes forked or variously cut at tip, one color.

=Spores= colorless, elliptical, 9–10×5µ Massee.

Woods and pastures. August to October.

Distinguished from C. fusiformis by the tips not being sharp-pointed and colored.

North Carolina, Schweinitz; New Jersey, Sterling.

This Clavaria is quite common in New Jersey. Its clusters are clear bright yellow and conspicuously pretty. The clubs are translucent and smooth. Excepting in color it resembles C. aurantio-cinnabarino. In the many specimens seen there was nothing to suggest the propriety of the name, excepting height of clubs.

A dish of it is a delicacy.

=C. vermicula´ris= Scop.—vermis, a worm. =Height= 1–2½ in., white, tufted. =Clubs= simple, quill-shaped, stuffed, awl-shaped, brittle, pointed.

=Spores= white, elliptical, 4×3µ Massee.

New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio. Thin grassy woods and among grass. July to October.

Edible. Cordier.

Common in southern New Jersey, and in warm soils from June to frost. When growing among grass it is not conspicuous and is often missed unless specially sought for. Its purity, its choice of refreshing abode, its excellent qualities, make it select among Clavaria.

HOLOCO´RYNE. Gr—entire; Gr—a club.

Clubs almost simple, distinct at the base.

=C. pistillar´is= L.—pistillum, a pestle. (Plate CXXXVIII, figs. 2, 3, p. 522.) =Height= 2–12 in., up to 1 in. and more thick, color light yellow, ochraceous, brownish, chocolate. =Clubs= Indian-club shape, ovate-rounded, puckered at top, simple, fleshy, white within, spongy, exterior smooth or more or less wrinkled, usually with smooth base.

=Spores= white, 10×5µ W.G.S.; 9–11×5–6µ Massee.

Mixed woods, moss and grassy places. August until November.

North Carolina, Pennsylvania, California, Alabama.

Eaten in Poland, Russia and Germany.

The writer first found this truly club-like species in West Virginia in 1882, and ate it. But few specimens were found, and those of a dark chocolate color. At Mount Gretna in 1897 and 1898 the yellow variety grew in considerable quantity from July until after frost. The largest specimen found measured 5½ in. and was 1 in. in diameter at its thickest part. The average height is 2½ in. Both varieties grew in mixed woods from the leaf-covered ground. They are often clustered, four or five together, and of different sizes. The surface, especially of the dark variety, is regularly, vertically wrinkled, truncated in few places, very much resembling that of the Craterellus cantharellus. The stems of both are white. The apex of the clubs is folded inward as though pulled by drawing-strings.

The flesh is soft, white, fine grained. A slight bitter is present in the dark variety, when raw, which entirely disappears upon cooking. This is one of the best of Clavariæ.

=C. clava´ta= Pk. Simple, straight, clavate, obtuse, smooth, not hollow, yellow when fresh, rugose-wrinkled and orange-colored when dry, 4–6 lines high.

Damp shaded banks by road-sides. Sandlake. June. Peck, 25th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Patches of it are conspicuous—golden-hued upon somber background. They are seen at Eagle’s Mere, Mt. Gretna, and on the Springton Hills, Pa., along wooded road-sides. Raw, they have a mild, pleasant flavor, and have the same when cooked. A small species seldom found in sufficient quantity to make a comforting dish.

FAMILY VI.—=TREMELLA´CEÆ= Fr.

Whole fungus homogeneous, gelatinous, shrivelling when dry, reviving when moistened, pervaded internally with branched filaments, terminating toward the surface all round in sporophores. Spores transparent, from globose to sausage-shape and curved, sometimes septate. Fries.

The Tremellaceæ, as their name signifies, tremble, because jelly-like when moist. They are hard, tough, horny when dry, but swell and become gelatinous when wet. In the typical genus, Tremella, there is often but little consistency. Whoever has climbed an old rail fence on a rainy day has had the doubtful pleasure of acquaintance with some of them. Sections for the microscope are obtainable by hardening them in alcohol.

There are several edible species in the family. They are good in soups, giving them flavor and body, and some are excellent when stewed.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Sub-Family—=Auricularieæ=. Page 528.

AURICULARIA.

Broadly attached, margin free and reflexed. (No edible species reported.)

HIRNEOLA. Page 528.

Cartilaginous, ear-shaped, attached by a point.

Sub-Family—=Tremellineæ=. Page 529.

EXIDIA.

Cup-shaped, truncate, or irregularly lobed; spores reniform, producing curved sporidiola on germination. (No edible species reported.)

ULOCOLLA.

Pulvinate and gyrose; spores reniform, producing rod-shaped sporidiola on germination. (No edible species reported.)

TREMELLA. Page 529.

Brain-like or lobed; spores globose or ovoid.

NÆMATELIA.

Firm, convex, with a central hard nucleus. (No edible species reported.)

GYROCEPHALUS.

Erect, spathulate. (No edible species reported.)

TREMELLEDON. Page 533.

Gelatinous, tremelloid, fan-shaped, fleshy; hymenium with distinct spines.

Sub-Family—=Dacryomyceteæ=.

DACRYOMYCES.

Small, pulvinate and gyrose. (No edible species reported.)

GUEPINIA.

Irregularly cup-shaped, hymenium on one surface only. (No edible species reported.)

DACRYOPSIS.

Hymenium at the apex of a short stem, bearing conidia and spores. (No edible species reported.)

DITIOLA.

Stem distinct, bearing the hymenium at its expanded apex. (No edible species reported.)

APYRENIUM.

Subglobose or lobed, hollow. (No edible species reported.)

CALOCERA.

Subcylindrical and erect, simple or branched (No edible species reported.)

Sub-Family—=Auricularieæ=.

=HIRNE´OLA= Fr.

Hirnea, a small jug.

Gelatinous, rather cartilaginous, soft and tremulous when moist, but not distended with jelly, horny when dry, becoming somewhat cartilaginous when moistened. The hard skin forming the hymenium, which covers the cup-shaped cavity and is of a different color, can be separated entire after a thorough soaking in water. =Sporophores= (spore-bearing processes) not involved in jelly. =Spores= oblong, curved. Fries.

A very peculiar and distinct genus separated from the neighboring genera by its disk-like, somewhat cup-shaped cavity and by its not being distended with jelly.

(Plate CXLIII.)

=H. auri´cula—Jude´a= (Linn.) Berk.—Jew’s ear. 1–4 in. across, thin, and flexible when moist, hard when dry, date-brown or blackish. =Hymenium= venoso-plicate (vein-plaited), forming irregular depressions such as are in the ear, yellowish-gray or grayish beneath and hairy. The large depressions or corrugations branch from smaller ones near the center of the plant.

=Spores= 20–25×7–9µ Massee.

H. auricula-Judea is not very particular in the trees it patronizes. Elm, maple, hickory, balsam-fir, spruce, alder bear it. When the plant grows on upright timber it usually turns upward. It is not generally reported in the United States.

Ohio, Maryland, Miss Banning; Indiana, H.I. Miller; New York, Peck; New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, McIlvaine. Extensively used in China, where eating it probably antedates all European records by several thousand years. It is brought there dried from Tahiti in great quantities and made into soup.

The writer has found and eaten several specimens of it. It is not as tender as other gelatinous species, but it is an oddity that pleases.

Sub-Family—=Tremellineæ=.

=TREMEL´LA= Dill.

Tremo—to tremble.

Distended with jelly when moist, tremulous, without a defined margin and without nipple-like elevations. Spore-bearing processes globose, becoming divided into four parts, each division producing an elongated free point terminating in a simple spore. Fries.

Distinguished by its peculiarly convoluted habit and jelly-like substance, which is more or less inclined to be cartilaginous.

Exidia, similar in form, is separated by possessing minute nipple-like elevations and Hirneola by its distinct difference in form.

Generally growing on dead wood; some species are found on trees and others on the ground, etc.

Old tradition, in many countries, attests that the Tremellas are Fairy bread, and T. albida the choicest baking. Pretty, indeed, must have been the feasts when piles of such purity filled the board, and the brilliant Pezizae were wassail cups.

They are better suited to Fairy appetites than to those of mortals; being watery their nutritive value is small. Nevertheless they have dainty flavor.

So far as tested no suspicion rests upon Tremellæ.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

MESENTERIFOR´MES (Gr—the mesentery). Page 530.

Gelatinous inclining to cartilaginous, foliaceous, naked.

CEREBRINÆ (cerebrum, the brain). Page 530.

Firm, then pulpy, somewhat pruinose with the spores.

CRUSTA´CEÆ (crusta, a crust).

Diffused, becoming plane.

TUBERCULIFOR´MES (tuberculum, a little tuber).

Small, somewhat erumpent.

I.—MESENTERIFOR´MES. Gelatinous, inclining to cartilaginous.

=T. fimbria´ta= Pers.—fimbriæ, fringe. Olivaceous inclining to black, cespitose, clusters 2–3 in. high and even broader, erect, corrugated; lobes flaccid, incised at the margin, undulately fringed.

When soaked with water it has a dark tawny tinge. Stevenson.

=Spores= subpyriform.

On roots, dead branches, stumps, rails, etc.

From July to December, 1898, tufts five inches in diameter grew from an oak stump close by the writer’s cottage at Mt. Gretna, Pa. These tufts dried, and revived after rain into a gelatinous condition. They were nibbled at raw, and several were cooked. Tufts were found elsewhere in the same woods and eaten by others. They were unanimously approved. The species dries hard, like thin glue, but is darker. A dried piece swells in the mouth, grows tough, and has but little taste. Flavor develops in cooking.

=T. lutes´cens= Pers.—luteus, yellow. Yellowish, cespitose, small, cluster ½-1 in. broad, very soft, circling in wavy, undulating folds; lobes entire, naked.

Inclining to be fluid. Whitish when young. Stevenson.

=Spores= subglobose, 12–16µ diameter Massee.

North Carolina, common. Curtis. On decaying branches, stumps, etc. July to February.

It dries and revives, or swells with moisture, very soft and tremulous.

Edible. Leuba.

II.—CEREBRINÆ. Firm then pulpy, etc.

(Plate CXLIV.)

=T. mesenter´ica= Retz. Gr—the mesentary. Gelatinous but firm, bright orange-yellow, variously contorted; lobes short, smooth, pruinose with the white spores at maturity. =Spores= broadly elliptical, 6–9µ diameter; conidia 1–1.5µ diameter.

On dead branches. Very variable in form but known by the bright orange color. From ½-2 in. across. Massee.

North Carolina. Common, edible. Curtis; California, Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. McIlvaine. Dr. J.R. Weist, Richmond, Ind., November, 1898, sent me fine specimens.

Very common as an apparent exudation from sticks, branches and rails. It can usually be collected in quantity from June until far into the winter. It can be found in every month in the year.

During the civil war the writer’s first attempt at making a dish of cornstarch resulted in getting it into knots. T. mesenterica, when stewed, very much resembles these same knots. It has a mild, woody flavor, slightly sweet, and is good.

(Plate CXLIV_a_.)

=T. myceto´phila= Pk. (Plate CXLIV_a_.) Suborbicular, depressed, circling in folds, tremelloid-fleshy, slightly pruinose, yellowish or pallid, 4–8 lines broad. Peck, 28th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Haddonfield, N.J., August, 1895. McIlvaine.

Professor Peck notes it as found parasitic upon Collybia dryophila.

I found T. mycetophila growing parasitic upon Marasmius oreades, August, 1894. The mass was 2 in. in diameter. Separating them was taking the host from the parasite. Cooked it is glutinous, tender—like calf’s head. Rather tasteless.

=T. al´bida= Huds.—albidus, whitish. Whitish, becoming dingy-brown when dry, 1 in. broad, ascending, tough, expanded, undulated, somewhat circling in folds, powdered. Stevenson.

=Spores= oblong, obtuse, curved, 2-guttate, subhyaline, 12–14×4–5µ K.

Where birch, sugar-maple, hickory are in abundance the T. albida will be found. At Eagle’s Mere and Springton, Pa., and other wooded places, it is common during the warm months. It has slight taste, sweet, woody, but makes a pleasant dish.

=T. intumes´cens= Eng. Bot.—intumesco, to swell up. Gelatinous; subcespitose, rounded, broken up into numerous tortuous lobes, brown, shining, obscurely dotted, becoming darker when dry. =Spores= oblong, slightly curved, 12–14×3–4µ.

From 1–2 in. across. Massee.

Entire year, but dried or frozen during winter, swelling in wet weather.

North Carolina. Common. Curtis. West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, McIlvaine.

T. intumescens is not rare in West Virginia, or where beech logs are in plenty, though it does not confine itself to beech. It occurs on maples and some other woods.

It resembles the T. mesenterica in taste, but is sweeter. It is not as large, but is equally good.

=TREMEL´LODON= Pers.

Tremo, to tremble.

Gelatinous, pileate, prickly below, spines awl-shaped, equal. Fries.

The members of this genus resemble in form the section Mesopus of Hydnum and have the same awl-shaped spines, but differ in their gelatinous consistency and fructification.

(Plate CXLV.)

=T. gelatino´sum= Pers.—gelatina, jelly. =Pileus= covered with a greenish-brown bloom, gelatinous, tremulous, dimidiate, somewhat stipitate, covered with small pimples. =Spines= soft, glaucous.

On fir, trunks and sawdust. September to October. Stevenson.

Of singular beauty, almost translucent with steel-blue tints shading into violet, while the spines are of a pure soft white.

=Spores= round, somewhat irregular, white, 2µ W.G.S.

Can not be confounded with any. The only gelatinous spiny fungus.

North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Farlow, Frost; New York, Peck, Rep. 22. T. gelatinosum is well distributed over the United States but is not reported in quantity. It is an autumnal grower, lasting well into the winter. The writer found specimens near Haddonfield, N.J., in February, 1894, and sent them to Professor Peck. It is delicious when slowly stewed.

SUB-CLASS ASCOMYCETES.

The reproductive bodies consisting of sporidia mostly definite, contained in asci—mother cells or sacs—springing from a naked or enclosed stratum of fructifying cells and forming a hymenium or nucleus. The sporidia are often accompanied by simple or branched threads, which are abortive asci, called paraphyses.

In Hymenomycetes the spores are entirely unenclosed and are borne on stalk-like processes on the gills of Agaricaceæ, in the tubes of Polyporaceæ, on the spines of Hydnaceæ, etc. In Ascomycetes they are enclosed in sacs springing from the external layer of the fruit-bearing surface, which may be on the outer surface of the plant or enclosed.

COHORT DISCOMYCETES. Gr—a sac; Gr—a fungus.

The most important distinctive feature of Discomycetes consists in the disk or hymenium being fully exposed at maturity. It includes families which contain choice edible species.

FAMILY.—=HELVELLA´CEÆ.=

Fleshy, waxy or gelatinous; hymenium or sac-bearing surface exposed at first, or at length more or less exposed. Where a distinct stem is present it is surmounted by a more or less definite pileus or the stem is expanded into a club-like head. In Peziza the definite stem is absent and the plant is seated on the supporting surface.

Many more genera than are noted below are included in Helvellaceæ, but are not known to contain edible species.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

* Margin only or whole of pileus free from sides of stem.

HELVELLA. Page 536.

Pileus drooping, irregularly waved and lobed.

VERPA. Page 539.

Pileus drooping, regular, margin entire, thimble-shaped.

LEOTIA. Page 540.

Pileus fleshy, discoid.

** Pileus adnate throughout to the stem.

MORCHELLA. Page 541.

Surface of pileus furnished with stout, anastomosing ribs bounding deep irregular pits.

GYROMITRA. Page 546.

Surface of pileus covered with rounded, variously contorted folds.

MITRULA. Page 548.

Pileus subglobose or clavate, surface even.

SPATHULARIA. Page 549.

Pileus flattened, running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides.

GEOGLOSSUM. Page 550.

=HELVEL´LA= Linn.

A small pot herb.

=Stem= of medium thickness. =Pileus= hanging loosely over the stem, more or less folded, but not into pits. Hymenium on the upper side only.

Helvella esculenta is now Gyromitra esculenta, and is in bad repute.

Meanings of the unfamiliar words are too lengthy to give in the descriptions of species. They are in the Glossary.

Dr. Badham says: “All Helvellæ are esculent, have an agreeable odor, and bear a general resemblance in flavor to the Morell.”

(Plate CXLVI.)

=H. cri´spa= Fr.—curled. =Pileus= deflexed, lobed or variously contorted, white or whitish. =Stem= equal or slightly swollen at the base, deeply and uninterruptedly grooved, white or whitish. =Spores= elliptical, 18×22µ long. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Distinguished from all other species by the stout, costate, lacunose, hollow stem; entirely glabrous, fragile and with a semi-transparent look. Color variable, included under the following forms:

Var. al´ba. Pileus whitish.

Var. Grevil´lei. Under surface of the pileus reddish; stem white.

Var. incarna´ta. Pileus and stem flesh-color.

Var. ful´va. Pileus yellowish or tawny. Massee.

Pileus whitish, flesh-colored or yellowish, deflexed, lobed, at length free, crisped. =Stem= hollow, ribbed outside forming deep pits, 3–5 in. high, snowy white.

Edible. Badham, Cordier, Cooke, Berkeley, Peck.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, McIlvaine.

H. crispa is white and variable in shape of cap. In its color it differs from all others of its genus. It is found in the woods only, from July until frost. It is not usually abundant. It is an esculent species and good of its kind.

=H. Califor`nica= Phillips. =Pileus= bell-shaped or saddle-shaped, deflexed, sublobate, free, veined beneath, purplish-brown. =Stem= longitudinally pitted between ridges, rosy-pink. =Asci= cylindrical, narrowed toward the base. =Sporidia= 8, elliptical, binucleate, 17×9µ paraphyses linear, clavate and brown at the apices.

2–6 in. in diameter. =Stem= 2–6 in. high, .75–1.5 in. in diameter.

On the earth in dense forests near rocks. Sierra Nevada mountains; California, Harkness.

Edible. Harkness.

It presents characters essentially different from those of any species hitherto described. Its nearest ally is H. crispa, from which it differs in the color of the hymenium and stem and in being a larger species.

=H. lacuno´sa= Afzel.—uneven, pitted. =Pileus= inflated, lobed, cinereous-black, lobes deflexed, adnate. =Stem= white or dusky, hollow, exterior ribbed, forming intervening cavities; asci cylindrical, stemmed; sporidia ovate, hyaline.

Solitary or gregarious; very variable in size.

North Carolina, Curtis; Massachusetts, Sprague, Frost; White mountains, Farlow; Rhode Island, Bennett; California, H. and M.

Edible. Cordier, Berkeley, Badham, Cooke, Curtis.

=H. sulca´ta= Afzel.—furrowed. =Pileus= deflexed, equally 2–3 lobed, even, compressed, darker when dry. =Stem= 2 in. long, 4–5 lines thick, stuffed, equal, longitudinally furrowed. =Spores= very broadly elliptic, with a single large globose nucleus, 15–18µ long B. and Br.

Solitary, rarely gregarious.

Var. mi´nor Clem. Bot. Surv. of Neb. Univ. of Neb. Pileus .8–1.2 in., rarely 3.2 in. wide, .8–2 in. high. Stem .8–1.2 in., rarely 4 in. high, .6–1.4 in. wide; sporidia 15×10µ.

On shady ground. Otowanie woods, Lancaster county.

The prominent character in this species, as indicated by the name, is the sulcate stem. The furrows are very deep, and extend, without interruption, the entire length of the stem. The whole stem, as shown by a cross-section, is made up of the costæ intervening between these furrows. I do not find the stem “stuffed,” as required by the description in Syst. Myc., Vol. II, p. 15. The pileus is generally darker than that of H. crispa. Peck, 31st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

On decaying wood, stumps, trunks. Spring until autumn.

Known to be edible. Peck.

=H. elas´tica= Bull.—elastic. =Pileus= free from the stem, drooping, 2–3 lobed, center depressed, even, whitish, brownish or sooty, almost smooth underneath, about 2 cm. broad. =Stem= 2–3.5 in. high, 3–5 lines thick at the inflated base; tapering upward, elastic, even or often more or less pitted, colored like the pileus, minutely velvety or furfuraceous, at first solid, then hollow. =Spores= hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, often 1-guttulate, 18–20×10–11µ; 1-seriate; paraphyses septate, clavate. Massee.

It is not uncommon to find the pileus attached in one or two points to the stem. Peck, 32d Rep.

Var. al´ba (Pers.) Sacc.

On decaying wood. August to frost.

Massachusetts, Frost; Rhode Island, Bennett; Nebraska, Clements; New York, Peck, Rep. 24, 32, 51.

Edible. Unger, Cordier. Known to be edible. Peck.

=H. in´fula= Schaeff.—a head dress. =Pileus= hooded, in 2–4 irregular, drooping lobes, at length undulate, strongly adherent to the sides of the stem, reddish-brown or cinnamon more or less deep in color, whitish and downy underneath, 1.5–3 in. broad. =Stem= 1½-2½ in. long, ½ in. and more thick, usually smooth and even, sometimes compressed and irregularly pitted, pallid or tinged with red, covered with a white meal or down, solid when young but becoming hollow with age; asci cylindrical, apex somewhat truncate, 8-spored. =Spores= hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 21–23×11–12µ Massee.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania. Decaying trunks, stumps and roots. McIlvaine.

Edible. Cooke, Curtis, Peck.

Equal to any Helvella.

=VER´PA= Swartz.

Verpa, a rod.

=Ascophore= stipitate, campanulate, attached to the tip of the stem and hanging down like a bell, surrounding but free from the side of the stem, regular, smooth or slightly wrinkled but not ribbed, persistent, thin, excipulum formed of interwoven, septate hyphæ, hymenium entirely covering the outer surface of the ascophore; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= elliptical, continuous, hyaline or nearly so, 1-seriate; paraphyses septate. =Stem= elongated, stuffed.

Very closely allied to Helvella; distinguished by the ascophore being more regular in form, and more evidently deflexed round the apex of the stem, which it surrounds like a thimble on a finger, and is quite free from the stem except at the apex.

The species grow on the ground, in spring. Massee.

=V. digitalifor´mis= Pers.—digitus, a finger. =Pileus= at first nearly even, olivaceous-umber, dark at the apex. =Stem= obese, furnished at the base with a few reddish radicles, white with a slight rufous tinge, marked with transverse reddish spots; smooth to the naked eye, but under a lens clothed with fine adpressed flocci, the rupture of which gives rise to the spots, which are, in fact, minute scales. In the mature plant the pileus is ¾ in. high, bell-shaped, finger-form, or subglobose, more or less closely pressed to the stem, but always free, the edge sometimes inflexed so as to form a white border, wrinkled, but not reticulated, under side slightly pubescent; sporidia yellowish, elliptic. =Stem= 3 in. high, ½ in. or more thick, slightly attenuated downward, loosely stuffed, by no means hollow. Berkeley.

Minnesota, Johnson; California, H. and M.; New York, Buffalo, Clinton; Oneida, Warne, May. Peck, 30th, 32d Rep.

Mt. Gretna, July, 1897. Road-side bank. McIlvaine.

Sold in Italy. Vittadini. Not to be despised when one can not get better nor to be eaten when one can. Badham.

The substance of this fungus is the same as that of Helvella. It is pleasant but rather tasteless.

=LEOTIA= Hill.

Ascophore stipitate, substance fleshy, soft and somewhat gelatinous. =Pileus= orbicular, spreading; margin drooping or incurved free from the stem, glabrous, hymenium entirely covering the upper surface. =Stem= central, elongated; asci cylindric-clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= hyaline, continuous or 1-septate, elongated and narrowly elliptical, obliquely 1–2 seriate; paraphyses present.

Growing on the ground, or on decaying wood. Hill. Emended. Massee.

=Stem= long. =Pileus= flattened, margin incurved, covered everywhere with the smooth, somewhat viscid hymenium.

=L. chloroceph´ala= Schw.—chloros, green; kephalos, a head. Cespitose, stipitate. =Pileus= 4–6 lines across, depresso-globose, somewhat translucent, more or less wavy, margin incurved, dark verdigris-green to blackish-green. =Stem= 1–1½ in. long, almost equal, green but often paler than the pileus, pulverulent, often twisted; asci cylindric-clavate, apex rather narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= smooth, hyaline, narrowly elliptical, ends acute, often slightly curved, usually 2–3-guttulate, 17–20×5µ, irregularly 2-seriate; paraphyses slender, hyaline.

On the ground.

Distinguished from L. lubrica by the green stem. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Cespitose. In mixed woods, moist ground. July until long after frosts. McIlvaine.

A small clustered plant having a green gelatinous appearance. Quarts of it can frequently be gathered after rains. Both it and L. lubrica have less flavor than the larger Helvellaceæ, but they make a palatable dish.

(Plate CXLVII.)

=L. lu´brica=, Pers.—slippery. Gregarious or in small clusters, stipitate, somewhat gelatinous. =Pileus= irregularly hemispherical, inflated, wavy, margin very obtuse, yellowish olive-green, 6–8 lines across. =Stem= 1.5–2 in. high, nearly equal or more or less inflated at the base, pulpy within then hollow, externally yellowish and covered with minute white granules; asci cylindrical, apex slightly narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, often guttulate, narrowly elliptical, straight or very slightly curved, 22–25×5–6µ; paraphyses slender, cylindrical, hyaline.

On the ground in woods. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; Massachusetts, Frost; Minnesota, Johnson; New York, Ellis.

New York, Peck, 23d Rep.; Trenton, N.J. Cespitose on damp ground in woods. Forty specimens, July, 1898. E.B. Sterling; New Jersey; Pennsylvania. Gregarious and cespitose in several localities. July to frost. McIlvaine.

Irregular in appearance. Helvella-like but with a very soft gelatinous stem, yellow. The color of the stem distinguishes it from L. chlorocephala, which has a green stem. It is a small plant, but of good food value. Where it occurs there is often a goodly quantity.

=MORCHEL´LA= Dill.

Gr—a mushroom.

Stipitate or subsessile. =Pileus= globose or ovate, adnate throughout its length to the sides of the stem, remaining closed at the apex, hollow and continuous with the cavity of the stem; externally furnished with stout, branched and anastomosing ribs or plates, every part bearing the hymenium. =Stem= stout, stuffed or hollow; asci cylindrical, 2–4–8-spored. =Spores= 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline, elliptical; paraphyses septate, clavate.

Most nearly allied to Gyromitra; differs in the ribs of the pileus being deep and plate-like, and anastomosing to form elongated or irregularly polygonal deep pits.

Growing on the ground in the spring. Massee.

Stem stout; pileus ovoid or conical, deeply folded into pits, resembling honeycomb.

Notwithstanding Dill, the author of the genus, describes the caps as adnate throughout their length to the stem, such is not the case. Professor Peck arranges the genus into two groups, “in one of which the margin of the cap is wholly attached to the stem, in the other it is free.” In the latter group are M. bispora and M. semilibera.

The species are so much alike that botanical descriptions are omitted of all but M. esculenta and Professor Peck’s species.

Not one of the Morells is even suspicious. They are favorites wherever found. The Morell is one of the few species known to the settler and to the farmer. It loves old apple orchards, probably because ashes have been used about the trees; ashes and cinders are its choice fertilizers. In Germany peasants formerly burned forests to insure a bountiful crop. Mr. Moore, of San Francisco, Cal., says: “We find it in profusion on burnt hillsides all along the Pacific coast.”

But it does not confine its habitat to burned surfaces. It grows in thin open woods or on borders of woods. It grows under pine, ash, oaks and other trees. Strange to say it grows under the walnut tree where very few fungi of any kind grow. Especially does it love the white walnut or butternut.

Morchella dry well and keep well for winter use.

=M. esculen´ta= Pers.—esculent. (Plate XLVI, fig. 2, p. 214.) =Pileus= globose, ovate or oblong, adnate to the stem at the base, hollow, ribs stout, forming irregular, polygonal, deep pits, pale dingy yellow, buff or tawny, 1.25–2.5 in. high and broad. =Stem= stout, whitish, almost even, hollow or stuffed, 1.25–2.5 in. high, .8 in. and more thick; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= continuous, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, ends obtuse, 19–20×10µ, paraphyses rather slender, slightly thickened upward.

On the ground. Spring and early summer. Edible.

Variable in form, size and color, but distinguished by the pileus being adnate to the stem at the base, and the stout ribs anastomosing to form irregular, polygonal pits of about equal size, and not elongated. Massee.

Common over the states, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. In orchards, on ashes and cinders, under walnut, pine and oak trees. May and June. McIlvaine.

The common Morell varies in size, 2–4 in. high, sometimes larger. The cap, usually broader than it is long, oval, at times tapering to a rounded top. The cavities resemble those of a weather-beaten honeycomb, and are whitish, or grayish or brownish. The stem is about ½ in. in diameter. It is an easily recognized species. Edible. Choice. Total nitrogen, according to Lafayette B. Mendel, 4.66 per cent.

=M. cras´sipes= Pers.—crassus, thick; pes, a foot. Agreeing with M. esculenta in having the pits of the pileus irregular in form, not much, if at all, longer than broad, and in not having a main series of more or less parallel and vertical ribs; differing in the stout stem being much longer than the pileus. Massee.

Attains a height of 9 in. or more.

Not rare in May. Kansas, Cragin; Minnesota, Johnson.

Esculent. Cooke.

=M. delicio´sa= Fr. The Delicious morell is easily known by the shape of its cap, which is cylindrical or nearly so. Sometimes it is slightly narrowed toward the top and occasionally curved, as in the preceding species, but its long narrow shape and blunt apex is quite strongly contrasted with that species. It is usually two or three times as long as it is broad, and generally it is longer than the stem. Specimens also occur in which the cap is slightly more narrow in the middle than it is above and below, and rarely it is slightly pointed at the apex. The pits on its surface are rather narrow and mostly longer than broad. The stem is often rather short.

The plant varies from 1½-3 in. high. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Its name gives it esculent properties.

=M. con´ica= Pers.—conical. The Conical morell has the cap conical or oblong-conical, as its name indicates. The longitudinal ridges on its surface run more regularly from top to base than in the Common morell. They are connected by short transverse ridges which are so distant from each other or so incomplete that the resulting pits or depressions are generally longer than broad, and sometimes rather irregular. The color in the young plant is a beautiful buff-yellow or very pale ochraceous, but it becomes darker with age.

The plants are generally 3–5 in. high, with the cap 1½-2 in. thick in its broadest part, and distinctly broader than the stem. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Kansas; California; Rhode Island; Ohio, Lloyd; New York; Indiana, H.I. Miller, orchards, thin woods; New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, McIlvaine.

The conical form distinguishes M. conica from M. esculenta, if they are really different species, as some writers doubt. For the table there is not any difference.

=M. bi´spora= Sor.—Two-spored. The Two-spored morell is very similar to the Half-free morell in external appearance. It is distinguishable by its cap, which is free from the stem almost or quite to the top. The stem of the European plant has been described as stuffed, but in our plant it is hollow, though possibly in very young plants it may be stuffed. The remarkable and very distinctive character which gives name to the species can only be seen by the aid of a microscope. In this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sack and these are much larger than the spores of the other species. They are two or three times longer and sometimes slightly curved. The spores of the other species are eight in an ascus and are very much alike in size and shape, and do not furnish decided specific characters; but in this species their importance can not be overlooked. Their length is about 60µ, while in the others it is 20–25µ.

This is probably our rarest species. I am not aware that it has been found in but one locality in our state. A few years ago Mr. H.A. Warne detected it growing among fallen leaves in a ravine near Oneida. I have not tested its edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if opportunity should be afforded. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Var. trunca´ta. =Pileus= broadly rounded or truncate, its costæ slightly prominent, the margin often a little recurved; paraphyses numerous. =Stem= long.

Michigan. May. Hicks. Peck, 46th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=M. angus´ticeps= Pk.—angustus, narrow; caput, head. =Pileus= oblong-conical and subobtuse or narrowly conical and acute, adnate to the stem, 1–2 in. high, and about half as broad at the base, ribs longitudinal, here and there anastomosing or connected by transverse veins. =Stem= subequal, hollow, whitish, furfuraceous without and within, even or rarely rough with irregular longitudinal furrows; asci cylindrical. =Spores= elliptical, whitish tinged with ocher, 20–25×12.5–18µ; paraphyses short, clavate, with one or two septa near the base.

Sandy soil in the borders of woods and in open places. West Albany and Center. April and May.

Two forms occur, one with the pileus oblong-conical, rather obtuse, often tipped with a slight umbo or papilla, and with a diameter a little surpassing that of the stem from which the base is separated by a slight groove; the other with the pileus narrowly conical, rather acute, scarcely exceeding the stem in diameter and without any separating groove. The stem and fruit are alike in both forms. The stem is usually about equal in length to the pileus. The species is related to M. conica and M. elata, but may be separated from both by the size of the spores and the character of the paraphyses. In our plant I have never seen these as long as the asci. Large forms appear also to approach M. rimosipes, but that species has the margin of the pileus more free, the stem proportionately longer, and the paraphyses as long as the asci, if we may rely upon the figure of it. Our plant is edible. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

The plants are commonly 2–3 in. high, with the cap generally less than an inch broad in its widest part, but sometimes much larger specimens occur. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

(Plate CXLIX.)

=M. semilib´era= D.C.—half-free. The Half-free morell has a conical cap, the lower half of which is free from the stem. It rarely exceeds 1 in. or 1½ in. in length, and is usually much shorter than its stem. The pits on its surface are longer than broad. Deformed specimens occur in which the cap is hemispherical and very blunt or obtuse at the apex; in others it is abruptly narrowed above and pointed.

The plants are 2–4 in. high. The species is rare with us. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Spores= pale-yellow.

Odor feeble, becomes stronger in drying. Much less sapid than M. esculenta. Neither of these funguses should be gathered after rain, as they are then insipid and soon spoil. Badham.

=GYROMI´TRA= Fr.

Gyro, to turn; mitra, a head-covering.

Ascophore stipitate; hymenophore subglobose, inflated and more or less hollow, or cavernous, variously gyrose and convolute at the surface, which is everywhere covered with the hymenium; substance fleshy; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= uniseriate, elongated, hyaline or nearly so, continuous; paraphyses present.

Helvella of old authors.

Distinguished from Morchella by the thick, brain-like folds of the hymenophore not anastomosing to form irregularly polygonal depressions; and from Helvella in the hymenophore not being free from the stem at the base.

Growing on the ground. Massee.

(Plate CXLVIII_a_.)

=G. esculen´ta= Fr. (Plate VI, fig. 6, p. 6.) =Pileus= rounded, lobed, irregular, gyrose-convolute, glabrous, bay-red. =Stem= stout, stuffed or hollow, whitish, often irregular. =Spores= elliptical, binucleate, yellowish, 20–22µ long.

The Edible gyromitra, formerly known as Helvella esculenta, is easily recognized by its chestnut-red irregularly rounded and lobed cap with its brain-like convolutions. The margin of the cap is attached to the stem in two or three places. When cut through it is found to be hollow, whitish within and uneven, with a few prominent irregular ribs or ridges. The stem is whitish, slightly scurfy, and when mature, hollow. In large specimens it sometimes appears as if formed by the union of two or more smaller ones.

The plant is 2–4 in. high and the cap commonly 2–3 in. broad. Specimens sometimes occur weighing a pound each. It is fond of sandy soil and is found in May and June. It grows chiefly in wet weather or in wet ravines or springy places in the vicinity of pine groves or pine trees. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

G. esculenta crispa n. var. Whole surface of the pileus finely reticulated with anastomosing costæ (ribs or veins).

Under evergreens. North Elba. June. Peck, 51st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Since 1882 myself and friends have repeatedly eaten it. In no instance was the slightest discomfort felt from it. It was always enjoyed. Mr. Charles H. Allen, San Jose, Cal., writes to me that G. esculenta grows plentifully in his region, and that it is not only edible, but he has found it one of the best. But the species, though long ago esteemed highly in Europe and by many in America, now rests under decided suspicion. It is not probable that in our great food-giving country anyone will be narrowed to G. esculenta for a meal. Until such an emergency arrives, the species would be better let alone.

=G. cur´tipes= Fr.—curtus, short; pes, a foot. =Pileus= inflated, gyrosely undulated, oblong, rotund, at first pallid then brownish; margin of pileus closely adnexed to the stem. =Stem= irregular, short or almost absent. =Asci= cylindrical. =Sporidia= .30×9µ fusiform, uninucleate. Paraphyses clavate.

On the ground. Spring. Readily distinguished from other species by the almost obliterated stem. Fries commends it highly as an esculent.

Separated from G. esculenta by paler color, shorter stem and different spores.

=G. Carolinia´na= (Bosc.) Fr. =Pileus= rotund, base free, surface woven into deep irregular undulating folds. =Stem= conical, sulcate. =Asci= cylindrical. =Sporidia= 3–3.2×1µ; somewhat fusiform; paraphyses thickened toward the top.

In woods. Esculent.

Massachusetts. Sprague.

(Plate CXLVIII.)

=G. brun´nea= Underwood—brunneus, brown. A stout, fleshy, stipitate plant, 3–5 in. high, bearing a broad, much contorted, brown ascoma. =Stem= ¾-1.5 in. thick, more or less enlarged and spongy, solid at the base, hollow below, rarely slightly fluted, clear white; receptacle 2–4 in. across in the widest direction, the two diameters usually considerably unequal, irregularly lobed and plicate, in places faintly marked into areas by indistinct anastomosing ridges, closely cohering with the stem in the various parts, rich chocolate-brown or somewhat lighter if much covered with the leaves among which it grows, whitish underneath; asci 8-spored. =Spores= oval, 28–30µ long, by about 14µ wide, hyaline, somewhat roughened-tuberculate, usually nucleate, the highly refractive nucleus spherical or oval, 11µ or, if oval, 14×11µ in diameter; paraphyses slender, enlarged at the apex, faintly septate.

In rich woods, mostly in beech-leaf mold. Putnam county, Ind., May, 1892, 1893 and 1894. First found by Dr. W.V. Brown.

The plant is esculent, tender and possesses a fine flavor. Often as many as 8 or 10 plants would be found in one small area, but the plant appears to be local and never very abundant. Some single plants would weigh nearly half a pound.

=MI´TRULA= Fr.

(Emended, Massee.)

Ascophore stipitate, fleshy. =Head= subglobose, ovate, or clavate, even, glabrous, everywhere covered with the hymenium, adnate throughout to the more or less elongated stem; asci cylindric-clavate, 8-spored. =Spores= narrowly elliptic-fusiform, hyaline, continuous or septate, irregularly 1–2-seriate; paraphyses present. Fries.

(Plate CL.)

=M. vitelli´na= Sacc., var. irregularis Pk.—vitellus, egg-yolk. =Pileus= clavate, often irregular or compressed and somewhat lobed, obtuse, glabrous, yellow, tapering below into the short, rather distinct, yellowish or whitish stem. =Spores= narrowly elliptical, 8–10µ long.

When the Irregular mitrula is well grown and symmetrical it closely resembles the typical European plant, but usually the clubs or caps are curved, twisted, compressed or lobed in such a way that it is difficult to find two plants just alike. The plants are usually only one or two inches high, so that they would scarcely be thought of any importance as an edible species. But sometimes it grows in considerable profusion in wet mossy places in woods, so that it would not be difficult to gather a pint of them in a short time. Its beautiful bright yellow color makes it a very attractive object. It is our largest species of Mitrula and occurs in autumn.

It was first reported as an edible species in the forty-second report. Its flesh is tender and its flavor delicate and agreeable. Peck, 48th Rep.

Ontario, Dearness (LI. R. 4). West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Common, gregarious in moist woods. September to November. McIlvaine.

Those fortunate enough to find this species will hunt for it again assiduously. Even raw, when cut in strips, it makes a picturesque and delicious salad.

=SPATHULA´RIA= Pers.

A spatula.

Receptacle erect, spathulate, compressed, hollow, adnate to the stem, down which it runs for some distance on opposite sides, everywhere covered with the hymenium. =Stem= subcylindrical, hollow; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= elongated, cylindric-clavate, multi-septate at maturity, arranged in a parallel fascicle in the ascus; paraphyses filiform, septate.

Distinguished by the broad, flattened ascophore running down opposite sides of the stem.

Growing on pine leaves or on the ground among moss. Massee.

Resembling a spatha, an instrument for stirring a liquid, shaped like an apothecary’s spatula.

=Pileus= irregular, compressed, folded, running down into the stem on either side.

=S. clava´ta= (Schaeff.) Sacc.—club-shaped. S. flavida Pers. Elvela clavata Schaeff. (Plate CXXXVI, p. 508.) =Head= spathulate or broadly clavate, obtuse or sometimes more or less divided at the apex, hollow, much compressed, running down the stem for some distance on opposite sides, glabrous, margin crisped or undulated, surface wavy or slightly lacunose, yellow, rarely tinged red, .8–1.2 in. high, .6–1 in. broad. =Stem= white then tinged yellow, 1.2–2.4 in. long, .2–3 lines thick, hollow, cylindrical or slightly compressed; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= arranged in a parallel fascicle, hyaline, linear-clavate, usually very slightly bent, multiguttulate then multiseptate, 50–60×3.5–4µ; paraphyses filiform, septate, often branched, tips not thickened, wavy. Massee.

New York. Woods in hilly and mountainous districts. Common. Peck, 22d Rep.

Professor Peck gives S. rugosa, which has the club wrinkled.

This odd, pretty little plant was found by me in great numbers at Eagle’s Mere, Pa., August, 1897, growing among mosses. The contrast of its bright yellow paddle-shapes against the moss-green is very pleasing to one who loves choice bits of color. Its consistency when stewed is tenacious but tender, and its flavor is delicate.

=GEOGLOS´SUM= Pers.

(Emended.)

(Plate CLI.)

Entire fungus more or less clavate, erect, the apical, thickened portion everywhere covered with the hymenium; glabrous or hairy, often viscid; asci clavate, apex narrowed, 8-spored. =Spores= elongated, arranged in a parallel fascicle, cylindrical or very slightly thickened above the middle, and inclined to become cylindric-clavate, brown, septate, usually slightly curved; paraphyses septate, brown at the tips, often longer than the asci.

Distinguished among the clavate species by the long, narrow, brown, septate spores. The entire plant is black in all British species.

Growing on the ground, among grass, etc. Massee.

=G. glutino´sum= Pers. Ascophore 1.5–2 in. high, black, glabrous; ascigerous portion about ⅓ of the entire length, oblong, lanceolate, up to .4 in. broad, obtuse, slightly viscid, more or less compressed, passing imperceptibly into the somewhat slender, cylindrical, viscid, brownish-black stem; asci clavate, tapering downward into a long, slender pedicel. =Spores= 8, arranged more or less parallel near the apex of the ascus, cylindrical, ends obtuse, 3-septate and clear-brown at maturity, straight or very slightly curved, 65–75×5–6µ; paraphyses numerous, distinctly septate, about 2µ thick, pale-brown, apex broadly pyriform and filled with dark-brown coloring matter.

On the ground among grass, etc.

The most important features of the present species are 3-septate brown spores and compressed ascophore. Massee.

New Jersey, E.B. Sterling. Mt. Gretna, Pa., August, 1899, gregarious in wet ground. Over a quart found in one patch. McIlvaine.

Stewed it is delicious.

FAMILY.—=PEZIZÆ.=

=PEZI´ZA= Linn.

Pezizæ, a sort of mushroom without root or stalk, mentioned by Pliny.

Ascophore sessile, but sometimes narrowed to a short, stem-like base, fleshy and brittle, closed at first, then expanding until cup-shaped, saucer-shaped, or in some species quite plane or even convex; disk even, nodulose or veined; externally warted, scurfy, or rarely almost glabrous; cortical cells irregularly polygonal; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, continuous, hyaline (rarely tinged brown), elliptical, epispore smooth or rough; paraphyses present. Dill. Emended. Massee.

The genus is large. Professor Peck reports 150 American species. Some are large, others require the microscope to find them.

They are rather indiscriminate in their habitats; some are eccentric; these grow on damp walls, on dung, in cellars and cisterns, on spent hops and on old fungi. One or two species grow on sticks under water, an unusual place for fungi of any kind. Minute species grow upon stems of herbaceous plants; nine or ten upon the nettle. Two species contain a milky fluid, P. succosa and P. saniosa. Many are known in Europe which have not been found in America. European authors differ as to their qualities; some call them insipid, some speak of them with kindly respect. Much depends upon their cooking. They are, as a rule, tenacious in texture. To cook them properly requires time and slow stewing. They then become soft and rather glutinous. Their flavor is slight but pleasant, and their consistency agreeable.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

I.—ALEURIA. Page 553

Externally powdered or with a woolly scurf.

II.—LACHNEA. Page 558.

Externally hairy or downy.

III.—PHIALEA.

Externally almost naked, smooth. No edible species reported.

I.—ALEURIA Fr.

Fleshy or fleshy-membranaceous, externally powdered or with a woolly scurf.

* Macropodes—macros, long; podes, feet. Stem firm, elongated, furrowed.

** Cochleata—cochleatus, spiral. Subsessile, oblique or twisted.

*** Cupulares. Subsessile, regular.

**** Humaria. Small, somewhat fleshy, margin downy. (None known to be edible.)

***** Enc[oe]lia. More or less coriaceous. (None known to be edible.)

* Macropodes. Stem firm, elongated, etc.

=P. aceta´bulum= Linn.—a cup. =Ascophore= stipitate, cup-shaped, fleshy, rather tough, disk dark umber-brown, externally paler and minutely scurfy or flocculose; mouth somewhat contracted; 1.2–2 in. broad, 1.2–1.4 in. high. =Stem= .4-.6 in. high, often .4 in. thick, imperfectly hollow, with parallel or anastomosing ribs, which continue for some distance up the ascophore as branching veins, pale umber; cells of the cortex give off short, rather closely septate hyphæ in groups; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, broadly elliptical, ends obtuse, with a very large oil-globule, 18–22×12–14µ; paraphyses straight, septate, the brownish, clavate tip 5–6µ thick.

The fluted stem and veined outside of the excipulum mark the present species. The colorless hypothecium is composed of very densely and compactly interwoven hyphæ. Massee.

Season spring.

North Carolina, Curtis; New Jersey, Ellis; Massachusetts, Frost; Rhode Island, Bennett; Ohio, Lloyd, R. 4.

Esculent. Cordier, Cooke.

=P. ma´cropus= Pers.—macros, long; pous, a foot. Solitary, 1–3 in. high, cups 1–2 in. broad. The cups become expanded, and sometimes reflexed; the exterior is ash-colored and clothed with little hairy or villous warts, the hairs consisting of concatenate cells, their extremities free. The stem is enlarged downward, often pitted, occasionally becoming hollow with age. Phillips.

Asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, elliptical, 28–33×11–13µ; paraphyses straight, tips brownish and thickened in a clavate manner up to 8–10µ Massee.

On the ground in shady places. Summer and autumn.

North Carolina, Curtis; New Jersey, Ellis; Minnesota, Johnson; Massachusetts, Frost; New York, Peck, Rep. 22.

Esculent. Cordier.

** Cochlea´ta. Subsessile, oblique, etc.

=P. veno´sa= Pers.—venosus, full of veins. Smell strong, nitrous; sessile or contracted into a short, stout, stem-like base; cup-shaped and with the margin incurved when young, then expanding and the margin becoming more or less split or lobed and wavy, 1.2–2 in. across; disk umber-brown, externally whitish, minutely granular, and furnished with rather stout, anastomosing ribs which radiate from the base; excipulum pseudoparenchymatous, cells largest at the periphery, where some run out as clavate, free tips; asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, often with 1 large oil-globule, elliptical, ends obtuse, wall rather thick, 18–24×11–13µ; paraphyses septate, tips clavate, brownish. On the ground. Spring. Massee.

Massachusetts, Frost; California, H. and M.; Rhode Island, Bennett; New York, Peck, Rep. 24.

Edible. Has a most decided nitrous odor and also fungoid flavor. Cooke.

=P. ba´dia= Pers.—of a brown or bay color. (Plate CLII, p. 554.) Gregarious or cespitose, sessile or narrowed into a very short, stout, stem-like base and often more or less lacunose; subglobose and closed at first, then cup-shaped or more expanded, margin entire or nearly so, the entire cup often wavy, rather thick, 1.2–2 in. across; disk dark-brown, externally paler-brown and minutely granular, often with a purple tinge; hypothecium and excipulum formed of stout, septate, irregularly inflated hyphæ, hypothecium compact, excipulum spongy and cavernous; cortex compact, the hyphæ running out in irregular lumps to form the external granulations; asci cylindrical, apex truncate, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, with one large oil-globule, minutely warted at maturity, 15–19×9–10µ; paraphyses septate, tips slightly clavate.

On the ground among grass, etc., also on scorched places.

Readily distinguished by the bay or umber-brown disk, and the minutely-warted spores. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; California, H. and M.; Minnesota, Johnson; Nebraska, Clements; New York, Peck, Rep. 25.

Alabama. On ground, Alabama Bull. No. 80, West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On ground. Frequent. July to October. McIlvaine.

Esculent. Cordier.

P. badia is frequent on bare ground, along wood roads, etc. In the West Virginia mountains it occurs where there have been brush fires. It is a meaty plant, without much flavor. It must be cut fine and slowly cooked if stewed, or can be quickly fried in a hot buttered pan. It has more flavor fried crisp than stewed.

=P. cochlea´ta=—spiral. Sessile, cespitose, variously contorted and plicate, fleshy, brittle, disk umber-brown, externally paler and pruinose, sometimes altogether paler and leather-color or pale dingy-ochraceous, 2–3.2 in. diameter; when solitary or almost so, at first globose, then expanding with the margin involute, finally spreading and irregularly plicate; excipulum spongy and cavernous, due to the loose weft formed by interlacing, hyaline, thin-walled, flaccid, septate hyphæ, cortex compact, running out into irregular groups of cells that form the scurfy exterior; asci cylindrical, apex slightly truncate, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, continuous, smooth, usually 2-guttulate, 16–18×7–8µ; paraphyses slender, septate; tip slightly clavate, often curved and sometimes branched.

The entire substance is brittle and rather watery, and usually assumes a yellowish tint when bruised. Smell and taste almost none.

Sometimes the ascophores are closely crowded, hence irregular and much contorted, and resembling a foliaceous Tremella or a small specimen of Sparassis crispa. Massee.

New York. Ground in woods. Helderberg mountains and Greenbush. June. Peck, Rep. 23; Alabama, Peters, Ala. Bull. No. 80; North Carolina, Curtis; Massachusetts, Frost; Ohio, Lloyd, Rep. 4.

This species is quite insipid and somewhat leathery, but Mr. Berkeley has seen it offered for sale under the name of Morell. Badham.

Esculent. Cordier, Cooke.

=P. lepori´na= Batsch.—lepus, a hare. =Cup= 1–3 in. high, 1–3 in. broad, gregarious, often cespitose; margin involute, divided to the base on one side; disk even or rarely wrinkled, a shade darker than the exterior; paraphyses slender, hardly thickened at the summits, but almost invariably crooked. This fine species grows as large as O. onotica at times, but is not so brightly colored, being throughout of a sober tan-color, resembling common wash leather used for cleaning plate. Phillips.

Asci cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely uniseriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, 1–2 guttulate, elliptical, 12–15×7–8µ; paraphyses filiform, septate, apex slightly swollen, and usually strongly curved.

On the ground in woods, among leaves, etc. Massee.

California, edible, H. and M.

Esculent. Cordier.

=P. onotica= Pers. Very variable in form, usually elongated on one side and ear-shaped, but sometimes almost equal-sided and entire, 1–3 in. high, up to 2 in. wide, becoming narrowed to a more or less wrinkled, short stem-like base; disk pale orange, usually with a rosy tinge, externally pale tawny-orange. Asci elongated, narrowly cylindrical, 8-spored. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, colorless, ends obtuse, 1–2-guttulate, 14–15×8–9µ; paraphyses straight, septate, apex clavate.

On the ground in woods, among leaves, etc. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; Iowa, Fitzpatrick (Ll. R. 4); New York, Peck, Rep. 28.

Esculent. Cordier.

=P. unici´sa= Pk.—implying one incision. =Cup= large, thin, split on one side to the base, sessile or with a short stem, externally wrinkled, minutely pulverulent under a lens, yellow, within pale-yellow slightly tinged with pink. =Spores= elliptical, usually containing two nuclei, 12–15µ.

Ground in woods. Croghan. September.

The cups are about two inches broad. The species is related to P. onotica. Peck, 26th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Minnesota, Johnson; Mt. Gretna, Pa. On ground in mixed woods, gravelly ground. September to October. McIlvaine.

Many specimens were found scattered and in patches, and were eaten. They were of slight flavor but good.

=P. auran´tia= Pers. (Plate CXXXVI, fig. 3, p. 508.) Sessile or protracted into a very short stem-like base, cespitose and irregular, or growing singly and then circular in outline and regular, becoming almost plane; thin, brittle, disk clear, deep orange or sometimes orange-red, externally much paler, or sometimes almost white, with a pink tinge, delicately tomentose, due to the presence of short, stout, blunt, 1–2-septate hyaline hairs; varying from ½-3.2 in. broad. =Spores= 15–16×7–8µ.

On the ground, often near stumps or among chips.

Sometimes crowded, large, with the margin raised and very much waved and more or less incised, at others scattered, smaller, almost or quite even and finally spread flat on the ground. Easily recognized by the large size, bright orange disk, pale, downy exterior, and the broadly elliptical spores covered with a delicate net-work of raised lines at maturity. Massee.

Massachusetts, Frost; Rhode Island, Bennett; Minnesota, Johnson; California, H. and M.; Alabama, Peters; New York, October, Peck, 23, 24 Rep.; Indiana, Richmond, November, Dr. J.R. Weist; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On ground. September to October. McIlvaine.

Esculent. Cordier.

At Mt. Gretna, Pa., patches of it twenty feet long, made the ground along a road on the margin of a woods golden with its clusters. The plants grew from sand mixed with leaf-mold. I have eaten it for fifteen years. Fair flavor.

*** Cupulares. Subsessile, etc.

=P. repan´da= Wahlenb.—bent backward. Clustered or scattered, subsessile, contracted into a short, stout, stem-like base, which is often rooting; saucer-shaped, then quite expanded and the margin more or less split and wavy, sometimes drooping and revolute, extreme edge often crenate; 1.6–4 in. across; disk pale or dark brown or umber, more or less wrinkled toward the center, externally whitish, minutely granular. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, hyaline, smooth, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 18–22×11–12µ; paraphyses septate, clavate and brownish at the tips. Massee.

On the ground, often in beech-woods; also on decayed trunks.

New York, Ellis; Minnesota, Johnson; Ohio, Lloyd, R. 4. New York. Ground and decaying wood. Croghan. September. Peck, 28th Rep.

Specimens sent to the writer by Dr. W.B. Miller, Altoona, Pa., were 3½ in. across, and a beautiful velvety brown. Cooked they had a mushroom flavor.

=P. vesiculo´sa= Bull.—full of bladders. Clustered, often distorted from mutual pressure, sessile but more or less narrowed at the base, globose and closed at first, then expanding, but the margin usually remaining more or less incurved and somewhat notched; disk pale brown, externally brownish and coarsely granular from the presence of minute, irregular warts, 1.2–3 in. across. =Spores= obliquely 1-seriate, smooth, hyaline, continuous, elliptical, ends obtuse, 21–24×11–12µ; paraphyses slender, septate, clavate.

Var. ce´rea Rehm. Similar in size, habit and general structure to the typical form; differing in the wax-yellow color, the more distinct stem-like base, and the slightly smaller spores, 18–19×10µ; very brittle. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; California, H. and M.; Massachusetts, Frost; New Jersey, Ellis; Ohio, Lloyd, Rep. 4; var. minor, Sacc.; Nebraska, Clements; New York, Peck, Rep. 25.

Esculent. Cordier.

II.—LACHNEA.

=P. odora´ta= Pk. =Cups= .5–3 in. broad, gregarious or scattered, thin, sessile, rather brittle when fresh, shallow, expanded or even convex from the decurving of the margin, at first brownish, then white or whitish, the hymenium ochraceous-brown; asci cylindrical, opening by a lid, .01-.012 in. long, .0006-.0008 in. broad, paraphyses filiform, obscurely septate, slightly thickened at the tips. =Spores= elliptical, even, 20–22.2×10–12.5µ.

Ground in cellar. Maine. June. F.L. Harvey.

The plant when fresh has the peculiar fungoid flavor suggestive of that of chestnut blossoms. The species is apparently allied to P. Petersii, from which it may be distinguished by its larger spores and distinct but peculiar odor. The spores also are not binucleate, as in that species. In drying, the hymenium is apt to become blackish. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 23, No. 10.

A cluster 4 inches across, in general appearance resembling P. repanda, was found by the writer at Mt. Gretna, Pa., June, 1898, growing from between the staves of an empty flour barrel which was exposed to the weather. The margin, instead of being revolute, turned inward (involute) until it touched the short stem. The cluster was eaten and had the flavor of P. repanda. In June, 1899, several pounds grew on and around the same barrel. Professor Peck recognized it as P. odorata.

=P. cocci´nea= Jacq.—scarlet or crimson. Geopyxis coccinea Mass. (Plate CXXXVI, fig. 2, p. 508.) Scattered or in groups of 2–3 specimens, stipitate; at first closed, then expanding and becoming shallowly cup-shaped, margin entire, .8–1.6 in. across; disk clear and deep carmine, externally whitish or pinkish, delicately tomentose, due to the presence of wavy, usually aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical hyphæ, 5–6µ thick. =Stem= .4-.8 in. long, 1.2–2 in. thick, whitish and tomentose. =Spores= 1-seriate, elliptic-oblong, ends obtuse, hyaline, wall rather thick and forming a hyaline border, straight, 25–30×8–9µ; paraphyses very slender, hardly thickened at the tips.

On rotten branches lying on the ground. Spring.

Readily distinguished among the large, stipitate Pezizæ by the deep rose-red or carmine disk and the whitish, tomentose exterior. The stem varies considerably in length; when the fungus springs from the underside of a branch the stem is often elongated and curved. The base of the stem is attached to the branch by a mass of whitish, tomentose mycelium. Massee.

New York. Half-buried sticks. April and May. Peck, 23d Rep.; New Jersey, E.B. Sterling; Mt. Gretna, Pa., New Jersey. On sticks on ground. Spring. McIlvaine.

This brilliant fungus is one of the beauties of the woods. Though small it attracts the eye by its deep carmine in striking contrast with the somber carpeting. It is frequent when in season. A half pint of it may be gathered from a few acres. Its substance is tenacious, taste pleasant. Mr. Massee mentions that it is abundant in some of the woods near Scarboro, England, and is regularly collected and sold along with moss for decorative purposes. Exquisite effects may be produced by arranging the brightly colored fungi among moss and leaves. “Fairy Cups,” they are called. Rosy must be the lips that do not pale beside them.

=P. calyci´na= Schum.—resembling a bud. Ascophores cespitose, gregarious or scattered, narrowed into a short, stout, stem-like base, rather fleshy, 1–3 mm. broad; disk orange-yellow, externally white and villose, hairs rather wavy, cylindrical, obtuse, colorless, minutely rough, 100–150×4–5µ; asci subcylindrical, apex obtuse, 8-spored. =Spores= 1-seriate or inclined to be 2-seriate above, hyaline, elliptic-fusiform, continuous, 18–25×6–8µ; paraphyses slender, hyaline, cylindrical.

On bark of larch and Scotch fir. Massee.

North Carolina, Curtis; Massachusetts, Frost; New York. Gum spots on spruce, bark of pines, Peck, 22d Rep.

Esculent. Cooke.

Cohort PYRENOMYCETES.

FAMILY.—=HYPOCREACEÆ.=

=HYPO´MYCES= Fr.

Gr—under; Gr—fungus.

Perithecia (the hollow narrow-mouthed cases which contain the spores) gregarious, with a cottony stroma in which they are more or less immersed. Mostly parasitic on various Hymenomycetes or Discomycetes; bright colored, with papilliform (nipple-shaped) or slightly elongated ostiola (apertures). Asci mostly cylindrical, 8-spored, without paraphyses. Sporidia oblong or fusoid, uniseptate, hyaline. Conidial stage represented by Asterophora, etc.

This parasite attacks several species of fungi, and so alters their structure and appearance that it is difficult to distinguish the host-plant. The attack is made in the extreme youth of the plant. The writer is fully satisfied from his own observation that H. lactifluorum and H. purpurea infest Lactarius piperatus. The milk cells are so changed by H. lactifluorum that they yield no milk. When attacked by H. purpurea the milk is a beautiful purple. In both cases the pepperiness of the host-plant is destroyed. I have seen the same host plant attacked by both forms of the Hypomyces. After the host-plant of Hypomyces lactifluorum is fully grown, and infested, it is frequently attacked by Hypomyces purpureus. Purple spots appear, which gradually spread until the entire plant is covered. This Hypomyces seems to affect the milk cells. A beautiful, profuse, purple fluid results.

The parasite is proving itself an enemy to fungi, but a friend to man. Upon L. piperatus and upon Amanita rubescens it very much adds to the weight of the plants, and improves the texture and edible qualities. The same may be said of L. volemus, but not to such a degree. Prof. M.W. Easton in August, 1899, found this species at Mt. Gretna, Pa., attacked by a parasitic fungus in such a manner as to destroy its milk-giving quality and completely transform its gills into a corrugated, granular surface.

Professor Peck, to whom I submitted the parasite, thinks it a new species and calls it H. volemi.

Further study of Hypomyces and its effect upon fungi, and of the particular host-plants is desirable.

=H. lac´tifluorum= (Schw.) Tulasne—lac, milk; fluorum, flowing. (Plate CXXXVI, fig. 5, p. 508.) Asci long and slender, sporidia in one row, spindle-shaped, straight or slightly curved, rough, hyaline, uniseptate, cuspidate-pointed at the ends, 30–38×6–8µ.

The general appearance is much the same as that of H. aurantius (Pers.) Tul., but the sporidia are larger, rough and warted, and the felt-like mycelium is wanting.

In the affected species of Lactarius the gills are entirely obliterated, so that the hymenium of the agaric presents an even, orange-colored surface on which the subglobose perithecia are thickly bedded, with only their slightly prominent reddish ostiola visible. In decay the color changes to a purplish-red.

On Lactarius, especially L. piperatus.

New Jersey, Ellis; Alabama, U. and E.; Minnesota, Arthur; Nova Scotia, Dr. Somers; on various species of Lactarius, 1895, Ala. Bull.; South Carolina, Ravenel; Pennsylvania, Everhart.

West Virginia, 1881–1882; Haddonfield, N.J., Mt. Gretna, Pa., August to October. McIlvaine.

This fungus puzzled me for many years. August, 1896, I sent several specimens to Professor Peck of different colors—orange, red, whitish and purple.

Professor Peck kindly identified the specimens and wrote: “In one the matrix of the host-plant has not been so completely changed or transformed as in the other. It would be interesting to know what species of Lactarius it is that Hypomyces attacks. I have never been able to ascertain, and have sometimes thought it might be Cantharellus cibarius, but this specimen of yours indicates, rather, a Lactarius.”

Of the purple specimen he wrote: “This is a beautiful thing, and as I find nothing like it described I have given it a name—Hypomyces purpureus Peck.”

Well cooked, in small pieces, it is one of the very best.

=H. purpu´reus= Pk.—purpureus, purple. Subiculum effused, purple, permeating, transforming and discoloring the matrix; perithecia minute, sunk in the subiculum, the ostiola emergent, black; asci cylindrical; spores fusiform, uniseptate, purple, with a cusp-like point at each end, 35–40µ long, 7.5µ broad, oozing out and forming beautiful purple masses or patches on the surface of the matrix.

Pennsylvania. August. Charles McIlvaine.

The species is similar in all respects to H. lactifluorum, except in color. It is apparently parasitic on some species of Lactarius, but the host plant is so transformed and discolored that the species is not recognizable. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 25, No. 6.

H. purpureus Pk. was sent by the writer to Professor Peck in August, 1897, who wrote: “This is a beautiful thing and as I find nothing like it described, I have given it a name.”

Of itself H. purpureus is a minute parasitic fungus as above described. But it possesses the power of so altering the structure—changing form, shape and appearance—of the fungus upon which it has taken its abode that the host-plant, be it Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cantharellus or one of the Lactari, or whatever the species, becomes difficult to recognize, so that it is not yet certain upon which species it is parasitic. It may be upon many.

The present plant seems to be parasitic upon one of the Lactarii. It therefore becomes necessary to describe the host as it appears when possessed by the parasite. The plant is variable in shape from an irregular nodule to a distorted-capped, short-stemmed mass, 2–4 in. across, 1–3 in. high, hard, brittle, coarse in appearance and rough to the touch; deep orange, wholly or in part stained with a beautiful purple. The purple juice exudes and dyes everything with which it comes in contact. The growth is very heavy for its size.

To all appearances it is the same host as is attacked by Hypomyces lactifluorum, resembling it in every particular excepting in the purple stain and juice.

It is frequent in open oak and chestnut woods, but prefers oak. It grows from among leaves or from grassy spots. August to October.

While it is beautiful in its coloring it is not inviting in appearance as an edible. Yet sliced, cut small and stewed for twenty minutes it is one of the very best fungi I have eaten.

=H. vole´mi= Pk. Subiculum very thin, whitish or isabelline; perithecia minute, brown, nestling in the subiculum; asci very slender, 100–125µ long, sporiferous part 4µ broad. =Spores= oblong-fusiform, 12–15µ long, 4µ broad, commonly binucleate.

Parasitic on the hymenium of Lactarius volemus. Pennsylvania. Charles McIlvaine.

The hymenium of the host plant is changed in appearance by the parasite, but the stem and upper surface of the pileus remain unchanged. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 27, January, 1900.

The edible qualities are in nowise affected by the parasite.

FAMILY.—=TUBERA´CEÆ.=

(Plate CLIII.)

Subterranean; ascophore irregularly globose, usually large, not rupturing.

To this family belongs the Truffle of commerce renowned for its flavoring qualities. It has not yet been found in America, though several fungi are ignorantly bought in our markets under that name; notably Coprinus comatus or maned mushroom. The writer has frequently been informed with all the logical force of genuine market-women that this was the real Truffle, because they raised it themselves.

Until quite recently but one species of Truffle has been reported as growing in America. This, Tuber niveum Desf. or Terfezia leonis Tul. was found by Rev. A.B. Langlois, St. Martinville, La. He reported it as growing plentifully, buried or nearly so in the red sand land along the Red river near Natchitoches. He writes me: “The people where it is found are looking for it with great care and are eating it with great relish. I had occasion to eat it once and I found it delicious.” He kindly sent the original illustration from which the accompanying drawing was made. It was taken from Jour. Myc., January, 1887, J. B. Ellis, who first published a description of the American representative of the species. He describes it as “subglobose, up to full two inches in diameter, strongly plicate or furrowed below, nearly smooth and pale reddish-brown outside, marbled-white within and of compact texture much like a potato, but softer. When first dug from the ground the color is pure white, the reddish tint being due to exposure to the air. The asci obovate or subglobose, 75–80×60–70µ. Each contains eight globose spores, thickly clothed with obtuse, elongated, wart-like tubercles and about 20µ in diameter. The home of the white Truffle is said to be in Northern Africa, though it is not uncommon in Southern Europe, where its growth is favored by mild winters.”

It is probable that the Truffle will be found in other southern states. Perhaps in the north, as Fries reports that two specimens were found near Linkoping, Sweden, and Mr. H.W. Harkness reports Tubers in the Sierras at the height of 7,000 feet. It is worth hunting for.

It is possible that the common Truffle—Tuber æstivum—will be found in America. Fame awaits the finder. A description of it with illustration is therefore given.

(Plate CLIV.)

=Tuber æsti´vum= Vitt. Peridium warty, of a blackish-brown color, the warts polygonal and striate; flesh transversed by numerous veins; asci 4–6-spored; spores elliptical, reticulated.

This plant, the common Truffle of our markets, is abundant in Wiltshire and some other parts of England, and probably occurs in many places where it escapes observation from its subterranean habit. Badham.

It is cultivated largely in France. “Perigord Truffles” are a costly delicacy. The Truffle is of subterranean habit, growing under various kinds of trees and from 12–48 in. under ground. As it does not manifest its presence above ground, dogs and pigs are trained to find it by scent. An interesting chapter on Truffles will be found in British Edible Fungi, M.C. Cooke, 1891. Any plant of similar habit, when found, should be immediately sent by the finder to a known expert for identification.

Thirteen species of Tuber and several Terfeziæ are reported in California, and are described and beautifully illustrated in “California Hypogæous Fungi” by H.W. Harkness, “Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,” 1899.

Terfezia spinosa Harkness closely resembles T. leonis Tul., and T. (sphærotuber) Californicum n. sp., found under oaks beneath vegetable humus in Alameda county, Cal., Professor Harkness remarks, is nearly identical with an edible species found in Italy. All species found in California are said to be edible, but to be too rare to be of food value.

(Plate CLV.)

There is a well known growth, found from New Jersey south to the Gulf and west to Kansas, called Tuckahoe (Pachyma cocos), (Plate CLV), an Indian name meaning a round loaf or cake, and famed for its edible qualities. Its exact place in plant growth has been variously determined. It is now conceded that it is the sclerotium or cellular reservoir of reserve material of some fungus. It is usually found attached to the roots of trees, in low marshy places. It grows several feet below the surface, and to the size of a man’s head. It varies in shape, being oblong or round, having a coarse brown covering, looking like a cocoanut. Its interior is white, compact, without cellular structure; it has no mycelium or trace of fructification. It contains as high as 77 per cent. of pectose and is therefore highly nutritious.

For full accounts see Torrey Bulletin, October, 1882; Smithsonian Inst. Rep., 1881, p. 693; article by Professor J. Howard Gore; also Garden and Forest, IX, p. 302.

The illustration is after that in the Century Dictionary, “Tuckahoe.”

------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUB-CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES.

COHORT GASTROMYCETES. Gr—gasteron, a sac, etc.

(Plate CLVI.)

1.

A. Exterior skin, bark, rind, cortex, scurf, warts, spines, bristles—peridium. Plants with long spines—echinate.

B. Inner rind or true peridium. [A.B.—peridia (plural of peridium).]

C. Columella—those filaments springing from the base and rising, which do not unite freely with those issuing from the inner peridium. This mass of threads is usually conical, but sometimes globose.

D. Capillitium—a soft mass of cottony threads interspersed with minute dust-like spores; the space occupied is called the gleba.

E. Coarse empty, sterile cells. The space they occupy is called the subgleba.

F. Echinate spores magnified.

G. Spines (magnified) which fall off and leave the inner peridium exposed.

2.

A. Lycoperdon echinatum.

B. Spines (magnified) which fall off and leave tesselated inner peridium exposed. (After Morgan.)

As has been stated, the two Cohorts in which a hymenium or spore-bearing surface is present are called Hymenomycetes and Gastromycetes. In the first the hymenium is exposed, as in the common mushroom. In the second—Gastromycetes—the hymenium is at first enclosed in a sac or peridium, as in the common puff-ball.

The botanical description of Gastromycetes, given by M.C. Cooke, is: “Hymenium more or less permanently concealed, consisting in most cases of closely-packed cells, of which the fertile ones bear naked spores on distinct spicules, exposed only by the rupture or decay of the insisting coat or peridium.’

The Gastromycetes are usually large, ground-growing fungi. A few grow upon wood. The peridium is of dense structure, usually globose and of considerable thickness. It commonly consists of two layers. These form the sac holding the spore-bearing structure, which is called the gleba. The gleba consists of innumerable chambers or cells, curved and branched, and only to be distinguished by magnifying. The primary structure is retained in some species throughout the life of the plants, excepting changes due to growth and maturing, or in others these cells or chambers are large and few, and form distinct peridiola, which contain the spores.

The maturing of the plant and the consequent changes in the gleba is accompanied by various transformations of the peridium.”

It is impossible within the scope of this book to even name all the genera of Gastromycetes. Professor Morgan’s table of the families and table of the genera of Lycoperdaceæ are here given. The orders are defined as are some of the genera, and the edible species are described.

TABLE OF FAMILIES OF GASTROMYCETES.

A. TERRESTRIAL.

(a) Peridium double.

I.—=Phalloi´deæ.= Page 570.

Peridium becoming transformed into a receptacle of various shape, with a volva at its base. Gleba becoming dissolved into a dark green mass of jelly.

II.—=Lycoperda´ceæ.= Page 577.

Peridium sessile, usually with a more or less thickened base or sometimes stipitate, at maturity filled with a dusty mass of mingled threads and spores.

(b) Peridium single.

III.—=Scleroderma´ceæ.= Page 615.

Peridium discrete from the gleba, often with a columella; cells of the gleba subpersistent.

IV.—=Hymenogastra´ceæ.=

Peridium concrete with the gleba, indehiscent; cells of the gleba persistent. (No edible species reported. C. McIlvaine.)

B. EPIPHYTAL.

V.—=Nidularia´ceæ.=

Peridium cyathiform, open at the top, containing one or more distinct peridiola. Morgan.

(Small. No species reported edible. C. McIlvaine.)

A. TERRESTRIAL.

(a) Peridium double.

FAMILY I.—=PHALLOIDEÆ.=

=Receptacle= and =gleba= at first enclosed in a universal volva composed of three distinct layers, the central one being gelatinous at maturity. =Spores= minute, elliptic-oblong, smooth, when mature involved in mucus. Massee.

=Spores= 3–5µ in length. Morgan.

There are but few edible species within the family, and those edible only when very young. The family embraces the very offensive fungi known as stink-horns.

TABLE OF GENERA.

I.—=PHALLEÆ.=

Receptacle consisting of an elongated stipe bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex.

1. PHALLUS. Page 571.

Pileus attached only to the apex of the stipe, dependent free all around below.

2. MUTINUS. Page 575.

Pileus wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe.

II.—=CLATHREÆ.=

Receptacle a hollow clathrate body, with the gleba attached to the upper part of the inner surface.

3. CLATHRUS.

Receptacle composed of obliquely anastomosing bars and sessile.

4. SIMBLUM.

Receptacle composed of obliquely anastomosing bars and stipitate.

5. LATERNEA.

Receptacle composed of a few vertical columns and sessile.

Morgan.

I.—=PHAL´LEÆ.=

=Receptacle= consisting of an elongated stem bearing the gleba on a conical pileus at its apex. =Stem= cylindric, hollow, composed of one to several layers of round-celled tissue; the gleba occupying the outer surface of the pileus.

GENUS I.—=PHAL´LUS= Mich.

=Stem= hollow within, the wall composed of several layers of round-celled tissue. =Pileus= attached only to the apex of the stipe, dependent free all around below, the gleba occupying its outer surface. Morgan.

The following synoptical tables will exhibit the prominent distinctive features of the species of Phallus of this state (New York) and the United States, so far as I am able to get them from the published descriptions and the specimens at my command.

NEW YORK SPECIES OF PHALLUS.

Denuded pileus reticulate with coarse deep pits or cells

Veil exposed, reticulate with small perforations P. Dæmonum Rumph.

Veil none P. impudicus L.

Denuded pileus porous, veil not perforate, P. Ravenelii B. concealed and C.

UNITED STATES SPECIES OF PHALLUS.

Denuded pileus reticulate with coarse deep pits or cells.

Veil exposed.

Large and reticulate with large perforations. P. indusiatus Vent.

Smaller and reticulate with small perforations. P. Dæmonum Rumph.

Smaller and plicate. P. duplicatus Bosc.

Veil none. P. impudicus L.

Denuded pileus even or merely porous.

Veil short, concealed beneath the pileus. P. Ravenelii B. and C.

Veil none. P. rubicundus Bosc.

Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

I.—HYMENOPHAL´LUS.

An indusium or veil surrounding the stipe and dependent from its apex beneath the pileus.

a. Veil reticulate, hanging below the pileus.

=P. Dæ´monum= Rumph. =Volva= globose, not very thick, pinkish; segments 3 or 4, irregular. =Stem= cylindric, tapering at each end, cellulose; the veil reticulate, somewhat expanded and bell-shaped, hanging nearly to the middle of the stem. =Pileus= bell-shaped, somewhat oblique; the surface reticulate-pitted after deliquescence; the apex truncate, smooth, perforate. =Spores= elliptic-oblong, 4×2µ.

=Plant= 9 in. high. =Volva= 2 in. in diameter. =Stem= 1⅛ in. thick at the middle. =Pileus= 2 in. in height; the lower edge of the veil hangs about 4 in. from the apex of the stem. The short veil and the smooth ring at the apex will distinguish this species from the next. Morgan.

Growing on the ground in woods.

Ohio, Morgan, Lea; Maryland, Miss Banning; New York, Peck.

Mt. Gretna, ground in mixed woods, August, 1899. McIlvaine.

Several specimens were found; but two in the early or ovum stage. In this condition the species is edible. Quality same as P. impudicus.

=P. duplica´tus= Bosc. =Volva= depressed globose, thick, flabby white; segments 3–5, acute. =Stipe= fusiform-cylindric cellulose; the veil reticulate, hanging down to the volva, sometimes much expanded, often torn and shreddy with pieces adherent to the stipe. =Pileus= campanulate, reticulate-pitted after deliquescence; the apex acute, not regularly perforate. =Spores= elliptic-oblong, 4×2µ.

=Plant= 6–8 in. high. =Volva= 2½ in. in diameter. =Stipe= 1¼ in. thick in the middle. =Pileus= 2 in. in height. The long veil usually clings close to the stipe though sometimes swinging free and much expanded. In this species the gleba extends over the apex and there is no thick smooth ring encircling the perforation as in the preceding species (P. Dæmonum). Morgan.

Growing in woods about old stumps and rotten logs. West Virginia, in woods, along mountain trails; Mt. Gretna, Pa., in mixed woods, summer. McIlvaine.

In the forests of the West Virginia mountains, P. duplicatus is frequent. Before rupture of the volva the plant is a semi-gelatinous mass, tenacious and elastic. It has little taste or smell. Cut in slices and fried, or stewed, it is a tender, agreeable food.

b. Veil not reticulate, concealed beneath the pileus.

=P. Ravenel´ii= B. and C. =Volva= subglobose or ovoid, pinkish; with an inner membrane, the lower half of the veil surrounding the base of the stem; segments 2 or 3. =Stem= cylindric, tapering at each end, cellulose; the veil membranous, scarcely half as long as the pileus and concealed beneath it. =Pileus= conico-bell-shaped; the surface not reticulate-pitted after deliquescence; the apex smooth and closed or finally perforate. =Spores= elliptic-oblong, 4–5×2µ.

=Plant= 5–7 in. high. =Volva= 1½-2 in. in diameter. =Stem= nearly 1 in. thick. =Pileus= 1½ in. in height. This species vitiates the genus Dictyophora and it can not very well be placed in Ithyphallus.

Growing in woods and fields about rotting stumps and logs. Morgan.

South Carolina, Ravenel; Ohio, Morgan; New York, Peck.

II.—ITHYPHAL´LUS Fischer. (Gr—erect; Gr—phallus.)

Stipe without an indusium or veil dependent from its apex. Morgan.

=P. impudi´cus= Linn. (Plate CLVIII.) =Volva= globose or ovoid, white or pinkish; segments 2 or 3. =Stem= cylindric, tapering at each end, cellulose, without a veil. =Pileus= conic-campanulate; the surface reticulate pitted after deliquescence, the apex smooth, at first closed, at length perforate. =Spores= elliptic-oblong, 4–5×2µ.

Growing on the ground in woods.

=Plant= 6–8 in. high. =Volva= 2 in. in diameter. =Stem= 1¼ in. thick. =Pileus= 2 in. in height.

By the elongation of the stem the thin membrane which separates the stipe from the pileus is torn into shreds and the pileus is thus liberated from the stipe except at the apex. Morgan.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Summer and autumn. McIlvaine.

P. impudicus makes itself known wherever it grows. The stench of the full-grown plant is aggravatingly offensive, attracting blow-flies in quantities, and the carrion beetle Necrophorus Americanus. It is common over the United States, in woods, open fence corners, along road-sides, but a favorite abode is in kitchen yards and under wooden steps, where, when mature, it will compel the household to seek it in self-defense. It is a beautiful plant.

When in the egg-shape it is white or light dull-green, semi-gelatinous, tenacious and elastic. As many as a dozen sometimes grow in a bunch, each from a peculiar white, cord-like root or mycelium. They look, when young, like bubbles of some thick substance. In this condition they are very good when fried. They demand to be eaten at this time, if at any.

GENUS II.—=MUTI´NUS= Fr.

=Stipe= hollow within, the wall composed of a single layer of round-celled tissue. =Pileus= wholly adnate to the summit of the stipe, the gleba occupying its outer surface. Morgan.

Distinguished from Ithyphallus by the cap being adnate to the receptacle.

(Plate CLIX.)

=M. cani´nus= Fr. (Phallus caninus Berk.; Phallus inodorus Sow.) =Receptacle= elongato-fusiform, cellular, white or rosy. =Pileus= short, subacute, rugulose, red. =Spores= cylindrical, involved in green mucus, 3–5×2µ.

In woods and bushy places. Sporophore from ½-¾ in. before the volva is ruptured. When fully evolved 3–4 in. high. Sometimes scentless, at others with a distinct odor, but never so strong and disagreeable as in Ithyphallus impudicus. Massee.

=Spores= elliptic, 6×4µ Morgan; 3–5×2µ Massee.

New England, Frost; New York, Warne; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, McIlvaine.

This species is common. Few old woods are without it. It is conspicuous in color among the brown of the forest carpet. The plant has not the mal-odor of its relations, but is not pleasant. In the egg shape it is gelatinous, tenacious, rather firm, edible and good when sliced and fried.

=M. bovi´nus= Morg. =Volva= oblong-ovoid, pinkish, segments 2 or 3. =Stem= cylindric, tapering gradually to the apex, white or pinkish below, bright red above. =Pileus= indeterminate, conic-acuminate, perforate at the apex. =Spores= elliptic-oblong, 4–5×2µ.

=Plant= 4–7 in. in height, the stem ¾ of an in. in thickness, the volva not much thicker and 1–1½ in. in height; the pileus occupies 1–2 in. of the pointed apex, but is not definitely limited below. This plant has the strong disagreeable odor of other Phalloids.

Growing in rich soil in cultivated grounds and in woods. Morgan.

Common in mixed woods, West Virginia, Pennsylvania. Smell strong, but not so offensive as P. impudicus. Edible in the egg-shape.

=M. brevis= B. and C.—short. =Volva= globose or ovoid, segments 2 or 3. =Stem= bright red, coarsely cribrose, attenuated below. =Pileus= somewhat broadly clavate, sometimes conical, but always more or less obtuse, perforate at the apex.

=Plant= 2–3 in. high. =Stem= 4–5 lines thick, the volva ¾ of an in. in diameter, the pileus sometimes half as long as the stem.

Growing on the ground in fields and gardens. Morgan.

North Carolina, Curtis; South Carolina, Ravenel; New England, Wright; New York, Howe, Gerard, Peck.

In the remaining genera, Clathrus, Simblum, Laternea, no species have been reported as tested.

FAMILY II.—=LYCOPERDA´CEÆ.=

Peridium sessile, usually with a more or less thickened base or sometimes stipitate, at maturity filled with a dusty mass of mingled threads and spores.

This order contains many of our most delicious and important food species. The characteristics of all genera are given. In several of them no species are reported edible, but it is more than probable that all are. The genera are therefore given in this table, but are omitted in place to save room. The omitted genera are Nos. 1, Polyplocium; 2, Batarrea; 3, Myriostoma; 5, Astreus; 6, Mitremyces.

TABLE OF GENERA OF LYCOPERDACEÆ.

I.—=VOLVATÆ.=

Outer peridium a thick, firm, persistent coat, bursting irregularly or splitting from the apex downward into segments.

(a) Inner peridium stipitate, the outer remaining as a volva at the base of the stipe.

1. POLYPLOCIUM.

Inner peridium pileate, with aculeiform processes underneath; threads of the capillitium slender, hyaline, scarcely branched.

2. BATARREA.

Inner peridium circumscissile, the upper part coming off like a lid; threads of the capillitium with spiral markings.

(b) Inner peridium sessile, the outer splitting into segments which become reflexed.

3. MYRIOSTOMA.

Inner peridium dehiscent above by many mouths; columella —--; threads of the capillitium simple, tapering to each extremity.

4. GEASTER. Page 580.

Inner peridium dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth; columella present; threads of the capillitium simple, tapering to each extremity.

5. ASTRÆUS.

Inner peridium membranaceous; dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth; columella none; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven.

6. MITREMYCES.

Inner peridium cartilaginous, dehiscent at the apex by a stellate fissure; columella none; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven.

II.—=CORTICATÆ.=

Outer peridium (cortex) a soft, fragile, more or less deciduous layer, often with external projections in the shape of warts, spines or scales.

(c) Peridium stipitate.

7. TYLOSTOMA. Page 582.

Peridium membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven.

(d) Peridium sessile, but with a more or less thickened base.

8. CALVATIA. Page 582.

Peridium large, globose or turbinate, breaking up into fragments from above downward, and gradually falling away; threads of the capillitium very long, much branched and interwoven.

9. LYCOPERDON. Page 589.

Peridium small, globose, obovoid or turbinate, membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth, threads of the capillitium long, slender, simple or branched.

10. BOVISTELLA. Page 608.

Peridium subglobose, membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth; threads of the capillitium free, short, several times dichotomously branched.

(e) Peridium sessile, without any thickened base.

11. CATASTOMA. Page 609.

Peridium globose, subcoriaceous, dehiscent by a basal aperture; threads of the capillitium free, short, simple, or scarcely branched.

12. BOVISTA. Page 610.

Peridium subglobose, membranaceous, dehiscent by an apical mouth, or opening irregularly; threads of the capillitium free, short, several times dichotomously branched.

13. MYCENASTRUM. Page 613.

Peridium subglobose, very thick, coriaceous, the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments; threads of the capillitium free, short, with a few short branches and scattered prickles. Morgan.

GENUS IV.—=GEA´STER= Mich.

Gr—the earth; Gr—star.

Mycelium filamentous or fibrous, much branched and interwoven with the soil. Peridium subglobose, composed of two distinct persistent coats; outer peridium thick, fleshy-coriaceous, at first closely investing the inner, but discrete (distinct) at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments which become reflexed; inner peridium thin, membranaceous then papyraceous (like parchment), sessile or with a short pedicel, dehiscent at the apex by a single mouth. Capillitium taking its origin from the inner surface of the peridium and also from a distinct central columella, which arises from its base; threads simple, long, slender, thickest in the middle and tapering to each extremity, fixed at one end and free at the other. =Spores= small, globose, minutely warted, brown. Morgan.

(Plate CLX.)

G. minimus, when found by the writer, was not tested because not found in condition. It is a plant beautiful in its oddity. Its seven to nine outer segments of skin loosen at the bottom, spring up, raising the oval body of the plant with them, turn their points down and balance on the lower points, and look, in miniature, just as would two sectional orange peels spread at their loose points if one was rested, point to point, upon the other. This hoisting of the spore-bearing part aloft, that it may better eject its spores to the wind, does not seem to have been noted by Professor Morgan. Specimens sent to Professor Peck by the writer beautifully illustrated this enterprise of the plant.

=G. hygrome´tricus= Pers. (Plate CLX, 2 figs., p. 580.) Peridium depressed-globose, the cuticle deciduous with the mycelium; outer peridium deeply parted, the segments 7–20, strongly hygrometric, acute at the apex; inner peridium depressed-globose, sessile, reticulate, pitted, whitish becoming gray or brownish; the mouth an irregularly lacerate aperture. Threads of the capillitium rather thinner than the spores, hyaline. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, brown, 8–11µ in. in diameter.

Growing in fields and woods in sandy soil. A very common species found everywhere in the world. Inner peridium ¾-1 in. in diameter, the segments expanding to a breadth of 2–3 in. The inner layer of the outer peridium is cartilaginous-gelatinous, hard and rigid when dry, swelling greatly and flexible when wet though constantly becoming more and more cracked and fissured, it retains its hygroscopic qualities a long time, and the outer peridium remains lying on the soil, stellate in shape, spreading out its rays in moist weather and bending them inward in dry. Morgan.

Mr. Morgan made a new genus—Astræus, in which he placed this species. It is so widely known as Geaster hygrometricus that to avoid confusion it is placed in its old genus.

This natural barometer, spreading its stellate covering on the soil about it when the air is laden with moisture, and closing it around its puffy body when humidity is absent, is odd and interesting. The entire genus is more or less gifted with this weather-wise quality. The species is very common, but seldom found in number. Once, in the West Virginia mountains, 1882, I found a large patch of it, and was able to collect from it enough young ones to test its edibility. It is difficult to find before it bursts its outer coat. When young it is, when cooked, soft and creamy inside. The outer part is tough and semi-glutinous but of pleasant texture. It has not a marked flavor, but makes a succulent dish.

II.—=CORTICATÆ.=

GENUS VII.—=TYLOS´TOMA= Pers.

Gr—a knob.

(Plate CLXI.)

Plants growing on the ground, oftenest in dry and sandy regions. The genus is readily distinguished from all others of the Lycoperdaceæ by the entire peridium being mounted upon the apex of the stem. Morgan.

The genus contains but few species. Those I have found were not in condition to test. There is no report upon the edibility of any.

GENUS VIII.—=CALVA´TIA= Fr.

Mycelium fibrous, usually thick and cord-like, rooting from the base. =Peridium= large, globose and nearly sessile, or turbinate with a well-developed base; cortex a very thin adherent layer, often smooth and continuous, sometimes composed of minute spinules or granules; inner peridium a loosely woven and very fragile covering, after maturity breaking up into fragments from above downward and gradually falling away. Subgleba cellulose, mostly definitely limited and concave above, persistent; mass of spores and capillitium dense, compact, persistent a long time and slowly dissipating after the fracture of the peridium; the threads very long, slender, much branched and interwoven. =Spores= small, globose, usually sessile or with only a minute pedicel. Morgan.

Puffballs of the largest size, growing on the ground in fields and woods. Morgan.

I.—SESSILES.

Peridium very large, without a distinct base; subgleba nearly obsolete, the mass of spores and capillitium quite filling the interior.

=C. gigantea= Batsch.—gigantic. (L. bovista Linn.; L. maximum Schaeff.; L. giganteum Batsch.) Very large, 10–20 in. in diameter, obconic or depressed-globose, nearly or quite sessile, white or whitish, becoming discolored by age, smooth or slightly roughened by weak spinose or minute floccose warts, sometimes cracking in areas; capillitium and spores yellowish-green to dingy-olive. =Spores= smooth, 4µ in. in diameter. Edible. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Spores= globose, even or sometimes minutely warted, 3.5–4.5 in. in diameter, often with a minute pedicel. Morgan.

Common over the states. Growing on the ground in grassy places in fields and woods. August to October.

As the name implies, this species is gigantic. It is the largest of all fungi. It has attained the diameter of three feet in this country, but is reported larger in Europe. I have found it in West Virginia weighing nine pounds, but one is reported as found in Gordon Park weighing forty-seven pounds. I have often followed the advice of Vittadini and sliced a meal for my family from growing individuals. The cut surface contracts and dries. The plant seems to be deprived of its power to further ripen. It can thus be cut for many days. It has other than food uses in its dry form—as a sponge, as tinder, as a color, as a styptic in hemorrhage; the Finns make a remedy of it for diarrhea in calves, and it is burned under bee-hives to stupefy bees.

It, as well as L. cyathiforme, is an admirable and delicate fungus.

=C. pachyder´ma= Pk. Gr—thick-skinned. =Peridium= very large, globose or obovoid, often irregular, with a thick cord-like root; cortex thin, smooth, whitish, persistent, drying up into polygonal areolæ which are white in the center with a brown border; inner peridium very thick but fragile, with a separable membranaceous lining, after maturity gradually breaking up into fragments and falling away. Subgleba obsolete; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow then olive-brown; the threads very long, occasionally septate, branched, mostly thinner than the spores. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5–6µ in diameter, sometimes with a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground. Arizona, Pringle; Dakota, Miss Nellie Crouch. =Peridium= 4–8 in. in diameter. Remarkable for its thick peridium, which becomes white spotted and areolate. Morgan.

I have not seen this species.

II.—CYATHIFORMES.

Peridium large, top-shaped, with a stout thick base; subgleba limited and concave above, persistent.

=C. cyathifor´mis= Bosc.—cup-shaped. (L. cyathiforme Bosc.) (Plate CLXII, p. 584.) =Peridium= 3–6 in. in diameter, globose or depressed-globose, smooth or minutely floccose or scaly, whitish cinereous brown or pinkish brown, often cracking into areas in the upper part, commonly with a short, thick, stem-like base; capillitium and spores purple-brown, these and the upper part of the peridium falling away and disappearing when old, leaving a cup-shaped base with a ragged margin. =Spores= globose, rough, purple-brown, 5–6.5µ broad. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Common over United States. Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey. On open grassy ground. July to October. McIlvaine.

Often a queer, ragged, cup-shaped, purplish mass is noticed protruding from the ground, looking as if the upper half had been cut off horizontally. This is the mature C. cyathiformis, or rather, what is left of it. The upper half has blown away and is spreading its spores elsewhere.

A first-class Lycoperdon, meaty and of excellent flavor. When it occurs, it is usually in plenty. On the great parade ground at Mt. Gretna, Pa., it annually appears in large quantities. Cows are fond of it, and it is this fungus which is currently believed among farmers to affect milk. I have watched cows pawing it to pieces and eating portions of it.

=C. fra´gilis= Vitt.—fragile. =Peridium= obovoid, plicate below, with a short-pointed base and a cord-like root. Cortex a smooth continuous layer, very thin and fragile, separable, white or grayish, becoming brownish and tinged with violet and purple, commonly areolate above; inner peridium thin, violet to purple, velvety, extremely fragile, after maturity the upper part soon breaking up into fragments and falling away. Subgleba occupying but a small portion of the peridium, cup-shaped above, persistent; mass of spores and capillitium from violet to pale purple; the threads very long, mostly thinner than the spores, scarcely branched. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, 4–5.5µ in diameter, sessile.

Growing on the open prairies. Wisconsin, Brown; Iowa, McBride; Nebraska, Wyoming, Webber; Kansas, Cragin; California, Harkness. =Peridium= 1½-3 in. in diameter. Morgan.

Not seen by writer. Doubtless edible.

=C. sigilla´ta= Cragin—adorned with figures. =Peridium= large, depressed above, narrowed below into a stem-like base. Cortex very thin and fragile, white, easily abraded; inner peridium subcoriaceous, with a fragile rust-color brown lining, marked off above into polygonal areas by lines of depression, at length breaking up into fragments and falling away. Mass of spores and capillitium violet to dark-purple. =Spores= globose, even, 3.5–4.5µ in diameter, with a long pedicel.

Growing on the open prairie. Kansas, Cragin. =Peridium= 4–5 in. in diameter. The species is well marked by the even pedicellate spores. Morgan.

=C. cæla´ta= Bull.—carved in relief. (L. cæla´tum Bull.; L. bovista Pers.) =Peridium= large, obovoid or top-shaped, depressed above, with a stout thick base and a cord-like root. Cortex a thickish floccose layer, with coarse warts or spines above, whitish then ochraceous or finally brown, at length breaking up into areola which are more or less persistent; inner peridium thick but fragile, thinner about the apex, where it finally ruptures, forming a large irregular lacerate aperture. Subgleba occupying nearly half the peridium, cup-shaped above and a long time persistent; mass of spores and capillitium compact, farinaceous, greenish-yellow or olivaceous, becoming pale to dark-brown; the threads very much branched, the primary branches two or three times as thick as the spores, very brittle, soon breaking up into fragments. =Spores= globose, even, 4–4.5µ in diameter, sessile or sometimes with a short or minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground in fields and woods.

=Peridium= 3–5 in. in diameter, sometimes larger. Morgan.

Wisconsin, Brown; Minnesota, Johnson; Kansas, Kellerman; L. cælatum, New York, edible, Peck, 23d Rep.; Indiana, good, H.I. Miller. Common, West Virginia, wooded lanes, McIlvaine.

An excellent species.

=C. hiema´lis= Bull.—belonging to winter. =Peridium= obovoid or top-shaped, depressed above, with a stout thick base and a cord-like root. Cortex a thin furfuraceous coat, with stout convergent spines above, whitish or gray, becoming yellowish and reddish, after maturity gradually falling away from the upper part; inner peridium thin, submembranaceous, pallid or brownish, dehiscent at the apex by an irregular lacerate mouth. Subgleba occupying nearly half the peridium, cup-shaped above and a long time persistent; mass of spores and capillitium soft, lax, greenish-yellow then brownish-olivaceous; the threads very long, much branched, the primary branches about as thick as the spores, the ultimate ones long, slender and tapering. =Spores= globose, even, 3.5–4.5µ in diameter, with a short or minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground in fields and pastures. =Peridium= 2–4 in. in diameter and 3–5 in. in height. I find this species referred to North America in Saccardo’s Sylloge. It is Lycoperdon cælatum of Fries S. M. Possibly the L. cælatum of Curtis’s catalogue may be this species. Morgan.

Not seen by writer.

(Plate CLXIII.)

=C. craniifor´mis= Schw.—cranion, a skull. =Peridium= very large, obovoid or turbinate, depressed above, the base thick and stout, with a cord-like root. Cortex a smooth continuous layer, very thin and fragile, easily peeling off, pallid or grayish, sometimes with a reddish tinge, often becoming folded in areas; the inner peridium thin, ochraceous to bright brown, velvety, extremely fragile, after maturity the upper part breaking up into fragments and falling away. Subgleba occupying about one-half of the peridium, cup-shaped above and a long time persistent; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow then ochraceous or dirty olivaceous; the threads very long, about as thick as the spores, branched. =Spores= globose, even, 3–3.5µ in diameter, with a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground in woods. =Peridium= commonly 3–6 in. in diameter and 4–5 in. in height, but much larger specimens are sometimes met with. This species abounds in the woods of southern Ohio, growing in great patches of numerous individuals. I do not know that the edible qualities of this species have been tested. Morgan.

Chester county, Pa. Springton Hills. On ground in mixed woods. August to October. McIlvaine.

Not a frequent species with us. I have seen it only in the locality named. The substance is very like that of L. pyriforme. When white it has a strong but pleasant odor, and in this condition it is an excellent fungus. The slightest change to yellow makes it bitter.

=C. rubro-fla´va= Cragin—reddish-yellow. =Peridium= obconic, tapering gradually downward to the rooting mycelium. Cortex a very thin furfuraceous or granulose coat, with a few short, scattered spinules above; inner peridium thin and fragile, at first whitish, soon becoming orange-red to orange-brown in color, after maturity the upper part breaking up into fragments and falling away. Subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium reddish-ocher then olivaceous-orange; the threads very long, rather thicker than the spores, branched. =Spores= globose, even, 3–3.5µ in diameter, sometimes with a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground. Kansas, Cragin, Kellerman. =Peridium= 1½-3 in. in height with a breach of 1–2 in. The peculiar orange or rather reddish-ocher color with which the whole plant is pervaded at maturity is very remarkable. Morgan.

III.—STIPITATÆ.

Peridium depressed, globose above, abruptly contracted below into a long stem-like base; subgleba not definitely limited above, continuous with the capillitium, persistent.

=C. sacca´ta= (Vahl.) Fr.—saccus, a bag or pouch. Medium size, 2–4 in. high, 1–2 in. broad. =Peridium= depressed-globose or somewhat lentiform, supported by a long stem-like base, furfuraceous with minute persistent mealy or granular warts or spinules, often plicate beneath, white or creamy-white, at maturity becoming brown or olive-brown, subshining and very thin or membranous, breaking up into irregular fragments which sometimes adhere to the capillitium for a considerable time, the stem-like base cylindrical or narrowed downward, sometimes thick; capillitium rather dense, subpersistent, and with the spores dingy-olive or dingy-brown, sometimes verging toward purplish-brown. =Spores= rough, 4–5µ in diameter. Edible.

Low mossy grounds and bushy swamps, especially under alders. Sandlake, Center and Adirondack mountains. August to October. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

West Virginia, 1881–1885; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina. Frequent, thin moist woods. July to November. McIlvaine.

C. saccata, the long-stemmed puff-ball, is a common and pleasing species. Shape, color, feel, combine to make it attractive. It is one of the very best we have. When white inside and otherwise in good condition it is delicious.

(Plate CLXIV.)

=C. ela´ta= Massee. =Peridium= globose or depressed-globose above, plicate below and abruptly contracted into a long stem-like base; the base slender, cylindric or tapering downward, sometimes pitted; mycelium fibrous and filamentous. Cortex a very thin coat of minute persistent spinules or granules; inner peridium white or cream-colored, becoming brown or olivaceous, very thin and fragile, after maturity the upper part soon breaking up into fragments and falling away. Subgleba occupying the stem-like base, a long time persistent; mass of spores and capillitium brown or brownish-olivaceous; the threads very long, branched, the main stem as thick as the spores, the branches more slender. =Spores= globose, even or very minutely warted, 4–5µ in diameter with a short or minute pedicel.

Growing among mosses in low grounds and bushy places. New England, Humphrey; New York, Peck. =Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 3–6 in. in height, the stem-like base ½-¾ of an inch in thickness. This American form of Lycoperdon saccatum has lately been separated from it, and named, figured and described as Lycoperdon elatum by George Massee. Morgan.

Edible.

GENUS IX.—=LYCOPER´DON= Tourn.

Mycelium fibrous, rooting from the base. =Peridium= small, globose, obovoid or turbinate, with a more or less thickened base; cortex a subpersistent coat of soft spines, scales, warts or granules; inner peridium thin, membranaceous becoming papyraceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth. Morgan.

When the plant sits (without stem) directly upon the ground or wood it is sessile. The outer layer of the two parts of its covering is the exterior peridium (sometimes spoken of as cortex). This frequently breaks up into scales, spines, bristles, minute flocculent or powdery masses, and these vary in size and in many species disappear as the plant matures. These are of determining value in several species of Lycoperdaceæ. Plants with coarse, long spines are echinate because they bristle. When the spines incline together and form a point they are stellate. Various formations of this outside covering are also called warts. The inner rind or skin is the true peridium.

The mass of thread-like filaments which fills the interior of the plant is called the capillitium. The filaments are deftly interlaced. At times filaments springing from the base do not interlace with the others; these are called columellæ. These filaments bear the spores—the dust which puffs out in such quantity and gives the common name to the plant—puff-ball—and its Mephistophelian one—The Devil’s Snuff-box. In some species the filaments at the base of the plant are sterile—they do not bear spores. These filaments are more contracted and form the neck, stem or subgleba. The gleba is the upper interior of the plant, in which the spores are contained. See plate CLVI.

Dehiscent is said of an organ which opens of itself at maturity. A plant is dehiscent at the discharging point of its spores. If this is at the summit it is apically dehiscent.

The descriptions herein given of American representatives of European species are in many instances those of A.P. Morgan, who has made special study of this genus, and those of Professor C.H. Peck, whose interstate experience acquaints him with every varying form. Mr. Morgan has kindly given permission to use his text and drawings.

No one has yet had reason to doubt the harmlessness of any puff-ball. There are a few I have not eaten, but believing that these will be proven edible, descriptions of all species occurring in America are given.

There are first and second-class puff-balls. Usually the small species are slightly strong, and if a shade of yellow appears upon breaking any puff-ball, it will be more or less bitter and will spoil a whole dish. The larger species are milder. The flavor of puff-balls appears to be issued to them as a ration. It is all there in a little fellow, and in a big one it is simply spread through more substance.

Lafayette B. Mendel in Am. Jour. of Physiology, March, 1898, gives the nitrogenous compounds in L. bovista as:

Nitrogen soluble in gastric juice 3.13 Digestible protein nitrogen 3.13 Indigestible protein nitrogen 2.70 Protein nitrogen 5.79 Extractive nitrogen 2.40 Total nitrogen 8.19

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF LYCOPERDON.

I.—PURPLE-SPORED SERIES.

Mature spores purplish-brown.

a. Cortex consisting of very long convergent spines. Page 591.

b. Cortex composed of long slender convergent spines. Page 592.

c. Cortex composed of minute spinules. Page 594.

d. Cortex a furfuraceous persistent coat. Page 595.

e. Cortex a smooth, continuous layer, becoming areolate. Page 597.

II.—OLIVE-SPORED SERIES.

Mature spores usually brownish-olivaceous.

A. PERIDIUM OBOVOID OR TURBINATE, THE SUBGLEBA WELL DEVELOPED.

f. Cortex of long spines mingled with shorter ones, the former at length fall away, leaving a reticulate surface to the inner peridium. Page 598.

g. Cortex of stout spines which fall away and leave a tomentose or furfuraceous surface to the inner peridium. Page 599.

h. Cortex of long spines, curved and convergent at the apex, which fall away and leave a smooth surface to the inner peridium. Page 600.

i. Cortex of minute spinules and granules or furfuraceous scales. Terrestrial. Page 602.

k. Cortex of minute spinules, scales or granules. Lignatile. Page 603.

B. PERIDIUM VERY SMALL, GLOBOSE, THE SUBGLEBA NEARLY OBSOLETE.

l. Cortex a thin coat of minute spinules, scales or granules. Page 604.

Morgan.

I.—PURPLE-SPORED SERIES.

(a) Cortex consisting of very long convergent spines; denuded peridium smooth.

=L. echina´tum= Pers.—prickly. (L. Peck´ii Morg.) (Plate CLVI, fig. 2, p. 568.) =Peridium= ¾-1½ in. broad, subglobose, generally narrowed below into a short stem-like base, whitish brownish or pinkish-brown, echinate above with rather stout spines, which at length fall off and leave the surface smooth; toward the base spinulose or furfuraceous; capillitium and spores dingy-olive. =Spores= minutely rough, 4µ in diameter.

Ground and decaying wood in woods. Albany, Forestburg and Adirondack mountains. August to October.

The whole plant is generally obovate, pyriform or turbinate, and the spines are larger and more or less curved at and near the apex, diminishing in size toward the base where they are more persistent. In the immature condition it is difficult to distinguish it from L. pedicellatum; but when mature its smooth peridium and spores destitute of pedicels separate it. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

L. echinatum appears to be common to all the states. August to frost. It is frequent but not abundant. Raw the taste is slight. Cooked it is tender and of good flavor.

=L. pulcher´rimum= B. and C. (L. Frost´ii Pk.) =Peridium= usually obovoid, sometimes subturbinate, with a short stout base; the mycelium forming a thick cord-like root. Cortex consisting of very long white spines, converging and often coherent at the apex; the spines at length fall away from the upper part of the peridium, leaving the inner peridium with a smooth purplish-brown shining surface, sometimes faintly reticulated. Subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium at first olivaceous, then brownish-purple; the threads much branched, the main stem thicker than the spores, the branches long, slender and tapering. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, 4.5–5.5µ in diameter.

=Peridium= 1–2½ in. in diameter and 1–2 in. in height.

The fresh specimens of this plant have a strong and not unpleasant fragrance.

Growing in low grounds, in fields and woods. September, October.

L. pulcherrimum is frequent, but not abundant. It ranks with second-class puff-balls. It is good when young and fresh.

(Plate CLXV.)

=L. constella´tum= Fr.—grouped. =Peridium= subglobose or obovate, sometimes depressed, 10–18 lines broad, echinate with rather long stout crowded brown spines which are either straight curved or stellately united and which at length fall off and leave the surface reticulate with brown lines; capillitium and spores brown or purplish-brown, columella present. =Spores= rough, 5–6.5µ in diameter.

Ground in dense shades and groves. Oneida, Warne. Rare. Autumn. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

(b) Cortex composed of long, slender convergent spines; denuded peridium smooth.

=L. hirtum= Mart.—hairy. =Peridium= broadly turbinate, depressed above, contracted below into a short, thick, tapering or pointed base, with a cord-like root. Cortex a dense coat of soft spines, long, slender and convergent above, becoming shorter downward, gray or brownish in color; these finally fall away, leaving the inner peridium with a brown or purplish-brown, smooth, shining surface. Subgleba occupying from one-third to one-half of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then brownish-purple; the threads branched, the main stem about as thick as the spores, with slender, tapering branches. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5–6µ in diameter.

Growing on the ground in woods. =Peridium= 1–2½ in. in diameter and 1½-2 in. in height. This species in this country heretofore has been included with L. atropurpureum. I have followed Mr. Massee in keeping them separate. This is perhaps L. bicolor W. and C., of the Pacific Coast Catalogue. Morgan.

New York, Peck, 46th Rep.; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Ground in woods. August to October. McIlvaine.

It is edible. Good when young and fresh.

=L. atropurpur´eum= Vitt.—ater, black; purpureus, purple—of the spores. =Peridium= globose depressed-globose or obovate, 6–30 lines broad, generally narrowed below into a short stem-like base, white cinereous or brownish, mealy-spinulose, hairy-spinulose, echinate or stellately echinate, when denuded smooth and subshining; capillitium and spores finally purplish-brown, columella present. =Spores= rough, 5–6µ in diameter.

Sandy pastures, woods and bushy places. Common. August to October.

This appears to be one of the most polymorphous species we have. It is so variable that I have been obliged to modify the usual description very much, in order to include forms which are quite diverse, yet which appear to me to run together in such a way that I am unable to draw any satisfactory line of distinction between them.

There are three principal varieties which I have referred to this species. The first is usually 1–2 in. broad, sessile, or with a very short stem, nearly smooth, being mealy or pruinose, and having a few minute, weak, scattered spinules or scales. Its color is generally whitish or white slightly clouded with brown. It grows in sandy pastures and cleared lands, and is probably the nearest of the three in its resemblance to the type.

I regard the second and third as worthy of a name and designate and define them as follows:

Var. hirtel´lum. =Peridium= hairy-spinulose with erect or curved sometimes stellately united spinules, which are often of a blackish color.

Ground and decaying vegetable matter in woods.

Var. stella´re. =Peridium= echinate or stellately echinate with rather stout easily deciduous spines.

Ground in woods and bushy places.

In this species the capillitium and spores are at first greenish-yellow, olive-tinted or brownish; but when fully mature they are purple-tinted. Some care will, therefore, be necessary, lest the last variety be confused with the Echinate Puff-ball, L. echinatum. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Spores= 6–7µ Massee; globose, distinctly warted, 5.5–6µ, Morgan.

Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On ground in woods. August to October. McIlvaine.

L. atropurpureum is frequent, not abundant. It is edible, good.

(c) Cortex composed of minute spinules; denuded peridium smooth.

=L. cu´pricum= Bon.—coppery. =Peridium= obconic, depressed above and tapering downward, the base plicate, with a fibrous mycelium. Cortex gray or flesh-color, composed of minute spinules circularly arranged and convergent and coherent at the apex; these dry up, becoming dark purplish in color, and finally fall away from the smooth, shining, copper-colored surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba occupying nearly a third part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium, at length purplish-brown; the threads branched, the main stem thinner than the spores, with long, tapering branches. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 6–7µ in diameter.

Growing in sandy soil in woods. New Jersey, Ellis.

Peridium about 1 in. in diameter and an inch or more in height. The microscopic features are given from specimens received from Mr. Ellis. Morgan.

Near Haddonfield, N.J., 1891–1896. Sandy woods. McIlvaine.

Not frequent. Those found upon several occasions were eaten and found good.

=L. asterosper´mum= D. and M.—aster, star; sperma, seed. =Peridium= obovoid or pyriform (pear-shaped), the base short and pointed, with a slender fibrous mycelium. Cortex a thin coat of minute spinules with intermingled granules, gray or brownish above, paler below; these dry up and are a long time persistent, but they finally fall away, leaving the inner peridium with a pale brown, smooth, shining surface. Subgleba obconical, occupying nearly a third part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then brownish-purple; the threads about as thick as the spores, with slender tapering branches. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5.5–6.5µ in diameter.

=Peridium= 1–1½ in. in diameter. A very pretty species of regular form; its glossy cortex is quite persistent. Morgan.

Growing on the ground in open woods. Ohio, Morgan; Nebraska, Webber.

New York, Peck, 46th, 51st Rep.; Ohio, Lloyd.

=L. delica´tum= Berk. =Peridium= subglobose, plicate underneath, with a fibrous mycelium. Cortex a thin coat of minute spinules and granules, gray or brownish above, whitish below, finally falling away from the smooth, shining, pale or brownish surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba very small or quite obsolete; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then pale or brownish-purplish; the threads rather thinner than the spores, with slender tapering branches. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5–6µ in diameter.

=Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter. Morgan.

Growing on the ground. Pennsylvania, Gentry; Missouri, Professor Trelease (Peck, Rep. 40); Louisiana, Langlois.

(d) Cortex a furfuraceous persistent coat.

(Plate CLXVI.)

=L. glabel´lum= Pk.—smooth, bare. Subglobose or subturbinate, 1–1.5 in. broad, sometimes narrowed below into a short stem-like base, furfuraceous with very minute nearly uniform persistent warts, which appear to the naked eye like minute granules or papillæ, yellow, opening by a small aperture; inner mass purplish-brown, capillitium with a central columella. =Spores= purplish-brown, globose, rough, 5–6.5µ in diameter.

Ground in copses and in pine woods. West Albany and North Greenbush. Autumn. Peck, 31st Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Ohio, Morgan; Wisconsin, Trelease; West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. Frequent. Autumn. McIlvaine.

One of the prettiest Lycoperdons. Symmetrical, and otherwise attractive. Sweet, firm, solid. It is not high in flavor, but is delicate.

=L. elonga´tum= Berk.—elongated. =Peridium= globose above, contracted below into a stout thick base, more or less elongated and cylindric or tapering downward; mycelium composed of thick fibers. Cortex a loose flocculose white or yellowish coat, drying up into a mealy or furfuraceous persistent layer, which scarcely reveals the pale shining surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba occupying more than half the interior of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium pale olivaceous, then pale brown or finally purplish; the threads much branched, the main stem much thicker than the spores, the branches tapering. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5.5–6.5µ in diameter.

Growing on the ground in damp woods. Ohio, Morgan. =Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 2–3 in. in height, the base ¾-1 in. in thickness. In form it somewhat resembles L. gemmatum, but it has a cortex like that of L. glabellum. Morgan.

New York, Peck, 49th Rep. Closely allied to L. glabellum. Its stout elongated base serves as a mark of distinction.

Ohio, Morgan; Pennsylvania, Washington, Pa., Myc. Club.

Not common. Sometimes tufted, three or four together. Edible, good.

=L. el´egans= Morgan—elegant. =Peridium= large, depressed globose, plicate underneath and sometimes with a narrow umboniform base, which is continuous with the thick root. Cortex at first flocculose, white or yellowish, drying up into a dense furfuraceous persistent coat, which becomes ochraceous or brownish in color, and sometimes obscurely areolate. Subgleba broad, convex above, occupying a third part or more of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then pale-brown or finally purplish-brown; the threads much branched, the main stem thicker than the spores, the branches long and tapering. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5–6µ, in diameter.

Growing on rich soil on the open prairie about Iowa City, Ia., Prof. T.H. McBride. =Peridium= 1½-3 in. in diameter. In form and size this species somewhat resembles Calvatia fragilis, but the threads are arranged in two sets as in Lycoperdon; the cortex is similar to that of L. glabellum; the mycelium forms a remarkably thick root. Morgan.

(e) Cortex a smooth, continuous layer, becoming areolate.

(Plate CLXVII.)

=L. rimula´tum= Pk.—rimula, a small chink. =Peridium= depressed—globose or broadly obovoid, plicate underneath with a slender fibrous mycelium. Cortex at first a thin, smooth, continuous fibrillose layer, gray or bluish-gray, sometimes with a purplish tinge; this at length breaks into a network of fine lines or fissures, gradually dries up into minute thin adnate scales, and finally falls away from the smooth grayish or purplish-brown surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba broad, but distinct, plane above, occupying about a fourth part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium purplish-gray, then brownish-purple; the threads simple or scarcely branched, variable in thickness, but always thinner than the spores. =Spores= glovose, distinctly warted, 6–7µ in diameter, often pedicellate.

Growing on the ground in fields and open woods. New York, Peck; South Carolina, Atkinson; Ohio, Morgan; Wisconsin, Trelease. =Peridium= ¾-1½ in. in diameter, scarcely an inch in height. Morgan.

New Jersey, T.J. Collins; Pennsylvania. Autumn. McIlvaine.

A pretty species, generally in groups. Frequent. It is not common, but occasionally generous patches of it are found. Edible, good.

=L. vela´tum= Vitt.—velatus, having a velum. =Peridium= globose or obovoid, with a cord-like root. Cortex white or yellowish, at first a thickish continuous layer, then breaking up into circular or irregular persistent patches with fimbriate margins. Subgleba occupying about a third part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then purplish-brown; the threads branched, the main stem nearly as thick as the spores, the branches long and tapering. =Spores= globose, distinctly warted, 5–6µ in diameter.

Growing on the ground in woods. South Carolina, Ravenel.

=Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter. Morgan.

New Jersey, T.J. Collins; Chester county, Pa., sometimes clustered, McIlvaine.

Good.

II.—OLIVE-SPORED SERIES.

A. PERIDIUM TOP-SHAPED, THE SUBGLEBA WELL DEVELOPED.

(f) Cortex of long spines, etc.

=L. gemma´tum= Batsch.—gemmed. =Peridium= turbinate, depressed above, the base short and obconic or more elongated and tapering or subcylindric, arising from a fibrous mycelium. Cortex consisting of long, thick, erect spines or warts of irregular shape, with intervening smaller ones, whitish or gray in color, sometimes with a tinge of red or brown; the larger spines first fall away, leaving pale spots on the surface, and giving it a reticulate appearance. Subgleba variable in amount, usually more than half the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then pale-brown; threads simple or scarcely branched, about as thick as the spores. =Spores= globose, even or very minutely warted, 3.5–4.5µ in diameter.

=Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 1–3 in. in height. This species is distinguished from all others by the peculiar large erect terete spines or warts, the so-called gems which stud its upper surface. Morgan.

Growing on the ground and sometimes on rotten trunks in woods, often cespitose. Frost. New York, Peck.

Found in every part of the world.

New York, Peck, Rep. 22; Indiana, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On the ground and on logs. McIlvaine.

Edible, but not pleasant. Peck. Edible, H.I. Miller.

Professor Peck gives two varieties:

Var. hir´tum. Turbinate, subsessile, hairy with soft, slender warts which generally become blackish.

Var. papilla´tum. Subrotund, sessile, papillose, furfuraceous-pulverulent.

Very common and known in all countries. It is, to my thinking, our prettiest puff-ball. Its beautifully studded surface, reminding of exquisite settings, is in itself worth studying for the designs. It is usually solitary or in small groups, but at times these groups contain scores of individuals. It grows in the open on the ground or from both ground and wood, in woods.

I think it equal to any other puff-ball. But great care must be taken to examine each specimen before putting it into the pan. A single one, which has turned yellow in the slightest degree, will spoil a whole dish. And this is the case with any of the small puff-balls. One ageing L. pyriforme will embitter a hundred.

=L. perla´tum= Pers.—perfero, to endure. (Enduring through winter.) =Peridium= turbinate, broad and depressed above, plicate underneath and contracted into a short and pointed or sometimes elongated and tapering base; mycelium fibrous. Cortex of long slender spines, mingled with smaller spinules and warts, gray brown or blackish in color; the longer spines first fall away, leaving a reticulate surface to the inner peridium. Subgleba occupying one-third to one-half of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then brownish-olivaceous; the threads mostly simple, some of them thicker than the spores. =Spores= globose, even or very minutely warted, 3.5–4.5µ in diameter.

Growing on the ground in woods. =Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 1–2 in. in height. This is L. gemmatum, var. hirtum, of Peck’s United States species of Lycoperdon. Morgan.

New York, Peck, 46th Rep.; Maryland, James; West Virginia, New Jersey. Occasional. On ground and decaying wood. McIlvaine.

Edible. Same habit and quality as L. gemmatum.

(g) Cortex of stout spines which fall away, etc.

=L. excipulifor´me= Scop.—excipula, a receptacle. =Peridium= turbinate, depressed above, plicate below and contracted into a more or less elongated base. Cortex of large stout spines, convergent above, becoming smaller downward, which at length fall away, leaving a tomentose surface to the inner peridium. Subgleba occupying one-half or more of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then brownish-olivaceous; the threads about as thick as the spores, scarcely branched. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, 4–5µ in diameter.

=Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 1–4 in. in height. Morgan.

Growing on the ground in meadows and woods. Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Schweinitz; Canada, Saccardo.

(h) Cortex of long spines, etc., which fall away, etc.

(Plate CLXIX.)

=L. pedicella´tum= Pk.—pediculus, a little foot. =Peridium= ¾-1½ in. in diameter, globose or depressed-globose, sessile or narrowed below into a stem-like base, whitish or cinereous, becoming dingy or smoky-brown with age, echinate with rather dense spines which are either straight, curved or stellately united and which at length fall off and leave impressions or obscure reticulations on the surface; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olive, columella present. =Spores= smooth, pedicellate, 4–4.5µ in diameter, the pedicel three to five times as long.

Ground and decaying wood in woods and bushy places. Croghan, Center, Brewerton and Catskill mountains. Autumn. Oneida. Warne.

The pedicellate spores constitute the peculiar feature of this species. It is one which suggests the name and which enables the species to be easily distinguished from all its allies. The spore is terminally and persistently attached to the pedicel, as in some species of Bovista. The plant is sometimes sessile, but usually it is narrowed below into a stem-like base. In the immature state it has a rough, shaggy appearance, but the spines shrivel with age so that it appears less rough when old. The pitted surface of the denuded peridium affords a mark of distinction from L. echinatum. L. pulcherrimum B. and C. is evidently the same species, but the name here adopted has priority of publication. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Growing on the ground and on rotten wood in woods. New York, Peck; Alabama, Atkinson; Ohio, Morgan; Wisconsin, Trelease.

(Plate CLXX.)

=L. exi´mium= Morgan—eximius, excellent. =Peridium= obovoid, with a fibrous mycelium. Cortex white or brownish, composed of long slender spines, often curved and convergent at the apex, which at length fall away from above downward, leaving a pale smooth surface to the inner peridium. Subgleba small, occupying scarcely more than a fourth part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then brownish-olivaceous; the threads mostly thinner than the spores, much branched. =Spores= oval, even, 5–6×4–4.5µ, usually furnished with a short pedicel.

=Peridium= ¾-1½ in. in diameter and about 1 in. in height. This species is readily distinguished by its large oval spores. Morgan.

Growing on the ground in sandy soil. South Carolina, Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson; Alabama U. and E.

(Plate CLXX_a_.)

=L. Cur´tisii= Berk.—in honor of Rev. M.A. Curtis. =Peridium= globose, with a very short rooting base and a slender fibrous mycelium. Cortex consisting of a pale yellowish farinaceous layer, covered by a coat of soft, fragile white spines, curved and convergent at the apex; after maturity it soon disappears, leaving a pale smooth surface to the inner peridium. Subgleba small, but distinct, convex above and definitely limited; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then pale olivaceous; the threads long, simple, hyaline, two to three times as thick as the spores. =Spores= globose, even, 3.5–4µ in diameter.

=Peridium= ⅜-¾ of an inch in diameter. This is L. Wrightii, var. typicum, of Peck’s U.S. species of Lycoperdon. The peculiar characteristic of the species is the hyaline threads of the capillitium; although they are of large diameter, yet the walls are very thin and the threads collapse in drying. Morgan.

General. Growing gregariously and sometimes cespitosely on the ground, in meadows, pastures and even in cultivated fields.

This being L. Wrightii, var. typicum Pk., and being edible, it is hardly necessary to repeat the old axiom: Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.

(i) Cortex of minute spinules, granules, etc.

=L. molle= Pers.—mollis, soft. (L. muscorum Morg.) =Peridium= 6–16 lines broad, globose or depressed-globose, narrowed below into a stem-like base, furfuraceous with nearly uniform persistent minute weak spinules or granular warts, sometimes with a few larger papilliform ones toward the apex, whitish, sometimes tinged with yellow, when mature brownish or olive-brown, nearly smooth, subshining; capillitium and spores dingy-olive; columella present. =Spores= minutely rough, 4–4.5µ in diameter.

Among mosses, especially Polytrichum, in old meadows and pastures. Albany, Summit and South Corinth. Autumn.

Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania. On ground in woods and grassy places in the open. McIlvaine.

L. molle is of frequent occurrence but not abundant. Though exceedingly soft, it holds its body in cooking and is well flavored.

(Plate CLXX_b_.)

=L. Tur´neri= E. and E. =Peridium= obovoid, somewhat depressed above, plicate underneath, with a mycelium of rooting fibers. Cortex white, often gray or brownish above, consisting of minute spinules with intermingled granules; these after maturity dry up and are quite persistent, forming a minutely scabrous coat on the olive-brown shining surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba broad and shallow, scarcely occupying more than a fourth part of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then brownish-olivaceous; the threads with the main stem about as thick as the spores, and long tapering branches. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, 4–5µ in diameter, mostly with a short pedicel.

=Peridium= 1–2 in. in diameter and 1–2 in. in height. A very pretty puff-ball with a silky shining coat. Morgan.

New York, Peck, 49th Rep.; West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. Ground in woods. August to October. McIlvaine.

Not frequent though general. It is good but must be young.

=L. calyptrifor´me= Berk.—hood-shaped. =Peridium= about 6 lines high, 3–4 in. broad, ovate or subconical, sessile, whitish, furfuraceous with minute warts or spinules; capillitium and spores olivaceous or yellowish-olivaceous. =Spores= smooth, 4µ in diameter.

Moss-covered rocks. Very rare. Adirondack mountains. August.

I have met with this very small and rare species but once, and then but two specimens were found. In these the apex was compressed or laterally flattened, instead of papilliform, as required by the original description of the species; but in all other respects they agree well with the specific characters. The plant is very distinct from all our other species by its small size and ovate or conical shape. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

(k) Cortex of minute spinules, scales or granules. Lignatile.

=L. pyrifor´me= Schaeff.—pear-shape. (Plate CLXXI, p. 602.) Plant 6–15 lines broad, 10–20 lines high, generally cespitose, obovate, pyriform or turbinate, sessile or with a short stem-like base, radicating with white branching and creeping root-like fibers, subumbonate, covered with very minute subpersistent, nearly uniform warts or scales, often with a few slender scattered deciduous spinules intermingled, pallid dingy-whitish or brownish; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous, columella present. =Spores= smooth, 4µ in diameter. Edible, but not well-flavored.

Decaying wood and ground both in woods and cleared fields. Very common. July to October. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Common the world over. Growing on logs, stumps, ground containing decaying woody matter. So dense in its clusters at times as to present an impervious surface. It is slightly acrid to taste and smell when raw.

Edible. Tender and of second-class flavor when young; white inside; intensely bitter when slightest tinge of yellow is visible. One too old will embitter a whole dish. A little lemon juice or sherry improves it.

(Plate CLXXII.)

=L. subincarna´tum= Pk.—pale flesh-color. =Peridium= 6–12 lines broad, globose, rarely either depressed or obovate, gregarious or cespitose, sessile, with but little cellular tissue at the base, covered with minute nearly uniform pyramidal or subspinulose at length deciduous warts, pinkish-brown, the denuded peridium whitish or cinereous, minutely reticulate-pitted; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous, columella present. =Spores= minutely roughened, 4–5µ in diameter.

Prostrate trunks, old stumps, etc., in woods. Common. August to October. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

New York, Peck, Rep. 24th, 32d; Pennsylvania, Gentry; Ohio, Morgan; Wisconsin, Brown.

B. PERIDIUM VERY SMALL, GLOBOSE, ETC.

(l) Cortex a thin coat of minute spinules, etc.

(Plate CLXVIII.)

=L. Wright´ii= B. and C.—in honor of Charles Wright. =Peridium= globose, depressed-globose or lentiform, 6–24 lines in diameter, generally sessile, white or whitish, echinate with deciduous sometimes crowded stellate spines or pyramidal warts, when denuded smooth or minutely velvety; capillitium and spores dingy-olive, columella present. =Spores= smooth, 4µ in diameter. Edible.

Ground in pastures and grassy places. Very common. July to October.

This is another very variable species. The typical form is a small one, minutely echinate and having the denuded peridium smooth. The plant often occurs much larger and more coarsely echinate with stout angular spines or pyramidal warts, which fall off and generally leave the surface of the peridium velvety.

Var. typ´icum. Small, 6–9 lines broad, globose, minutely echinate, the warts quickly falling off and leaving the peridium smooth. (L. Wrightii B. and C.)

Var. sep´arans. Larger, 10–24 lines broad, subglobose or lentiform, echinate with coarse substellate spines or pyramidal warts, which at length fall off and leave the peridium smooth or velvety. (L. separans Pk.)

Var. atropunc´tum. Larger, 10–15 lines broad, subglobose, pure white, warts or coarse spines brown or blackish at the tips.

This species is generally gregarious, but sometimes it forms tufts of several individuals closely crowded together. It sometimes occurs in cultivated grounds and stubble fields. The under surface is occasionally plicate as in the long-stemmed puff-ball. In the var. separans the warts or spines are crowded at their thickened bases and slightly attached to each other, so that they come off at maturity in flakes or patches. When the denuded surface of the peridium is velvety, it is usually of a darker color than when smooth, being subcinnamon, reddish-brown or dark-brown. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Ground in grassy places. July to frost. McIlvaine.

I have found var. separans in December, under snow.

Edible. Peck, Rep. 32.

The edible qualities of L. Wrightii and varieties are good.

=L. calves´cens= B. and C.—calvesco, to become bald. Subglobose, at first rough with warts which soon disappear, leaving the surface slightly velvety, 1¼ in. broad, bearing short rootlets at the base. =Spores= globose, smooth, having at first only a slight stalk (pedicel), dingy-ochraceous, 3–4µ.

Nearly related to L. Wrightii.

Connecticut, Wright, New York, ground in open woods. Bethlehem, Peck, 22d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

(Plate CLXXIII.)

=L. pusil´lum= (Batsch.) Fr.—small. =Peridium= ¼-1 in. broad, globose, scattered or cespitose, sessile, radicating, with but little cellular tissue at the base, white or whitish, brownish when old, rimose-squamulose or slightly roughened with minute floccose or furfuraceous persistent warts; capillitium and spores greenish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous. =Spores= smooth, 4µ in diameter.

Ground in grassy places and pastures. Common. June to October. Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina. Common. Spring to autumn on ground in grassy places. McIlvaine.

Grows where almost nothing else will, and where I have despaired of finding a meal of fungi, I could always find the ubiquitous L. pusillum.

=L. oblongi´sporum= B. and C.—oblong-spored. =Peridium= subglobose, with a slender mycelial cord. Cortex a thin, whitish, furfuraceous coat, drying up into minute persistent granules on the pale-brown surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba nearly obsolete; mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then brown; threads much branched, the main stem about as thick as the spores, the branches tapering. =Spores= elliptic, even, 5–6×3–4µ, sometimes with a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground in dense woods. Wisconsin, Trelease. =Peridium= ⅜-1 in. in diameter. This pretty species, previously known only from Cuba, is indistinguishable from L. pusillum when immature, the spores affording the only really characteristic feature. Morgan.

(Plate CLXXIV.)

=L. cepæsfor´me= Bull.—onion-shaped. =Peridium= globose or depressed-globose, plicate underneath, with a cordlike root. Cortex at first a thin, white, minutely furfuraceous coat, this soon becomes rimulose and at length breaks up into small scales and patches, which finally disappear from the pale or pale-brown surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba nearly obsolete; mass of spores and capillitium greenish-yellow, then pale-olivaceous; the threads very much branched, the main stem thicker than the spores, the branches long and tapering. =Spores= globose, even, 3.5–4µ in diameter, often with a minute pedicel.

=Peridium= ½-1 in. in diameter.

Growing on the ground in meadows and pastures.

New York, Peck, 51st Rep.

Good.

(Plate CLXXV.)

=L. colora´tum= Pk.—colored. =Peridium= 5–10 lines broad, globose or obovate, subsessile, radicating, yellow or reddish-yellow, brownish when old, slightly roughened with minute granular or furfuraceous persistent warts; capillitium and spores at first pale, inclining to sulphur-color, then dingy-olive. =Spores= subglobose, smooth, about 4µ in diameter.

Ground in thin woods and bushy places. Sandlake and Catskill mountains. July and August.

Peck, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

New York, Peck, 29th Rep.; New England, Morgan; Ohio, Morgan; Wisconsin, Trelease.

(Plate CLXXVI.)

=L. acumina´tum= Bosc.—pointed. =Peridium= globose, then ovoid, with a mycelium of fine white fibers. Cortex a white soft delicate continuous coat, drying up into a thin furfuraceous persistent layer on the surface of the inner peridium. Subgleba obsolete; mass of spores and capillitium pale-olivaceous then dirty-gray; threads simple, hyaline, two to three times as thick as the spores. =Spores= globose, even, 3µ in diameter. Plate II, fig. 8. =Peridium= ¼-½ of an inch in height.

Growing on the mosses of old logs and about the base of living trees. New York, Peck; North Carolina, Curtis; South Carolina, Ravenel, Atkinson; Ohio, Morgan; Costa Rica, Oersted.

GENUS X.—=BOVISTEL´LA= Morg.

(Plate CLXXVI_a_.)

Showing cellulose and definitely limited subgleba and the free threads of the capillitium. (From Morgan.)

Mycelium cord-like, rooting from the base. Peridium subglobose, with a well-developed base; cortex a dense floccose subpersistent coat; inner peridium thin, membranaceous, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth. Subgleba cellulose, cup-shaped above and definitely limited, persistent; capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba; the threads free, short, several times dichotomously (two-forked) branched, the main stem thicker than the diameter of the spores, the branches tapering. =Spores= small, globose or oval, even, pedicellate.

A puff-ball of moderate size, growing in fields and open woods. Morgan.

=B. Ohien´sis= Ellis and Morg. =Peridium= globose or broadly obovoid, sometimes much depressed, plicate underneath, with a thick cord-like root. Cortex a dense floccose coat, sometimes segregated into soft warts or spines, white or grayish in color; this dries up into a thick buff-colored or dirty ochraceous layer, which gradually falls away, leaving a smooth, shining, pale-brown or yellowish surface to the inner peridium. Subgleba broad, ample, occupying one-half the peridium, a long time persistent; mass of spores and capillitium lax, friable, clay-color to pale-brown; the threads .6-.8 mm. in extent, three to five times branched, the main stem 6–8µ in thickness, the branches tapering. =Spores= globose or oval, even, 4–5µ in length by 3.5–4µ in breadth, with long hyaline persistent pedicels.

(Plate CLXXVII.)

Growing on the ground in old pastures, in fields and open woods. Morgan.

This species of puff-ball is made the type of the new genus Bovistella by Mr. Morgan.

GENUS XI.—=CATAS´TOMA= Morg.

Puff-balls growing just beneath the surface of the ground and connected immediately with it by filamentous threads, which issue from every part of the cortex; after maturity, when the peridium breaks away, the lower part of the outer coat is held fast by the soil, while the upper portion which has attained the surface remains, covering the inner peridium like a cap or inverted cup; consequently the apparent apex at which the mouth is situated is the actual base of the plant as it grows. The capillitium threads are similar to the densely interwoven hyphæ, which form the inner peridium and are evidently branches of them radiating from the interior. It is plain that the affinities of these plants are closest with Tylostoma and Astræus, but the needs of a systematic arrangement, according to more obvious characters, causes us to place them next to Bovista. Morgan.

(Plate CLXXVIII.)

Showing method of growth, breaking away and turning over. Section of same showing origin of the threads of the capillitium. (After Morgan.)

=C. circumscis´sum= B. and C. (Plate CLXXVIII.) =Peridium= subglobose, more or less depressed and often quite irregular; cortex thickish, fragile, usually rough and uneven from the adhering soil, after maturity torn away, leaving the lower two-thirds or more in the ground; inner peridium depressed-globose, subcoriaceous, rather thin, pallid, becoming gray, minutely furfuraceous, with a small regular basal mouth. Mass of spores and capillitium soft, compact, then friable, olivaceous, changing to pale brown; the pieces of the threads short, unequal in length, flexuous, hyaline, 3–4µ in thickness. =Spores= globose, minutely warted, 4–5µ in diameter, often with a minute pedicel.

Growing in heavy clay soil in old lanes and pastures, especially along the hard-trodden paths.

Maine, Blake; Ohio, Morgan; Kansas, Kellerman; Nebraska, Webber.

Inner peridium ½-¾ in. in diameter.

This is Bovista circumscissa B. and C., of Berkeley’s Notices of North America Fungi. It grows in great abundance with us some seasons, right in the hard-trodden barn-yard, and along the lane to the cattle pasture. Arachnion album Schw. usually keeps it company. Morgan.

I have not seen this acrobatic species. Study of its unique habit suggests the query: Is not the turning over of its spore-filled portion a substitute for an original but lost power of growing right side up?

GENUS XII.—=BOVIS´TA= Dill.

(Plate CLXXIX.)

Mycelium fibrous or sometimes filamentous. Peridium subglobose, without a thickened base; cortex a thin fragile continuous layer, shelling off or disappearing at maturity, except sometimes a small portion about the base; inner peridium thin, membranaceous, becoming papyraceous, dehiscent by an apical mouth or opening irregularly. Capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba; the threads free, short, several times dichotomously branched, the main stem much thicker than the diameter of the spores, the branches tapering. =Spores= small, globose, or oval, even, brown. Morgan.

Small puff-balls growing upon the ground in fields and woods. One grows underground.

=B. pi´la= B. and C.—a ball. =Peridium= globose or obovoid, with a stout, cord-like root. Cortex a thin, white, smooth, continuous coat, breaking up at maturity into minute scales, which soon disappear; inner peridium thickish, tough, rigid, becoming brown or purplish-brown, smooth and shining, a long time persistent, and finally with age often fading to silvery-gray; dehiscence taking place at length by an irregular, torn aperture at or about the apex. Mass of spores and capillitium very firm, compact and persistent, at first clay-colored, pale brown or olivaceous, at length dark or purplish-brown; the threads rather small, .6-.8 mm. in extent, three to five times branched, 12–15µ thick, the ultimate branches rigid, nearly straight, tapering to a fine point. =Spores= globose, even, 4–5µ in diameter, sessile or with only a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground in woods.

=Peridium= 1½-2½ in. in diameter.

This Bovista is remarkably tough, it maintains its shape firmly and persists a long time; it breaks away from its root and rolls about over the old leaves before the wind, even till the following season. Morgan.

West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, in fields and woods on ground. June to October. McIlvaine.

Edible. Trelease.

When young and fresh it is excellent.

=B. Monta´na= Morg. Peridium subglobose with a cord-like root. Cortex a thin white continuous layer, breaking up at maturity into a mealy or furfuraceous coat, which soon falls away; inner peridium thin, flaccid, becoming brown, smooth and shining, dehiscent by an irregular torn aperture about the apex. Mass of spores and capillitium soft, lax, at first ochraceous or pale-brown, finally purplish-brown; the threads curled and flexuous, very large, with an expanse of 1.25–1.75 mm., four to seven times branched, the main stem 15–20µ in thickness, the ultimate branches long and tapering. =Spores= globose, even, 4.5–5.5µ in diameter, often with a minute pedicel.

Growing on the ground. Rocky mountains. Jones. Peridium 1½-2 in. in diameter. This differs from B. pila in being soft, flaccid, and soon collapsing; it, no doubt, is not so persistent. Microscopically it is readily distinguished by its much larger threads. Morgan.

=B. nigres´cens= (Vitt.) Pers.—blackish. Peridium subglobose, with a fibrous mycelium. Cortex a thin, smooth, white continuous layer, at maturity breaking up into scales, which soon disappear; inner peridium thin, flaccid, becoming dark-brown, smooth and shining, dehiscent at the apex by a lacerate mouth. Mass of spores and capillitium soft, lax, at first ochraceous or olivaceous, at length purplish-brown; the threads flexuous, about 1 mm. in extent, three to five times branched, the main stem 12–18µ thick, the ultimate branches tapering. =Spores= globose or oval, even, 5–6µ in diameter, with long hyaline pedicels.

Growing in old pastures, in fields and woods. Canada, Saccardo; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz; North Carolina, Curtis; Ohio, Lea; California, Harkness.

Peridium 1–2 in. in diameter. I have never succeeded in obtaining an American specimen of this species; my description is drawn up from European specimens. Morgan.

Pennsylvania, McIlvaine. B. nigrescens is a first-class puff-ball.

=B. plum´bea= Pers.—lead-colored. Peridium ¾-1¼ in. in diameter, depressed-globose, with a fibrous mycelium. Cortex a thin, smooth, white continuous coat, loosening at maturity and shelling off, except sometimes a small portion about the base; inner peridium thin, tough, smooth, lead-colored, dehiscent at the apex by a round or oblong aperture. Mass of spores and capillitium soft, lax, ochraceous or olivaceous, then purplish-brown, the threads .8–1.0 mm. in extent, three to five times branched, the main stem 12–16µ thick, the ultimate branches long, straight and tapering to a fine point. =Spores= oval, even, 6–7×5–6µ, with long hyaline pedicels.

Growing on the ground in meadows and pastures. Morgan.

Indiana, in abandoned brick-yard, H.I. Miller; West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Common on ground in open places. Solitary or in groups. Spring to autumn; after rains, McIlvaine.

Edible. Trelease, Badham.

The botanic difference between a Lycoperdon and a Bovista does not affect the Mycophagist. He can not distinguish the difference when cooked. B. plumbea is given in Cooke and in Massee as Lycoperdon plumbeum. Bovista plumbea is a first-class edible.

=B. mi´nor= Morg. (Plate CLXXIX, p. 610.) =Peridium= subglobose, deeply sunk in the soil and connected with it by a filamentous mycelium, which issues from every part of the surface. Cortex thickish, rough and irregular from the adherent soil, fragile, falling away at maturity, except sometimes a small portion about the base; inner peridium thin, smooth, flaccid, reddish-brown, dehiscent by a regular apical mouth. Mass of spores and capillitium olivaceous, then reddish-brown; the threads curled and flexuous, with an expanse of 1.0–1.5 mm., two to four times branched, the main stem 10–15µ thick, the ultimate branches very long and tapering to a fine point. =Spores= globose or slightly oval, even, 3.5–4.5µ in diameter, with long hyaline pedicels.

Growing in damp shaded situations. Ohio, Morgan; Nebraska, Webber. Peridium ½-¾ of an inch in diameter. A species well marked by its peculiar habit. The curled and flexuous threads are interesting microscopic objects. Morgan.

GENUS XIII.—=MYCENAS´TRUM= Desv.

(Plate CLXXXII.)

Mycelium funicular, rooting from the base. =Peridium= subglobose, without a thickened base; cortex a smooth continuous layer, at first closely adnate to the inner peridium, after maturity gradually breaking up and falling away; inner peridium thick, tough, coriaceous, becoming hard, rigid and corky, the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments. Capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba; the threads free, short, thick, with a few short branches, acutely pointed and with scattered prickles. =Spores= large, globose, sessile, brown.

Puff-balls of considerable size, growing in the sandy soil of dry regions. A very distinct genus, in no way related to Scleroderma, and resembling it only in its thick, corky, inner peridium. The threads of the capillitium originate within the tissue of the gleba, along with the spores, and are set free by deliquescence, the same as in Bovista. Morgan.

=M. spinulo´sum= Pk. =Peridium= globose, depressed globose, sometimes elongated and often irregular, with a thick, cord-like root. Cortex at first a thickish, white, smooth, continuous layer; after maturity it cracks or becomes furrowed into large polygonal areas, and at length falls away in large flakes or scales; inner peridium very thick, at first white and coriaceous, becoming hard, dry, brown and rigid, the upper part finally breaking up into irregular lobes or fragments. Mass of spores and capillitium compact then friable, at first olivaceous, then dark purplish-brown; the threads bent, curved and flexuous, subhyaline, .2-.7 mm. in length, about the same thickness as the spores, with a few short branches, and with scattered prickles, which are most abundant toward the acute extremities. =Spores= globose, very minutely warted, opaque, 9–12µ in. diameter, often with a minute or slender hyaline pedicel.

Growing on the sandy soil of the western prairies. Wisconsin, Brown; Dakota, Ellis; Nebraska, Webber; Colorado, Trelease; Kansas, Kellerman, Cragin; New Mexico, Irish.

=Peridium= 2–4 in. in diameter. The plants are said to grow together in groups, sometimes of many individuals; after maturity they are easily loosened from their place of growth and are then rolled about by the wind. Morgan.

No report upon edibility. Probably good.

FAMILY III.—=SCLERODERMA´CEÆ=.

=Peridium= discrete from the gleba, often with a columella; cells of the gleba subpersistent. Morgan.

GENUS I.—=SCLERODER´MA= Pers.

Scleros, hard; derma, skin.

Skin firm with an innate bark, bursting irregularly; woolly threads adhering on all sides to the bark and forming distinct veins in the central mass. Base sterile, usually becoming elongated into a stem-like structure. =Spores= large, granulated.

Scleroderma vulgare and verrucosum are general and very common over the United States. S. bovista and S. geaster have the same range but are not so common. They much resemble puff-balls, but are more pudgy, solid-looking. All are edible. Their qualities are noted under their descriptions.

(Plate CLXXX.)

A-B. Firm when young and remain nearly so when mature.

=S. vulga´re= Fr.—vulgaris, common. (Plate CLXXX.) Subsessile, irregular; bark corky, hard, opening indefinitely; inner mass in which the spores are collected into little heaps separated by a few grayish woolly threads, bluish-black. =Spores= dingy; in the mass blackish with purple tinge, globose, warted, 9–11µ Massee.

The larger form is generally of a yellowish or brownish hue, surface warty or covered with rough scales; the smaller, stemless minutely warty, bright brown.

Under trees, etc. Often cespitose, 1–3 in. across. =Peridium= variable, white or pale-brown, often becoming pink when cut. Dehiscing by decay of upper portion of peridium. Massee.

Scleroderma vulgare is one of our most common and plentiful toadstools. Its hard, rough, warty, light brown knobs, single or clustered, growing along brook-banks or under trees, generally choosing hard ground, are known to all who observe Nature’s curiosities. When quite young they are white inside. As they enlarge the center darkens and this purplish color finally develops into a grayish-purplish-black which extends throughout the interior and gives it a granular appearance. The fungus is solid, cutting like a potato. Its smell is strong; also its taste when raw. Sliced and well-cooked the species is good, even after it has become purplish, but if a single one is wilted it will embitter a whole dish. Or if it is not very well stewed or fried it remains strong. In no condition is it injurious. Specimens must be pared, and the base well cut away.

=S. bovis´ta= Fr. Subsessile, often irregular, peridium thin, pliant, almost smooth; tramal walls floccose, yellow, mass of spores olive-brown, spores globose, warted, 10–13µ.

Sandy soil under trees, etc. From 1–2 in. across. Distinguished by the thin, almost smooth peridium, and the yellow tramal walls. Massee.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. On ground under trees. June to November. McIlvaine.

Not rough like S. vulgare and S. verrucosum, nor as solid. Same habit, same edible qualities when young. It is not good after it begins to change color.

=S. verruco´sum= Pers.—verrucosus, covered with warts (verruc[oe]). Peridium thin above, ochraceous or dingy brown, covered with minute warts, subglobose, continued downward as a more or less elongated stem-like base. =Spores= umber in the mass; trama whitish.

=Spores= globose, warted, 10–13µ.

On the ground, under trees, etc. Peridium 1–3 in. across. =Stem= ½-2 in. long, thick, flatly pitted, sometimes almost sessile, when it approaches S. vulgare, but is distinguished by the thin peridium and absence of purple tinge in the immature spore mass. Massee.

West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. June to October. On ground under trees. Same habit as S. vulgare. McIlvaine.

S. verrucosum closely resembles S. vulgare. The distinctions are noted in the description. It must be young, fresh and white inside, or it is bitter. It is not of as good quality as S. vulgare.

=S. geas´ter= Fr.—resembling genus Geaster in its manner of opening. Subglobose, sessile, peridium thick, rigid, almost smooth, splitting in an irregularly stellate manner at the apex.

=Spores= warted, 12–16µ.

Sandy places. Known by the peridium dehiscing in a stellate manner; from 1–2 in. across. Massee.

New Jersey, August. In sandy woods. McIlvaine.

I have found but few specimens. Those were edible and good.

GENUS II.—=POLYSAC´CUM= De C.

Polus, many; saccus, a sack.

(Plate CLXXXI.)

Peridium irregularly globose, thick, attenuated downward into a stem-like base, opening by disintegration of its upper portion; internal mass (gleba) divided into distinct sack-like cells.

Allied to Scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of the gleba containing distinct peridiola. Massee.

=P. pisocar´pium= Fr. Gr—a pea; Gr—fruited. =Peridium= irregularly globose, indistinctly nodulose, passing downward into a stout stem-like base; peridiola irregularly angular, 4–5×2–3µ, yellow. =Spores= globose, warted, coffee-color, 9–13µ Massee.

P. pisocarpium was quite common at Mt. Gretna, Pa., from August to October, 1898, in open pine and mixed woods, growing from sandy ground. The height reached 5 in. and diameter 2 in. The shapes were usually those of inverted pears, more or less flattened along their lengths. Skin hard, polished, olivaceous-black with dull yellow mottlings, not unlike rattlesnake skin. When broken the peridiola (small ovate cylinders which bear the spores within) are very distinct, often over ⅛ in. long. The entire interior is dark when mature, and the rupture of the plant is irregular and by disintegration of the upper part. They often dry without rupturing. Search as I would, I could not find a young one, or one in edible condition. The plant is here given because interesting and one the student will wish to identify. It is so odd that it is not surprising to find it employed as a medicine in China.

TOADSTOOL POISONING AND ITS TREATMENT

BY W.S. CARTER, M.D. Professor of Physiology and Hygiene, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas.

The poisonous mushrooms, or so-called toadstools, may be grouped in two classes: (1) Those containing minor or irritant poisons, which act locally on the gastro-intestinal tract, such as the Clitocybe illudens, Lepiota Morgani and others, and (2) those containing major poisons which act on the nerve centers after absorption, causing symptoms to appear a long time after the poison has been taken and very often terminating fatally. This group includes the Amanita muscaria, the Amanita bulbosa or Am. verna and the Amanita phalloides.

From the prompt way in which vomiting and purging begin after eating the toadstools of the first group there seems to be no doubt of the local irritant action on the alimentary canal. Grave symptoms from any constitutional effect or any serious disturbances of the circulation do not occur. Although intensely disagreeable, such poisoning terminates in recovery and may not be regarded as dangerous unless the poison be taken in enormous quantity or by one in poor health.

In poisoning by the deadly toxic Amanitæ vomiting and purging may also occur as prominent symptoms, but generally only occur late—ten to fifteen hours after eating the toadstool—and are due to the action of the poison on the nerve centers. This is clear from the fact that these symptoms appear when the poison is given either hypodermatically or intravenously to animals.

It is exceedingly unfortunate that these deadly poisonous toadstools do not give some warning either in an unpleasant taste or contain an irritant which would act locally to cause emesis and purgation, for in that case the patient would get rid of the poison before such large quantities were absorbed and fatal poisoning would be less frequent. They are not at all unpalatable and sometimes large quantities are eaten by mistake.

Formerly frequent allusion was made to the possibility of poisoning by decomposition products from putrefactive changes in mushrooms. Not a single case has come to the writer’s notice where this form of poisoning has actually occurred. In many reported cases of poisoning it is distinctly stated they were eaten soon after gathering; in none does the reporter mention any suspicion of poisoning of this nature.

At one time very many mushrooms were supposed to be poisonous. We now know that there are only a few dangerous ones, and where serious poisoning occurs it seems clearly to be due to some definite and constant poisons contained in certain fungi. We shall not deal here with the irritant poisons, as they are not dangerous and usually Nature gets rid of them easily, but shall consider the poisons of the Amanita muscaria or “Fly mushroom,” the A. bulbosus vernus Bull. or A. verna, and the A. phalloides or “death cup.” The writer has not had any personal experience with poisoning by these in man, but bases his observations upon over one hundred experiments made upon lower animals.[C] This is a distinct advantage in reaching any conclusion, as the facts are definite without any doubt as to the kind or quantity of the poison taken. In many of the reports of poisoning by mushrooms in man no mention of the species is made. In all these cases many kinds have been mixed together in preparing them for the table and it has never been known how many of the poisonous and how many of the edible ones have been eaten by any one individual partaking of the dish. Of course the fluid in which they are cooked contains some of the poison. This explains why some patients recover after having eaten several mushrooms while others die from a part of one only. (See report of six cases by Dr. G.E. Caglieri, New York Med. Record, August 28, 1897; also Dr. Berry’s cases reported by Prentiss, Philadelphia Med. Journal, September 24, 1898.) Then, too, different poisonous species may be mixed together. The symptoms produced by the different Amanitæ poisons are quite different. Those containing irritant poisons may be taken with those containing deadly poisons. This accounts for the great variety of symptoms presented in cases reported.

Footnote C:

All of the toadstools used have been very kindly furnished and identified by Capt. Chas. McIlvaine. Unfortunately only fifteen experiments could be made with the fresh fungi while the writer was at the University of Pennsylvania. Since leaving there it has been impossible to get any in a fresh state, and the other experiments have been made either with dried fungi or alcoholic or glycerine extracts of the fresh.

POISONING BY AMANITA MUSCARIA.

The symptoms of poisoning by this fungus usually appear from eight to twelve hours after it has been eaten, unless it has been taken in enormous quantities, as in the cases reported by Prentiss (Phila. Med. Jour., September 24, 1898), where they came on in half an hour.

These begin with cramp-like pains in the extremities, colicky pains in the abdomen, burning thirst, vomiting and purging. The pulse may be very slow and strong at first, but later becomes rapid, small and feeble. The blood pressure is low and, as a result of this disturbance of the circulation, faintness is a common early symptom. Extreme pallor is often noticed. The secretions are increased, and the sweat and the saliva may be secreted in abnormal quantities.

The pupils are strongly contracted and dullness of the vision or double vision may be noticed early.

The respirations are slow and become shallow and stertorous when the poisoning is severe.

The mental state may be clear at first, but becomes dull, deepening into unconsciousness and deep coma if a large quantity has been taken.

Convulsions are reported to have occurred in some cases from poisoning by this toadstool in man. The dried Amanita muscaria or extracts of the fresh fail to produce convulsions in the lower animals, even in frogs, which are very susceptible. Either there is a considerable difference in the susceptibility to this poison or there is some poison present in the fresh fungus which is lost by drying.

Small amounts of the dried Amanita muscaria are said to be used by inhabitants of northern Asia for the stimulating effect upon the nervous system, producing, like other narcotic poisons, a dreamy state of intoxication, deepening into sleep (Von Boeck in Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine, Vol. VII).

In animals the most striking effect is upon the circulation. When injected intravenously it causes tremendous inhibition of the heart’s action—a moderate amount causing the heart to beat slowly and powerfully; a large amount causing complete arrest. Even with the partial inhibition there is an enormous fall of pressure. The slowing of the heart soon passes off, and when a moderate amount has been injected, the circulation quickly returns to normal.

In one of my experiments on a dog, the heart stopped for 1¾ minutes and then began beating again, the circulation soon recovering.

Late in the poisoning the heart beats may be rapid and feeble and the blood pressure low. The lowered blood pressure is largely due to dilatation of the small blood vessels resulting from a loss of control over them by the nerve center which normally keeps the arterioles in a state of partial contraction.

The inhibition of the heart is due to the action of the well-known alkaloid muscarine upon nerve ganglia in the heart. The contraction of the pupil and the increased secretory activity of the glands are also due to this substance which was discovered by Schmideberg and Koppe in 1869.

It was soon found that although dogs recovered from the immediate or early effects (i. e., from the muscarine) of enormous quantities of toadstools, they succumbed from the late effects of much smaller quantities. Atropine fails to avert this result from the late effect, whether given before the poison, with it, or after it. The inhibition of the heart passes off long before death occurs. Late death does not appear to be due to muscarine.

All these facts put together point to the existence of some other poison or poisons in the Amanita muscaria to which atropine is not an antidote.

This peculiar poisoning causing death so late will be discussed again after considering the other poisonous mushrooms as they act similarly.

Gastro-intestinal symptoms were not as common in my experiments with Amanita muscaria as with the Amanita phalloides. Vomiting and purging occasionally occurred early, but much more frequently late in the poisoning and often not at all.

Convulsions did not occur in any of the animals poisoned by this fungus. Convulsions are recorded in some cases of poisoning in man, but not so constantly as with the A. phalloides and A. verna. Where they occurred either a large amount had been taken (as in Prentiss' case) or there is some doubt about the Amanita muscaria having been the only toadstool eaten (as in Caglieri’s cases). Frogs are very easily thrown into spasms, but no spasms were observed, even in fatal poisoning of them by this toadstool.

Regarding cerebral symptoms, little can be said except that unconsciousness and coma may come on early and persist till death. In cases terminating fatally the animal seemed to be conscious, but so depressed that it was unable to stand or even move when called.

Concerning differences in the susceptibility of different animals to the poisons of Amanita muscaria, cats seemed to be more susceptible than dogs in the earlier experiments with extracts of the fresh fungus, but more numerous experiments with the dried fungus failed to show any greater difference than can be observed between different animals of the same kind.

As to the nature of the poisons very little can be stated from the experiments, as they were undertaken as a preliminary step to chemical studies to be carried on later. The alkaloid muscarine is one of our best known poisons and nothing can be added to what is already known about it. The poisons are extracted by distilled water as well as by a solution of sodium chloride; they are soluble in glycerine and in alcohol and very little difference can be seen in the action of these extracts, unless the alcoholic extract contains more of the muscarine, while the glycerine extract contains more of the other poisons.

It is stated that muscarine is not poisonous to flies; that the Amanita muscaria contains a volatile poison which is poisonous to flies (hence the name “Fly mushroom”), and which is lost by drying; that inhabitants of northern Asia use the dried fungus (after the volatile poison has been lost) for producing intoxication (Von Boeck in Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia, Vol. VII, p. 927). My experiments have been entirely with mammals and frogs, and unfortunately those performed with the fresh toadstools were not numerous enough to enable me to draw positive conclusions as to any loss of toxicity by drying. A single experiment with a cat seemed to indicate that boiling of the fungus lessened the toxicity but subsequent experiments indicated that a boiled solution was no less toxic than one not boiled.

One thing we can state definitely; that boiling the dried A. muscaria does not destroy its toxicity. This indicates that the poison is not of an albuminous nature, which would be coagulated by heat.

Whether or not any volatile poison is lost by boiling a solution of the fresh fungus or by drying at 40° C. can not be stated definitely as the experiments made with the fresh fungus were few in number on account of the extreme difficulty in getting them perfectly fresh.

The average of six observations in which it was possible to weigh the toadstools before and after drying at 40° C. showed a loss of 84.4 per cent. of water. In other words, 1 gram of the dried equals 6.4 grams of the fresh.

Comparing the lethal doses of the dried with the lethal doses of the fresh extracted by glycerine and alcohol, it does not appear that there is any great loss of the toxicity by drying as is shown by the following: Lethal dose of dried in Experiment 31 was .085 gram. per kilo of body weight; in Experiment 55, .033 gram. per kilo caused early death, while .223 gram. of dried per kilo and .120 gram. per kilo caused death from late effects (Exps. 32 and 57). The lethal doses of the fresh were .91 gram. per kilo (Exp. 29) and 1.055 gram. per kilo (Exp. 36) when a glycerine extract of the fresh growth was used, while 1.222 gram. per kilo (Exp. 16) made from an alcoholic extract failed to kill.

It may be well to introduce here the results of an experiment which shows there is no highly poisonous volatile material given off from the A. phalloides. This is rather an important fact to determine, as the opinion is held by some that there is a volatile poison, and most of my experiments were made with the dried fungus. A 1 per cent. solution of fresh A. phalloides was distilled until three-fourths of the fluid had passed over as distillate. The latter was injected into the vein of a dog and found not at all toxic. The opportunity has not been afforded me of repeating this experiment personally, but Dr. J.P. Arnold has kindly repeated it for me, injecting the distillate into rabbits and frogs and failed to find it toxic. Certainly if there is any volatile poison in the A. phalloides it must be either in very minute quantity or very slightly toxic.

ANTIDOTAL VALUE OF ATROPINE.

In arriving at any conclusion we must bear in mind the variation of different animals in their susceptibility to poisons. Thus, to give the greatest difference observed, .085 gram. dried Amanita muscaria per kilo of body weight killed one dog in an hour, while in another dog .223 grams. of the same preparation per kilo only killed after 24 hours, the cardiac inhibition having disappeared one-half hour after the poison was injected. However, an average of six (6) experiments on cats and dogs with dried A. muscaria in which no antidote was given shows the lethal dose to be .103 gram. per kilo of body weight. The average of four (4) experiments, in which the fungus, dried in the same way, was used but atropine was given as an antidote, gives the lethal dose of .335 gram. per kilo and death only occurred late in each case. There can be no doubt, therefore, of the antidotal value of atropine for poisoning by Amanita muscaria.

It should be borne in mind, however, that it is not an infallible antidote even when given early, and that it does not prevent death from the late effects in severe cases, although given in large doses. In some experiments atropine was administered at the same time the poison was given and in others before it.

The important practical lesson is that too much reliance should not be placed upon atropine. It will be shown later that it has little value as an antidote to A. verna and A. phalloides. Probably these fungi contain less muscarine than A. muscaria. Although there is no drug so antagonistic in its physiological action to the poison of the A. muscaria as atropine, the use of other remedies should not be neglected. The symptoms have to be treated as they arise. Strychnia, alcohol in moderate amounts and suprarenal extract could all be used to advantage in restoring the circulation, especially late in the poisoning. Atropine merely removes the inhibition of the heart which occurs as an early symptom.

External heat should be applied if the body temperature is subnormal. The treatment of gastro-intestinal symptoms will depend upon the conditions of each individual case. The injection of a large amount of warm physiological salt solution (.6-.7 per cent. sodium chloride) into the subcutaneous tissues should also be tried in severe cases seen late in the poisoning.

POISONING BY AMANITA VERNA OR A. BULBOSUS VERNA BULL.

The symptoms appear from six to fifteen hours after the ingestion of the poison and may be largely choleraic in nature, i. e., vomiting and purging, the discharges from the bowel being watery with small flakes suspended and sometimes containing blood.

The disturbance of the circulation is somewhat similar to that caused by A. muscaria, viz., slow, strong pulse early, but rapid and weak later. Dizziness and faintness may be early symptoms. Sometimes the skin is pale and covered with cold, clammy sweat; at others there is great cyanosis. The body temperature is subnormal, unless nervous symptoms are very severe. Very prominent among the symptoms are tetanic convulsions, which may appear comparatively early and persist until the end.

In animals the effect of this toadstool is entirely different from that of A. muscaria. Perhaps the most striking difference is the frequency with which convulsions appear. Convulsions occurred repeatedly in mammals and in nearly every frog to which the toadstool was given. This fungus seems to contain some poison that acts upon the spinal cord very much as strychnia does, though less powerfully, of course.

The circulatory conditions are also different. The inhibition of the heart may be pronounced as an early condition, but the pressure does not return to the normal after this disappears, either from giving atropine or from cutting the pneumogastric nerves. Section of these nerves removes the cardiac inhibition much more completely than after poisoning by the A. muscaria. There is often a fall of pressure without cardiac inhibition. In other words, there is a much greater permanent fall of blood-pressure due to paralysis of the nerve center controlling the blood vessels (vaso-motor center). This condition will last a long time and does not show the same tendency to disappear as after A. muscaria. Moreover it is produced by comparatively small amounts of the A. verna.

The respirations are very slow. The blood is poorly oxygenated and this probably causes the cyanosis sometimes observed in men poisoned by this fungus.

Bloody fluid is sometimes vomited or comes from the nose. It may also occur in the discharge from the bowel.

Retching and purging occurred more frequently as early symptoms than in animals poisoned by A. muscaria.

Coma appeared early and continued until death. The administration of atropine soon after giving the poison when cardiac inhibition was present, caused a slight temporary rise of blood pressure but did not affect the dilated condition of the blood vessels. The pressure continued low notwithstanding the atropine. Although the experiments with this fungus were not as numerous as with the A. muscaria because of difficulty in obtaining it, yet it seems clear that atropine is of very little value as an antidote. Death very rarely resulted from the cardiac inhibition occurring early but usually came on late after that condition had disappeared. The lethal dose was no larger when atropine was given than when no antidote was used.

Amanita verna is very much more toxic than A. muscaria, the average of four experiments in which the former was given without an antidote being .034 gram. (dried) per kilo of body weight, while .103 gram. (dried) per kilo, was the average for the latter fungus.

POISONING BY AMANITA PHALLOIDES.

The symptoms described in man are very similar to those caused by the A. verna, except that the convulsions are less constant and cyanosis is not mentioned. In some cases vomiting and purging are prominent symptoms. There is dizziness and fainting, extreme ashy pallor, cold skin covered with sweat, subnormal temperature, muscular twitchings and occasional convulsions and somnolence which deepens into coma and lasts until death, which usually occurs two or three days after eating the poison. Sometimes the gastro-intestinal symptoms are less severe or may be absent, though they are usually present; in that case the nervous symptoms are more prominent, particularly the convulsions and circulatory disturbance.

In experiments upon animals the convulsions were not observed so constantly as with the A. verna. Out of twenty-five dogs poisoned by the Amanita phalloides, convulsions only occurred twice, while twelve frogs injected with different preparations (dried toadstool and glycerine and alcoholic extracts of the fresh) failed to show a convulsive seizure in a single instance. It seems to be difficult for mycologists to draw a sharp line between the A. verna and the A. phalloides and say to which of these two certain fungi belong. This may explain why convulsions are recorded more frequently in persons poisoned by this toadstool than in animals poisoned by it. Frogs are very susceptible to poisons acting upon the spinal cord, and all of those poisoned by lethal doses of A. verna had convulsions, while none of those poisoned by the A. phalloides had any. It would therefore appear from this striking difference in the physiological actions that the two are separate and distinct.

The circulatory and gastro-intestinal symptoms were quite similar to those caused by the A. verna.

A. phalloides is less toxic than the A. verna, but more so than the A. muscaria, the average lethal dose of the dried fungus (eight experiments) for dogs, where no antidote was used, being .117 gram. per kilo.

The antidotal value of atropine is very slight, if indeed it has any action other than removing the temporary cardiac inhibition. The animals very seldom died from this, but mostly from the late effects after the inhibition had disappeared. In four experiments on dogs in which atropine was given either at the same time as the poison or before it, the average lethal dose was .198 gram. of the dried fungus per kilo. Two dogs were killed by .1 gram. per kilo without atropine; another was given the same amount and was given atropine hypodermatically a number of times and recovered, though very ill for two days.

Transfusion of physiological salt solution (.6 per cent. table salt) was practiced in three dogs. Although death occurred in all of these and the lethal dose was not unusually high, the pressure was restored for a time at least. It should be employed in treating poisoning in man, and not be depended upon as the only procedure, but used in conjunction with other remedies. This will be referred to again in describing treatment.

It will be seen from the above that poisoning by the A. verna and A. phalloides present symptoms in the lower animals which are quite different from those caused by the A. muscaria, and that in either case poisoning is far more serious than by the latter fungus. This is not only because they are so much more toxic, but also because there is no decidedly antagonistic action by atropine, and hence its value as an antidote is much less.

In treating a case of poisoning by either A. verna or A. phalloides the only thing that can be done is to meet the indications in the individual case. If the heart is beating slowly, atropine should be given in liberal doses. This will not overcome the chief disturbance of the circulation, viz., the tremendous dilation of the blood vessels. Strychnia will do this to a certain extent, but its use may be contra-indicated by twitchings or convulsions from the toadstools. If it can be used it is exceedingly valuable, as it stimulates not only the vaso-motor center but the respiration and heart as well. Caffein or strong coffee may also be used to this end if the stomach will retain it. Suprarenal extract should also be given hypodermatically, as it will restore the blood pressure more nearly to normal than any other drug, according to our experiments. It has the advantage of not increasing the excitability of the spinal cord as strychnia does, and hence would not be contra-indicated by nervous symptoms.

Perhaps the most rational treatment to meet the most serious condition of the poisoning by these toadstools is the transfusion of normal saline solution (.6-.7 per cent. solution of table salt) into the subcutaneous tissues. This should, of course, only be given by a physician, as great care is required in sterilizing the syringe. It can be given with a fountain syringe and aspirating needle beneath the skin of the thigh. Large quantities should be used—at least a quart (1000 cc.) or more. The fluid is rapidly absorbed by the lymphatics and gets into the blood vessels. It restores the blood pressure by increasing the fluid in the vessels and also doubtless aids the organs of excretion in eliminating the poison; at the same time it would relieve the intense thirst patients complain of. Clinicians who have observed cases of poisoning by the A. phalloides in man have suggested this procedure as the most rational one to meet the symptoms presented. From the condition produced in animals poisoned by this toadstool the writer was led to the same conclusion. In two experiments upon dogs, when transfusion of warm physiological salt solution was made directly into the vein after poisoning by the A. phalloides, death occurred in both cases and the lethal dose was not unusually large, although the amount transferred was equal to the estimated volume of the blood of the animal in one case and half that amount in another. In another animal atropine was given before the poison and the pressure had been reduced by the latter to one-fifth of the normal, the transfusion of an amount of normal salt solution equivalent to two-thirds of the bulk of blood restored the pressure to three-fourths of normal in about 15 minutes, but further injection of the poison caused late death.

Although the rise of pressure is not so great from transfusion as from suprarenal extract in large doses, it is more permanent. Transfusion (or transfusion into the subcutaneous tissues by hypodermoclysis which amounts to the same thing) has the additional advantage of increasing the flow of urine, which is often suppressed in these cases. Even if it does no good it can do no harm if done antiseptically and should be tried but always in conjunction with other remedies.

A remarkable case of recovery after the injection of a large amount of normal saline solution has been reported by Delobel (Presse medicale September 30, 1899). A man aged fifty-two ate some A. phalloides; he was seen four hours afterward. The skin was covered with cold, clammy sweat; body temperature was sub-normal; shivering and tremors present; had not vomited or purged; urine suppressed; respiration stertorous; pulse 28 per minute and so feeble that it was almost imperceptible. Two full doses of atropine were given hypodermatically as well as 10 cc. of ether and 200 cc. of strong coffee with 20 cc. of rum were given by the mouth and hot bottles applied externally. In spite of all this the symptoms became worse and the patient sank into a condition of profound collapse, the pulse dropping to 24 per minute and the tremors ceased. One liter (1 quart) of normal saline solution was injected hypodermatically and improvement began in 15 minutes after the injection. The respiration lost the Cheyne-Stokes character; the pulse improved in tension and in an hour was 60 per minute; the skin improved and the temperature returned to normal and the patient went to work next day.

The circulatory symptoms are most prominent and demand most attention. Vomiting and purging have to be treated according to the conditions in the individual case and no rule can be followed. As the peripheral vessels are dilated the body temperature is usually subnormal. This should be overcome by applying hot bottles externally.

The suppression of urine should receive attention, and the activity of the kidneys be stimulated as much as possible. It is probable the suppression is largely due to the tremendous fall of blood pressure. If the urine is secreted but retained in the bladder it should be drawn off.

Just as there is no simple way of detecting the presence of poisonous mushrooms in a mixture of mushrooms, so there is no simple way of destroying or removing the poisons. Pouchet stated that boiling destroyed the poison and Chestnut has stated the poison of A. phalloides is a toxic albumen. If this were the case boiling would destroy it. In our experiments, however, boiling has not diminished the toxicity at all and it can be definitely stated that the poison is not an albumen.

There is also a popular impression that vinegar will remove the poison and numerous observers claim to have removed the poison of A. muscaria completely by soaking the fungus in vinegar. We have not had the opportunity of trying this with fresh A. muscaria, but in one experiment in which the A. verna was soaked over night in vinegar it failed to get rid of the poison—any more than would have dissolved in that amount of water.

Toadstool poisoning differs from most poisonings in the long time elapsing before death in fatal cases. The only inorganic poisons causing death after such a long interval produce profound tissue changes. Husemann believed death from poisonous mushrooms to be due to fatty degeneration of the various organs. We have examined microscopically the tissue of dogs and cats dying from the late effects of the A. muscaria and A. phalloides and found them to be perfectly normal.

Mr. V.K. Chestnut, in a bulletin published by the United States Department of Agriculture (Circular No. 13, p. 23), states that death from the A. phalloides is due to a destruction of the red-blood corpuscles. Upon what authority this assertion is made is not stated. The conclusion has probably been based upon the venosity of the blood in cases of poisoning resulting from the disturbance of the respiration and circulation. The blood corpuscles of animals poisoned by all three of the Amanitæ studied have been counted repeatedly in our experiments and in none of them has there been any appreciable reduction.

It can be positively stated that death is not due to a destruction of the red blood cells.

Further, the coloring matter of the blood (hæmoglobin), which carries oxygen to the tissues, has been examined with the spectroscope to see if any new compound had been formed which would prevent it from carrying oxygen. No such compound has been found—no alteration could be detected in the hæmoglobin. It is quite evident that these toadstools do not kill by their action on the blood, for in a number of experiments the blood was examined a very short time before death.

Thinking that they might act upon the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord very much as certain toxins of infectious diseases do, those structures were examined by special staining methods (silver impregnation), but no greater variation than is normal could be detected in any of those examined.

No statement can be made as to the cause of this late death, but it would appear to be due to some disturbance of nutrition.

Late death occurs not only in animals, but in most of the cases of poisoning in man recorded in medical literature.

The contrast between the early and late symptoms is not so great in poisoning by A. phalloides and A. verna as in the case of poisoning by A. muscaria. In the first two the serious symptoms appear early and continue till the end; in the last the early effects of the muscarine soon passes off or can be removed by atropine, but the late symptoms, strikingly in contrast with the early ones, still appear, and continue till death.

RECIPES FOR COOKING AND PREPARING FOR THE TABLE

Preparing toadstools for the table should begin while collecting them. Have a soft brush, a knife, half a dozen one or two-pound paper bags and an open-topped, roomy, shallow basket. [Sidenote: Collecting. Cleansing.]As edible species are found, cut them loose well above their attachment. Keep the spore surface down until the top is brushed clean and every particle of dirt removed from the stem. This prevents dirt from getting upon the spore surface, from which it is very hard to dislodge. Never clean a toadstool over other toadstools. If the stem is hard, tough or wormy, remove it.

Having cleaned the plant, place it in one of the paper bags, spore surface down. Write its name on the bag. Place but one kind in the same bag, unless species of about the same texture and flavor are found and mixing is not objectionable. Where another species is found, give it a bag to itself.

Select fresh, inviting plants only. Do all possible cleaning in the field. [Sidenote: Selection]Plants keep clean, pack better, and more of them can be carried. A careless jumble is gritty, bruised and disappointing.

If not ready to cook the find, place the bags in the ice chest. It is best to cook fungi as soon as possible. Cooked, they can be kept much longer than when uncooked.

When ready to cook, wash the plants by throwing them into a deep pan of water. [Sidenote: Washing.]Pass the fingers quietly through them upward; let stand a moment for the dirt to settle, then gather them from the water with the fingers as a drain. Remove any scurf or adhering dirt with a coarse flannel or a cloth. Wash in this way through two or three waters. Lay to drain. By experience in draining, exactly the amount of water necessary to cook a particular species can be allowed to remain within its spore surface, if it is a gilled species. To other kinds, water must usually be added.

The removal of the skin of any toadstool is seldom justifiable. As with the apple and most fruits, the largest amount of flavor is in the skin.

By the consistency of the species in hand, decide upon the best method of cooking it and the time and medium required. If it is thin, juicy, tender, from five to ten minutes' slow stewing will be ample; if it is thick, dry, tough, from thirty to forty minutes will be required. After any species is cooked tender, it may be seasoned to one’s liking and served as one chooses.

Many species, which absolutely refuse to become tender after prolonged stewing, quickly succumb in the frying pan and make crisp, delicate morsels. Edible kinds which dry well, or are hard when found, often grate or powder easily, and are excellent (after soaking) made into soups, fritters or pâtés.

Hundreds upon hundreds of recipes for cooking the common mushroom and the few other fungi heretofore eaten, are at hand. The simpler methods—those which retain the natural flavor of the species cooked—are the best.

When a species has good body, and but little flavor, it may be made delicious by cooking with it another species of higher flavor.

The most concise instruction is: Cook in any way you can cook an oyster.

The writer’s best and long-tried recipes are here given. Mrs. Sarah Tyson Rorer has kindly contributed some of her own choice methods; Mrs. Emma P. Ewing, of culinary celebrity, is represented; and that every recipe needed may be found herein, the most sensible of English and French recipes are given.

TO COOK MUSHROOMS.

Gather mushrooms whenever they can be found. That is the best time of the day to collect them. The gills grow darker and the flavor improves as the spores ripen. They are in good condition up to the time the gills begin to grow moist and to soften.

Cut off the extreme butt of the stem, holding the gills downward. Rub off the cap and stem with a rough towel or flannel. Do not peel. Wash in cold water. Drain well, gills downward.

The English method is to scald them, but there is more of custom than use in it.

Mushrooms may be preserved temporarily by boiling them in salt and water for five minutes, draining and wiping dry. A better way is to cook them, place in ice-chest, and reheat when wanted.

McIlvaine.

TO BROIL.—Use well-spread caps only. Use double iron broiler. Place the caps on it, gills down, and broil two minutes, turn and broil two minutes more. While hot, season with salt and pepper, and butter well, especially upon the gill side. Serve upon toast.

Mrs. S.T. Rorer.

BAKED MUSHROOMS ON TOAST.

Bake under a glass or basin, on toast along with scalded or clotted cream or a little melted butter, and salt and pepper to taste. They take about a quarter of an hour in a gentle oven or before a fire; when they are taken up, do not remove glass for a few minutes; by that time the vapor will have condensed and gone into the toast.

Stevens.

CRUSTS OF MUSHROOMS.

Cut into small, even-sized squares a pint of the selected toadstool; stew in a little water until done; add two ounces butter and one teaspoonful of salt, one-half teaspoonful of pepper. Wet a teaspoonful of flour with two gills of cream and mix with the beaten yolks of two eggs. Add, and mix well with the toadstool.

Cut the upper crust from some small French rolls. Scoop out the inside of both upper and lower part, brush them with melted butter and brown in the oven; fill them, put on the top. Serve.

Or, when cooked as directed, serve in paper cases, or pastry shells.

TO DRY MUSHROOMS. (English method.)

Take those neither very young nor very old. Remove the butts only. Then slice, string or skewer the slices lightly, and expose to a current of warm dry air. A warm oven, with the door open, is a good place. When quite dry and shrivelled, pack in tins, with spice at top and bottom. When wanted for use, soak the slices in tepid water for some hours. Then cook.

Hay.

STEWED MUSHROOMS ON TOAST.

Cut the mushrooms—caps and stems—into pieces of equal size. Place in a covered saucepan. To each pint add one ounce (two level tablespoonfuls) of butter. Enough water will have been retained by the gills after washing to make sufficient liquor. Stew slowly twenty minutes; season to taste with pepper and salt. Place upon toast.

McIlvaine.

TO FRY MUSHROOMS.

Lay them in a frying pan in which butter has been heated boiling hot. After frying five minutes serve on a hot dish—pouring over them the sauce made by thickening the butter with a little flour. This is as delicious as more elaborate ways of cooking and retains the mushroom’s distinctive flavor in full perfection.

FRICASSE OF MUSHROOMS.

Wash, put them into a chafing dish, sprinkle over a teaspoonful of salt, a quarter of a teaspoonful of black pepper, cover and cook slowly for five minutes. Moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a gill of milk, strain this into the mushrooms, bring to boiling point, add the yolks of two eggs slightly beaten, a tablespoonful of chopped parsley, and serve at once.

Mrs. S.T. Rorer.

MUSHROOM PICKLES.

One-half peck of either Agaricus campester, Lepiota procera, Hypholoma fascicularis, Hypholoma perplexum, Clitocybe multiceps, Russula virescens. Select sound specimens, cut off ends of stems (entire stem of fascicularis or procerus), rub the tops with flannel dipped in salt. Throw them into milk and water (one-fourth milk). Drain and put them into a stew pan. Sprinkle the layers with salt—one-half gill to one-half peck mushrooms. Cover them close and put them over a gentle fire for five minutes to draw out the water. Then put them on a coarse cloth and drain until cold (or put on mosquito netting in a colander).

To prepare a pickle for them: Take one-half gallon vinegar (if strong dilute with water), two ounces mace, one-fourth ounce cloves, one-half pound salt (Worcester), one teaspoonful red pepper, one nutmeg cut in slices.

Put in a jar covered with a wet cloth and keep the cloth wet. Place over a very slow fire, cook as long as the acid is prominent and no longer.

Take small wide-mouthed bottles, fill with the mushrooms, pour on the pickle until the bottle is filled. Tie down tight. (To slice a nutmeg, boil it in vinegar—slice while hot. Makes of salt vary in strength; the “Worcester” is a strong salt.)

N.B.—When H. fascicularis is used, wipe the tops with a wet cloth.

McIlvaine.

TO PICKLE MUSHROOMS. (English style.)

Take buttons and remove butts only. Put into jars and cover with cold, spiced pickling vinegar. Add a few peppercorns and mustard seeds and seal hermetically.

Hay.

MUSHROOM CATCHUP.

Take the opened toadstools, clean carefully, bruise them. Put a layer on the bottom of an earthen pan, strew salt over them (two tablespoonfuls to one-fourth peck), another layer, more salt and so on. One-half ounce cloves, one-half ounce mace, one-half ounce allspice, one-half ounce whole pepper. Let stand six days. Stir every day. Then put in gentle oven, cover pan with wet cloth, keep wet, and heat for four hours. Strain through a fine cloth or sieve. To every gallon of liquor add one quart red wine. Salt to taste. Add a race or two of ginger cut small. Strain; let catchup get cold. Pour it from the settlings. Bottle. Cork tight.

McIlvaine.

MUSHROOM CATCHUP.

A catchup superior to that sold in the stores may be made at home. Break the toadstools into bits and place in a stone jar, with an ounce and a half of salt for every quart of plants. Let stand in a cool place for three days, stirring several times a day. On the third day put over the fire, in a porcelain kettle, and heat slowly. In about half an hour the juice will flow freely, when strain through a hair sieve, return to the fire and boil twenty minutes. Measure the liquid and to each quart allow an ounce of ginger root, a blade of mace, a bay leaf, a pinch of cayenne, and an ounce each of allspice and black pepper; boil down to one-half the quantity, add a teaspoonful of the best brandy to each half-pint. Bottle. Cork and seal with wax or rosin.

Anon.

MUSHROOM CATCHUP. (English style.)

Remove the butts. Sprinkle all with salt. Pile in a bowl. Let them remain so for three days, stirring occasionally. Then squeeze out all the liquor. To each gallon of it add cloves and mustard seed, crushed, of each half an ounce; allspice, peppercorns and ginger, crushed, of each one ounce. Heat slowly up to boiling point in a covered vessel. Set aside in a warm place for a fortnight. Then strain and bottle. If the catchup shows signs of not keeping, add more salt and spice, heat and proceed as before.

Hay.

CANNED MUSHROOM SAUCE.

Cook together, until a light brown color, two tablespoonfuls each of butter and flour, add a can of button mushrooms, with the water it contains, and a cupful of water or broth. Simmer five minutes, stirring meanwhile, season and serve. The flavor of the mushroom is more distinct and pronounced if the sauce is seasoned only with salt and mixed pepper. If broth is used in the preparation of mushroom sauce instead of water, it should be the broth of such meat as the sauce is to be served with—for instance, chicken broth when to be served with chicken, beef broth when to be served with beef, etc.

Mrs. Emma P. Ewing.

FRESH MUSHROOM SAUCE.

Put in a graniteware or porcelain-lined saucepan two tablespoonfuls of butter. When hot add two cups of fresh, prepared mushrooms, cover closely, and cook briskly two or three minutes. Season to taste with salt and pepper, and serve with broiled beefsteak, birds, or sweetbreads.

Mrs. E.P. Ewing.

TO COOK BOLETI.

Remove the stems, and the tubes unless they are compact and young, or the dish will be slimy from the tubes. Wipe the caps clean.

TO BROIL.—Put on wire broiler or in a hot buttered pan. Cook well. Add butter, pepper and salt.

TO STEW.—After cutting the caps in pieces of similar size, stew in a covered saucepan for twenty minutes. Do not use much water. When done, add butter, or cream, pepper and salt. Some persons may prefer to add a little lemon juice or sherry.

TO BAKE.—Bake for half an hour in covered dish, add oil or butter, a little parsley, and garlic if liked, pepper and salt.

TO FRY.—Remove the tubes from all the caps, excepting of very young or very short-tubed species. Slice the caps as you would eggplant. Fry in butter, oil or fat, or dip in batter or in egg crumbs.

McIlvaine.

B. EDULIS SOUP (as made in Hungary).—Having dried some Boleti in an oven, soak them in tepid water, thickening with toast bread, till the whole be of the consistency of a puree, then rub them through a sieve, throw in some stewed Boleti, boil together, and serve with the usual condiments.

Paulet.

TO DRY BOLETI (English method).—Gather in dry weather. Remove stems and tubes. Wipe clean with a damp cloth. Slice. String the slices. Hang up in a warm place for two days. Then give them a minute in a moderately warm oven. Pack in tins with spice. When wanted steep the slices in tepid water for some hours, till they swell. Then proceed to dress as for fresh Bolets. The Russians retain the stems and dry their Bolets whole, stringing them up the stem and through the center of the cap.

Hay.

TO COOK CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS.

Cut the mushrooms across and remove the stems; put them into a closely-covered saucepan with a little fresh butter, and sweat them until tender, at the lowest possible temperature. A great heat always destroys the flavor.

Mrs. Hussey.

Wash, cut into pieces and put into boiling water; then stew with fresh butter, a little olive oil, chopped tarragon, pepper, salt and a little lemon peel; when cooked simmer over a slow fire for twenty minutes, moistening from time to time with beef gravy or cream. When ready to serve thicken with the yolk of egg.

M.C. Cooke.

TO FRY.—Dip caps in egg and bread crumbs, season with pepper and salt and fry in hot butter or oil.

TO STEW.—Cut the whole plant into small pieces across the grain, stew slowly in a covered saucepan for forty minutes. Add thickened cream or milk. Use freely of butter and season to taste.

TO ROAST.—Place in a hot dry pan over a slow fire, shake and turn until the plants are crisp. Butter and season with pepper and salt. A fine camp dish.

TO PRESERVE FOR WINTER USE.—Pull into strips one-half inch wide, spread on a piece of mosquito netting and place in the sun or current of warm air. When dry hang up in small bags or mosquito netting in a dry place.

McIlvaine.

TO COOK CLAVARIA.

Fry in hot butter, oil or fat until well done; or stew, covered with a little water, over a slow fire for half an hour. When done add cream or milk, a little flour, plenty of butter and season with pepper and salt. Salt last, always, or it will harden the plants.

McIlvaine.

TO PICKLE (English recipe).—Put the tender parts into jars with peppercorns, mustard seeds and nasturtium seeds. Pour on them cold white wine vinegar. Fill up and cork hermetically.

Hay.

TO COOK CLITOCYBE MULTICEPS.

TO BAKE.—Wash caps, remove stems, let drain for a few minutes; place gills upward in a pan; place on gills a small-sized lump of butter; season with pepper and salt; grate cheese over each layer, cover pan, and place in hot oven to bake for one-half hour.

An exceptionally fine dish. They are excellent fried.

Other species of similar consistency may be cooked in the same way. See Toadstools with Cheese.

McIlvaine.

TO COOK COPRINUS.

“In regard to the C. micaceus I find that they are better cooked after the following recipe:

“Trim the stems, wash the toadstools carefully through several waters, then drain them in a colander. Spread them out in a long baking pan, dust lightly with salt, pepper, put over a few bits of butter, cover with another pan and bake in a moderate oven for twenty-five minutes. Add four tablespoonfuls of cream, bring to boiling point; dish on toast.

“The C. atramentarius may be cooked in precisely the same manner. I find that all these inky mushrooms are better cooked in a very slow heat in the oven, and they must be covered or they lose their flavor.”

Mrs. S.T. Rorer.

C. comatus, or any other Coprinus, may be treated in the same manner; or they may be stewed slowly in a covered dish for from five to ten minutes.

McIlvaine.

CROQUETTES.

To one pint of any well-cooked toadstool of meaty species, add two hard-boiled eggs, a sprig of parsley; pepper and salt to taste; chop all very fine, then take two level tablespoonfuls of butter and one of flour, put over the fire with the toadstools and eggs; mix thoroughly together, set aside to cool. When cold, shape, dip in egg and bread crumbs, and fry in hot oil, butter or fat.

McIlvaine.

DEVILED TOADSTOOLS.

For deviled toadstools prepare the meat as for patties, adding the yolks of two hard-boiled eggs to each pint of meat, a pinch of red pepper and a little chopped parsley. Serve hot or cold in halves of egg shells, nested among green.

McIlvaine.

TO COOK FISTULINA HEPATICA.

Mrs. Hussey says of it: “If it is not beef itself, it is sauce for it.”

It can be sliced thin and dressed as a salad with mayonnaise dressing or otherwise.

The simplest and best way is to cut the fungus into slices as one would egg-plant. If it is small, slice it into two parts, fry in hot butter, season with pepper and salt.

Another favorite way is to slice the plant across the grain, cut into squares of one-half inch and cook very slowly in a covered pan for twenty minutes. Add a little water, and plenty of butter. Season with pepper and salt.

The F. hepatica always has a slightly acid taste, which is very acceptable to most persons, but objectionable to a few.

McIlvaine.

SALAD.—Cut in thin slices and rub them with garlic. Mingle with lettuce or other green salad. Dress with oil, vinegar, pepper, mustard and salt. Serve.

Hay.

TO BROIL ANY CAPPED FUNGUS.

Select those that are spread open and keep the unopened for other styles of serving. Cut off the stems close to the tops. Baste well with melted butter and sprinkle lightly with pepper and salt. Heat the broiler very hot, lay the caps upon it with the gills up and broil over a clear fire, turning the broiler first on one side and then on the other. As soon as tender, which will be in about five minutes, open the broiler, remove the caps with care, and place on well-buttered slices of the toast which have been previously prepared. Pour over the whole a sauce made of drawn butter, or hot water thickened with flour to the consistency of cream.

FRIED TOADSTOOLS.

Take the caps only—one pint—well drained and carefully seasoned with one teaspoonful of salt, one-half teaspoonful black pepper. Place in a pan with one ounce of butter (a lump the size of a small egg). Fry slowly for ten minutes. Add a little milk or cream thickened with flour. Serve on hot toast.

TO COOK HYDNUM.

In cooking Hydnei care must be taken to cook slowly and well.

Use the tender parts only of stems and caps of the capped species, and soft, fresh parts of the maned species; cut into small pieces of similar size, stew slowly in covered saucepan for from thirty to forty minutes, season with butter, pepper and salt. Serve.

Or, after stewing for forty minutes as above, drain off the water, chop fine, make into croquettes or into pâtés.

A HUNTER'S TOAST.

Carry a vial of olive oil or a small can of butter, some pepper and salt mixed. An edible toadstool found, collect a few dry twigs, fire them. Split a green stick (sassafras, birch or spice-wood best) at one end; put the toadstool in the cleft, hold it over the fire; oil or butter, season. Eat from the stick.

McIlvaine.

TO COOK HYPHOLOMAS.

TO STEW.—Wash the caps, stew slowly in the water which the gills retain, for half an hour, keeping dish covered. Add plenty of butter, pepper and salt to taste, add cream or milk with a little thickening.

The Hypholomas have a slightly bitter taste, of which most persons become very fond; if it is objectionable, add a small amount of lemon juice or sherry.

McIlvaine.

H. PERPLEXUM.—Put one dessertspoonful of vinegar in a quart of water. Soak the caps in this mixture twenty minutes. Then take them out and stew slowly for half an hour in a covered vessel, adding butter, pepper and salt to suit the taste. A small quantity of onion is thought by some to improve the flavor, and a thickening of flour and milk just before serving is an improvement.

Prof. C.H. Peck.

The above is given as recipe for cooking H. perplexum. It answers equally well for the many Hypholomas resembling it.

McIlvaine.

TO BAKE.—Wash caps, remove stems, let drain for a few minutes, place gills upward in a pan, place on gills a small-sized lump of butter, season with pepper and salt, cover pan, and place in oven to bake for one-half hour.

McIlvaine.

TO COOK LACTARII.

The rich juices of the Lactarii are best retained by baking. The species grow hard and granular if cooked rapidly. Baked they are excellent. This method is preferable to stewing, but no one will despise a properly made stew of them.

TO COOK MARASMIUS OREADES.

Remove the stems, wash the caps, place in a covered saucepan and simmer for thirty minutes, adding sufficient water to prevent scorching; add a little milk or cream, butter and season with salt and pepper to taste.

Or, simply fry in butter, make a gravy and season to taste.

TO DRY.—String the caps on threads and loop up in a dry place, and when thoroughly dry place in tight glass jars or tin cases.

TO COOK THE MORELL—MORCHELLA (from Persoon).

1. Having washed and cleansed them from the earth which is apt to collect between the plaits or hollows of the plant, dry thoroughly in a napkin and put them into a saucepan with pepper, salt and parsley, adding or not a piece of ham. Stew for an hour, pouring in occasionally a little broth to prevent burning. When sufficiently done, bind with the yolks of two or three eggs and serve on buttered toast.

2. MORELLES A L'ITALIENNE.—Having washed and dried, divide them across, put them on the fire with some parsley, scallion, chevril, burnet, tarragon, chives, a little salt, and two spoonfuls of fine oil. Stew till the juices run out, then thicken with a little flour; serve with bread crumbs and a squeeze of lemon juice.

PÂTÉS.

The toadstools good for croquettes and pâtés are such as the Puff-balls, Lactarii, Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, Fistulina hepatica, Tricholoma personatum and many others of the meaty kinds. Cut the toadstools into small pieces, cook slowly until tender, adding butter, pepper and salt. Let them cook almost dry, then add cream or milk and thickening. Fill pastry shells and serve.

McIlvaine.

A pretty effect is produced by dipping the rims of the shells in partially beaten white of egg, then in finely-chopped parsley before filling.

TO COOK PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS.

Remove tough stem-part, if any, and use only such parts of the plants as seem fresh and tender.

TO STEW.—Cut in small pieces across the grain. Stew twenty minutes over slow fire with a little water. Add cream or milk with a little thickening; season with butter, pepper, salt.

TO FRY.—Cut into pieces about the size of a medium-sized oyster, dip in egg and bread crumbs, and fry in hot butter or oil, as oysters are fried.

McIlvaine.

WITH CHEESE—au gratin.—Cut into medium-sized pieces. Stew slowly, rather dry, for fifteen minutes. Pour off liquor; save it. Place in baking dish (or in individual dishes, clam shells, etc.) a layer of ostreatus, buttering and seasoning each layer, sprinkle with bread crumbs and grated cheese and so on until dish is filled, placing cheese on top. Pour liquor over the dish. Place in slow oven and bake until well browned.

This manner of cooking is a favorite. Any toadstool may be cooked in this way.

McIlvaine.

Wash. Put them into a chafing dish with one ounce of butter to each half pound of plant. Sprinkle over half a teaspoonful of salt, cover the dish and cook slowly for five minutes. Beat the yolks of two eggs with one gill of good milk, lift the lid, add the mixture of eggs and milk; when smoking hot serve. Do not allow the mixture to boil or the eggs will become curdled.

RECIPE NO. 2.—Wash. Dust with salt and pepper, dip in egg, then in bread crumbs and fry quickly in smoking hot olive oil.

The following recipe was given me by a chef:

“Put into the saucepan a tablespoonful of butter, add a clove of garlic, a thin slice of onion, stir until slightly brown and add a tablespoonful of flour. Mix carefully, add a quarter of a teaspoonful of beef extract dissolved in half a cup of water and the same quantity of cream. Bring to boiling point, add a tablespoonful of chopped carrot, a bay leaf, and a blade of mace. Stand the mixture on the back part of the stove where it will scarcely boil, for ten minutes. Strain and add half a pound of ostreatus. Cover and cook for ten minutes. Serve on toast.”

Mrs. S.T. Rorer.

TO COOK PUFF-BALLS.

TO FRY.—Remove the thin outer rind, slice, dip in egg and bread crumbs, and fry as egg-plant; serve without tomato sauce.

TO STEW.—Cut in dice-shaped pieces, stew for fifteen minutes in a little water, pour off the water, dust with a little flour, add a small quantity of milk or cream, butter, pepper and salt and a little parsley. Stew slowly for five minutes. Serve. These also may be served in pâtés. When these are broken open they should be perfectly white inside; any stains or yellow part should be removed, otherwise they will be bitter.

McIlvaine.

SALADS.—Cut into strips, mingle with mustard and cress, or with blanched dandelions, scallions and hard-boiled egg, and dress as ordinarily for a salad. Or, amalgamate with potato salad a l'Allemande.

Hay.

TO COOK TRICHOLOMA PERSONATUM.

TO STEW.—Wash and cut into small pieces. Stew for thirty minutes. Pour off the water, add milk slightly thickened, butter, pepper, salt and a little chopped parsley.

McIlvaine.

TO STEW THE TOUGHER TOADSTOOLS.

(Hydnaceæ, Polyporaceæ, Etc.)

Cut into small pieces of even size. Soak for half an hour in tepid water. Remove from water, do not drain; place in covered pan and simmer for forty minutes. Add proper proportion of thickened milk or cream, butter, pepper, salt.

Those who like may add parsley or nutmeg, or beef gravy; in fact, any flavoring.

McIlvaine.

SALADS.

Many species of fungi make good salads. The best of these are, Russulæ when young, fresh and firm; either sliced raw or stewed and drained; Clitocybe multiceps stewed and drained; Tricholoma personatum, raw or stewed; Clitopilus prunulus, raw or stewed; Coprinus comatus, C. micaceus, atramentarius, raw; Clavaria, fresh, young, brittle, either raw or stewed; Fistulina hepatica, raw; any of the edible Polyporaceæ, after stewing; any of the edible Hydnaceæ after stewing; the puff-balls, raw or stewed. Any favorite species will make a salad.

After cooking allow to drain and cool; then mix with mayonnaise dressing, or make a dressing to taste of oil, vinegar, salt and pepper. Serve on lettuce.

SOUP.

Dame Nature never made a soup. Soup is a human invention of more or less distinctiveness. Usually it is a successful disguise or covering of invisibility for something which furnishes the name.

To make two quarts of a distinctly fungoid soup take one quart of any edible toadstools, carefully cleaned. Put in a well-covered boiler with three pints of water, and boil slowly for one hour. Rub the whole through a colander. Reject that which does not rub through readily. Add one-half pint of milk thickened with one tablespoonful of flour, one ounce of butter, a dessertspoonful of salt, a teaspoonful of pepper. Bring to a boil. Serve.

Any chosen thing or things may be added to the above—the toadstools can not resent it.

McIlvaine.

TOADSTOOLS WITH CHEESE.

Several varieties of fungi are delicious when baked with a small quantity of cheese grated upon them; notably Clitocybe multiceps, the Hypholomas, Armillarias, Pleurotus ulmarius and ostreatus, Lentinus lepideus and many Boleti. See recipe for baking. When several layers of plants compose the dish, cheese should be grated on each layer.

McIlvaine.

BAKED TOADSTOOLS OF ANY GILLED KIND.

Wash, place the caps in a tightly covered dish or pan after dipping them in bread crumbs. Lay them in layers, with a small piece of butter on each toadstool, as well as the proper amount of pepper and salt. Bake from twenty to forty minutes as suits the consistency of the species. Serve on toast.

Or, the caps prepared as above, may be laid upon pieces of toast and placed in the pan. If this plan is adopted the lower pieces of toast become saturated with the liquor; therefore, in serving, cut from top to bottom of dish.

See To Cook Clitocybe Multiceps.

McIlvaine.

A CAMP BAKE.

Cover the bottom of a tin plate with caps, spore surface up. Sprinkle with salt and pepper, place a bit of butter on each. Put another tin plate on top. Set on coals or a heated stone for fifteen minutes. Eat. No better baking will result in the best oven.

McIlvaine.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

GLOSSARY

A-, prefixed signifies absence; as aseptate, without septa.

ABBREVIATIONS: cm. = centimeter.

mm. = millimeter.

µ = micron.

in. = inch.

´ = inch or inches.

″ = line(1⁄12 inch) or lines.

nov. gen. = new genus.

n. sp. = new species.

× between two figures signifies by; 2×4 = 2 by 4.

- between two figures = to; 2–4 = from 2 to 4.

ABER´RANT (aberran(t-)s, ppr. of aberrare, stray from, < ab, from, + errare, to stray), differing in some of its characters from the group in which it is placed, said of a plant, species, genus.

ABJEC´TION (abjectio(n-), act of casting away, abicere, abjicere, < ab, away, + jacere, throw), throwing off with force, as spores or seeds; expulsion.

ABJOINT´ (ab, from, + junctus, adjoining), to joint off or delimit by septa or partitions.

ABNOR´MAL (abnormis, deviating from a fixed rule, irregular, < ab, from, + norma, a rule), not conforming to the usual type; irregular, unnatural.

ABOR´TIVE (abortivus, born prematurely), imperfect or wanting.

ABRUPT´ (abruptus, steep, disconnected, < ab, off, + rumpere, break), terminating suddenly.

ABSTRIC´TION (abstrictus, ppr. of abstringere, < abs, from, + stringere, bind), separation of one part from another by constriction, especially of spores from their hyphæ.

ACAULES´CENT, ACAU´LINE, ACAU´LOSE, ACAU´LOUS (caulis, a stem or stalk of a plant), having a very short stem or none; stemless.

AC´EROSE (acerosus, chaffy), narrow, stiff and pointed like spruce needles; intermediate in form between acicular and subulate.

ACETAB´ULIFORM (acetabulum, a cup-shaped vessel; forma, form), cup-shaped, having the form of a shallow bowl.

ACH´ROOUS (Gr—priv. + Gr—color), colorless, achromatic.

ACIC´ULA (pl. ACICULÆ)(a needle, a small pin, dim. of acus, a needle), a needle-shaped spine, prickle or other body.

ACIC´ULAR, ACIC´ULATE, AC´IFORM (acicula, a small pin or needle), needle-shaped, having a sharp point like a needle, as pine leaves.

AC´ROGEN (Gr—at the top, + Gr—born, produced), a cryptogam which increases by development [of an apical cell] at the summit of an axis, having a true stem, leaf-like appendages, etc., as ferns, mosses, etc.

ACROG´ENOUS (as acrogen + ous), (a) produced at the apex, as some spores from the apex of a hyphal branch; (b) of the nature of or pertaining to acrogens.

ACROP´ETAL (Gr—the top, + L.—petere, seek), developing from below upward, or from the base toward the apex.

ACU´LEATE, ACU´LEATED (aculeatus, furnished with prickles or stings), slender-pointed.

ACU´LEUS (pl. ACU´LEI) (a sting, prickle, spine, dim. of acus, a needle), a prickle.

ACU´MINATE (acumen, a point or extremity), terminating in a long drawn point.

ACUTE´ (acutus, sharp), sharp, applied to gills having sharp edges or pointed at either end.

AD´NATE (adnatus, grown to, pp. adnasci, to grow to), growing into or fast to; of gills, e. g. closely attached to the stem.

ADNEXED´ (adnexus, connected), of gills attached to the stem, but not adnate to it.

ADPRESSED´ (adpressus, pp. of adprimere, < ad, to; premere, to press), pressed in close contact but not adherent.

ADVENTI´TIOUS (adventitius, prop. adventicius, coming from abroad, < adventus, pp. of advenire, come to, arrive at), appearing casually, or in an abnormal or unusual position or place.

ÆRU´GINOSE, ÆRU´GINOUS (æruginosus, < ærugo, rust of copper), verdigris-green.

AFFIN´ITY (affinita(t-)s, < affinis, neighboring, related by marriage), morphological relationship; resemblance in general plan of structure.

AGAM´IC, AG´AMOUS (Gr—unmarried + ic), sexless.

AG´AMOGEN´ESIS (Gr—unmarried, + Gr—production), non-sexual reproduction.

AGAM´OSPORE (Gr—unmarried, + spora, spore), spore formed without fertilization.

AG´ARIC (agaricum, a kind of tree-fungus used as tinder, named, according to Dioscorides, from the country of the Agari in Sarmatia, where this fungus abounded), any gill-bearing fungus; formerly applied only to members of the genus Agaricus.

AGAR´ICIOID, of the nature of an agaric; mushroom-like.

AGGLOM´ERATE (agglomeratus, pp. of agglomerare, adglomerare, wind into a ball, < ad, to, + glomerare, wind into a ball), (a) clustered densely, but not connected together; (b) gathered into a rounded mass or into a compacted heap or pile.

AGGLU´TINATED (agglutinatus, pp. adglutinare, paste to), glued to a surface; grown together fast; applied to fungi that are firmly attached to matrix.

AG´GREGATE, AG´GREGATED (aggregatus, pp. adgregare, lead to a flock; add to), collected together but not cohering.

ALBU´MINOID (albumen + oid), an organic substance containing nitrogen in its composition, as proteids.

ALLAN´TOID (Gr—a sausage, + Gr—form), sausage-shaped; narrowly oblong.

ALLIA´CEOUS (allium, garlic, + aceous), having the odor of onions.

ALUTA´CEOUS (alutacius, < aluta, soft leather), having the quality or color of tanned leather; leathery.

ALVEO´LATE (alveolatus, hollowed out, < alveolus, a small hollow), with small depressions like a shallow honeycomb, pitted.

AMOR´PHOUS (Gr—without form, shapeless, misshapen), without definite form, structure or position.

AM´PHIGEN (Gr—around, + Gr—produce), a thallogen; a name applied to a cryptogam which increases by development of cellular tissue in all directions and not at the summit of a distinct axis. See ACROGEN.

AMPHIG´ENOUS (Gr—about; Gr—to beget), not confined to one surface, growing all around; e. g., hymenium of Clavaria.

AMYG´DALINE (amygdalinus, < amygdala, almond), resembling the almond.

AMYLA´CEOUS (amylum, starch, + aceous), composed of, containing or resembling starch.

AM´YLUM (Gr—starch), starch.

ANAL´OGY (Gr—equality of ratios, proportion), superficial or general resemblance, without structural agreement; physiologically or functionally alike, morphologically unlike.

ANAS´TOMOSING (Gr—an opening, outlet, discharge), united by running together irregularly; intercommunication of vessels, lines, gills or veins with each other.

ANGIOCAR´POUS (Gr—a capsule, case, vessel of any kind), having the hymenium developed in a closed receptacle.

ANGUS´TATE (angustatus, pp. of angustere, straiten, narrow, < angustus, narrow), narrow.

AN´NUAL (annualis, a year old, < annus, a year), completing growth in one year or season.

AN´NULAR (annularis, relating to a ring, < annulus, a ring), ring-shaped.

AN´NULATE (See ANNULAR), having a ring.

AN´NULUS (See ANNULAR), the ring on the stem of a mushroom formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap.

ANOM´ALOUS (anomalus, irregular, uneven), deviating from a general rule, method or analogy.

ANOM´ALY (anomalia, irregularity, unevenness), any deviation from the usual character.

ANTE´RIOR (as if from anterus, < ante, before), in front; denotes a position on the under side of the pileus adjacent to the margin; thus the end of a lamellæ next the margin is called the anterior end.

APARAPH´YSATE (a + Gr—an offshoot), without paraphyses.

A´PEX (pl. API´CES)(apex, the extreme end), in mushrooms the extremity of the stem nearest the gill; the end furthest from the base or point of attachment.

AP´ICAL (apex, the extreme end, point), relating to the apex or top.

AP´ICES, plural of apex.

APIC´ULATE (apiculatus, dim. of apex, a point), terminating in a short, abrupt point.

APIC´ULUS (pl. APIC´ULI) (dim. of apex (apic-), a point), a short, sharp point.

APOTHE´CIUM (pl. APOTHE´CIA), (Gr—a storehouse), in Ascomycetes, an open cup-shaped fructification with the hymenium on its upper concave surface; cup.

APPENDIC´ULATE (appendiculatus < appendicula, appendix, an appendage), hanging in small fragments; having an unusual appendage.

AP´PLANATE (applanatus < ad, to, + planus, flat), flattened out or horizontally expanded.

APPRESSED´ (appressus, adpressus, pp. of adprimere, press to, < ad, to, + premere, press), applied closely to the surface or to each other; adpressed.

APPROX´IMATE (approximatus, pp. approximare < ad, to; proximare, to approach), of gills which approach but do not reach the stem.

A´queous (as if aqueus, < aqua, water), watery; nearly colorless; hyaline.

ARACH´NOID (Gr—a spider’s web; + forma, form), like a cobweb.

ARBO´REAL, ARBOR´ICAL (arboreus, pertaining to trees), tree-inhabiting.

AR´CUATE (arcuatus, pp. arcuare, to bend like a bow, < arcus, a bow), bow-shaped.

ARENA´CEOUS, ARENA´RIOUS, ARE´NOSE (arenaceus, harenaceus, sandy, < arena, harena, sand), sandy; growing in sandy places.

ARE´OLATE (areola, dim. of area, a plot), divided into little areas or patches.

ARGILLA´CEOUS (argillaceus < argilla, white clay), resembling or like clay.

AR´ID (aridus, dry, < arere, be dry), dry.

ARIS´TATE (aristatus < arista, awn or beard), having a pointed beard-like process as in barley.

ARMIL´LA (armilla, a bracelet, armlet, hoop, ring, dim. prob. of armus, shoulder), a plaited frill hanging from the apex of the stem.

ARTE´RIOLE (arteriola, dim. of arteria, artery), a small artery.

ARTIC´ULATE (articulatus, pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members, < articulus, a joint, etc.), jointed.

ASCEND´ING (ad, to, + scandere, to climb), inclining or growing upward; applied to a lamella where its edge forms a line ascending in the direction from the margin of pileus toward the apex of the stipe; as in conical shaped pilei; applied to the partial veil when in the young stage its stem-attachment is below the level of its marginal one; in this case a ring formed from it is called inferior.

AS´CI (Gr—a leathern bag, bladder), spore cases of certain mushrooms, in which a definite number of spores are enclosed in a sac.

ASCIF´EROUS, ASCOPH´OROUS (ascus + ferre, bear), ascus-bearing.

ASCIG´EROUS (ascus + gerere, bear), bearing asci.

AS´COCARP (Gr—a bag, + a fruit), in Ascomycetes, sporocarp producing asci and ascospores.

ASCOG´ENOUS (Gr—a bag, + producing), producing asci.

ASCOMYCE´TES (Gr—a bag, + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi in which the spores are produced within little sack-like cells, called asci.

ASCOMYCE´TOUS, of or pertaining to the ascomycetes.

AS’COPHORE (Gr—bearing wine-skins; Gr—a bag), sporophore bearing an ascus or asci.

ASCOPH´OROUS, bearing an ascus or asci.

AS´COSPORES (Gr—a bag, + Gr—seed), one of a number of spores formed within an ascus.

AS´CUS (pl. AS´CI) (Gr—a leather bag, bottle, bladder, etc.), microscopic sack-like cells in which spores, generally eight in number, are developed.

ASEP´TATE (Gr—without, + L.—septum, a fence), without partitions or septa, said of hyphæ and spores.

ASH COLOR (See CINEREOUS).

AS´PERATE, AS´PERATED (asperatus, pp. of asperare, roughen, < asper, rough), having a rough, uneven surface.

AS´TICHOUS (astichus, < a + Gr—row), not arranged in rows.

ASTO´MATOUS (astomatus, mouthless), without a mouth or aperture; without stomata.

AS´TOMOUS (astomus, mouthless), without a stoma or mouth.

AT´OMATE (Gr—an atom), sprinkled with atoms or minute particles.

A´TRO (ater, black), in composition “black,” or “dark.”

A´TROPURPU´REOUS (ater, black, + purpura, purple dye, + ous), dark purple.

A´TROSANGUIN´EOUS (ater, black; sanguineus, blood, bloody), dark purple; dark blood color.

ATTEN´UATE (attenuatus, pp. of attenuare, make thin, weaken, lessen, < ad, to, + tenuare, make thin), becoming gradually narrowed or smaller.

AURANTI´ACEOUS (aurantium, an orange), orange-colored.

AUR´EOUS (aureus, of gold, golden, < aurum, gold), golden-yellow; yellow with a slight tinge of red.

AURIC´ULATE, AUR´IFORM (auriculatus, < auricula, the external ear), ear-shaped.

AUTO-BASID´IUM (actus, an act, dim. of Gr—a base, + basidium), an unseptated basidium giving rise at the apex to four slender sterigmata (sometimes fewer, sometimes more), each bearing a spore.

AUTON´OMOUS (Gr—independent; of one’s own free will; Gr—self, + Gr—hold sway), said of plants that are perfect and complete in themselves; not forming part of a cycle; independent.

AX´IS (axle, axis, pole of the earth), the central line of growth; stipe, stalk, etc.

AZO´NATE (Gr—without, + L.—zona, a zone), without zones or circular bands of different color.

BA´DIOUS (badius, bay), bay; reddish-brown; chestnut color.

BAND, a broad bar of color.

BANDED, marked with bands.

BARBED (barba, beard), furnished with barbs, fibrils or hairs.

BASE (bassus, low, short, thick), the extremity opposite to the apex; the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; applied to lamellæ; (a) the line of attachment to the pileus (as connected by veins at the base); (b) sometimes used to define the end attached to the stipe (broad or reticulate at the base).

BASID´IOGENET´IC (Gr—a base + genesis), produced upon a basidium.

BASID´IOMYCE´TES (basidium + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi which has its spores produced upon basidia.

BASID´IOPHORE (basidium + Gr—to bear), a sporophore bearing basidia.

BASID´IOSPORE (basidium + Gr—spora, spore; seed), spore acrogenously abjointed upon a basidium.

BASID´IUM (pl. BASID´IA), mother cells in the hymenium of basidiomycetes formed on the end of a hyphal branch and abstricting spores; the spores are generally four in number, each on a sterigma, but sometimes more, sometimes fewer, and sometimes sessile. See AUTO-BASIDIUM and PROTO-BASIDIUM.

BASIP´ETAL (basis, a base, + petere, seek, + al), in the direction of the base.

BAY (badius), a very rich dark-reddish chestnut; badious.

BI-, prefix, meaning twice.

BIB´ULOUS (bibulus, < bibere, drink), having the quality of absorbing or imbibing moisture.

BICIP´ETAL, BICIP´ITOUS (biceps (bicipit-), two-headed, + al), in botany divided into two parts at the top or bottom.

BI´FID (bifidus, forked, < bi, two, + findere, cleave, divide), cleft or divided into two parts.

BIFUR´CATED (bifurcus, two-forked), divided into two forks or branches as in the gills of certain Agarics.

BILOC´ULAR (bi, two, + loculus, a cell, < locus, a place), two-celled.

BIOG´ENOUS (bi, two, + genus, < gena, born), growing on living organisms.

BISE´RIATE, BISE´RIAL (bi, two, + seriate), arranged in two rows.

BIS´TRE (fuligineus), a dark brown color somewhat more reddish than sepia, but much less so than burnt umber.

BOOT´ED, applied to the stem of a mushroom when enclosed in a sheath or volva; peronate.

BOSS, a knob or short rounded protuberance; umbo.

BOSSED, BULL´ATE (bulla, a bubble), furnished with a boss, stud or umbo.

BRANCHED (brancha, claw), dividing from the sides; also styled furcate and forked; ramifying, diverging.

BRICK, trade-term for a mass of mushroom spawn, in dimensions the size of a brick of masonry.

BRICK RED (testaceus, lateritius, rutilus), a dull brownish-red color like the color of burnt bricks.

BROAD, wide or deep vertically, not narrow.

BROCCOLI COLOR, the color of a variety of cabbage.

BUFF (luteus, luteolus), a light dull brownish-yellow, like the color of dressed buck-skin or chamois.

BUL´BOUS (bulbosus, < bulbus, bulb), said of the stem of a mushroom when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base.

BYSSA´CEOUS, BYS´SOID (as if byssaceus, < byssus), resembling or consisting of fine filaments like the flax or cotton.

BYS´SUS (Gr—originally a fine yellowish flax), an old name for the filamentous mycelium of certain fungi.

CÆRU´LEUS, CERU´LEOS (cæruleus, dark-blue, dark-green, dark colored), light blue; sky-blue.

CÆ´SIOUS (cæsius, bluish-gray), pale, bluish-gray; lavender colored.

CÆS´PITOSE, CÆS´PITOUS, CES´PITOSE (cæspitosus, < cæsposus, a clump of turf), growing in tufts or clumps.

CALCA´REOUS (calcarius, pertaining to lime, < calyx, lime), chalky, chalk-like.

CALLOS´ITY, CAL´LUS (callosita, < callosus, callous), a hard or thickened spot or protuberance.

CALYP´TRA (Gr—a veil, hence calyptra, a hood), applied e. g. to the portion of the volva covering the pileus.

CAMPAN´ULATE (campana, a bell), bell-shaped.

CANALIC´ULATE (canaliculus, a little channel), channeled, furrowed.

CAN´CELLATE (cancellatus, pp. of cancellare, make like or provide with a lattice), latticed, marked both longitudinally and transversely with an open network.

CAN´DIDOUS (candidus), shining white.

CANES´CENT (canescen(t-)s, pp. of canescere, < canus, white or hoary), having whitish, grayish or hoary pubescence.

CAP, pileus; the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of the common mushroom.

CAP´ILLARY (capillaris, pertaining to the hair, < capillus, the hair), pertaining to or resembling hair.

CAPIL´LIFORM (capillus, hair, + forma, form), in the shape or form of a hair.

CAPILLIT´IUM (capillus, hair), spore-bearing threads, filling as a packing material the fruiting part of certain fungi, variable in thickness and color, sometimes continuous with the sterile base, sometimes free, dense, persistent or lax and evanescent, often branched; found in the Lycoperdons.

CAP´ITATE (capitatus, having a head, < caput, head), having a head, or the form of a head.

CAPIT´ULUM (capitulum, a small head, < caput, head), a small head.

CAP´SULE (capsula, a small box or chest, dim. of capsa, a box), an enclosing envelope usually thin and membranous.

CARBONA´CEOUS (carbon + aceous), rigid, blackish and brittle; like or composed of carbon or coaly matter.

CAR´DIAC (cardiacus, heart), of or pertaining to the heart; pertaining to the esophageal portion of the stomach, opposed to pyloric.

CA´RIOUS (cariosus, < caries, decay), decayed.

CARMINE (carmineus, coccineus), a very pure and intense crimson, the purest of the cochineal colors.

CAR´NEOUS (carneus, < caro, flesh), fleshy; flesh-colored.

CAR´NOSE (carnosus, fleshy, < caro, flesh), fleshy.

CARTILAG´INOUS (cartilaginosus, < cartilago, gristle), firm and tough; gristly.

CASTA´NEOUS (castaneus), chestnut-colored; chestnut color. (Burnt umber + vermilion.)

CAU´DATE (caudatus, < cauda, a tail), having a tail-like appendage.

CAULIC´OLOUS (dim. of caulis, a stalk), growing on herbaceous stems.

CELL (cella, a small room, barn, etc.), (a) a small cavity, compartment or hollow place; (b) a mass of protoplasm of various size and shape, generally microscopic, with or without a nucleus and enclosing wall, the fundamental form-element of every organized body.

CELL´ULAR (cellula, dim. of a cell, + ar), composed of cells.

CELL´ULOSE (cellula, a cell), the essential constituent of the primary wall-membrane of cells, a secretion from the contained protoplasm; allied to starch, sugar and inulin. Chemical formula, C_{6}H_{10}O_{5}.

CENTIMETER, CM. (centum, a hundred, + metre, meter), in the metric system a measure of length, the hundredth part of a meter, equal to 0.3937 of an English inch.

CENTRIF´UGALLY (centrum, the center, + fugere, flee), from the center outwards.

CENTRIP´ETALLY (centrum, the center, + petere, seek, move toward), from the circumference toward the center.

CE´PÆFORM (cepa, an onion; forma, form), onion-shaped.

CERA´CEOUS (ceraceus, < cera, wax), wax-like, waxy.

CEREB´RIFORM (cerebrum, the brain, + forma, form), brain-shaped.

CER´VINE (cervinus, < cervus, deer), of a deep tawny or fawn color.

CHAN´NELED (canalis, a water-pipe, canal), hollowed out like a gutter; canaliculate

CHARTA´CEOUS (chartaceus, < charta, paper), like paper.

CHESTNUT COLOR (castaneus, spadiceus), a rich dark reddish-brown of a slightly purplish cast. (Vermilion + burnt umber.)

CHLAM´YDOSPORES (Gr—mantle, + Gr—seed) (encased spores), one of a number of thick-walled resting spores usually formed in rows from the breaking up of the hyphæ into spherical bead-like cells; on germination they may develop sporangia or conidiophores.

CHLO´ROPHYLL (chlorophyllum, Gr—yellowish-green; Gr=L., folium, a leaf), the green coloring matter of plants.

CHLORO´SIS (Gr—greenness, paleness), loss of color, etiolation.

CHOCOLATE-BROWN (chocolatinus), a rich dark reddish-brown color, like the exterior glazed surface of a cake of chocolate.

CHROME-GREEN (chromium-viridis), a dull green color, nearly intermediate between malachite green and sage green.

CHROME-YELLOW, a deep yellow.

CIL´IA (pl. of CILI´UM), (cilium, an eye-lid), marginal hair-like processes.

CIL´IATE (cilium, an eye-lid), fringed with hair-like processes.

CINE´REOUS, CINERA´CEOUS (cinereus, cineraceus), ash-gray; a light bluish-gray color, lighter than plumbeous.

CIN´NABARINE (cinnabar, vermilion, + ine), cinnabar-colored; bright red; vermilion.

CINNAMO´MEOUS, CINNAMON (cinnamomeus, cinnamominus), a light reddish-brown color, like the inner surface of cinnamon bark.

CINNAMON-RUFOUS (cinnamomeo-rufus), rufous with a tinge of cinnamon. (Burnt sienna + raw umber + light red + white.)

CIR´CINATE (circinatus, pp. circinare, to make round), disposed in a circle; circular, coiled like a shepherd’s crook.

CIRCUMSCIS´SILE (circumscissus, pp. of circumscindere, cut about), opening or dividing by a transverse circular line; applied to a mode of dehiscence in some fruits.

CIT´RINE, CIT´REOUS, CIT´RINOUS (citrus, a lemon or citron), lemon-yellow colored.

CLATH´RATE, CLATH´ROID (clathratus, Gr—a lattice), latticed.

CLA´VATE, CLAV´IFORM (clavatus, < clava, a club), club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the top.

CLAY COLOR (lutescens, luteolus, lutosus, argillaceus), a dull light brownish-yellow color, nearly intermediate between yellow ocher and Isabella color.

CLEIS´TOCARP, CLIS´TOCARP (Gr—that can be closed, + fruit), an ascocarp which is entirely closed, and from which the spores escape by its final rupture.

CLOSE, packed closely side by side; said of lamellæ when they are close together; also styled crowded.

COALES´CENT (coalescens, ppr. of coalescere, grow together), growing together of similar parts; coherent.

COCH´LEATE, COCHLEAR´IFORM (cochleatus, cocleatus, spiral, < cochlea, coclea, a snail’s shell), shaped like a snail shell.

COHE´RENT (coherens, ppr. of cohærere, stick together, cohere), sticking together of similar parts; sometimes used in the sense of connate.

COLLEN´CHYMA (Gr—glue, + Gr—an infusion), in Geaster, etc., a cartilaginous-gelatinous tissue, hygroscopic and with great capacity for swelling, forming one of the inner layers of the peridium; its swelling at maturity causes the outer peridium to burst outward in a stellate manner.

COLLIC´ULOSE (colliculus, a little hill, dim. of collis, a hill), covered with little hill-like elevations.

Col´loid (Gr—glue, + semblance), like glue or jelly.

COLUMEL´LA (columella, a little column), a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the capillitium, serving as a point of insertion for the threads which connect it with the peridium in the form of a network. (In Lycoperdaceæ.)

CO´MATE, CO´MOSE, CO´MOUS (comatus, hairy, < coma, a hair), furnished with a tuft of silky hairs; hairy.

COM´PLANATE (complanatus, pp. of complanare, make plane or plain), flattened vertically to a level surface above and below.

COMPRESSED´ (compressa, fem. of compressus, pp. of comprimere, compress), flattened laterally.

CONCAT´ENATE (con, together, + catenare, link, chain, < catena, a chain), linked together in a chain.

CONCAVE´ (concavus, hollow, arched, vaulted; com, together, + cavus, hollow), having a rounded, incurved surface.

CONCEN´TRIC (con, together; centrum, center), having a common center, as a series of rings, one within another.

CONCEP´TACLE (conceptaculum, < concipere, pp. conceptus, contain, conceive), a closed sporiferous body.

CON´CHIFORM (concha, a shell, + forma, shape), shell-shaped, resembling a clam-shell in shape.

CONCOLORED, CONCOL´OROUS (concolor, of one color), of a uniform color.

CONCRES´CENT (concrescentia, < concrescere, grow together), growing together.

CON´CRETE (concretus, grown together, solid), coalescent; united in a coagulated, condensed or solid mass; grown together.

CONFER´VOID (conferva, a name applied to certain of the Algæ, sea-weeds; + Gr—form), like a Conferva, from the finely branched threads; loose and filamentous.

CON´FLUENT (con, together, + Gr—fluere, flow), blended into one.

CON´GENER (congener, of the same race, < con, together, + genus (gener), race), of the same genus or kind.

CONGENER´IC, CONGENER´ICAL, CONGEN´EROUS (congener, of the same race, + ic, ous), belonging to or nearly allied to the same genus.

CONGENET´IC (con, together, + Gr—generation, seed), produced at the same time or by the same cause; alike in origin.

CONGLOM´ERATE (conglomeratus, pp. of conglomerare, roll together, heap together, < com, together, + glomerare, gather into a ball), densely clustered; gathered into a round mass; composed of heterogeneous materials.

CONGLU´TINATE (conglutinatus, pp. of conglutinare, glue together, < com, together, + glutinare, glue), as if glued together.

CONID´IAL (conidium + al), pertaining to or of the nature of a conidium or conidia; characterized by the formation of conidia; bearing conidia.

CONIDIIF´EROUS, CONIDIOPH´OROUS (conidium, dust, + ferre, bear), bearing conidia.

CONID´IOPHORE (conidium, + Gr—bearing), a hypha from which are abstricted conidia.

CONID´IUM (pl. CONIDIA), a non-sexual spore formed singly or in chains by abstriction from the ends of hyphæ or hyphal branches. See under SPORE.

CO´NIFER (conifer, cone-bearing, < conus, a cone, + ferre, bear), a cone-bearing tree.

CONJUGA´TION (conjugatio(n-), a joining, entomological relationship, < conjugare, pp. conjugatus, join), union of two cells to form a spore.

CON´NATE (connatus, pp. connasci, < con, together; nascor, to be born), united by growing together from the first.

CON´NIVENT (conniven(t-)s, coniven(t-)s, ppr. of connivere, conivere, wink at; overlook), having an inward direction, converging, coming in contact, said of a cup whose sides curve inward and meet at the margin.

CON´STANT (constan(t-)s, steady, firm, < com, together, + stare), always present or always in the same condition.

CONSTRIC´TED (constrict + ed), contracted so as to be smaller in one or more places than in others.

CON´TEXT (contextus, pp. of contexere, join or weave together), texture; substance.

CONTIG´UOUS (contiguus, touching), near, or in contact.

CONTIN´UOUS (continuus, joined, < continere, hold together), without a break; applied to spores or hyphæ that have no septa.

CONTOR´TED (contortus, pp. of contorquere, twist, < com, together; torquere, twist), distorted, twisted, crooked or deformed.

CON´VEX (convexus, vaulted, arched, convex, concave), elevated and regularly rounded; forming the segment of a sphere or nearly so.

CONVEX´O-PLANE, between convex and flat.

CON´VOLUTE (convolutus, pp. of convolvere, roll together), covered with irregular convexities and depressions resembling the convolutions of the brain.

COR´DATE (cordatus, heart-shaped), heart-shaped.

CORIA´CEOUS (coriaceus, < corium, leather), of a leathery texture.

COR´NEOUS (corneus, horny), of a horny texture.

COR´RUGATED (corrugatus, pp. corrugare, < con, together, + rugare, to wrinkle), wrinkled; contracted; puckered; having a wrinkled appearance.

COR´TEX (cortex, cork), literally bark; a covering of cells enclosing the axis; cortical layer; the outer rind-like layer or layers of some fungus bodies.

COR´TICAL (cortex (cortic), bark, rind, + al), of or pertaining to the cortex.

COR´TICATE, COR´TICATED (corticatus, pp. adj., < cortex, bark), furnished with bark-like covering; having a rind.

CORTI´NA (cortina), a veil of spider-web structure rupturing at or near the stem; applied to the peculiar veil of the genus Cortinarius.

COR´TINATE (cortinatus, < cortina, a curtain), provided with or pertaining to a cortina.

COS´TATE (costatus, ribbed, < costa, rib), having a ridge or ridges as if ribbed.

COSTÆ (pl. of costa, a rib, a side), ribs or primary veins (as in a leaf).

CRATE´RA (crater, a bowl), a cup-shaped receptacle.

CRATER´IFORM (crater, a crater, + forma, shape), basin or saucer-shaped; having the form of a crater.

CREAM COLOR (cremeus), a light pinkish-yellow color like cream.

CRE´NATE (crenatus, < crena, a notch), notched at the edge, indented, scalloped: The notches are blunt or rounded, not sharp as in a serrated edge.

CREN´ULATE, CREN´ULATED (crenulatus), same as crenate.

CRETA´CEOUS (cretaceus, chalky, < creta, chalk), chalky; of the color of chalk.

CRIB´RATE, CRIB´RIFORM (cribrum, a sieve, + forma, shape), sieve-like; perforated with small holes.

CRIB´ROSE (cribrosus, < cribrum, a sieve), pierced with holes; perforated.

CRIMSON (carmineus, sanguineus, sanguineo-ruber), blood-red, the color of the cruder sorts of carmine.

CRI´NITE (crinitus, haired, pp. of crinire, provide with hair, < crinis, hair), having a tuft of long, weak hairs.

CRISP, CRISPED, CRIS´PATE (crispus, curled, wavy, uneven, tremulous), having the surface, especially near the margin, strongly and finely undulate, as the leaves of the Savoy cabbage.

CRIS´TATE (cristatus, < crista, a crest), crested; bearing a ridge, mane or tuft on the top.

CRU´CIATE, CRU´CIFORM (cruciatus, pp. of cruciare, torture), having the form of a cross with equal arms.

CRUSTA´CEOUS (crusta, a crust, + aceous), of hard and brittle texture.

CRYP´TOGAM (Gr—hidden, + marriage), a plant of the order Cryptogamia.

CRYPTOGA´MIA (Gr—hidden, + marriage), flowerless plants propagated by spores.

CRYPTOG´AMY (Gr—hidden, + marriage), obscure fructification as in plants of the class Cryptogamia.

CULM (culmus, a stalk), the stem of grasses.

CU´NEATE, CUNE´IFORM (cuneatus, pp. of cuneare, wedge, make wedge-shaped, < cuneus, a wedge), wedge-shaped.

CUP (cupa, a tub, cask, vat), the concave fruiting body of angiocarpous lichens and discomycetous fungi; the peridium of a clustering fungus. See APOTHECIUM.

CU´PREOUS (cupreus, of copper, < cuprum, copper), copper-colored.

CU´PULAR, CU´PULATE (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), cup-shaped.

CU´PULE, CU´PULA (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), a receptacle shaped like a little cup, as in Peziza.

CURLED, same as CRISP.

CURT (curtus, clipped, broken, shortened), short.

CUR´TAIN (cortina, a small croft, screen, etc.), same as cortina.

CUS´PIDATE (cuspidatus, pp. cuspidare, < cuspis, a point, spear), with a sharp spear-like point.

CU´TICLE (cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin), a distinct skin-like layer; cutis, cuticle, pellicle and epidermis have been used indiscriminately to describe the separable or inseparable skin-like layer sometimes present on the outer surface of the pileus and stem; of these terms, cuticle is used most commonly.

CU´TIS. See CUTICLE.

CYA´NEOUS (cyaneus, dark blue), bright blue; azure; lapis-lazuli blue.

CYANO´SIS (Gr—dark-blue, + osis), in pathology a blue or more or less livid color of the surface of the body, due to imperfect circulation and oxygenation of the blood.

CY´ATHIFORM (cyathus, a cup; forma, form), cup-shaped, shape of a drinking glass slightly widened at the top.

CYLIN´DRIC, CYLIN´DRICAL (cylindricus, cylinder), cylinder-shaped; applied to a branch or stem having the same or nearly the same diameter throughout, and its cross-section circular.

CYM´BÆFORM, CYM´BIFORM (cymba, a boat, + forma, shape), boat-shape.

CYST (cystis, the bladder, bag, pouch), a bladder-like cell or cavity.

CYSTID´IUM (pl. CYSTID´IA) (Gr—the bladder, + the dim. termination), sterile bladder cells of the hymenium, generally larger than the basidia cells between which and with which they are formed.

DASH, -, between two figures = to; from 2 to 4.

DAUGHTER-CELL, any cell when mentioned in relation to the one (mother-cell) from which it is derived.

DEAL´BATE (dealbatus, pp. of dealbare, whiten, white-wash, etc., < de + albare, whiten), as if white-washed; covered with very white opaque powder.

DECID´UOUS (deciduus, that falls down; < decidere, < de, down, + cedere, to fall), falling off at maturity or at the end of the season, not permanent; losing the foliage every year.

DECOR´TICATE, DECOR´TICATED (decorticatus, pp. of decorticare, < de, from, + cortex, bark), denuded of bark; destitute of a cortex or cortical layer.

DECUM´BENT (decumben(t-)s, ppr. of decumbere, lie down, < de, down, + cumbere, lie) applied to a stem having the lower part resting on the ground.

DECUR´RENT (decurren(t-)s, ppr. decurrere, run down), applied to lamellæ (gills) which are prolonged down the stem.

DECURVED´ (decurve + ed, after decurvatus, curved back), curved downward; opposed to recurved.

DEFLEXED´ (deflexus, pp. deflectere, turn aside), bent or turned down.

DEHIS´CENCE (dehiscen(t-)s, dehiscent), the spontaneous opening of a peridium at maturity to discharge the spores.

DEHIS´CENT (dehiscere, gape, open), a closed organ opening of itself at maturity or when it has attained a certain development.

DELIQUES´CENT (deliquescere, melt away), relating to mushrooms which at maturity become liquid or melt down.

DELIMITA´TION (delimitare, mark out the limits, < de + limitare, limit, bound), the marking, fixing or prescribing the limits or boundaries.

DEN´DROID, DEN´DRIFORM (Gr—a tree, + L.—forma, form), tree-shaped.

DEN´TATE (dentatus, tooth), toothed with a concave serrature.

DENTIC´ULATE (denticulatus, < denticulus, a small tooth), finely dentate.

DENU´DATE (denudatus, pp. of denudare, make bare, strip), naked; exposed, not immersed.

DEPRESSED´ (depressus, pp. of deprimere, < de, down, + premere, press), as if pressed down or flattened; sunk below the level of the surrounding margin.

DERMINI, a group of fungi with brown or rust-colored spores.

DESCEND´ING (descindere, pp. descensus, come down, fall, < de, down, scandere, climb), applied to a marginal veil when, in the young stage, its marginal attachment is below the level of its stem-attachment; a ring formed from it is called superior; turned downward.

DES´ICCATE, DES´ICCATED (desiccatus, pp. of desiccare, dry up, < de, intensive, < siccare, dry), dried.

DETER´MINATE (determinatus, pp. determinare, fix, limit), ending definitely; having a distinctly defined outline.

DETERMINA´TION (determinatio(n), boundary, conclusion, end, determinare, pp. determinatus, bound, determine), assignment to the proper place in a classification or series.

DIAGNO´SIS (diagnosis, a distinguishing), scientific discrimination of any kind; a short distinctive description, as of a plant.

DIAPH´ANOUS (Gr—through, + to appear), of a transparent texture; permitting the passage of light.

DICHOT´OMOUS (Gr—in two, + to cut), dividing into two; regularly forked.

DICHOT´OMY (Gr—a cutting in two), a mode of branching by constant forking or dividing in pairs.

DID´YMOUS (Gr—double, twofold, twin), double; of two equal parts.

DIFFEREN´TIATED (differentia, difference), exhibiting differentiation.

DIFFERENTIA´TION (differentia, difference, + ation), (a) discrimination between by observing or describing the differences; (b) the evolutionary process or results by which originally different parts or organs become differentiated or specialized in either form or function; specialization.

DIF´FLUENT (diffluen(t-)s, ppr. of diffluere, < dis, away, apart, + fluere, flow), readily dissolving.

DIF´FORM, DIFFORMED´ (deformis, deformed), irregular in form, not uniform.

DIFFUSE´ (diffusus, pp. of diffundere, pour in different directions, pour out, < dis, away, + fundere, flow), spreading widely, loosely and irregularly.

DIG´ITATE (digitatus, having fingers or toes, < digitus, finger), furnished with fingers; dividing like the fingers of the hand.

DILA´TED (dilatare, spread out; extend), expanded; enlarged.

DIMID´IATE (dimidiatus, < dimidiare, halve), halved; e. g. of gills which reach halfway to the stem; also of pileus when it is semi-circular in outline or nearly so; as many Polyporei.

DIMOR´PHIC, DIMOR´PHOUS (dimorphus, having two forms), existing in two distinct forms.

DIMOR´PHISM (dimorphus, having two forms), the property of existing under two distinct forms.

DISC, DISK (discus, a disk, trencher), (a) any flat circular disk-like growth; (b) the central portion of the upper surface of a pileus; the cup-shaped or otherwise variously shaped hymenial surface of a Discomycete.

DIS´CIFORM, DIS´COID, DIS´COIDAL (discoides, disk-shaped), of a circular, flat form; disk-shaped.

DIS´COCARP (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fruit), ascocarp in which the hymenium or disk lies exposed while the asci are maturing as in Peziza, Morchella, etc.

DISCOMYCE´TES (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fungus), a group of ascomycetous fungi in which the hymenium is exposed; the fruiting body is cupular, discoid or clavate, and sometimes convoluted.

DISCRETE´ (discretus, distinguished, separated), distinct, not coalescent.

DISSEC´TED (dissectus, pp. of dissecare, cut asunder, < dis, asunder, + secare, cut), cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.

DISSEP´IMENTS (dissepimentum, a partition) dividing walls; partitions.

DIS´TAL (dist(ance) + al), pertaining to the apex or outer extremity.

DIS´TANT, (distans, ppr. distare, stand apart), far apart; of gills which have a wide distance between them.

DIS´TICHOUS (Gr—having two rows), disposed in two rows.

DIVAR´ICATE (divaricatus, pp. divaricare, spread asunder), separating at an obtuse angle; diverging widely.

DOR´SAL (dorsalis, < dorsum, the back), pertaining to the back, literally on the upper side.

DOWN, fine, soft pubescence.

E or EX-, prefix signifying “destitute of,” “outside of,” or “away from.”

EBE´NEOUS (ebeneus, of ebony, < ebenus, ebony), black like ebony.

EBUR´NEOUS (eburneus, of ivory, < ebur, ivory), ivory-white.

ECCEN´TRIC (Gr—out of the center), excentric.

ECH´INATE (echinatus, set with bristles, prickly), furnished with stiff bristles.

ECHIN´ULATE (echinulus, dim. of echinus, a hedgehog), beset with short bristles.

ECTO- (Gr—without, outside), prefix signifying “outside.”

ECTOBASID´IA (Gr—outside, + basidium), basidia placed on an exposed surface; not enclosed.

EDEN´TATE (edentatus, toothless, pp. of edentare, render toothless), without teeth.

EFFUSED´ (effusus, pp. effundere, pour out), spread over without regular form.

EFFU´SO-REFLEXED´, effused with upper margin reflected forming a pileus.

EGG (ovum, an egg), a young plant before rupture of the volva in Phalloids, Amanitas, etc.

EGUTT´ULATE, not containing guttulæ.

ELLIP´SOID (Gr—ellipse, + Gr—form), a solid figure all plane, sections of which are ellipses or circles.

ELLIPSOI´DAL, shaped like an ellipsoid.

ELLIP´TIC, ELLIP´TICAL (Gr—ellipse), elongate-ovate; more than twice as long as broad; parallel-sided in the middle and rounded at both ends.

EMAR´GINATE (emarginatus, pp. emarginare, < e, out of; margo, the margin), notched at the end; of gills with a sudden scoop, as if scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem.

EMBOSSED´, in botany projecting in the center like the boss or umbo of a round shield.

EM´BRYO, the mushroom before leaving its volva, also an early stage of mushrooms which have no volva.

ENCRUST´ING (incrustare, cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta, a crust).

ENDEM´IC (Gr—native), peculiar to and characteristic of a locality or region; indigenous in some region and not elsewhere.

ENDO-, ENTO- (Gr—“in,” “within”), prefix signifying “within,” “inside.”

ENDOBASID´IA (Gr—within, + basidium), basidia enclosed in a dehiscent or indehiscent conceptacle.

ENDOCAU´LOUS (Gr—within, + caulis, a stalk), growing in the substance of herbaceous stems.

EN´DOGEN (Gr—within, + producing). See MONOCOTYLEDON.

ENDOG´ENOUS (Gr—within, + Gr—producing, + ous), produced within another body; of or pertaining to the class of endogens.

ENDOPERID´IUM (Gr—within, + peridium), inner layer of the peridium.

EN´DOPHYTE (Gr—within, + a plant), a plant growing within an animal or another plant, usually as a parasite; entophyte.

EN´DOSPORE, ENDOSPO´RIUM (Gr—within, + Gr—seed), (a) the inner coat of a spore; (b) spore which is produced within a sporangium or spore-sac as the ascospores.

EN´SIFORM (ensis, a sword, + forma, shape), sword-shaped.

ENTIRE´ (integer, < integrum, whole), the edge quite devoid of serrature or notch; continuous.

ENTOMOG´ENOUS (Gr—an insect, + produced), growing upon or in insects.

ENTOMOPH´YTOUS (Gr—within, + grow), growing upon or in insects.

EN´TOPHYTE, endophyte.

EPIDER´MIS (Gr—the outer skin), the external or outer layer of the plant.

EPIG´ENOUS (Gr—growing after or late), growing upon the surface of a part; often limited to growth upon the upper surface, in distinction from hypogenous.

EPIGÆ´OUS, EPIGE´OUS (Gr—on or of the earth; on the ground), growing on or in the ground.

EP´IPHRAGM (Gr—a covering; lid), a delicate membrane closing the cup-like receptacle of the Nidulariaceæ.

EP´IPHYTAL, EPIPHYT´IC, EPIPHYT´ICAL (Gr—upon, + a plant), of the nature of an epiphyte.

EP´IPHYTE (Gr—upon, + a plant), growing upon the outside of another plant; either parasitic or not.

EP´ISPORE, EPISPO´RIUM (Gr—upon, + seed), the outer coat of a spore; same as exosporium.

EPITHE´CIUM (Gr—upon, + a case), the layer sometimes formed above the asci by the concrescent tips of the paraphyses.

EPIX´YLOUS (Gr—upon, + wood + ous), growing upon wood.

E´QUAL (æqualis, equal, like), all gills of the same, or nearly the same, length from back to front; stem of uniform thickness.

ERO´DED (erodere, gnaw off), the edge ragged as if torn.

ERUM´PENT (erumpen(t-)s, ppr. of erumpere, break out), prominent; originating beneath and bursting through the surface of the matrix.

E´TIOLATE, E´TIOLATED (stipula, straw), whitened, blanched by exclusion of the sun’s rays or by disease.

EVANES´CENT (evanescen(t-)s, ppr. of evanescere, vanish away), fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing.

E´VEN, of a surface which is quite plane as contrasted e. g. with one which is striate, pitted, etc. Distinguished from smooth. A surface may not be smooth and yet be even.

EX-, prefix. See “E-.”

EXCEN´TRIC (Gr—out of the center), not central; the stems of some mushrooms are always excentric.

EXCIP´ULUM (excipulum, a vessel for receiving liquids, < excipere, take out, receive), outer layer of an apothecium or cup developed as part of the receptacle.

EXO-, prefix signifying “outside.”

EX´OGEN (Gr—outside, + producing), a plant in which the growth of the stem is in successive concentric layers.

EXOG´ENOUS, growing by additions on the outside; belonging to or characteristic of the class of exogens; produced on the outside, as the spores of hyphomycetous and many other fungi.

EXOPERID´IUM (Gr—outside, peridium), outer layer of the peridium.

EX´OSPORES (exosporium), spores which are free, not produced within a sporangium, as basidio-spores.

EXOSPO´RIUM (Gr—outside, + seed), the outer coat of a spore; same as episporium.

EXOT´IC (exoticus, foreign, alien), foreign, not native.

EXPAN´DED (expandere, pp. expansus, spread out, < ex, out, + pandere, spread), spread out, as a pileus from convex to plane.

EX´PLANATE (explanatus, flattened, spread out), flattened, expanded; applied usually to a part which has been rolled or folded.

EXSER´TED (exsertus, thrust out, pp. of exsere, stretch out), projecting; standing out.

EXSICCA´TI (exsiccatus, pp. of exsiccare, dry up), dried specimens; especially those published in sets and distributed.

FAC´ULTATIVE (faculta(t-)s, faculty), capability, etc., having a faculty or power, but exercising it only occasionally or incidentally; optional or contingent.

FAC´ULTATIVE-PAR´ASITE, an organism which normally lives throughout as a saprophyte, but which may also go through its course either wholly or in part as a parasite.

FAC´ULTATIVE-SAP´ROPHYTE, an organism which normally is parasitic, but which can vegetate at certain stages as a saprophyte.

FAL´CATE, FAL´CIFORM (falcatus, bent, curved, hooked, sickle-shaped, < falx, a sickle), hooked, curved like a scythe or sickle.

FAMILY (familia, household establishment, < famulus, a servant), a systematic group in a scientific classification embracing a greater or less number of genera which agree in certain characters not shared by others of the same order.

FARC´TATE (farctus, < farcio, to stuff), stuffed; without vacuities; opposed to fistulose.

FARINA´CEOUS (farinaceus, < farina, meal), mealy.

FAR´INOSE (farinosus, mealy), covered with a white mealy powder.

FAS´CIA (fascis, a bundle), a band or bar.

FAS´CIATE, FAS´CIATED (fascia, a band or girth), having broad parallel bands or stripes; banded or compacted together; exhibiting fasciation.

FASCIA´TION (fascia, a band), the act or manner of binding with fasciæ, a monstrous flattened expansion of the stem; condition of being bound or compacted together.

FAS´CICLE, FASCIC´ULUS (fasciculus, a small bundle; packet, etc.), a close cluster; a small bundle.

FASCIC´ULATE (fasciculus, a small bundle), growing in small bundles or fascicles.

FASTIG´IATE (fastigiatus, sloping, < fastigium, the top of a gable, slope), with branches erect and close together; sloping upward to a summit, point or edge.

FAVOSE´ (favosus, < favus, a honey-comb), honey-combed; resembling a honey-comb.

FAWN-COLOR (cervinus, cervineus), a light warm-brown color.

FERRU´GINEOUS, FERRU´GINOUS (ferrugineus), rust-red or the color of iron rust.

FI´BRILLAR, FI´BRILLATE, FI´BRILLOSE, FI´BRILLOUS (fibrilla, a fiber), appearing to be covered or composed of minute fibers.

FI´BROUS (fibrosus, < fibra, a fiber), clothed with small fibers.

FI´BROUS-MYCE´LIUM, FIBRILLOSE-MYCELIUM, elongated branching mycelial strands, formed by the union of hyphæ.

FIG´URATE (figuratus, pp. figuare, < figura, a form, shape), of a certain determinate form or shape.

FIL´AMENT (filum, thread), a separate fiber or fibril of any animal or vegetable tissue, as a filament of silk, wool, etc.

FILAMEN´TOUS, like a thread; composed of threads or filaments.

FILAMEN´TOUS-MYCE´LIUM, FLOC´COSE-MYCE´LIUM, mycelium of free hyphæ which are at most loosely interwoven, but without forming bodies of definite shape and outline.

FIL´ACEOUS, FIL´IFORM (filum, a thread, + aceous), like a thread or filament.

FIM´BRIATE, FIM´BRIATED (fimbriatus, < fimbriæ, a fringe), fringed; cut jaggedly.

FIS´SILE (fissilis, cleft, < fissus, pp. findere, split), capable of being split, cleft or divided in layers.

FIS´SURED (fissura, a cleft, chink, fissure), cleft or split.

FIS´TULAR, FIS´TULOSE (fistularis, like a pipe, < fistula, a pipe), tubular, hollow in the center like a pipe.

FIXED, said of lamellæ or spines not readily detached from the underlying tissue.

FLABEL´LATE, FLABEL´LIFORM (flabellum, a fan), fan-shaped.

FLAC´CID (flaccidus, flabby, pendulous), soft and limber; flabby; without firmness or elasticity.

FLAVES´CENT (flavescens, ppr. flavescere, become yellow, < flavus, yellow), yellowish or turning yellow.

FLA´VOUS (flavus, golden-yellow, reddish-yellow), yellow.

FLESH, inner substance of a fungus-body as distinguished from the cortical and hymenial layers.

FLESH-COLOR (carneus, incarnatus), a pinkish-color like that observable in the cheeks of a person of fair complexion; carnation.

FLESH´Y, succulent; composed of juicy cellular tissue.

FLEX´UOSE, FLEX´UOUS (flexuosus, < flexus, a bending, winding), wavy.

FLOC´CI (pl. of FLOC´CUS) (floccus, a lock of wool), woolly locks.

FLOC´COSE (floccosus, < floccus, a lock of wool), downy, woolly; composed of or bearing flocci.

FLOC´CULOSE (flocculosus, < flocculus, dim. of floccus, a lock of wool), covered with flocci; composed of or bearing minute flocci.

FOLIA´CEOUS (foliaceus, leafy, of leaves, < folium, a leaf), leaf-like; bearing leaves.

FO´VEATE (foveatus, < fovea, a small pit, pitfall), marked with pits or depressions.

FOV´EOLATE (foveolatus, < foveola, dim. of fovea, a small pit), marked with minute pits or depressions.

FREE, said of gills which are not attached to the stem; said of any part not attached to another; of spores not inclosed in a special envelope.

FRILL, same as ARMILLA.

FRONT, same as ANTERIOR.

FRINGE (fimbria, a border), a lacerated, marginal membrane.

FRUC´TIFICATION (fructificare, bear fruit), reproducing power of a plant; fruiting; also the organs concerned.

FUGA´CIOUS (fugar, < fugere, flee), fleeting, transitory; falling or fading early.

FU´GITIVE (fugitivus, fleeing away; a fugitive), quickly disappearing; evanescent.

FULIGIN´EOUS, FULIG´INOUS (fuliginosus), sooty-brown or dark smoke-color.

FULVES´CENT (fulvescens), inclining to a fulvous color.

FUL’VOUS (fulvus), a rather indefinite brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown tint, like tanned leather; tawny.

FU´MOSE, FU´MOUS (fumosus, full of smoke, < fumus, smoke, steam), smoke-colored, fuliginous.

FUN´GOID (fungus, mushroom, + Gr—form), of, or pertaining to fungi.

FUNGOL´OGY (fungus, mushroom, + Gr—speak), mycology.

FUN´GUS (pl. FUN´GI) (fungus, a mushroom), a thallophyte characterized by the absence of chlorophyl and deriving its sustenance from living or dead organic matter.

FUNIC´ULAR (funiculus, a small cord), having the character of a funicle or small cord.

FUNIC´ULATE (funiculus, a small cord), having a funicle.

FUNIC´ULUS (L.—a small rope), in Nidulariaceæ the cord of hyphæ attaching a peridiolum to the inner wall of the peridium.

FUR´CATE (furcatus, < furca, a fork), forked.

FURFURA´CEOUS (furfuraceus, < furfur, bran), with branny scales or scurf.

FUSCES´CENT (fuscus, dark, dusky, + escent), somewhat fuscous.

FUS´COUS (fuscus, dusky), brownish in color; brown or brown tinged with gray; dingy, not pure.

FU´SIFORM, FU´SOID (fusus, a spindle; forma, form), spindle-shaped.

GAMOGEN´ESIS (Gr—marriage, + generation), sexual reproduction.

GAS´TEROMYCE´TES, GAS´TROMYCE´TES (Gr—stomach, + mushroom), a group of Basidiomycetes in which the hymenium is enclosed in a sack-like envelope called the peridium.

GELAT´INOUS (gelatinosus, < gelatina, gelatine), jelly-like.

GENER´IC (genus, race, sort), pertaining to, of the nature of, or forming a mark of a genus; having the rank or classificatory value of a genus.

GENET´IC (Gr—generation), of or pertaining to origin or mode of production.

GE´NUS (pl. GEN´ERA) (L.—race, birth, origin, kind), a group of species having one or more characteristics in common; the union of several genera presenting the same features constitute a tribe.

GIB´BOUS (gibbus, hump-backed), in the form of a swelling; of a pileus e. g. which is more convex or tumid on one side than the other.

GILLS, the plates of an agaric on which the hymenium is situated; the lamellæ.

GIL´VOUS, isabelline; color of sole-leather.

GLA´BROUS (glaber, smooth), smooth, devoid of pubescence; a surface may be glabrous or smooth, and not even, or vice versa.

GLAIR (clarus, clear), any viscous transparent substance resembling white of an egg.

GLANDS, GLAN´DULES (glans, an acorn, dim. glandula, a gland), moist or sticky dots resembling the glands on the epidermis of phenogams.

GLAN´DULAR, bearing glands.

GLAUCES´CENT (glaucescen(t-)s, < glaucus, silvery, gleaming), inclining to glaucous.

GLAU´COUS (glaucus, silvery, gleaming), covered with a whitish-green bloom or very fine white powder easily rubbed off. Somewhat like that of cabbage.

GLE´BA (gleba, a clod), in Gastromycetes, spore-bearing tissue composed of chambers lined with the hymenium and enclosed by the sack-like peridium, as in puff-balls, etc.; in phalloids the peridium or volva ruptures and the gleba is carried up on the stem-like or clathrate receptacle.

GLO´BOSE, GLOB´ULAR, GLOB´ULOSE (globosus, round as a ball), nearly spherical.

GLU´TINOSE, Glu´tinous (glutinosus, gluey, viscous, < gluten, glue), covered with a sticky exudation; viscous; glue-like.

GONID´IUM (Gr—generation; seed), same as conidium; also preferably applied to the algal element of lichens.

GRAN´ULAR, GRAN´ULATE, GRAN´ULOSE (granula, dim. of granum, grain), covered with or composed of granules.

GRAN´ULE (granula, dim. of granum, grain), a little grain; a fine particle; a sporule found in all cryptogamic plants.

GRAY (griseus; cæsius; cinereus; canus; leucophæus), a color produced by the mixture of black and white. Various shades depending upon varying relative proportions of the components.

GREAVED (greve, the shin-bone), of a stem clothed like a leg in armor.

GREGA´RIOUS (gregarius, of a flock), of mushrooms not solitary but growing together in numbers in the same locality; in groups but not in a tufted manner.

GRU´MOUS (grumosus, < grumus, a little heap), clotted; of flesh e. g. composed of little clustered grains.

GUT´TATE (guttatus, < gutta, a tear), marked with tear-like spots or drops.

GUTT´ULA (pl. GUTTULÆ) (dim. of gutta, a drop), a small drop or drop-like particle; the oil-globule in some spores resembling a nucleus.

GUTT´ULATE, finely guttate; also, containing or composed of fine drops or drop-like particles; said of spores containing an oily nucleus-like globule or guttula.

GYMNOCAR´POUS (Gr—naked, Gr—fruit), having the hymenium exposed when the spores are maturing.

GY´RATE, GY´ROSE (Gr—a circle), circling in wavy folds; having folds resembling the convolutions of the brain.

HAB´ITAT (habitat, it dwells), natural abode of a vegetable species.

HAUSTO´RIUM (pl. HAUSTO´RIA) (haustor, a drawer, < haurire, pp. haustus, draw), special branch of filamentous mycelium, which serves as an organ of adhesion and suction.

HEMIANGIOCAR´POUS (hemi, half, + Gr—a vessel, a case), partly angiocarpous as those agarics where the hymenium is at first enclosed by a veil or otherwise and later becomes exposed.

HEPAT´IC (hepaticus, of the liver), pertaining to the liver, hence liver-colored; brownish-red.

HERBIC´OLOUS, growing on herbaceous plants.

HETEROGE´NEOUS (Gr—one of two), of a structure which is different from adjacent ones.

HIBERNAC´ULUM (pl. HIBERNAC´ULA) (winter residence, < hibernare, pass the winter), applied to bodies which are the forms in which certain fungi (e. g. Typhulæ) pass the winter.

HIRSUTE´ (hirsutus, rough, shaggy, bristly), hairy with stiff hairs.

HIR´TO-VER´RUCOSE, bearing hairs grouped in wart-like masses.

HIS´PID (hispidus, rough, shaggy, bristly), having strong hairs or bristles; bristly.

HOAR´Y, covered with short dense grayish-white hairs; canescent.

HOLO-, (Gr—entire, complete in all parts), a prefix signifying entire; whole.

HOMOGE´NEOUS (Gr—one and the same, + kind), similar in structure; of the same character.

HOST, the name given to any plant or animal supporting a parasitic fungus.

HOMOL´OGOUS (Gr—agreeing, correspondent), having the same relative position, proportion, value or structure; having correspondence or likeness.

HU´MUS (earth, ground, soil), vegetable mold; woody fiber in a state of decay.

HY´ALINE (Gr—clear), colorless; transparent; clear like glass.

HYGROMET´RIC (Gr—wet, moist, + a measure, + ic), readily absorbing and retaining moisture.

HYGROPH´ANOUS (Gr—moist; Gr—to show), of a watery appearance when moist and opaque when dry.

HYGROSCOP´IC, having the property of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere; sensitive to moisture.

HYME´NIUM (hymenial, belonging to the hymenium; Gr—a membrane), the fruit-bearing surface; e. g. covering intimately each side of the gills of an Agaric.

HY´MENOMYCE´TES (Gr—a mushroom, + Gr—a membrane), a group of Basidiomycetes having the hymenium on the free, exposed surface of the sporophore.

HY´MENOPHORE, HYMENOPH´ORUM (Gr—a membrane, + to bear), the structure which bears the hymenium; in Agarics e. g. the under surface of the pileus to which the gills are attached.

HY´PHA (pl. HY´PHÆ), the elementary filament or thread of a fungus; a cylindric thread-like branched body developing by apical growth, and usually becoming transversely septate.

HY´PHAL, of or pertaining to the hypha.

HYPOCRATER´IFORM (Gr—the stand of a crater, + forma, form), having the shape of a cylindrical cup the margin of which turns outward; salver-shaped.

HYPOGÆ´OUS, HYPOGE´AL, HYPOGE´OUS (hypogæous, underground), subterranean; forming below the surface of the ground.

HYPOG´ENOUS (Gr—under, + produced, + ous), growing on the under surface.

HYPOPHYL´LOUS (foltum, a leaf, + ous), growing on the under side of a leaf.

HYPOTHE´CIUM (Gr—under, a case), layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath a hymenium.

IDENTIFICATION, the determination of a genus and species to which a given specimen belongs.

IM´BRICATE, IM´BRICATED (imbricatus, pp. of imbricare, cover with gutter tiles; form like a gutter tile), to lay or lap one over another, like shingles.

IMMAR´GINATE (in, negative; marginatus, marginate), without a well-defined margin.

IMMERSED´ (immersus, pp. of immergere, dip or plunge into), sunk into the matrix; originating beneath the surface of the matrix or of the ground; growing wholly under water.

IMPER´FORATE (in, not, + perforatus, pp. of perforare, perforate), without any aperture.

INCANES´CENT (incanescen(t-)s, ppr. of incanescere, become gray or hoary), somewhat or slightly canescent.

INCAR´NATE (in, in, on, + caro (carn), flesh), flesh-colored.

INCISED´ (incisus, pp. incindere, cut into), appearing as if cut into; having marginal slits or notches.

INCRAS´SATED (incrassatus, pp. of incrassare, < in, in; crassare, make thick), becoming thicker by degrees, swelling or swollen.

INCRUS´TING (incrustare, cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta, a crust), forming a crust-like coating.

INDEHIS´CENT, applied to a peridium which does not open spontaneously at maturity; the spores within it becoming freed by its decay.

INDIF´FERENT, primitive, homogenous, not developed into parts or organs of different structure or function.

INDIG´ENOUS (indigena, a native), native of a country.

INDIGO BLUE, a dark blue-color like the indigo of commerce.

IN´DURATED (induratus, pp. of indurare, harden, < in, in, + durare, harden), hardened.

INDU´SIUM (L.—a tunic, < induere, put on), in certain phalloids, an appendage or veil hanging from the apex of the stem beneath the pileus.

INFE´RIOR (inferior, lower), growing below some other part; of the ring of an Agaric which is far down on the stem.

INFLA´TED, swollen like a bladder.

INFLEXED´ (inflexus, pp. inflexere, bent), bent inward.

INFUNDIB´ULIFORM (infundibulum, a funnel; forma, form), funnel-shaped.

INHIBIT´ION (inhibitio(n-), a restraining, < inhibere, restrain), the lowering of the action of a nervous mechanism by nervous impulses reaching it from a connected mechanism.

IN´NATE (innatus, pp. of innasci, < in, into; nascor, to be born), originating within the substance of the plant or matrix; appearing to be within or blending with the substance of a part.

INORGAN´IC, not produced by vital processes; not organic.

ISABELLA COLOR (alutaceus), a light grayish-cinnamon color, or light buff-brown.

INSER´TED (insertus, pp. inserere, to insert), growing like a graft from its stock; attached to or growing out of some other part.

INSITI´TIOUS (insitio, an ingrafting, < inserere, pp. insitus, sow or plant, ingraft), inserted.

INTER- (L.—in the midst, between, among, during), prefix signifying “between” or “among” or “during.”

INTER´CALARY, INTER´CALATED (intercalatus, pp. of intercalare, < inter, between, + calare, call), interposed; inserted between.

INTERCELL´ULAR (inter, between, + cellula, cellule, + ar), situated between the cells.

INTERRUPT´ED, said of any surface or series the continuity of which is broken.

INTER´STICES, spaces between any surfaces or things.

INTRA- (intra, within), prefix signifying “within.”

INTRACELL´ULAR, situated within a cell or cells.

INTRALAM´ELLAR, situated within or between the plates of the lamellæ (gills).

INTRAVENAL (intra, within, + vena, vein), situated or occurring within veins.

INTRODUCED´, applied to plants brought from another country and growing spontaneously.

INTUMES´CENT (intumescens, ppr. of intumescere, swell up), swelling up, becoming tumid.

INVAG´INATED (in, in, + vagina, a sheath), sheathed.

IN´VOLUTE (involutus, pp. involvere, to roll up), rolled inwards.

ISABEL´LINE, of the color of soiled linen or sole leather; alutaceous; brownish-yellow, yellowish-gray.

LA´BIATE (labiatus, lipped, < labium, lip), said of an aperture with distinct lip-like borders.

LABYRIN´THINE, LABYRIN´THIFORM (labyrinthus, labyrinth), characterized by intricate and sinuous lines; like a labyrinth.

LAC´CATE (laccatus, < lacca, lac), as if varnished or covered with a coat like sealing wax.

LAC´ERATE, LAC´ERATED, as if torn.

LACIN´IATE (laciniatus, < lacinia, a lappet), divided into flaps; irregularly cut into jagged edges, more regular and larger than fimbriate.

LACTES´CENT (lactescere, turn to milk), milk-bearing, provided with a milky juice.

LACU´NA (pl. LACU´NÆ) (lacuna, a pit, hollow, cavity, etc.), a pit or hollow, a gap; a vacancy caused by the admission, loss or obliteration of something necessary to continuity or completeness.

LACU´NOSE, LACU´NOUS (lacunosus, full of hollows, < lacuna, a pit), marked with small hollows, pitted; having or full of lac.

LAMEL´LA (pl. LAMEL´LÆ) (lamella, a thin piece of metal, wood), a gill or gills of mushrooms, on which the hymenium is extended.

LA´NATE (lanatus, woolly, < lana, wool), woolly; covered with a wool-like pubescence.

LAN´CEOLATE (lanceolatus, < lanceola, a little spear), lance-shaped; tapering to both ends.

LAT´ERAL, attached to or by one side.

LATERIC´EOUS, LATERIT´IOUS (latericeus, lateritius, consisting of bricks, < later, a brick), brick-colored.

LA´TEX (latex, liquid; ferre, bear), thick milky juice.

LATICIF´EROUS (latex, liquid, + ferre, bear), applied to the tubes containing latex, as in the Lactarii.

LAT´TICED, formed by interlacing and crossing lines or columns which leave open spaces between.

LAVENDER (lavendulaceus), a very pale purplish color, paler and more delicate than lilac.

LAX (laxus, loose, slack), not compact, limber, flaccid.

LEAD-COLOR (plumbeus), same as PLUMBEOUS.

LEMON-YELLOW (citreus, citrinus), a very pure light-yellow color, much like gamboge, but purer and richer.

LENTIC´ULAR, LEN´TIFORM (lenticularis, lentil-shaped, < lenticula, a lentil), shaped like a double convex lens; lentil-shaped.

LEP´IDOTE (Gr—scaly), scurfy with minute scales.

LEUCOS´PORÆ (Gr—white; Gr—seed), a group of fungi having white spores, hence leucospore, a white spore; leucosporous, having spores of a white color.

LEV´IGATE (levigatus, pp. of levigare, make smooth), having a polished surface.

LIG´NATILE (lignatilis, < lignum, wood), growing on wood.

LIG´NEOUS (ligneus, wooden), of woody texture.

LIG´ULATE (ligula, a tongue, strap, etc., + ate), strap-shaped, flattened like a strap.

LILAC, LILACEOUS (lilacinus, lilaceus), a light-purple color, like the flowers of the lilac.

LIN´EAR (linearis, < linea, a line), narrow and straight, slender.

LING´UIFORM, LING´ULATE (lingua, tongue), tongue-shaped.

LIVID (lividus, black-and-blue), bluish-black, like the black and blue of a bruise.

LOBED, LO´BATE (Gr—the lobe of an ear), having divisions which are large and rounded.

LOB´ULATE, having small lobes.

LOC´ULAR, LOC´ULATE, LOC´ULOSE, LOC´ULOUS (loculus, a box, cell), divided by internal partitions into loculi or cells.

LOC´ULUS (pl. LOC´ULI), a little chamber or cell.

LU´CID (lucidus, light, bright, clear), clear, transparent, bright.

LU´MEN (lumen, a window-light), the internal cavity or spaces in a cell or any tubular organ.

LU´RID (luridus, pale-yellow, wan, etc.), a color between purple, yellow and gray; livid.

LU´TEOUS (luteus), yellowish; more or less like buff or clay color.

LUTES´CENT (lutescen(t-)s, ppr. of lutescere, turn to mud, < lutum, mud), yellowish.

MACRO- (Gr—long), in composition “large” or “long.”

MAC´ULATE, MAC´ULAR, MAC´ULOSE (maculatus, pp. of maculare, spot, speckle), spotted.

MAM´MIFORM (mamma, a breast; forma, form), breast-shaped; mastoid; teat-like.

MAR´GINAL VEIL, a horizontal membrane extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem; found in Hymenomycetes.

MAR´GINATE, having a well-defined border.

MAROON (atro-purpureus, atro-coccineus), a rich brownish-crimson, nearly like the pigment called purple madder; claret color.

MA´TRIX (matrix, a womb), the substance upon or in which a fungus grows.

MAUVE (malvaceus, malvinus), a light tint of violet. (Aniline violet + white.)

MEDIAL (medialis, < medius, the middle), applied to ring when situated about at the middle of stem.

MEDUL´LA (medulla, marrow, pith, kernel, < medius, middle), pith, marrow, kernel; inner substance as distinguished from outer or cortical layer or layers.

MED´ULLARY, composed of or pertaining to a medulla.

MEGA- (Gr—great, large), prefix signifying “great.”

MELANOS´PORÆ (Gr—black, —seed), a group of fungi having black spores.

MEMBRANA´CEOUS (membranaceus, of skin or membrane, < membrana, skin, membrane), pertaining to, or of the nature of, skin, membrane; membranaceous; thin, rather soft and pliable.

MERIS´MOID (merisma, from Gr—to divide, + —form), applied to pileus which is subdivided into many smaller pilei; resembling a Merisma; having a branched or laciniate pileus.

MES´OPOD (Gr—middle, + —foot), plant having a central stem.

MICA´CEOUS (micaceus, < mica, mica), covered with glistening mica-like particles.

MI´CRON, MI´KRON, [Greek: m];, microscopic unit of measure; 1⁄1000 of a millimeter; nearly .00004 inch; to convert inches to microns, approximately, divide by .00004; represented by the Greek letter [Greek: m], following the number.

MILLIMETER, MM. (mille, a thousand, + meter), the thousandth part of a meter, equal to 0.03937 inch or nearly, 1⁄25 inch. It is denoted by mm., as 25.4 mm. is 1 inch.

MIN´IATE (miniatus, pp. of miniare, color with red lead, < minium, red lead), vermilion-colored; of a bright, vivid red color.

MI´TRATE, MIT´RIFORM (mitra, a miter), miter-shaped, bonnet-shaped.

MOLD, MOULD, fine soft earth; a general term to describe certain fungus growths of a low type.

MONIL´IFORM (monile, necklace; forma, form), contracted at intervals in the length like a string of beads.

MONOS´TICHOUS (Gr—single, + —a line), arranged in one row.

MON´STROUS, of unnatural formation; deviating greatly from the natural form or structure (has no reference to size).

MORPHOLOG´IC, MORPHOLOG´ICAL, of or pertaining to morphology.

MORPHOL´OGY (Gr—form, + —speak), the science of organic form; the science of of outer form and internal structure.

MOTHER-CELL, a cell from which another is derived.

MOUSE-GRAY (murino-griseus; murinus). (Lamp-black + white + sepia.)

MOV´ABLE, applied to a ring which has separated from the stem and can be moved up and down.

MUCED´INOUS (mucedo, mucus), having the character of or resembling mold or mildew.

MU´CID (mucidus, moldy, < mucere, be moldy or musty, < mucus, mucus), musty, moldy, slimy.

MUCILAG´INOUS (mucilago, a moldy, musty juice, + ous), slimy, ropy, slightly viscid, soft, moist.

MU´COUS (mucosus, slimy, < mucus, slime), pertaining to mucus, or resembling it; slimy, ropy, lubricous.

MU´CRO (L.—a sharp point, esp. of a sword), a short and abrupt point of a leaf or other organ.

MU´CRONATE (mucronatus, pointed, < mucro, a sharp point), tipped with an abrupt, sharp short point.

MULTI- (multus, much, many), in composition “many.”

MUL´TIFID (multifidus, many-cleft), having many divisions.

MULTIPAR´TITE (multipartitus, much divided), divided into many parts.

MULTISEP´TATE (as if multiseptatus, < multus, many, + septum, a partition), divided by many partitions.

MU´RICATE (muricatus, pointed), rough with short hard points.

MURIC´ULATE (muriculatus, dim. of muricatus, pointed), finely muricate.

MU´RIFORM (murus, wall, + forma, shape), resembling the arrangement of the bricks in the walls of a house; said of spores having septa at right angles to each other.

MU´RINE, MU´RINOUS (murinus, of a mouse), mouse-colored.

MUSH´ROOM, a cryptogamic plant of the class fungi: applied in a general sense to almost any of the larger, conspicuous fungi, such as toadstools, puff-balls, hydnei, etc., but more particularly to the agaricoid fungi and especially to the edible forms.

MU´TUALISM, symbiosis of two organisms living together and mutually helping and supporting each other.

MYC, MYCET, MYCETO, MYCO, prefix signifying “fungus.”

MYCE´LIAL, of or pertaining to mycelium.

MYCE´LIUM (Gr—a fungus, + an excrescence), spawn of fungi resulting from the germination of spores; in agarics e. g. forming root-like threads; the weft of threads from which the mushroom arises.

MYCE´LIOID, like mycelium.

MYC´ELOID, like a fungus.

MYCETOL´OGY (Gr—a fungus, + —speak), mycology.

MYCOLOG´ICAL, relating to fungi.

MYCOL´OGIST, one who is versed in mycology.

MYCOL´OGY (Gr—a fungus, + —speak), the science of fungi, their structure, classification, etc.

MYCOPH´AGIST, one who eats fungi.

MYCOPH´AGY (Gr—a fungus, + —eat), the eating of fungi.

NA´KED, bare; without covering of any kind, as of an enveloping membrane, pruinose, farinaceous or furfuraceous particles, tomentum, fragments of volva or veil, etc.

NAP´IFORM (napus, a turnip, + forma, form), turnip-shaped.

NARROW, of a very slight vertical width.

NAS´CENT (nascen(t)s, ppr. of nasci, be born), in the earliest rudimentary condition; beginning to exist or to grow.

NAT´URALIZED, said of a plant of foreign origin which thrives as if indigenous.

NAVIC´ULAR, NAVICULOID (navicula, a small ship or boat), boat-shaped; scaphoid.

NETTED, covered with projecting, reticulated lines.

NIGRES´CENT, NIG´RICANT (nigrescen(t-)s, ppr. of nigrescere, become black, grow dark), becoming black, also blackish, dusky, fuscous.

NIT´ID, NIT´IDUS (nitidus, shining, bright, < nitere, to shine), lustrous, shining, polished.

NI´VEOUS (niveus, snowy, < nix, snow), snow-white.

NOD´ULE (nodulus, a little knot, dim. of nodus, a knot), a little knot or lump.

NOD´ULOSE, NOD´ULOUS (nodulosus, < nodulus, a little knot), having little swellings, knotty.

NON-, not; prefix giving a negative sense to words.

NU´CLEATE, NU´CLEATED (nucleatus, having a kernel), having a nucleus or nuclei.

NUCLE´OLUS (pl. NUCLEI) (nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, a little nut), sharply defined point often seen in the nucleus.

NU´CLEUS (pl. NU´CLEI) (nucleus, a little nut, kernel, stone of a fruit); the central, highly differentiated mass of protoplasm in a spore or other cells of a fungus, controlling cell division and reproduction, functionally the most important portion of a cell, for in it the process of cell division begins; sometimes improperly applied to the oil globules or guttulæ and the vacuoles within some spores.

OB-, in composition “inversely.”

OBCLA´VATE (as if obclavatus, < ob, from; clava, a club), inversely club-shaped.

OBCON´IC, OBCON´ICAL (ob; conus, a cone), inversely conical.

OBCOR´DATE (ob; cordatus, heart-shaped), like an inverted heart.

OBESE´ (obesus, fat), stout, plump.

OB´LIGATE-PARASITE, can only grow as a parasite; see facultative parasite.

OB´LIGATE-SAPROPHYTE, can only grow as a saprophyte. See FACULTATIVE SAPROPHYTE.

OB´LONG, two or three times longer than broad, with nearly parallel sides.

OBO´VATE, inversely ovate, having the broad end upward or toward the apex.

OBPYR´IFORM (ob + pyriform, pear-shaped), inversely pear-shaped.

OB´SOLETE, indistinct, very imperfectly developed; hardly perceptible.

OBTUSE´, blunt or rounded.

OCHRA´CEOUS, O´CHEROUS, O´CHREOUS, O´CHROID, O´CHRY, O´CHROUS, O´CHERY (ochre, ocher, + aceous), ocher-yellow; brownish-yellow.

OCHRA´CEOUS-RUFOUS (ochraceo-rufus). (Yellow ocher + burnt sienna + light red.)

OCHRE YELLOW (ochraceo-flavus). The color of the pigment called yellow ocher.

OCHROS´PORÆ (Gr—pale yellow), a group of fungi having ocher or brown-colored spores.

OLEAG´INOUS (oleum, oil), oily or oil-like.

OLIVA´CEOUS, OLIVE (olivaceus, olivinus), a greenish-brown color like that of olives (Sepia + light zinnober-green.)

OLIVE-BUFF (olivaceo-luteus). (Yellow ocher + cobalt-blue + white.)

OLIVE-GREEN (olivaceo-viridis), a peculiar color, produced by the mixture of yellow and gray, resulting in a tint somewhat between olive and dull yellowish-green.

OLIVE-YELLOW (olivaceo-flavus). (Light-cadmium + black + white.)

OPAQUE´, OPAKE´, mostly used in the sense of dull, not shining.

OPER´CULUM (operculum, a lid, cover, < operire, cover, shut, conceal), a lid-like cover.

ORANGE (aurantius), a deep reddish-yellow like the rind of an orange.

ORANGE-RUFOUS (aurantio-rufus). (Neutral-orange or cadmium-orange + light-red.)

ORANGE-YELLOW (aurantio-flavus), a color intermediate between orange and yellow.

ORBIC´ULAR (orbicularis, < orbiculus, a little disk), having the form of an orb; having the shape of a flat body nearly circular in outline.

ORDER, the most important unit of classification above the genus.

ORGAN´IC, pertaining to either living or dead animal or vegetable organism.

OS´MOSE (osmosis, thrust, push, impel), the impulse or tendency of fluids to pass through membranes and mix or become diffused through each other.

OSMO´SIS (Gr—impulsion, pushing), the diffusion of fluids through membranes; see osmose.

OSMOT´IC, of or pertaining to or characterized by osmose.

OS´TIOLE, OSTI´OLUM (ostiolum, a little door), mouth of the perithecium; orifice through which the spores are discharged.

O´VATE (ovatus, egg-shaped), egg-shaped; having a figure the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg.

O´VOID (ovum, egg, + Gr—form), egg-shaped; used to describe solids.

PALES´CENT, inclining to paleness; becoming pallid.

PAL´LID, pale, undecided color.

PAL´UDINE, PALU´DINOUS, PAL´UDOSE, PALUS´TRINE (palus (palud-), a swamp), growing in marshes or swamps.

PAPIL´IONA´CEOUS (papilio(n-), butterfly), variegated; mottled; marked with different colors; as the lamellæ of some species of Panæolus mottled with black spores.

PAPIL´LA (pl. PAPIL´LÆ) (papilla, a nipple, a teat, also a bud, pimple, dim. of papula, a pustule), a small nipple-shaped elevation.

PAP´ILLATE (papillatus, < papilla, a nipple), furnished with one or more nipple-like elevations.

PAPIL´LIFORM, PAPIL´LÆFORM, shaped like a papilla.

PAPYRA´CEOUS (papyraceus, < papyrus, paper), parchment; resembling the material covering a hornet’s nest; pergamentous.

PARAPH´YSIS (pl. PARAPH´YSES) (Gr—an off-shoot), slender, thread-like bodies growing with the asci; sterile cells usually club-shaped found with the reproductive cells of some plants.

PAR´ASITE (Gr—one who eats at another’s table, a guest), a plant growing on or in another living body from which it derives all or part of its nourishment.

PARASIT´IC, growing on and deriving support from another plant.

PAREN´CHYMA (Gr—the peculiar tissue of the lungs, liver, kidney and spleen), the fundamental cellular tissue of plants composed of thin walled, approximately isodiametric cells; absent in fungi. See PSEUDOPARENCHYMA and PROSENCHYMA.

PARENCHYM´ATOUS, pertaining to, containing, consisting of or resembling parenchyma.

PA´RIES (pl. PARI´ETIES), wall of a cavity or capsule.

PARI´ETAL (parietalis, belonging to walls, < paries (pariet-), a wall), pertaining to or arising from a wall.

PAR´TIAL (partialis, divisible, solitary, < pars, a part), secondary; of a veil clothing the stem and reaching to the edge of the pileus, but not extending beyond it; marginal.

PAT´ELLATE (patella, a small pan or dish, a plate), shaped like a dish.

PATELL´IFORM (patella, a pan, dish; forma, form), having the shape of a patella or knee pan.

PATENT (paten(t)s, ppr. patere, lie open), spreading, diverging widely.

PEA GREEN, a pale, dull green color like the color of green pea pods.

PEARL BLUE, a very pale, purplish-blue color.

PEARL GRAY (margaritaceus), a very pale, delicate, blue-gray color.

PEC´TINATE (pectinatus, comb-like, pp. pectinare, < pecten, a comb), with narrow teeth, arranged as in a comb.

PED´ICEL (pediculus, a little foot), foot stalk; any short, very small, stem-like stalk.

PED´ICELLATE (pedicellus, dim. of pediculus, a little foot), having a pedicel or little foot stalk.

PEL´LICLE (pellicula, a small skin, dim. of pellis, skin), a little or thin skin, a cuticle; same as cortical layer and cuticle.

PELLIC´ULOSE (pelliculosus, < pellicula, dim. of pellis, skin), furnished with a pellicle or distinct skin.

PELLU´CID (pellucidus, perlucidus, transparent, < pellucere, perlucere, shine through, be transparent), admitting the passage of light, transparent, translucent.

PEL´TATE (peltatus, armed with a light shield, < pelta, a light shield), formed like a shield and fixed to the stalk by the center, or by some point distinctly within the margin.

PEN´CILED (pencillum, a painter’s brush), marked with fine lines; with pencil-like hairs either on the tip or border.

PEN´DULOUS, hanging down.

PEN´ICILLATE (penicillus, a pencil), pencil-shaped; having a tuft of short hairs resembling a camel’s-hair brush.

PEREN´NIAL (perennis, lasting the year through, < per, through, + annus, year), continuing growth from year to year.

PERGAME´NEOUS (pergamena, parchment, + eous), like parchment.

PERICLI´NAL (Gr—sloping on all sides + al), said of wall cells or any lines when parallel with the outer surface.

PERIDI´OLUM (dim. of peridium), a secondary or interior peridium containing a hymenium.

PERID´IUM (pl. PERID´IA) (Gr—a pouch, wallet), the outer enveloping coat of the sporophore in angiocarpous fungi, as in puff-balls.

PERIPH´ERAL, of, belonging to or situated on the periphery.

PERIPH´ERY (peripheria, the line around a circle, circumference, part of a circle), the exterior surface of any body.

PER´ISTOME (peristomium, around a mouth), toothed or variously shaped ring around the mouth or orifice for discharge of spores in a peridium.

PERITHE´CIUM (pl. PERITHE´CIA) (Gr—a lid), cup-shaped ascocarp with the margin incurved so as to form a narrow, mouthed cavity; the case or hollow shell which contains the spores.

PER´ONATE (peronatus, < pero, a kind of high boot), sheathed, booted; said of the stem when it has a boot-like or stocking-like covering.

PERSIS´TENT, enduring, continuing without withering, decaying or falling off.

PER´SONATE (personatus, masked, < persona, mask), masked or disguised in any way.

PER´VIOUS (pervius, passable; < per, through; via, a way), having an open tube-like passage.

PEZI´ZOID, resembling a Peziza.

PI´LEATE (pileatus, capped, bonneted), having a cap or pileus.

PILE´OLUS (pl. PILEOLI) (pileolus, dim. of pileus, a hat), secondary pileus, arising from the division of a primary pileus; a little pileus.

PI´LEUS (pl. PI´LEI) (pileus, a hat), a part of the receptacle of a fungus, e. g. the cap-like heads of agarics; it may be stipitate, sessile, dimidiate, regular or irregular in form.

PILIF´EROUS, PILIG´EROUS, PI´LOSE, PI´LOUS (pilus, hair, + ferre, bear), covered with hair, especially with fine or soft hair.

PI´LOSE (pilosus, < pilus, a hair), covered with hairs; furry.

PINK (caryophyllaceus), a dilute, rose-red color.

PINKISH-BUFF (caryophyllaceo-luteus). (Yellow-ocher + light-red + white.)

PINKISH-VINACEOUS (caryophyllaceo-vinaceus). (Indian-red + white.)

PIP-SHAPED, the shape of an apple seed.

PI´SIFORM (pisum, a pea, + forma, form), pea-shaped.

PITH (pit, marrow, kernel), central stuffing in some stems.

PITS (puteus, a well, a pit), depressions in tubes or cells resembling pores; applied also to hollow depressions in the surface of the cap of the Morell.

PIT´TED, covered with pits or small depressions.

PLACEN´TIFORM (placenta, placenta, + forma, form), in the form of a thickened circular disk depressed in the middle, both above and below.

PLANE, having a flat surface.

PLI´CATE (plicatus, fold, bend), folded like a fan; plaited.

PLUM´BEOUS (plumbeus), a deep, bluish-gray color like tarnished lead; lead-color. (Lamp-black + intense blue + white.)

PLU´MOSE, PLU´MOUS (plumosus, full of feathers or down), feathery or feathered.

PLURI-, prefixed has the significance of “many.”

PNEUMOGAS´TRIC (Gr—lung, + —stomach), pertaining to the lungs and stomach, or to the functions of respiration and digestion; in anatomy noting several nervous structures.

POC´ULIFORM (poculum, cup, + forma, form), cup-shaped.

POLY-, a prefix meaning “many.”

POLYG´ONAL, having many angles.

POLYMOR´PHISM, POL´YMORPHY, existence in or exhibition by the same species or group of different types of structure.

POLYMOR´PHOUS (Gr—multiform, manifold), varying much in appearance, form or structure in the same species or group; characterized by polymorphism.

POLYS´TICHOUS (Gr—many, +—row, line), arranged in many rows.

PORE (porus, a pore), in Pyrenomycetes same as ostiole; in Hymenomycetes same as tubulus or tube, as the tubules of Polypores; also the mouth of a tubulus.

PO´RIFORM (porus, a pore; forma, form), in the form of pores.

PO´ROSE, PO´ROUS (porosus, < porus, a pore), furnished with pores or tubules; pierced with small holes.

PORPHYROS´PORE (Gr—purple, +—seed), a group of fungi having purple spores.

PORRECT´ (porrectus, pp. of porrigere, stretch out before, reach out, extend, < por, forth, + regere, stretch, direct), extended forward; stretched forth horizontally.

POSTE´RIOR (posterior, compar. of posterus, coming after, etc.), denotes a position or under side of the pileus adjacent to the stem; the end of a lamella next the stem is the posterior end.

PREMORSE´ (premorsus, pp. of premordere, bite in front or at the end), having the apex irregularly truncate as if bitten or broken off.

PRIMOR´DIAL (primordium, pl. primordia, origin, beginning), first formed; existing from the beginning.

PRIMOR´DIUM (L.—commonly in pl. primordia, the beginnings, < primus, first, + ordiri, begin), first beginning of any structure.

PRIMROSE-YELLOW (primulaceo-flavus), a very delicate pale-yellow, of a more creamy tint than sulphur-yellow. (Pale cadmium + white.)

PROC´ESS, an outgrowth or projection from a surface.

PROCUM´BENT (procumben(t-)s, ppr. of procumbere, fall forward or prostrate, < pro, forward, + cumbere, cubare, lie), prostrate; unable to support itself, therefore lying on the ground.

PROJEC´TING, the anterior end jutting out beyond the margin.

PROLIF´EROUS (proles, offspring; fero, to bear), applied to an organ which gives rise to secondary ones of the same kind.

PRO´TEAN (Gr—the name of a sea-god), exceedingly variable; changeable in form.

PRO´TEID, albuminoid.

PROTO- (Gr—first), an element in compound words of Greek origin meaning “first” and denoting precedence in time, rank and degree.

PROTOBASID´IUM, basidium divided by transverse septa into four cells, each giving rise to a spore from a laterally inserted sterigma, or a basidium divided longitudinally by septa intersecting each other at right angles into four cells terminating in a long, tubular sterigma.

=Pro´toplasm= (Gr—first, + anything formed or molded), the nitrogenous fluid of variable composition found in living cells; it is the vital substance into which all food is assimilated, and from which all parts of the plant are formed.

PROX´IMAL (proximus, nearest), pertaining to the base or extremity of attachment.

PRU´INATE, PRU´INOSE (as if pruinatus, pruina, hoar-frost), covered with a bloom or powder so as to appear as if frosted.

PRUN´IFORM (prunum, a plum; forma, form), plum-shaped.

PSEUDO (Gr—false, counterfeit, etc.), prefix signifying “false” or “spurious.”

PSEUDO-PAREN´CHYMA, a fungus tissue formed of closely woven and felted hyphal threads, which on section has the appearance of the cellular structure of true parenchyma.

PUBES´CENCE (pubescen(t-) + ce), general term to describe hairyness; specifically covered with short, soft, downy hairs.

PUBES´CENT (pubes, of mature age), covered with soft, short hairs, downy; hairy.

PULLULA´TION (pullulare, pp. pullulatus, pullulate), a mode of cell multiplication in which a cell forms a protuberance on one side which enlarges to size of parent cell and is cut-off from it by a dividing wall; sprouting; budding.

PULVERA´CEOUS, PULVER´ULENT (pulvis (pulver), dust, powder), covered as if with powder or dust.

PUL´VINATE (pulvinatus, < pulvinus, a cushion), cushion-shaped.

PUNC´TATE (punctatus, < punctus, a point), dotted with points.

PUNC´TIFORM (punctum, point; forma, form), like a point or dot.

PUS´TULAR, PUS´TULATE (pustulatus, pp. of pustulare, to blister, < pustula, a blister, pimple), having low elevations shaped like blisters or pustules.

PUTRES´CENT, soon decaying.

PYR´IFORM (pyrum, a pear; forma, form), pear-shaped.

QUAD-, QUADRI- (quadru, four-cornered, square, fourfold, < quattuor, four), prefix signifying “four.”

QUAD´RATE (quadratus, square, pp. of quadrare, make four-cornered, square, < quadra, a square), square; sometimes used to mean “of four equal parts.”

QUATER´NATE (quaternatus, < quaterni, four each), arranged in groups of four.

RA´DIATE, RA´DIATING (radiatus, pp. of radiare, furnish with spokes, give out rays, shine), arranged like the spokes of a wheel.

RAD´ICATING (radicatus, pp. of radicare, take root), rooting; having root-like strands which penetrate the matrix.

RAD´ICLE (radicula, dim. of radix, a root), a rootlet.

RA´MEAL, RA´MEOUS (rameus, a branch), growing on twigs or branches.

RAMIC´ULOUS, growing on branches.

RAM´IFICATION (ramificare, ramify), branching, or the manner of branching.

RAM´IFY (ramus, a branch, + ficare, < facere, make), to form branches.

RA´MOSE, RA´MOUS (ramosus, full of branches), having many small branches.

RECEP´TACLE, RECEPTAC´ULUM (receptaculum, place to receive things in), a part of the mushroom extremely varied in form, consistency and size, enclosing the organs of reproduction; usually implying a hollowed-out body containing other bodies; same as STROMA; same as SPOROPHORE; in Phalloids the stem, stem and pileus, or the clathrate body which supports the gleba.

REFLEXED´, REFLEC´TED (reflexus, pp. of reflectere, reflect), turned or bent back.

REMOTE´ (remotus, pp. removere, remove), of gills which do not reach the stem, but leave a free space between them and it.

REN´IFORM (ren, the kidney; forma, form), kidney-shaped.

REPAND´ (repandus, bent backward), bent or turned up or back; having a slightly undulating or sinuous margin.

REP´LICATE (replicatus, pp. of replicare, fold or bend back), folded back upon itself as when the margin of a cup turns outward and downward.

RESU´PINATE (resupinatus, pp. of resupinare, throw on the back), attached to the matrix by the back, the hymenium facing outward; said of fungi spread over the matrix without any stem and with the hymenium upwards.

RETIC´ULATE, RE´TIFORM (reticulatus, < reticulum, a little net), marked with crossed lines like the meshes of a net.

REV´OLUTE (revolutus, pp. of revolvere, revolved), rolled backwards or upwards; of the margin of a pileus e.g. the opposite of involute.

RHI´ZINES, RHI´ZOIDS (Gr—root, +), delicate filiform hyphal branches which serve to attach the sporophore to the substratum and supply nourishment.

RI´MOSE, RI´MOUS (rimosus, rima, a crack), cracked, full of clefts.

RHI´ZOMORPHS (Gr—root, + L.—forma, form), long, branching or anastomosing, rigid, root-like cords of mycelium with a dark or black exterior, often growing between the bark and timber or about and penetrating the roots of dead and living trees, produced by Agaricus melleus and various other fungi.

RHIZOMOR´PHOID (Gr—root, + form), root-like in form.

RHODOSPO´RÆ (Gr—rose, + seed), rose or pink spores.

RIM´ULOSE, RIM´ULOUS (rimula, a little crack), covered with small cracks.

RIND, cortex; bark.

RING, a part of the veil adhering in the form of a ring to the stem of an agaric; same as annulus.

RI´VOSE (rivus, a stream, channel, groove), marked with furrows which do not run in parallel directions.

RIV´ULOSE (rivulosus, < rivula, a little stream), marked with lines like rivulets.

ROOT´ING, same as radicating.

ROSACEOUS (rosaceus, pallidoroseus, caryophyllaceus), a very pure purplish-pink color, like some varieties of roses.

ROSE-RED (roseus, rosaceo-ruber), the purest possible purplish-red color.

ROS´TRATE (rostratus, having a beak, hook or crooked point, rostrum, a beak), beaked; having a process resembling the beak of a bird.

ROTUND´, round or nearly so.

RUBES´CENT (rubescents, ppr. of rubescere, become red, < rubere, be red), tending to a red-color.

RUBIG´INOUS (rubiginosus, < rubigo, rust), rust-colored.

RUFES´CENT (rufescere, to become reddish), tending to rufous or a dull red color.

RUF´FLED, very strongly undulate.

RU´FOUS (rufus), a brownish-red color like the pigment called Venetian-red, light red, Indian-red, red chalk, etc., which represents various shades of rufous. The typical shade is light red.

RU´GOSE (rugosus, < ruga, a wrinkle), wrinkled.

RU´GULOSE (rugula, dim. of ruga, a wrinkle), minutely rugose.

RUN´CINATE (runcina, a plane), irregularly saw-toothed, the divisions or teeth hooked backward.

RUSSET (russatus), a bright tawny-brown color with a tinge of rusty.

SAB´ULINE, SAB´ULOSE (sabulum, sand, + ine), growing in sandy places.

SAC´CATE (saccus, a bag), in the form of a sack or pouch.

SAC´CHARINE (saccharon, sugar), of or resembling sugar, covered with shining grains like those of sugar.

SAC´CULE, SAC´CULUS (sacculus, dim. of saccus, a bag), a small sack or pouch.

SALMON-COLOR (salmonaceus) (carneus), a color intermediate between flesh color and orange, like the flesh of the salmon. (Saturn red or orange chrome + white.)

SANGUIN´EOUS (sanguineus, of blood, bloody), blood-colored; of a deep, somewhat brownish-red color; like the color of clotted blood.

SAP´ID (sapidus, having taste, savory, < sapere, have a taste), agreeable to the taste.

SAPROG´ENOUS (Gr—rotten, + Gr—producing), growing in decaying or decomposing animal or vegetable matter.

SAP´ROPHYTE (Gr—rotten, + Gr—a plant), a plant that lives on decaying vegetable or animal matter.

SAPROPHYT´IC, living upon and deriving its sustenance from dead organic matter.

SCA´BRATE, SCA´BROUS (scabrosus, < scaber, rough), rough on the surface; rugged.

SCALAR´IFORM (scalaria, a flight of steps; forma, form), in the form of a ladder.

SCAPH´OID (Gr—like a bowl or boat, + Gr—form), boat-shaped.

SCA´RIOSE, SCA´RIOUS (scariosus, from scaria, a thorny shrub), thin, dry, membranaceous; applied to a shriveled membrane.

SCIS´SILE (scissilis, to cleave), capable of being easily split or cleft; said of gills which can easily be split into two plates.

SCLERIT´IC, SCLE´ROID, SCLE´ROSE, SCLE´ROSED (Gr—hard, rough, harsh), having a hard texture.

SCLERO´TIOID (Gr—hard, + resemblance), in the form of a sclerotium; a form assumed by the mycelium of certain fungi.

SCLERO´TIUM (pl. SCLEROTIA) (Gr—hard), hard, black, compact, mostly tuber-like body, which is the resting stage of certain fungi, as in Peziza tuberosa; it remains dormant for a time and then sends up shoots, which develop into sporophores at the expense of the reserve material.

SCROBIC´ULATE (scrobiculatus, < scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis, a trench), marked with small pits; furrowed.

SCRUPOSE, rough with small irregular prominences.

SCU´TELLATE (scutellatus, < scutella, a salver, dish), shaped like a plate or platter.

SECTION, a cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation, etc.

SEMI-, prefix meaning “half” or “partial.”

SEP´ARABLE (separabilis, that can be separated, < separare, separate), capable of being detached.

SEP´ARATING, becoming detached, as lamellæ from the stem, or resupinate fungi from the matrix.

SE´PIA, a deep, dark-brown color, with a little red in its composition. The pigment called sepia is a carbonaceous matter, prepared from the natural ink of a species of cuttle-fish.

SEP´TATE (septum, a fence), having partitions.

SEP´TUM (pl. SEPTA) (septum, a fence), partition.

SE´RIATE (seriatus, pp. of seriare, arrange in a series), arranged in rows.

SERIC´EOUS (sericum, silk), silky.

SER´RATE (serratus, saw-shaped), having marginal teeth shaped like saw teeth.

SER´RULATE (serrulatus, < serrula, dim. of serra, a saw), minutely serrate.

SES´SILE (sessilis, < sessus, pp. sedere, sit), attached by the base; having no stem or support.

SE´TA (pl. SE´TÆ) (seta, a bristle), a stiff-bristle-like hair.

SETA´CEOUS, SETIG´EROUS, SE´TOSE (seta, bristle), beset with bristles.

SE´TOSE (setosus, abounding in bristles), bristly.

SET´ULOSE (setula + ose), finely setose; covered with setules.

SIG´MOID (Gr—of the shape of a sigma), said of an elongated spore having the ends bent slightly in opposite directions; S-shaped.

SIMPLE, in botany not formed by a union of similar parts or groups of parts; a simple stem or trunk is one not divided at the base.

SIN´UATE, SIN´UOSE, SIN´UOUS (sinuatus, pp. sinuare, < sinus, a curve), waved; serpentine; applied to an edge the outline of which is alternately concave and convex; a sinuate lamella has a sudden wave or sinus in its edge near the stem.

SI´NUS (sinus, the fold of a garment, a curve, hollow), a rounded inward curve between two projecting lobes.

SLATE-COLOR (schistaceus), a dark gray or blackish gray color, less bluish in tint than plumbeous or lead color.

SMOKE-GRAY (fumidio-canus). (Black + white + raw umber.)

SMOOTH, glabrous; applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs; a surface may be uneven and yet smooth.

SOR´DID (sordidus, dirty, filthy, mean, < sordere, be dirty), of a dingy, dirty hue.

SPADIC´EOUS (spadiceus, < spadix, a palm branch), date-brown, duller and darker than bay-brown.

SPATH´ULATE, SPAT´ULATE (spathula, dim. of spatha, a broad, flat instrument for stirring liquids), shaped like a spathula or spoon; oblong or rounded and flattened at the top with a long, narrow, attenuate base.

SPE´CIES, an individual, or collectively those individuals which differ specifically from all other members of a genus and which do not differ from each other except within narrow limits of variability, and which produce by propagation other individuals of the same kind.

SPECIF´IC (species, kind, + ficus, < facere, make), of, pertaining to, constituting, peculiar to, characteristic of, designating species or a species; not generic, not of wider application than to a species.

SPHAG´NUM (Gr—a kind of moss), peat or bog moss.

SPHER´ICAL, SPHE´ROID, of the shape of a ball or globe or nearly so.

SPIC´ULAR, SPIC´ULATE, SPIC´ULOUS (spicule + ar), covered with spicules.

SPIC´ULE (spicula, a little sharp point), in Hymenomycetes one of the small projections on the basidia which bear the spores.

SPIN´ULE (spinula, dim. of spina, a thorn), a small spine or prickle.

SPORAN´GIOPHORE (sporangium + Gr—bear), special mycelial branch bearing a sporangium.

SPORAN´GIUM (pl. SPORANGIA) (spora, a spore, + Gr—vessels), sac producing spores endogenously.

SPORE (Gr—a sowing, seed time, seed, etc.), the reproductive body of cryptogams analogous to the seed of phenogams; the terms spores, sporidia, sporules and conidia have been applied somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies.

SPORIDIF´ERA, a class of fungi in which the spores are enclosed in asci.

SPORIDIF´EROUS, SPORIDIIF´EROUS (sporidium, + ferre, bear), bearing sporidia; applied to a fungus of the class Sporidifera.

SPORID´IUM (pl. SPORID´IA) (dim. of Gr—spore), an ascospore or endospore. See SPORE.

SPORIF´ERA, a class of fungi in which the spores are free, naked or soon exposed.

SPORIF´EROUS (spora, spore + ferre, bear), bearing spores; applied to a fungus of the class Sporifera.

SPO´ROCARP (spora, spore, + Gr—fruit), in Ascomycetes the entire fruit, composed of the ascophore and the asci.

SPOROG´ENOUS (spora, spore, + Gr—producing), producing spores.

SPO´ROPHORE (spora, spore), branch or portion of thallus which bears spores or spore-mother-cells; said to be simple or filamentous when consisting of a single hypha or branch of a hypha; compound, when formed by the cohesion of the ramifications of separate hyphal branches (the common mushroom is a compound sporophore.)

SPORT, an animal or plant, or any part of one that varies suddenly or singularly from the normal type of structure, and is usually of transient character or not perpetuated; not so much deformed as “monster.”

SPO´RULE, see under SPORE.

SQUA´MA (pl. SQUA´MÆ) (squama, a scale), a scale or scale-like appendage.

SQUA´MOSE, SQUA´MOUS (squamosus, < squama, a scale), covered with appressed scales; scale-like.

SQUAM´ULA, SQUAM´ULE (dim. of squama, a scale), a small squama.

SQUAM´ULOSE (squamulosus, < squamula, dim. of squama, a scale), covered with small scales.

SQUAR´ROSE (squarrosus, scaly), rough with scales; roughened with projecting points.

STALK, stipe; any stem-like supporting organ.

STEL´LATE (stellatus, pp. of stellare, set or cover with stars, < stella, star), star-shaped.

STERIG´MA (pl. STERIGMATA) (Gr— a prop, support), stalk-like branch of a basidium bearing a spore.

STER´ILE, not fertile; producing no spores.

STIPE (L.—a stock, trunk, post, etc.), stalk of a mushroom.

STIP´ITATE (stipitatus, < stipes, a stalk), stemmed, elevated on a stipe.

STO´MA (pl. STO´MATA) (Gr—the mouth, opening, entrance, out-let, etc.), a mouth or aperture; little orifices in the epidermis of leaves, etc., opening into air cavities or intercellular spaces.

STRAIGHT, applied to margin of pileus when not involute.

STRAMIN´EOUS (stramineus, made of straw, < stramen, straw), straw-colored.

STRA´TOSE (stratum, a layer), arranged in distinct layers or strata.

STRA´TUM (pl. STRA´TA) (L.—coverlet, bed, pavement, etc.), a layer.

STRAW-COLOR, STRAW-YELLOW (stramineus), a very light impure yellow, like cured straw.

STRI´A (pl. STRI´Æ) (stria, a channel, furrow, hollow), parallel or radiating lines or markings.

STRI´ATE (striatus, pp. of striare, < stria, a channel, flute of a column), marked with striæ.

STRI´GOSE (strigosus, < striga, a swath), rough with stiff hairs.

STROBIL´IFORM (strobilus + forma, form), resembling a pine cone.

STRO´MA (pl. STRO´MATA) (stroma, a covering, coverlet), a mass in which another object is imbedded; a compact mass of mycelium in the form of a cushion, crust, club or branched expansion upon or in which perithecia or other organs of fructification are borne.

STUFFED, of a stem filled with material of a different texture from its walls.

SUB- (sub, under, before, near), prefixed signifies “somewhat,” “almost” or “under.”

SU´BERIZED (suber, cork, + ized), transformed into suberin or cork.

SUB-EROSE´ (sub, under, + erosus, pp. of erodere, gnaw off or away, consume), slightly erose; appearing as if eaten or gnawed on the margin.

SU´BEROSE (suber, cork), corky.

SUBGLE´BA (sub, under; gleba, a clod), basal portion of the gleba.

SUBIC´ULUM (subiculum, an under layer), a more or less thin and dense felt of hyphæ covering the matrix; upon its surface is spread the hymenium, or from it arise stalks supporting sporophores.

SUBSTRA´TUM (substratum, neut. of substratus, spread under), sometimes used in the sense of matrix.

SUBTERRA´NEAN, under ground.

SU´BULATE, SU´BULIFORM (subulatus, < subula, an awl, < suere, sew), awl-shaped.

SUC´CULENT (succulentus, full of juice, sappy, < succus, prop. sucus, juice), fleshy, juicy.

SUL´CATE (sulcatus, pp. sulcare, < sulcus, a furrow), marked with furrows; grooved.

SUL´CUS (pl. SUL´CI) (sulcus, a furrow, trench), groove or furrow.

SULPHU´REOUS, SULFU´REOUS (sulfureus, sulphureus, of or like sulphur, < sulfur, sulphur), sulphur-colored.

SULPHUR YELLOW (sulphureus), a very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute gamboge or lemon yellow.

SUPER-, SUPRA- (super, over, above, beyond), prefix meaning “above” in position or degree.

SUPERFIC´IAL (superficialis, of or pertaining to the surface, situated on or close to the surface.

SUPE´RIOR (superus, < super, above), the upper surface; or applied to a ring when it is near the apex of the stem.

SUPRAVENAL (super, over, above; vena, vein), situated or occurring above veins.

SYM´BION, SYM´BIONT (Gr—live together with), an organism which lives in a state of symbiosis.

SYMBIO´SIS (Gr—a living together), the co-existence in more or less mutual interdependence of two different organisms; mutualism; mutual parasitism; commensalism; consortism; with some authors commensalism implies an association less necessary or mutually helpful than symbiosis.

SYMBIOT´IC, living in that kind of consociation called symbiosis.

SYN´ONYM (Gr—a word having the same name with another), a discarded name for a species or genus; either of two or more names for the same species or genus.

SYNON´YMOUS, expressing the same idea; equivalent in meaning; having the character of a synonym.

TAPE´SIUM (tapesium, tapestry, carpet), a carpet or layer of mycelium on which the receptacle is situated.

TAWNY (fulvus, fulvescens, alutaceus), the color of tanned leather. (Nearly synonymous with fulvous.) (Neutral orange + raw sienna.)

TAWNY OCHRACEOUS (fulvo-ochraceus). (Yellow ocher + burnt sienna + raw umber.)

TAWNY OLIVE (fulvo-olivaceus). (Yellow ocher + raw umber.)

TENA´CEOUS (tenax (tenac-), holding fast, < tenere, hold), tough.

TE´RETE (teret, round, smooth), cylindrical or nearly so, having a circular, transverse section; top-shaped.

TERRES´TRIAL (terrestris, of or belonging to the earth + al), growing on the ground.

TES´SELATED (tessellatus, made of small square stones, checkered + ed), arranged in small squares; checkered or reticulated in a regular manner.

TESTA´CEOUS (testaceus, consisting of tiles or sherds, < testa, tile, shell), same as brick-red.

TETAN´IC (tetanicus, affected with tetanus), pertaining to or characterized by tetanus; tetanic spasm; tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles as seen in tetanus, strychnic poisoning, etc.

TETRA- (quatuor, four), prefix signifying “four.”

TET´RASPORE (Gr—four, + seed), four spores forming one.

THALA´MIUM (Gr—inner chamber, bedroom, bed), synonym for hymenium.

THAL´LOGEN (Gr—a young shoot, + Gr—producing), same as thallophyte.

THAL´LOPHYTE (Gr—a young shoot, + Gr—a plant), one of the so-called “lower cryptogams,” plants in which the vegetative body usually consists of a thallus.

THAL´LUS (Gr—a young shoot or twig), a vegetative body which is not differentiated into a true root, stem and leaf, has no true vessels or woody fiber; in fungi it is the whole body of the plant not serving directly as an organ of reproduction, i. e.: mycelium, if any, and sporophore but not including the hymenial layer.

THE´CA (Gr—a case, box, receptacle, + put, place), a sac or case, generally used in the sense of capsule.

THE´CASPORE, the spore thus enclosed by the wall of the sac; an ascospore.

TIS´SUE (texere, weave), the cellular fabric out of which plant structures are built up.

TOAD´STOOL (toad + stool), a general name applicable to any form of visible fungus; usually applied to fleshy fungi as distinguished from the molds, smuts, etc. Mushroom is a name given to a few species of toadstools known to commerce, and wrongly to other edible species, of which there are many.

TOMEN´TOSE, TOMENTOUS (tomentum, wool, etc.), densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum.

TOMEN´TUM (tomentum, a stuffing of wool, hair, feathers, etc.), a species of pubescence consisting of longish, soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface.

TORN, said of pores which are superficially rough and jagged as if torn.

TO´ROSE, TOR´ULOSE (torosus, full of muscle or flesh, < torus, a bulging, protuberance), swollen at intervals.

TOR´SION (torquere, pp. tortus, twist, wring), the state of being twisted spirally.

TOR´SIVE (torsus, pp. torquere, twist), spirally twisted.

TOR´TUOUS, bending or turning in various directions.

TOX´IC (toxicum, poison), poisonous.

TRA´MA (trama, the weft or filling of a web), the substance proceeding from the hymenophore, between the plates of (central in) the gills in Agarics, and between the double membranes of which the dissepiments of the pores are composed in Polyporei; the hyphal plates forming the walls of the chambers of the gleba, in Gasteromycetes.

TRANSLU´CENT (translucen(t)s, ppr. of translucere, shine across or through, < trans, over, + lucere, shine), transmitting rays of light without being transparent.

TRANS´VERSE (transversus, lying across), from side to side.

TREM´ELLOID, TREM´ELLOSE (tremo, to tremble), of a gelatinous or jelly-like consistency; resembling Tremella.

TRI- (tri, three), prefix signifying “three.”

TRI´FID (trifidus, < tres (tri-) three, + findere, cleave), divided half way into three parts by linear sinuses with straight margins; three-cleft.

TRIQUET´ROUS (triquetrus, three-cornered, triangular), having three acute angles with concave faces; triangular; applied to the vertical radial section of some dimidiate pilei; three-edged.

TRUN´CATE (truncatus, pp. truncare, cut off), ending abruptly as if cut short; cut squarely off.

TU´BÆFORM, TU´BIFORM (tuba, a tube; forma, form), trumpet-shaped, tubular.

TUBE, TU´BULE (tubus, a pipe, tube), in polypores, tube lined with hymenium; same as pore.

TU´BER (tuber, a bump, swelling, knob on plant, etc.), fleshy body, usually of a rounded or oblong form, produced on underground stems, as the potato or artichoke; a genus of underground fungi.

TU´BERCLE (tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a swelling), a small, wart-like excrescence; a small swelling.

TUBER´CULAR, TUBER´CULATE, TUBER´CULOSE (tuberculum, tubercle), having or covered with tubercles; formed like or forming a tubercle.

TUBER´CULIFORM (tuberculum, tubercle, + forma, form), shaped like a tubercle.

TU´BEROUS (tuberosus, full of lumps or protuberances, < tuber, a knob, lump), rounded and swollen; resembling a tuber.

TU´BULAR (tubulus, a small pipe), hollow and cylindrical.

TU´BULUS (pl. TUBULI) (tubules, tube), same as tube; pore.

TU´MID (tumidus, swollen, swelling, < tumere, swell), swollen, slightly inflated.

TUR´BINATE (turbinatus, shaped like a top or cone), top-shaped; shape of an inverted cone.

TUR´GID (turgidus, swollen, < turgere, swell out), thickened as if swollen; distended with liquid.

TUR´GOR (turgere, swell), the state of being turgid; a state of distension and tension of plant cells and parts by reason of their fullness of liquid.

TYPE, a perfect specimen or individual exemplifying the essential characters of the species to which it belongs; the original specimen from which a species was described.

TYP´ICAL, agreeing closely with the characters assigned to a group or species.

ULIG´INOSE, ULIG´INOUS (uliginosus, full of moisture, damp, < uligo, moisture, marshiness), growing in marshes or swamps.

UL´TIMATE (ultimatus, farthest, last, pp. of ultimare, come to an end, < ultimus, last, finish), farthest, last.

UM´BER, UM´BRINOUS (umbra, shade, shadow), the color of the pigment called raw umber.

UMBIL´ICATE (umbilicatus, < umbilicus, navel), with a central depression or rounded pit; having a navel-like depression.

UMBILI´CUS (umbilicus, navel), a navel-like depression.

UMBO (boss of a shield), applied to the central elevation of the cap of some mushrooms.

UM´BONATE (umbonatus, < umbo, the boss of a shield), with a central boss-like elevation.

UN´CINATE (uncinatus, < uncinus, a hook), hooked; forming a hook.

UN´DULATE, UN´DATE (undatus, pp. of undare, rise in waves, < unda, a wave), having the surface near the margin alternately concave and convex; waved.

UNE´QUAL, applied to gills when of unequal lengths; to a stem not of uniform thickness.

UNE´VEN, said of surfaces that are irregular, striate, sulcate, etc.

UN´GULATE, UN´GULOUS (ungulatus, having claws or hoofs, < ungula, claw, talon, hoof), hoof-shaped.

UNI-, prefix signifying “one.”

UNICOL´OROUS (unicolor, having one color, + ous), of a uniform color; of the same color.

UNISE´RIATE (unus, one, + series, series), arranged in one row.

UNIVER´SAL (universus, whole), said of the veil or volva which entirely envelopes the fungus when young.

UNSEP´TATE (un, not; septum, a fence), having no partitions.

UR´CEOLATE (urceolus, a little pitcher, + ate), shaped like a pitcher with a contracted mouth.

U´TERUS (uterus, the womb, belly), same as peridium in Gastromycetes.

U´TRICLE (utriculus, a little leather bag or bottle, etc.), any thin bladder-like or bottle-like body.

VAC´UOLATE, VAC´UOLATED (vacuole + ate), provided with vacuoles.

VAC´UOLE (vacuolum, dim. of vacuum, an empty space), a cavity of greater or less size within the protoplasmic mass of active vegetable cells filled with water or cell-sap, as it is called.

VAG´INATE (vagina, a sheath), furnished with or contained in a sheath; sheathed.

VAGUE, indefinite, indistinct.

VANDYKE BROWN, a rich deep brown, very similar to burnt umber, but rather less reddish.

VA´RIABLE (variabilis, changeable, < variare, change), said of a species which embraces many individuals which depart more or less from the type of the group.

VA´RIEGATED, marked with different colors; mottled; same as PAPILIONACEOUS.

VARI´ETY, a subdivision of a species with minor characteristics uniformly varying from the type; an incipient species.

VAS´CULAR (vasculum, a small vessel), consisting of, relating to or furnished with vessels or ducts.

VAUL´TED, arched like the roof of the mouth.

VEIL, VE´LUM (velum, a veil), a covering of various texture more or less completely enwrapping a fungus; occurring chiefly among the Agaricini; partial or marginal veil, a special envelope extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem enclosing the gills; universal veil or volva, a special envelope enclosing the entire plant in the young state, either concrete with the cuticle of the pileus as in Lepiota or discrete as in Amanita, ultimately ruptured by the expanding pileus, a membranaceous or fibrous or granulose coating stretched over the mouth of an apothecium or cup soon breaking into fragments.

VEINS, swollen wrinkles on the sides of, and at the base between the gills, often connected to form cross partitions, (b) so-called, the rounded, obtuse-edged gills found upon Cantharellus, Craterellus, (c) the vein-like protuberances upon the surface of some fungi.

VEL´IFORM, VELAMEN´TOUS (velum, covering; forma, form), resembling or serving as a veil; of a thin veil-like covering.

VE´LUM, veil.

VELU´TINE, VELU´TINOUS (velutum, velvet, + ine), velvety.

VE´NATE, VEINED, VE´NOSE, VE´NOUS (vena, vein, artery), intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the sides.

VEN´TRAL (ventralis, of or pertaining to the belly, stomach, < venter, belly, stomach), applied to the under side of pileus; opposite to “dorsal.”

VEN´TRICOSE (venter, the belly), swollen in the middle; bellied.

VERMIC´ULAR, VERMIC´ULATE (vermiculus, a worm), worm-shaped.

VERMILION (cinnabarinus, cinnabarino-ruber), a very fine red color, lighter and less rosy than carmine, and not so pure or rich as scarlet.

VER´NAL (vernalis, of the spring, vernal, < ver, spring), of or pertaining to the spring.

VER´NICOSE (vernix, varnish), appearing as if varnished.

VERRU´CA (pl. VERRU´CÆ) (verruca, a wart, steep place or height), wart.

VER´RUCOSE (verrucosus, full of warts), covered with warts or glandular elevations.

VERRU´CIFORM (verruca, a wart, + forma, form), warty, resembling a wart in appearance.

VERRU´CULOSE (verrucula, a little eminence, a little wart, dim. of verruca, a wart, + ose), minutely verrucose.

VER´TEX (vertex, vortex (tic-), a whirl, eddy, highest point, etc.), the upper extremity.

VERTICIL´LATE (verticillus, a whirl), whorled.

VES´CICLE (vesicula, a little blister, a vesicle, dim. of < vesica, bladder, blister), a minute bladder-like cell or cavity.

VESIC´ULAR, VESI´CULATE, VESIC´ULOSE, VESIC´ULOUS (vesicula, vescicle), composed of or like vescicles.

VIL´LOSE, VIL´LOUS (villosus, < villus, a tuft of hair), downy with soft weak hairs.

VINA´CEOUS, a brownish-pink or delicate brownish-purple color like wine dregs; a soft, delicate wine-colored pink or purple.

VINA´CEOUS-BUFF (vinaceo-luteus). (Indian-red + yellow ocher + white.)

VINA´CEOUS-CINNAMON (vinaceo-cinnamomeus). (Burnt umber + burnt sienna + white.)

VINA´CEOUS-PINK (vinaceo-caryophyllaceus). (Madder-carmine + light-red + white.)

VINA´CEOUS-RU´FOUS (vinaceo-rufus). (Indian-red + light-red + white.)

VI´NOUS (vinosus, < vinum, wine), wine-colored; vinaceous.

VIOLET, VIOLA´CEOUS, a purplish-blue color, like the petals of a violet. (Aniline-violet or mauve.)

VIRES´CENT (virescere, grow green, greenish), green or becoming green.

VIR´GATE (virgatus, < virga, a twig, rod), streaked; having an erect, slender shape like a rod.

VIRIDES´CENT (viridescens, ppr. of viridescere, be green, < viridis, green), slightly green; greenish.

VIS´CID (viscum, bird-lime, anything sticky), moist and sticky, glutinous, clammy, adhesive; covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers when touched.

VIS´COSE, VIS´COUS (viscosus, < viscum, bird-lime), glutinous, clammy, adhesive.

VITEL´LINE (vitellus, yolk of egg, + ine), egg-yellow color; luteous.

VOLUTE´ (voluta, a spiral scroll), rolled up in any direction.

VOL´VA (volva, a wrapper), wrapper; same as universal veil; the name is often applied to that portion of a discrete volva which is left after rupturing, either attached in fragments to, or forming a distinct membranous sheath about, the base of the stem, the peridium in phalloids analogous to the volva in Amanitæ.

VOL´VIFORM (volva, wrapper, + forma, form), having the form of a volva.

WART (verruca, wart, excrescence), a wart-like excrescence found on the pileus of some mushrooms; the remains of the volva in form of irregular or polygonal excrescences, more or less adherent, numerous and persistent.

WAVED, WA´VY. See UNDULATE.

WAX-YELLOW (ceraceus), a deep but dull yellow, resembling the color of fresh bees' wax.

WHORLED, having parts arranged in a circle around an axis; verticillate.

WINE-PURPLE (vinaceo-purpureus), a clear reddish-purple of a slightly brownish cast.

WOOD-BROWN, a light brown color like some varieties of wood. (Raw umber + burnt sienna + white.)

YELLOW-OCHER, a bright yellowish-ochraceous or ocher-yellow color.

ZO´NATE, ZONED (zona, a zone or girdle), marked with concentric bands of color.

ZONES (zona, a zone or girdle), circular bands of color.

INDEX TO GENERA

Acetabularia, 268 Agaricus, 331 Aldridgea, 506 Amanita (introduction), Amanita, 2 Amanitopsis, 28 Anellaria, 388 Apyrenium, 527 Armillaria, 52 Astræus, 578 Auricularia, 526

Batarrea, 577 Bolbitius, 302 Boletinus, 396, 398 Boletus, 396, 404 Bovista, 579, 610 Bovistella, 578, 608

Caldesiella, 492 Calocera, 527 Calvatia, 578, 582 Cantharellus, 214 Catastoma, 579, 609 Chitonia, 330 Cladoderris, 507 Clathrus, 571 Claudopus, 266 Clavaria, 511, 513 Clitocybe, 83 Clitopilus, 254 Collybia, 112 Coniophora, 506 Coprinus, 368 Corticium, 507 Cortinarius, 306 Craterellus, 507, 508 Crepidotus, 304 Cyclomyces, 398 Cyphella, 507

Dacryomyces, 527 Dacryopsis, 527 Dædalea, 397 Deconica, 367 Ditiola, 527

Eccilia, 265 Entoloma, 250 Exidia, 526 Exobasidium, 507

Favolus, 398 Fistulina, 397, 477 Flammula, 287 Fomes, 397

Galera, 299 Geaster, 578, 580 Geoglossum, 535, 550 Gomphidius, 392 Grandinia, 493 Guepinia, 527 Gyrocephalus, 527 Gyromitra, 535, 546

Hebeloma, 283 Heliomyces, 228 Helvella, 534, 536 Hexagonia, 398 Hiatula, 132 Hirneola, 526, 528 Hydnum, 492, 494 Hygrophorus, 147 Hymenochæte, 507 Hypholoma, 352 Hypomyces, 561

Inocybe, 281 Irpex, 493, 504

Kneiffia, 493

Laccaria (described), 107 Lactarius, 161 Laterna, 571 Lentinus, 228 Lenzites, 238 Leotia, 535, 540 Lepiota, 33 Leptonia, 263 Lycoperdon, 578, 589

Marasmius, 221 Merulius, 398, 490 Mitremyces, 578 Mitrula, 535, 548 Montagnites, 395 Morchella, 535, 541 Mucronella, 493 Mucronoporus, 397 Mutinus, 570, 575 Mycena, 124 Mycenastrum, 579, 613 Myrisotoma, 577

Næmatelia, 527 Naucoria, 294 Nolanea, 264 Nyctalis, 220

Odontia, 493 Omphalia, 132

Panæolus, 384 Panus, 232 Paxillus, 326 Peniophora, 507 Peziza, 552 Phallus, 570, 571 Phlebia, 493 Pholiota, 269 Pilosace, 348 Pistillaria, 511 Pleurotus, 135 Pluteolus, 282 Pluteus, 243 Polyplocium, 577 Polyporus, 397, 479 Polysaccum, 618 Polystictus, 397 Poria, 397 Porothelium, 493 Psathyra, 367 Psathyrella, 389 Psilocybe, 365 Pterula, 511

Radulum, 493 Russula, 185

Schizophyllum, 238 Scleroderma, 615 Simblum, 571 Sistotrema, 493 Solenia, 507 Soppittiella, 506 Sparassis, 511, 512 Spathularia, 535, 549 Stereum, 507 Strobilomyces, 397, 475 Stropharia, 348

Thelephora, 506 Trametes, 397 Tremella, 527, 529 Tremellodon, 527, 533 Tricholoma, 59 Trogia, 237 Tubaria, 293 Tuberaceæ, 565 Tylostoma, 578, 582 Typhula, 511

Ulocolla, 526

Verpa, 535, 539 Volvaria, 239

Xerotus, 237

INDEX TO SPECIES

abortivus (Clitopilus), 257 abortive form (Clitopilus), 257 abrupta (Amanita), 23 abruptus (Agaricus), 343 acervata (Collybia), 122 acetabulum (Peziza), 553 achimenes (Agaricus), 340 acuminatum (Lycoperdon), 607 acutesquamosa (Lepiota), 40 adiposa (Pholiota), 276 admirabilis (Pluteus), 248 var. fuscus (Pluteus), 248 adnata (Amanitopsis), 30 adusta (Russula), 188 æruginosa (Stropharia), 349 æstivalis (Boletus), 449 æstivum (Tuber), 566 affinis (Boletus), 448 var. maculosus, 449 agglutinata (Amanitopsis), 32 aggregatum (Hypholoma), 361 albella (Russula), 194 albellum (Tricholoma), 77 albellus (Boletus), 464 albida (Tremella), 531 albido-tomentosus (Panus), 235 albidum (Hydnum), 499 alboater (Boletus), 460 albo-griseus (Clitopilus), 259 albo-nigrum (Hydnum), 498 albo-violaceus (Cortinarius), 316 album (Tricholoma), 79 albus (Boletus), 415 aliena (Flammula), 288 alliaceus (Marasmius), 227 alligatus (Polyporus), 488 alluvina (Lepiota), 43 alnicola (Flammula), 290 alutacea (Russula), 207 alutaceus (Boletus), 426 alutarius (Boletus), 468 alveolatus (Boletus), 455 Americana (Lepiota), 48 Americanus (Boletus), 413 amethystina (Clavaria), 516 amethystina (Clitocybe), 107 Ananas (Boletus), 473 anax (Polyporus), 482 angusticeps (Morchella), 544 annulatus (Cortinarius), 319 appendiculata (Armillaria), 54 appendiculatum (Hypholoma), 363 var. lanatum, 363 appendiculatus (Boletinus), 400 aquifluus (Lactarius), 176 var. brevissimus, 177 argenteus (Agaricus), 339 armillatus (Cortinarius), 323 arvensis (Agaricus), 341 asper (Cortinarius), 317 aspera (Amanita), 23 asterospermum (Lycoperdon), 594 atomata (Psathyrella), 390 atramentarius (Coprinus), 373 atropurpurea (Russula), 206 atropurpureum (Lycoperdon), 593 var. hirtellum, 593 var. stellare, 593 atro-tomentosus (Paxillus), 329 aurantia (Peziza), 557 aurantiacus (Cantharellus), 216 var. pallidus, 217 aurantio-cinnabarino (Clavaria), 523 aurata (Russula), 206 aurea (Clavaria), 520 var. rufescens, 520 auricula-Judea (Hirneola), 528 auriflammeus (Boletus), 423 auripes (Boletus), 450 auriporus (Boletus), 426 autumnalis (Cortinarius), 319

badia (Peziza), 554 badiceps (Boletus), 436 badius (Boletus), 418 basifurcata (Russula), 205 Berkeleyi (Polyporus), 484 Betula (Boletus), 437 betulinus (Panus), 235 betulinus (Polyporus), 488 bicolor (Boletus), 425 bispora (Morchella), 544 var. truncata, 544 blennius (Lactarius), 165 Boltoni (Bolbitius), 302 bombycina (Volvaria), 240 borealis (Boletinus), 403 borealis (Hygrophorus), 154 botrytes (Clavaria), 515 bovinus (Boletus), 419 bovinus (Mutinus), 575 bovista (Scleroderma), 616 brevipes (Boletus), 416 brevipes (Cantharellus), 219 brevipes (Russula), 189 brevipes (Tricholoma), 81 brevis (Mutinus), 576 brumalis (Clitocybe), 105 brunnea (Gyromitra), 547 butyracea (Collybia), 117

cælata (Calvatia), 585 cærulescens (Cortinarius), 311 Cæsarea (Amanita), 12 cæspitosus (Boletus), 434 cæspitosus (Clitopilus), 261 Californica (Helvella), 537 Californicum (Terfezia), 566 Californicus (Agaricus), 338 calopus (Boletus), 440 calopus (Marasmius), 226 calvescens (Lycoperdon), 605 calycina (Peziza), 560 calyptrata (Amanita), 26 calyptriforme (Lycoperdon), 603 campanella (Omphalia), 134 campanulatus (Panæolus), 386 campester (Agaricus), 332 var. albus, 332 var. griseus, 332 var. praticola, 332 var. umbrinus, 332 var. rufescens, 332 var. villaticus, 333 var. hortensis, 333 var. Buchani, 333 var. elongatus, 333 var. vaporarius, 333 camphoratus (Lactarius), 184 candicans (Clitocybe), 92 candida (Amanita), 20 Candolleanum (Hypholoma), 363 caninus (Mutinus), 575 cantharellus (Craterellus), 508 cantharellus (Hygrophorus), 156 var. flava, 156 var. flavipes, 156 var. flaviceps, 156 var. Rosea, 156 caperata (Pholiota), 270 capnoides (Hypholoma), 356 caput-Medusæ (Hydnum), 502 caput-ursi (Hydnum), 501 carneo-albus (Clitopilus), 258 carneo-grisea (Eccilia), 265 carneus (Irpex), 504 Caroliniana (Gyromitra), 547 castaneus (Boletus), 472 castaneus (Cortinarius), 325 catina (Clitocybe), 104 cavipes (Boletinus), 399 cepæsforme (Lycoperdon), 606 cepæstipes (Lepiota), 46 ceraceus (Hygrophorus), 155 cerodes (Naucoria), 295 cerussata (Clitocybe), 91 cervinus (Pluteus), 243 var. albus, 244 var. albipes, 244 var. viscosus, 244 var. Bullii (Pl. LXI, fig. 2, p. 242), 245 var. petasatus, 246 chamæolentina (Russula), 212 chelidonium (Lactarius), 172 chioneus (Polyporus), 488 chlorinosma (Amanita), 25 chlorocephala (Leotia), 540 chlorophanus (Hygrophorus), 160 chromapes (Boletus), 464 chrysenteroides (Tricholoma), 75 chrysenteron (Boletus), 431 chrysodon (Hygrophorus), 148 var. leucodon, 149 chrysophæus (Pluteus), 249 cibarius (Cantharellus), 215 cinnabarinus (Cortinarius), 320 var. 1, 321 cinnamoneus (Cortinarius), 322 var. semi-sanguineus, 323 cinerea (Clavaria), 517 circinans (Clavaria), 521 circinatus (Pleurotus), 140 circinatus (Polyporus), 480 var. proliferus, 480 circumscissum (Catastoma), 609 citrina (Amanita), 7 citrina (Russula), 203 clavata (Clavaria), 525 clavata (Spathularia), 549 clavatus (Craterellus), 509 clavipes (Clitocybe), 86 Clintonianus (Boletus), 410 clypeatum (Entoloma), 252 coccinea (Peziza), 559 coccineus (Hygrophorus), 156 cochleata (Peziza), 555 cochleatus (Lentinus), 231 collariata (Mycena), 130 collinitus (Boletus), 417 collinitus (Cortinarius), 313 coloratum (Lycoperdon), 607 columbetta (Tricholoma), 68 var. A, 69 var. B, 69 var. C, 69 comatus (Coprinus), 370 var. breviceps, 370 comitialis (Clitocybe), 88 compressipes (Clitocybe), 110 comptulus (Agaricus), 334 conchatus (Panus), 232 confluens (Collybia), 119 confluens (Polyporus), 484 congregatus (Coprinus), 379 conica (Morchella), 543 conicus (Boletus), 466 conicus (Hygrophorus), 160 conissans (Clitopilus), 261 connexa (Clitocybe), 97 constellatum (Lycoperdon), 592 controversus (Lactarius), 164 coralloides (Clavaria), 517 coralloides (Hydnum), 501 cornucopoides (Craterellus), 509 corrugis (Lactarius), 178 coryphæum (Tricholoma), 62 craniiformis (Calvatia), 586 crassipes (Boletus), 452 crassipes (Morchella), 543 crenulata (Amanita), 27 cretaceus (Agaricus), 344 crispa (Helvella), 536 var. alba, 536 var. Grevillei, 536 var. incarnata, 536 var. fulva, 536 crispa (Sparissis), 512 cristata (Clavaria), 518 cristata (Lepiota), 42 cristatus (Polyporus), 484 crustuliniforme (Hebeloma), 286 var. minor, 286 cupricum (Lycoperdon), 594 curtipes (Gyromitra), 547 Curtisii (Boletus), 442 Curtisii (Lycoperdon), (L. Wrightii, var. typicum), 601 cyanescens (Boletus), 471 cyanophæa (Clitocybe), 88 cyanoxantha (Russula), 198 cyathiformis (Calvatia), (L. cyathiforme), 584 cyathiformis (Clitocybe), 104 var. cinerascens, 105

dæmonum (Phallus), 572 daucipes (Amanita), 25 dealbata (Clitocybe), 93 decastes (Clitocybe), 94 deceptivus (Lactarius), 168 decipiens (Boletinus), 401 decolorans (Russula), 205 decorosum (Tricholoma), 67 decorus (Boletus), 450 deformis (Irpex), 505 delica (Russula), 190 delicata (Lepiota), 49 delicatum (Lycoperdon), 595 deliciosa (Morchella), 543 deliciosus (Lactarius), 170 deliquescens (Coprinus), 379 densa (Clavaria), 519 depallens (Russula), 192 dichotoma (Clavaria), 522 dichrous (Boletus), 417 dictyocephalus (Boletus), 428 digitaliformis (Verpa), 539 diminutivus (Agaricus), 335 discolor (Pholiota), 279 var. discolor minor, 280 dispersus (Hypholoma), 358 disseminata (Psathyrella), 391 distans (Cortinarius), 325 distans (Hygrophorus), 154 ditopa (Clitocybe), 109 domesticus (Coprinus), 381 dryinus (Pleurotus), 137 dryophila (Collybia), 120 dubius (Craterellus), 509 duplicatus (Phallus), 572 dura (Pholiota), 271 duriusculus (Boletus), 463

eburneus (Hygrophorus), 149 eccentricus (Boletus), 470 echinatum (Lycoperdon), 591 edulis (Boletus), 445 var. clavipes, 445 edulis, var. clavipes (Boletus), 446 edulis (Flammula), 289 elæodes (Hypholoma), 358 elastica (Helvella), 538 var. alba, 538 elata (Calvatia), 588 Elbensis (Boletus), 408 elegans (Boletus), 409 elegans (Lycoperdon), 596 elegans (Russula), 200 elongatum (Lycoperdon), 596 Elvensis (Agaricus), 338 emetica (Russula), 201 ephemerus (Coprinus), 382 epixanthum (Hypholoma), 357 equestre (Tricholoma), 61 var. pinastreti, 62 erinaceum (Hydnum), 502 erubescens (Hygrophorus), 150 erythrosporus (Clitopilus), 261 esculenta (Collybia), 120 esculenta (Gyromitra), 546 var. crispa, 546 esculenta (Morchella), 542 esculentoides (Collybia), 120 excelsa (Amanita), 17 excipuliforme (Lycoperdon), 599 excoriata (Lepiota), 36 eximium (Lycoperdon), 601 eximius (Boletus), 447

fabaceus (Agaricus), 341 farinaceus (Panus), 235 var. albido-tomentosus, 235 farinosa (Amanitopsis), 31 farinosa (Lepiota), 47 fascicularis (Hypholoma), 357 fastibile (Hebeloma), 284 var. alba, 285 var. elegans, 285 fastigiata (Clavaria), 516 felina (Lepiota), 41 felleus (Boletus), 469 var. obesus, 469 fennicum (Hydnum), 500 ferrugineum (Hydnum), 498 ferrugineus (Boletus), 443 fimbriata (Tremella), 530 fimetarius (Coprinus), 376 var. pullatus, 376 var. cinereus, 377 var. macrorhiza, 377 var. silvicola, 377 fimicola (Panæolus), 385 firma (Hepatica), 477 firmus (Boletus), 457 fistulosus (Boletus), 411 flaccida (Clavaria), 521 flaccida (Clitocybe), 103 flammans (Pholiota), 277 flava (Clavaria), 514 flava (Galera), 301 flavescens (Tricholoma), 67 flavida (Flammula), 291 flavida (Russula), 197 flavidus (Boletus), 413 flavo-brunneum (Tricholoma), 65 flavo-discus (Hygrophorus), 157 flavus (Boletus), 411 flexuosipes (Boletus), 443 floccopus (Strobilomyces), 476 floccosus (Cantharellus), 218 f[oe]doratus (Agaricus), 339 f[oe]tens (Russula), 199 var. granulata, 200 formosa (Clavaria), 520 fragilis (Bolbitius), 303 fragilis (Calvatia), 584 fragilis (Russula), 203 var. nivea, 204 fragrans (Boletus), 451 fragrans (Clitocybe), 110 fraternus (Boletus), 433 Friesii (Lepiota), 39 frondosus (Polyporus), 483 Frostiana (Amanita), 16 Frostii (Boletus), 458 Frostii (Lycoperdon), 591 frumentaceum (Tricholoma), 66 frustulosus (Boletus), 452 fuligineum (Tricholoma), 70 fuligineus (Hygrophorus), 158 fuliginosus (Lactarius), 174 fulvo-tomentosus (Crepidotus), 305 fulvus (Boletus), 465 fumescens (Tricholoma), 72 fumidellum (Tricholoma), 78 fumosa (Clitocybe), 97 var. polius, 97 fumosipes (Boletus), 432 fumosus (Lactarius), 175 furcata (Russula), 191 furfurellus (Cortinarius), 325 fuscescens (Coprinus), 374 fusco-violaceus (Irpex), 505 fusiformis (Clavaria), 523 fuscipes (Clitocybe), 92 fusipes (Collybia), 116

galericulata (Mycena), 127 var. calopus, 128 var. longipes, 128 var. expansus, 128 gallinacea (Clitocybe), 94 gambosum (Tricholoma), 76 gangrænosa (Clitocybe), 86 var. nigrescens, 87 geaster (Scleroderma), 617 gelatinosum (Hydnum), 501 gelatinosum (Tremelledon), 533 gemmatum (Lycoperdon), 598 var. hirtum, 598 var. papillatum, 598 geotropa (Clitocybe), 102 Gerardii (Lactarius), 179 gigantea (Clitocybe), 98 gigantea (Calvatia), 583 giganteus (Polyporus), 485 gilva (Clitocybe), 101 glabellum (Lycoperdon), 595 glabellus (Boletus), 425 gloiocephala (Volvaria), 242 glutinosum (Geoglossum), 550 glutinosum (Hebeloma), 285 glutinosus (Gomphidius), 393 var. roseus, 393 glyciosmus (Lactarius), 175 gracilenta (Lepiota), 37 gracilis (Boletus), 467 var. lævipes, 467 gracilis (Psathyrella), 389 graciloides (Psathyrella), 390 grammopodium (Tricholoma), 80 grande (Entoloma), 251 grande (Tricholoma), 68 granularis (Pluteus), 247 granulatus (Boletus), 416 granulosa (Lepiota), 49 var. rufescens, 49 var. albida, 49 griseus (Boletus), 442

hæmatopa (Mycena), 130 hæmorrhoidarius (Agaricus), 336 hamadryas (Naucoria), 295 hemichrysus (Boletus), 421 var. mutabilis, 422 hepatica (Fistulina), 477 var. monstrosa, 478 Herbstii (Sparassis), 512 Herveyi (Clavaria), 517 heteroclitus (Polyporus), 486 heterophylla (Russula), 199 hiemalis (Calvatia), 585 hirtellus (Boletus), 414 hirtum (Lycoperdon), 592 hispida (Lepiota), 41 holosericea (Lepiota), 44 humile (Tricholoma), 81 hybrida (Flammula), 291 hygrometricus (Geaster), 580 hygrophoroides (Lactarius), 180 hypothejus (Hygrophorus), 151 hysginus (Lactarius), 166

ignoratus (Boletus), 419 illinita (Lepiota), 50 illudens (Boletus), 439 illudens (Clitocybe), 96 imbricatum (Hydnum), 495 imbricatum (Tricholoma), 73 immitis (Polyporus), 487 impolitus (Boletus), 449 impudicus (Phallus), 573 inæqualis (Clavaria), 523 incertum (Hypholoma), 362 indecisus (Boletus), 468 indigo (Lactarius), 171 inflexus (Boletus), 410 infula (Helvella), 538 infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 100 innixus (Boletus), 427 insulsus (Lactarius), 165 integra (Russula), 204 intrusus (Cortinarius), 310 intumescens (Tremella), 532 intybaceus (Polyporus), 483 inversus (Clitocybe), 103 involutus (Lactarius), 170 involutus (Paxillus), 328 iodes (Cortinarius), 314 Isabellinus (Boletus), 472

laccata (Clitocybe), 107 var. pallidifolia, 107 var. striatula, 107 lachrymabundum (Hypholoma), 361 lactea (Russula), 194 lactifluorum (Hypomyces), 562 lacunosa (Helvella), 537 lævigatum (Hydnum), 495 lævis (Panus), 234 lagopus (Coprinus), 380 var. nemorum, 380 var. viarum, 380 laminosa (Sparassis), 512 latifolia (Mycena), 129 lateritia (Galera), 299 Lecomtei (Lentinus), 229 lenticularis (Amanita), 25 lenticularis (Lepiota), 50 leonis (Terfezia), 566 lepida (Russula), 195 lepideus (Lentinus), 230 lepista (Paxillus), 327 leporina (Peziza), 556 leprosus (Boletus), 448 leptocephalus (Boletus), 451 leucocephalum (Tricholoma), 78 leucomelas (Polyporus), 480 lignatilis (Pleurotus), 140 var. abscondens, 140 lignyotus (Lactarius), 177 var. tenuipes, 177 lilacinus (Cortinarius), 316 limacinus (Hygrophorus), 151 limatulus (Boletus), 450 Linnæi (Russula), 196 lividus (Paxillus), 327 longipes (Collybia), 115 lubrica (Leotia), 540 luridus (Boletus), 455 var. erythropus, 456 lutea (Russula), 211 luteofolia (Pholiota), 277 luteolus (Lactarius), 178 lutescens (Cantharellus), 218 lutescens (Tremella), 530 luteus (Boletus), 412

macropus (Peziza), 553 macrosporus (Coprinus), 374 maculata (Collybia), 116 var. immaculata, 117 maculatus (Polyporus), 486 magna (Flammula), 292 magnificus (Agaricus), 342 magnisporus (Boletus), 458 magnivelaris (Amanita), 10 mappa (Amanita), 10 marginata (Pholiota), 279 Mariæ (Russula), 209 maritimus (Agaricus), 337 mastoidea (Lepiota), 37 mastrucatus (Pleurotus), 146 maxima (Clitocybe), 99 media (Clitocybe), 87 mellea (Armillaria), 55 var. obscura, 56 var. flava, 56 var. glabra, 56 var. radicata, 56 var. bulbosa, 56 var. albida, 56 var. exannulata, 56 var. abortive form, 56 mesenterica (Tremella), 530 metachroa (Clitocybe), 109 metulæspora (Lepiota), 43 micaceus (Coprinus), 378 var. granularis, 378 micropus (Clitopilus), 259 miniato-olivaceus (Boletus), 424 var. sensibilis, 424 miniatus (Hygrophorus), 159 var. lutescens, 159 minor (Bovista), 612 minor (Cantharellus), 216 mitis (Boletus), 418 mitissimus (Lactarius), 181 modestus (Boletus), 442 molle (Lycoperdon), 602 monadelpha (Clitocybe), 89 Montana (Bovista), 611 monticulosa (Amanita), 25 morbifera (Clitocybe), 106 Morgani (Boletus), 437 Morgani (Lepiota), 37 mucida (Armillaria), 58 multiceps (Clitocybe), 95 Murrayi (Boletus), 472 muscaria (Amanita), 14 var. regalis, 14 var. formosa, 14 var. umbrina, 14 var. alba, 15 muscoides (Clavaria), 516 muscorum (Lycoperdon), 602 mussivum (Hebeloma), 283 mutabilis (Boletus), 435 mutabilis (Pholiota), 278 mutabilis (Lactarius), 183 mycetophila (Tremella), 531

nardosmia (Armillaria), 57 naucina (Lepiota), 44 naucinoides (Lepiota), 45 var. squamosa, 45 nauseosa (Russula), 211 nebularis (Clitocybe), 85 nebulosus (Boletus), 465 nidulans (Claudopus), 267 nigrellus (Boletus), 470 nigrescens (Bovista), 611 nigricans (Russula), 187 var. albonigra, 188 nitida (Amanita), 24 nitidus (Hygrophorous), 151 nivalis (Amanitopsis), 29 niveum (Tuckahoe), 565 (Terfezia leonis) niveus (Coprinus), 378 niveus (Hygrophorus), 153 nobilis (Bolbitius), 303 Noveboracensis (Clitopilus), 262 var. brevis, 262 nudum (Tricholoma), 80

obliquus (Irpex), 504 oblongisporum (Lycoperdon), 606 ochracea (Russula), 210 ochraceus (Cortinarius), 319 ochroleuca (Russula), 202 ochrophylla (Russula), 193 ochropurpurea (Clitocybe), 108 odora (Clitocybe), 90 odorata (Peziza), 558 Ohiensis (Bovistella), 608 olivacea (Russula), 197 oniscus (Omphalia), 133 onotica (Peziza), 556 opicum (Tricholoma), 75 orcella (Clitopilus), 256 oreades (Marasmius), 224 Oregonensis (Gomphidius), 393 ornatipes (Boletus), 440 ornella (Pholiota), 278 ostreatus (Pleurotus), 142 var. glandulosus, 143 var. euosmus, 143 ovatus (Coprinus), 372 ovinus (Polyporus), 479

pachyderma (Calvatia), 583 pachypus (Boletus), 441 pædidum (Tricholoma), 82 pallida (Fistulina), 478 pallidus (Boletus), 429 pallidus (Lactarius), 173 paluster (Boletinus), 401 pantherina (Amanita), 17 papilionaceus (Panæolus), 386 parabolica (Mycena), 128 parasiticus (Boletus), 427 parvus (Boletus), 459 pascuensis (Clitopilus), 256 Peckii (Boletus), 440 var. lævipes, 440 pectinata (Russula), 202 pediades (Naucoria), 296 pedicellatum (Lycoperdon), 600 pellitus (Pluteus), 247 penarius (Hygrophorus), 150 pergamenus (Lactarius), 167 perlatum (Lycoperdon), 599 peronatus (Marasmius), 223 perplexum (Hypholoma), 354 personatum (Tricholoma), 79 pessundatum (Tricholoma), 66 petaloides (Pleurotus), 144 phalloides (Amanita), 7 phyllophila (Clitocybe), 91 picaceus (Coprinus), 375 var. ebulbosus, 376 picipes (Polyporus), 481 pictus (Boletinus), 400 pila (Bovista), 610 pinophila (Clitocybe), 110 piperatum (Tricholoma), 76 piperatus (Boletus), 420 piperatus (Lactarius), 168 pisocarpium (Polysaccum), 618 pistillaris (Clavaria), 524 pithyophylla (Clitocybe), 91 placomyces (Agaricus), 345 platyphylla (Collybia), 114 var. repens, 115 platysperma (Naucoria), 297 plicatilis (Coprinus), 383 plumbea (Bovista), 612 plumbeus (Lactarius), 167 Pocono (Boletus), 474 pometi (Pleurotus), 142 ponderosa (Armillaria), 54 popinalis (Clitopilus), 258 poripes (Polyporus), 487 porosus (Boletinus), 402 var. opacus, 402 portentosum (Tricholoma), 64 præcox (Pholiota), 272 var. minor, 272 var. sylvestris, 272 praiicola (Amanita), 24 pratensis (Agaricus), 340 pratensis (Hygrophorus), 152 procera (Lepiota), 35 prolifera (Mycena), 126 prunuloides (Entoloma), 252 prunulus (Clitopilus), 255 abortive form (Pl. LXIII, p. 254), 256 pubescens (Amanitopsis), 32 pubescens (Pleurotus), 141 puellaris (Russula), 208 var. intensior, 208 var. roseipes, 208 pulcherrimum (Lycoperdon), 591 (L. Frostii) pulmonarius (Pleurotus), 146 punctata (Russula), 204 punctipes (Boletus), 415 puniceus (Hygrophorus), 159 purpurascens (Cortinarius), 311 var. subpurpurascens, 312 purpureus (Boletus), 456 purpureus (Hypomyces), 563 purpurina (Russula), 188 pusilla (Amanitopsis), 32 pusilla (Russula), 208 pusillum (Lycoperdon), 605 pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 603 pyxidata (Clavaria), 519

quietus (Lactarius), 173

rachodes (Lepiota), 35 var. puellaris, 36 radicans (Boletus), 435 radicata (Collybia), 113 var. furfuracea, 114 var. pusilla, 114 radicosus (Boletus), 473 Ravenelii (Amanita), 18 Ravenelii (Boletus), 422 Ravenelii (Phallus), 573 recutita (Amanita), 12 repanda (Peziza), 557 repandum (Hydnum), 497 resplendens (Tricholoma), 63 reticulatus (Pluteolus), 282 retipes (Boletus), 441 retirugis (Panæolus), 384 rhodopolium (Entoloma), 253 rhodoxanthus (Gomphidius), 394 rimosellus (Boletus), 442 rimulatum (Lycoperdon), 597 rivulosa (Clitocybe), 90 robusta (Armillaria), 52 var. minor, 53 robusta (Clitocybe), 93 Rodmani (Agaricus), 336 roseipes (Russula), 209 rosellus (Cantharellus), 217 Roxanæ (Boletus), 431 var. auricolor, 431 rubellus (Merulius), 490 rubescens (Amanita), 21 rubeus (Boletus), 432 rubiginosus (Boletus), 443 rubinellus (Boletus), 419 rubra (Russula), 196 rubro-flava (Calvatia), 587 rubropunctus (Boletus), 429 rufescens (Hydnum), 497 rufus (Lactarius), 175 rugosa (Clavaria), 519 rugosa (Mycena), 127 rugulosa (Lepiota), 51 Russelli (Boletus), 436 Russula (Tricholoma), 65 russuloides (Amanita), 18 rutilans (Tricholoma), 69

saccata (Calvatia), 587 salignus (Pleurotus), 143 salmonicolor (Boletus), 409 sanguinea (Russula), 191 sanguineus (Cortinarius), 321 sapidus (Pleurotus), 141 saponaceum (Tricholoma), 74 Satanus (Boletus), 454 scaber (Boletus), 461 var. testaceus, 462 var. aurantiacus, 462 var. alutaceus, 462 var. fuligineus, 462 var. fuscus, 462 var. olivaceus, 462 var. niveus, 462 var. areolatus, 463 var. mutabilis, 463 var. gracilipes, 463 scabrosum (Hydnum), 496 scorodonius (Marasmius), 226 sebaceus (Cortinarius), 308 sejunctum (Tricholoma), 63 semiglobata (Stropharia), 351 semilanatus (Coprinus), 382 semilanceata (Psilocybe), 366 var. cærulescens, 366 semilibera (Morchella), 545 semi-orbicularis (Naucoria), 297 separans (Boletus), 445 separata (Anellaria), 388 septentrionale (Hydnum), 503 serotinus (Boletus), 409 serotinus (Pleurotus), 145 Seymourianus (Clitopilus), 262 sigillata (Calvatia), 585 silvaticus (Agaricus), 334 silvaticus (Coprinus), 381 silvicola (Agaricus), 343 var. abruptus, 343 sinuatum (Entoloma), 251 sinuosus (Craterellus), 510 var. crispus, 510 sinuosus (Polyporus), 489 soboliferus (Coprinus), 371 socialis (Clitocybe), 89 solidipes (Panæolus), 385 solitaria (Amanita), 19 sordida (Russula), 190 sordidus (Boletus), 461 spadicea (Psilocybe), 365 var. hygrophilus, 366 var. polycephalus, 366 spadiceus (Boletus), 434 spathulatus (Pleurotus), 145 speciosa (Volvaria), 242 speciosus (Boletus), 439 spectabilis (Boletus), 408 sphærosporus (Boletus), 411 sphærosporus (Hygrophorus), 155 spinosa (Terfezia), 566 spinulifera (Collybia), 122 spinulosa (Clavaria), 521 spinulosum (Mycenastrum), 613 spissa (Amanita), 22 splendens (Clitocybe), 102 spongiosipes (Hydnum), 500 spreta (Amanita), 11 squamosum (Hydnum), 496 squamosus (Polyporus), 480 squamulosus (Cortinarius), 318 squarrosa (Pholiota), 273 squarrosoides (Pholiota), 274 stercoraria (Stropharia), 350 sterquilinus (Coprinus), 372 stipticus (Panus), 236 strangulata (Amanitopsis), 30 (A. Ceciliæ) striæpes (Boletus), 431 striapes (Naucoria), 296 stricta (Clavaria), 522 var. fumida, 522 strigosus (Panus), 234 strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), 475 strobiliformis (Amanita), 19 subaquilum (Hypholoma), 364 subaureus (Boletus), 414 subdepallens (Russula), 192 subdulcis (Lactarius), 182 var. cinnamomeus, 182 var. rufus, 182 var. badius, 182 subglabripes (Boletus), 428 subincarnatum (Lycoperdon), 604 subinvoluta (Clitocybe), 102 sublateritium (Hypholoma), 359 var. squamosum, 359 subluteus (Boletus), 412 subpalmatus (Pleurotus), 139 subpulverulentum (Tricholoma), 82 subpurpureus (Lactarius), 172 subrufescens (Agaricus), 344 subsanguineus (Boletus), 420 subsquamosum (Hydnum), 496 subsquarrosa (Pholiota), 275 subtilis (Clavaria), 519 subtomentosus (Boletus), 433 subvelutipes (Boletus), 457 subvilis (Clitopilus), 260 subzonalis (Clitocybe), 101 sulcata (Helvella), 537 var. minor, 537 Sullivantii (Boletus), 458 sulphureum (Tricholoma), 74 sulphureus (Polyporus), 485

tabacinus (Boletus), 443 tabularis (Agaricus), 347 Taylori (Volvaria), 241 tenera (Galera), 300 var. pilosella, 300 var. obscurior, 300 tenuiculus (Boletus), 426 terreum (Tricholoma), 71 var. fragrans, 71 terriferum (Tricholoma), 64 tessulatus (Pleurotus), 139 tetragona (Clavaria), 518 theiogalus (Lactarius), 174 tigrinum (Tricholoma), 77 tigrinus (Lentinus), 229 togularis (Pholiota), 271 tomentosus (Coprinus), 377 torminosus (Lactarius), 163 tortilis (Clitocybe), 108 torulosus (Panus), 233 transmutans (Tricholoma), 63 tremellosus (Merulius), 490 trullisata (Clitocybe), 106 truncicola (Clitocybe), 94 tumulosa (Clitocybe), 98 turbinatus (Cortinarius), 312 turmalis (Cortinarius), 309 Turneri (Lycoperdon), 602 turpis (Lactarius), 163

ulmarius (Pleurotus), 138 var. acericola, 138 var. populicola, 138 umbellatus (Polyporus), 482 umbellifera (Omphalia), 133 umbonatus (Cantharellus), 217 umbrosus (Pluteus), 246 Underwoodii (Boletus), 459 Underwoodii (Clitopilus), 260 Underwoodii (Lentinus), 231 unicisa (Peziza), 556 unicolor (Boletus), 418 unitinctus (Clitopilus), 257 var. albidus, 257 urens (Marasmius), 223 ustale (Tricholoma), 62

vaccinum (Tricholoma), 70 vaginata (Amanitopsis), 28 var. livida, 29 var. fulva, 29 variabilis (Agaricus), 346 variegatus (Boletus), 430 variipes (Boletus), 446 var. albipes, 447 var. pallidipes, 447 var. tenuipes, 447 varius (Cortinarius), 309 velatum (Lycoperdon), 597 vellereum (Hydnum), 499 vellereus (Lactarius), 169 velosa (Amanitopsis), 29 velutinus (Hypholoma), 360 var. leiocephalus, 360 velutipes (Collybia), 118 venosa (Peziza), 554 vermicularis (Clavaria), 524 vermiculosus (Boletus), 456 var. Spraguei, 457 verna (Amanita), 9 verrucosum (Scleroderma), 616 versipellis (Boletus), 461 vesca (Russula), 198 vesiculosa (Peziza), 558 var. cerea, 558 vilescens (Clitocybe), 88 violaceus (Cortinarius), 314 virescens (Amanita), 8 virescens (Russula), 194 virescens (Tricholoma), 78 Virgineus (Coprinus), 380 virgineus (Hygrophorus), 153 viridis (Amanita), 8 virosa (Amanita), 6 viscidipes (Armillaria), 53 viscidus (Gomphidius), 394 vitellina (Mitrula), 548 vitellina (Russula), 212 Vittadini (Lepiota), 44 vittæformis (Galera), 301 volemi (Hypomyces), 564 volemus (Lactarius), 180 var. subrugosus, 180 volvacea (Volvaria), 240 volvata (Amanitopsis), 31 vulgare (Scleroderma), 615

Woodianus (Clitopilus), 260 Wrightii (Lycoperdon), 604 var. typicum, 605 var. separans, 605 var. atropunctum, 605 Wynnei (Marasmius), 225

xylogenus (Agaricus), 339

zonatum (Hydnum), 498

INDEX TO RECIPES FOR COOKING AND PREPARING FOR THE TABLE

Bake, A Camp, 649 Baked Toadstools of any gilled kind, 648 Boleti, 640 To bake, 641 To broil, 640 To dry, 641 To fry, 641 To stew, 640 To make B. edulis soup, 641 Cantharellus cibarius, 641 To fry, 641 To preserve for winter use, 642 To roast, 641 To stew, 641 Clavaria. To cook, 642 To pickle, 642 Clitocybe multiceps, 642 To bake, 642 With cheese, 642 Coprinus. To cook (Mrs. S.T. Rorer), 642 Croquettes. Toadstool, 643 Fistulina hepatica. To cook, 643 Fistulina hepatica salad, 643 Fungus. To broil any capped, 643 Hydnei. To cook, 644 Hypholomas, 644 To bake, 645 To stew, 644 Lactarii. To cook, 645 Lycoperdons (Puff-balls), 647 To fry, 647 To stew, 647 To make salad of, 647 Marasmius oreades. To cook, 645 Morchella (the Morel). To cook, 645 Morelles a l'Italienne, 645 Mushrooms. To cook, 636 Baked, on toast, 637 Catchup (English method), 640 Catchup (McIlvaine), 639 Crusts of, 637 Fricassee of, 638 Pickles (English method), 639 Pickles (McIlvaine), 638 Sauce, canned (Mrs. E.P. Ewing), 640 Sauce, fresh (Mrs. E.P. Ewing), 640 Stewed, on toast, 638 To dry (English method), 637 To fry, 638 Pâtés. Toadstool, 646 Pleurotus ostreatus. To cook, 646 In chafing dish, 646 To fry, 646 To stew, 646 With cheese, 646 Toadstools of any gilled kind, baked, 648 Toadstools deviled, 643 Toadstools fried, 644 Toadstool salads, 648 Toadstool soups, 648 Toadstools. To stew tougher kinds of, 647 Toadstools with cheese, 648 Toast. Hunter’s, 644 Tricholoma. To cook, 647 Tricholoma personatum. To stew, 647

INDEX TO GENERAL CONTENTS

Abbreviations of the Names of Authors, xxxiv Agaricaceae. Family, xxii, 1 Amanitine, 5 Analysis, Agaricus campester, 334 Coprinus atramentarius, 374 Coprinus comatus, 371 Cortinarius collinitus, 314 Lycoperdon bovista, 590 Marasmius oreades, 225 Morchella esculenta, 543 Pleurotus ostreatus, 137 Anthony, Mrs. Emilia C., xxvi Arnold, Prof. J.P., xxvi Ascomycetes. Sub-Class, xxiii, 534 Auricularieæ. Sub-Family, 526 Author’s and Publisher’s Note, xxvii

Basidiomycetes. Sub-Class, 1, 568 Benson, Berry, xxvi Boston School of Natural History, xxvi Briscoe, Frank D., xxvi Britton, Prof. N.L., xv, xxv Brown, Hon. Addison, xxv

Carter, Prof. W.S., xviii, xxvi, 621 Clavariaceæ. Family, xxiii, 1, 511 Collins, Thomas J., xxvi Cooking, Recipes for, 635 Curtis, Rev. M.A., xix

Dacryomycetes. Sub-Family, 527 Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., xxv Dewey, Melvil, xxvi Discomycetes. Cohort, 534

Easton, Prof. Morton W., xxv Ewing, Mrs. Emma P., xxv

Farlow, Prof. William G., xxvi Fungi. Class, 1

Gastromycetes. Sub-Class, xxi, 568 Glossary, 651

Harpel, Luther G., xxvi Harshberger, Dr. J.W., xxv Helvellaceæ. Family, 534 Hydnaceæ. Family, xxiii, 1, 492 Hymenogastraceæ. Family, 569 Hymenomycetes. Cohort, xxi, xxii, 1

Index to Genera, 690 Index to General Contents, 703 Index to Recipes for Cooking and Preparing for the Table, 702 Index to Species, 692 Instructions to Students, xxix Introduction, xv

Langlois, Rev. A.B., 565 Leucosporæ. Series, 2 List of Illustrations, v Lloyd, C.G., xxvi Lycoperdaceæ. Family, 569, 577

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, xxvi Melanosporæ. Series, 368 Mendel, Lafayette B., xviii Metrical Scale and Table of Measures, xxxi Miller, Henry Irving, xxvi Morgan, Prof. A.P., xv, 589 Morgan, Laura V., xv

Names of the principal American Reporters of Species, xxxvi Nidulariaceæ. Family, 570 Notes, collectors, making and preserving, xxxii

Ochrosporæ. (Dermini.) Series, 268

Palmer, Julius A., Jr., 5, xiii Patchen, Miss Lydia M., xxvi, 41 Peck, Prof. Charles H., xv, xvi Pezizæ. Family, 552 Phalloideæ. Family, 569, 570 Polyporaceæ. Family, xxiii, 1, 396 Porphyrosporæ (Pratelli). Series, 330 Preface, xiii Preparing for the table, 635 Pyrenomycetes. Family, 561

Recipes for cooking and preparing for the table, 635 Rhodosporæ (Hyporhodii). Series, 239 Rorer, Mrs. Sarah Tyson, xxv

Schadle, Dr. J.E., xxvi, 5 Sclerodermaceæ. Family, 569, 615 Spore-prints, To make and preserve, xxx

Starnes, Val W., xxvi Sterling, E.B., xxvi

Thelephoraceæ. Family, 1, 506 Toadstool poisoning and its treatment, 621 To test edibility of species, xxxii Tremellaceæ. Family, 1, 526 Truffles (Tuberaceæ), 565 Tuberaceæ. Family, 565 Tuckahoe, 567

Weist, Dr. James R., xxvi

SUPPLEMENT ONE THOUSAND AMERICAN FUNGI

PREFATORY

The first edition of “One Thousand American Fungi” so fully embodied the species known to be edible, that the field for fresh investigation has been confined principally to newly discovered species. In the eighteen months elapsing since the publication of the first edition, Professor Charles H. Peck—the American authority upon fungi—has reported several. These, with his descriptions, are named in the supplement.

The many requests made of the author for information upon the raising of mushrooms show a prevalent interest in the industry. What he knows is stated herein; what he does not know, and what is not known upon the subject, would furnish the matter for a volume.

Interest in the study of fungi is well established and is rapidly increasing. This department of botany has been made a specialty in many colleges and schools. Its importance is everywhere recognized.

The author and publishers feel a just pride in the success of “One Thousand American Fungi.” The prompt sale of the first edition, and immediate demand for the second, warrant it. Their thanks are due to the many who have kindly interested themselves in obtaining subscriptions to the author’s edition.

CHARLES MCILVAINE.

PUBLICATIONS

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. 1900. Charles H. Peck. Albany, N.Y. With many colored plates. Price, 50 cents. Purchasable from Melvil Dewey, M.A., State Librarian, Albany, N.Y.

THE GENERA OF GASTROMYCETES. Illustrated with 49 figures. By C.G. Lloyd, 224 West Court street, Cincinnati, Ohio. January, 1902. A valuable monograph, privately printed. To be obtained by mycological workers from the author only, in exchange for specimens of puff balls.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO SUPPLEMENT

PLATE PAGE

I. Agaricus abruptus Pk. 722

II. Lepiota clypeolaria Pk. 713

III. Clitocybe patuloides Pk. 714

IV. Lactarius subpurpureus 716 Pk.

V. Cantharellus cinnabarinus 719 Pk.

VI. Cortinarius corrugatus 720 Pk.

INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT

PAGE abietina (Russula), 712 abruptus (Agaricus), 722 Adirondackensis (Clitocybe), 715 chrysenteron albocarneus (Boletus), 723 cinnabarinus (Cantharellus), 719 clypeolaria (Lepiota), 712 corrugatus (Cortinarius), 720 distans (Lactarius), 717 Frostiana pallidipes (Amanita), 711 granulatus albidipes (Boletus), 722 haemorrhoidarius (Agaricus), 721 var. fumosus, 722 lauræ (Hygrophorus), 716 maculosa (Clitocybe), 715 Morgani (Lepiota), 711 mushrooms, Raising at home, 724 naucinoides (Lepiota), 713 patuloides (Clitocybe), 714 Publications, 709 rugulosa (Russula), 717 subpurpureus (Lactarius), 716

SUPPLEMENT

[Sidenote: Amanita.]

=Amanita Frostiana pallidipes= n. var. (See A. Frostiana, page 16.) In his report of the New York State Botanist for 1899, Prof. Charles H. Peck describes a new variety of Amanita Frostiana as follows:

The typical form of this species, which is common in our cool northern woods, has the pileus and annulus, and usually the stem also, of a yellow color, that of the pileus sometimes verging to orange. But in warmer and more open or bushy places forms occur in which the whole plant is whitish, but in other respects has the characters of the species. Sometimes the pileus is pale-yellow and the stem and annulus white. The warts are soft and flocculent, are sometimes numerous and persistent, and again are few or wanting. The form with yellow stem and annulus and yellow or orange pileus may be considered the typical form of the species, but forms having the stem and annulus pale or white may be designated as variety pallidipes. Peck, 53d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

Undoubtedly POISONOUS. McIlvaine.

[Sidenote: Lepiota.]

=Lepiota Morgani= Pk. (See page 37.) The majority of mycophagists are immune to the poison of this species. Yet many cases of severe, but not fatal poisoning by it came within the writer’s knowledge during the season of 1900–1901.

A valuable report is contained in a letter from George B. Clementson, attorney, Lancaster, Wis.:

“* * * Lepiota Morgani has grown in this locality this season in unusual abundance. While I was absent last week, my father picked a number, mistaking them for L. procera, and my mother, in preparing them for the table, ate a small piece of the cap of one—a piece, she assures me, no larger than a hickory nut. About two hours afterward and shortly after dinner (at which the mushrooms were not served, and at which nothing indigestible was eaten) she experienced a peculiar numbness and nausea, with constriction of the throat. Vomiting set in within half an hour and was excessive, lasting several hours and giving no relief. She was very greatly weakened and thought herself dying, being so reduced at one time that she was unable to see. Purging set in not long after the vomiting. The constriction of the throat did not disappear until after the vomiting stopped.

“Whisky and nitroglycerine (by the stomach) were given to keep up the heart’s action.

“It seems probable that the poison itself did not directly affect the heart, but that the alarming weakness was due to the vomiting and purging. That is my mother’s own opinion. After being in bed for a day she was able to get around, but suffered considerable pain in the abdomen for forty-eight hours.

“I presume that owing to the fact that my mother is not very strong and has a weak stomach, she was more violently affected than many might be. But a poison that in any person can produce such symptoms, when taken in so small a quantity, ought to be labeled decidedly dangerous.

“There can be no question that the specimens were L. Morgani, as I examined some that were left of those picked, and also gathered others from the same patch where these were obtained.

“As everything relating to mushroom poisoning should be of interest to the mycologist and mycophagist, I take the liberty of reporting this case.”

The Lepiota Morgani appears to be spreading. In 1901 I found large specimens of it outside a stable in Lebanon, Pa. Its appearance and luxuriance are so much in its favor, that the toadstool lover will be tempted to try it. Experiments in eating it should be conducted with the greatest caution.

(Plate II.)

=Lepiota clypeolaria= (Bull.) Fr. Shield Lepiota. (Plate II.) =Pileus= thin, soft, convex or subcampanulate, becoming nearly plane, obtuse or umbonate, squamose, whitish or yellowish, the center or umbo smooth, yellowish or brownish, the margin often appendiculate with fragments of the veil. =Flesh= white. =Lamellæ= thin, close, free, white. =Stem= slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, fragile, pallid, adorned with soft, loose, white or yellowish floccose scales or filaments. =Spores= oblong or subfusiform, 12–20µ long, 6–8µ broad.

The cap of the shield lepiota is at first somewhat ovate or bell-shaped, but with advancing age it becomes convex above or nearly flat. It is white or whitish, but spotted with numerous small scales of a yellowish or brownish-yellow color. These scales are the result of the breaking up of the thin cuticle that covers the very young plant, and they have the same color as it. A small space in the center is brown or yellowish-brown, or darker than the rest of the cap, because the cuticle covering it remains unbroken and retains its color. The center in some specimens is more prominent than in others, giving what is called an umbonate cap. The margin of the cap is sometimes shaggy, specially in young plants, by the adhering fragments of the whitish veil.

The gills are thin, closely placed side by side and rounded at the end next the stem, but they are not attached to the stem. They are white. The stem is rather long and slender, fragile and adorned with loose, soft fibrils or flocculent, cottony tufts, which give it a somewhat shaggy appearance, but it becomes smoother as the plant grows older.

The cap is usually from 1–2.5 inches broad, and the stem from 1.5–3 inches long and 1.5–3 lines thick. The plants grow in woods, specially in hilly and mountainous regions, and are generally solitary or few in a place, but in favorable seasons they are of frequent occurrence and may be found from July to October. Though small and thin, the caps are well flavored and make a desirable dish. L. metulaespora B. and Br. scarcely differs from this species, except in the striate margin of its cap. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Lepiota naucinoides= Pk. (See page 45.) This valuable food species is spreading and rapidly increasing in many of the states. Prof. Charles H. Peck, in 54th Annual Report of the New York State Museum, says of it: “It has shown considerable variability in some of its characters. Usually its pileus is very white and smooth, clean and attractive, but specimens have been found this year having the pileus dingy or smoky brown, others have been seen in which the cuticle of the pileus was cracked in such a way as to form minute squamules, and in one or two instances plants were observed having the surface of the pileus adorned with minute granules, a character attributed to L. naucina Fr. In such cases the importance of recognizing the spore characters is shown. By disregarding this character our plant has sometimes been referred to L. naucina and sometimes to Agaricus cretaceus Fr., both of which it closely resembles, and with which it appears to be confused by European mycologists, some referring it to one species and some to the other.”

The species named are equally excellent.

(Plate III.)

=Clitocybe patuloides= Pk. (Plate III.) =Pileus= fleshy, firm, rather thick, convex, becoming nearly plane or somewhat centrally depressed, glabrous, even and white when young, with the margin incurved, becoming pale ochraceous with age and often squamose or rimosely areolate. =Flesh= white, taste mild, odor like that of mushrooms. =Lamellæ= thin, close, slightly or strongly decurrent, forked or anastomosing at the base, white. =Stem= usually short, equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, white. =Spores= broadly elliptic, 6–8µ long, 5µ broad.

=Pileus= 1–4 inches broad. =Stem= 1–3 inches long, 4–12 lines thick.

Gregarious or cespitose. Woods, especially of pine. When growing in tufts the stem is often eccentric and the pileus irregular. The base of the stem is often white tomentose. Its agreeable odor and mild taste led to a trial of its edible qualities, but it developed a bitter taste in cooking. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Clitocybe Adirondackensis= Pk. Adirondack Clitocybe. =Pileus= thin, convex or nearly plane and umbilicate, or centrally depressed and funnel-form, glabrous, moist, white or pale tan color. =Flesh= white. =Lamellæ= thin, narrow, close, very decurrent, white. =Stem= nearly equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, colored like the pileus. =Spores= subglobose or broadly elliptic, 4–5µ long, 3–4µ broad.

The Adirondack clitocybe is common in the northern forests of the state, but is not limited to them. Its cap is thin, and soon becomes nearly flat with a decurved margin and a central depression or umbilicus, or very concave by the elevation of the margin, and then it resembles a wineglass in shape. Its margin is sometimes wavy or irregular. In color it varies from white to a very pale red or tan color. White specimens sometimes have the center slightly darker than the rest.

The gills are very narrow, being scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh of the cap. They are closely placed, white and decurrent.

The stem is nearly cylindric, smooth and stuffed or hollow. It is colored like the cap. Often there is a white tomentum or cottony substance at its base.

The cap varies in size and is 1–2 inches broad; the stem 1.5–3 inches long and 1–2 lines thick. It may be found from July to October. Its flavor is suggestive of that of the common mushroom. Peck, 54th Rep N.Y. State Bot.

=Clitocybe maculosa= Pk. Spotted Clitocybe. =Pileus= fleshy, convex, often centrally depressed, glabrous, centrally marked with numerous small round spots, yellowish-white, the young margin involute and minutely downy. =Flesh= white, taste mild. =Lamellæ= narrow, close, very decurrent, whitish or slightly yellowish, some of them forked. =Stem= equal or slightly tapering upward, glabrous or sparingly fibrillose, stuffed, sometimes becoming hollow, whitish. =Spores= subglobose or orbicular, 4–5µ broad.

The peculiar mark by which the spotted clitocybe may be distinguished consists in the small round definite spots in the central part of the cap. They have a slightly darker or watery or yellowish color and appear as if depressed below the rest of the surface. The cap is smooth and whitish or yellowish white and is generally depressed in the center and decurved on the margin. The margin is usually adorned with slight, short radiating ridges. The flesh is white and the taste mild.

The gills are closely placed side by side, narrow and prolonged downward on the stem. They have nearly the same color as the cap. The stem is nearly cylindric, smooth or adorned with a few silky fibrils, whitish and spongy within or sometimes hollow when old.

The cap is from 1–3 inches broad; the stem 2–3 inches long and 2–4 lines thick. This mushroom grows among fallen leaves in woods. It appears in August and September. I have found it in the Adirondack forests only. Its range is probably northward, and its rarity detracts from its importance as an edible species. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Hygrophorus lauræ= Morg. =Pileus= fleshy, convex and umbonate, then expanded and depressed, more or less irregular, glutinous, white, clouded with a reddish or brownish tinge especially on the disk. =Stem= solid, more or less curved or crooked, tapering downward, yellowish-white; the apex scabrous with scaly points. =Lamellæ= unequally adnate-decurrent, distant, white. =Spores= pellucid, elliptic, apiculate, .0083×.0055µ.

Growing in rich soil among the leaves in hilly woods. Pileus 2–4 in. broad, stipe 2–4 in. long and ½ an inch thick. This is a much larger plant than H. eburneus, has a wash of red or brown upon the disk, and is covered with a thick gluten. It is more like H. cossus, but has no odor. Journal Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI, 180, 1883.

Edible. Prof. C.H. Peck.

(Plate IV.)

=Lactarius subpurpureus= Pk. Purplish Lactarius. (Plate IV. See page 172.) “When fresh, their taste is slightly acrid, but, when they are cooked, it is scarcely inferior to that of L. deliciosus.” Peck, 54th Rep. N. Y. State Bot.

I had not seen this species when the first edition of this work went to press, consequently could not report its edible qualities. The favorable testing by Professor Peck adds weight to the opinion I have frequently expressed, that acridity of species when raw is no evidence whatever that they are harmful. Acridity usually disappears in cooking.

=Lactarius distans= Pk. Distant-gilled Lactarius. =Pileus= firm, broadly convex or nearly plane, umbilicate or slightly depressed in the center, with a minute velvety pruinosity, yellowish tawny or brownish orange. =Lamellæ= rather broad, distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or creamy yellow, the interspaces venose, milk white, mild. =Stem= short, equal or tapering downward, solid, pruinose, colored like the pileus. =Spores= subglobose. 9–11µ broad.

The distant-gilled Lactarius is similar to the orange Lactarius in color, but in other respects it is quite distinct. The short stem, widely separated gills and pruinose surface of the cap are distinctive features. The cap is broadly convex and often has a small central depression or umbilicus. In some cases it becomes nearly plane or even slightly funnel-shape by the spreading or elevation of the margin. The surface, specially in young and in well-developed specimens, has a soft pruinose or almost velvety appearance to the naked eye, and when viewed through a magnifying glass it is seen to be covered with minute persistent granules. The surface is sometimes wrinkled and frequently it cracks in such a way as to form small angular or irregular areas. The color is a peculiar one, varying somewhat in shade, but with tawny hues prevailing. It has been described as yellowish tawny and brownish orange. The flesh is white or whitish and has a mild taste.

The gills are wide apart, somewhat arched in specimens having a convex cap and slightly decurrent in those with fully expanded or centrally depressed caps. Their color is white or creamy yellow and in old and dried specimens they have a white pruinosity as if frosted by the spores. The milk is white and mild.

The stem is short, rarely more than an inch long, and is cylindric or tapering downward. It is solid and colored and clothed like the cap.

The cap is 1 to 4 in. broad; the stem is usually about 1 in. long, 4 to 8 lines thick. It is found in thin woods, bushy places and pastures from July to September. It is similar to the orange Lactarius, L. volemus, in its edible qualities. Peck, 52d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Russula rugulosa= n. sp. Rugulose Russula. =Pileus= rather thin, fragile, convex, becoming nearly plane or centrally depressed, viscid when moist, roughened or uneven with small tubercles and rugæ, even on the margin when young, becoming tuberculate striate with age, the viscid pellicle separable on the margin. =Flesh= white, reddish under the cuticle, taste tardily acrid. =Lamellæ= rather close, adnate or slightly rounded behind, white. =Stem= nearly equal, spongy within, white. =Spores= white, rough, subglobose, 8–10µ broad, shining in transmitted light.

The rugulose russula is closely related to the emetic russula, but differs from it in the uneven or rugulose surface of the cap, in the tardily acrid taste and in its closer adnate gills. Its cap is red, varying from pale-red to dark-red, viscid when moist, even on the margin when young, but somewhat tuberculate and striate when old. Its surface is roughened by minute tubercles or pimples, which sometimes appear to run together and form short ridges. These are sometimes absent from the center of the cap. The viscid cuticle easily peels from the margin of the cap, but not from the center. The flesh is white, except just under the cuticle, where it is reddish. It is soft and fragile, and its taste is slowly and much less sharply acrid than in the emetic russula. Its gills are closely placed, attached to the stem and persistently white. The stem is brittle, soft and spongy within, smooth and white. The cap is 2–4 inches broad, the stem 2–3 inches long, 4–8 lines thick.

It grows in woods among mosses and fallen leaves or on the bare ground, and appears in August and September. It is an inhabitant of the Adirondack forests. Its slightly acrid flavor is destroyed in cooking, and it affords a harmless, tender and agreeable food. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Russula abietina= n. sp. Fir Tree Russula. =Pileus= thin, fragile, convex, becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed in the center, viscid when moist, the viscid pellicle separable, tuberculate striate on the margin. =Flesh= white, taste mild. =Lamellæ= subdistant, ventricose, narrowed toward the stem, rounded behind and nearly free, whitish, becoming pale yellow, the interspaces venose. =Stem= equal or tapering toward the top, stuffed or hollow, white. =Spores= bright yellowish ochraceous, subglobose, rough, 8–10µ broad.

The fir tree russula is closely related to the youthful russula, R. puellaris Fr., from which it is separated by the viscid cap, the gills rather widely separated from each other and nearly free, the stem never yellowish nor becoming yellow where wounded, and the spores having an ochraceous hue. They are much brighter and more highly colored in the mass than the mature gills. The cap varies much in color, but the center is generally darker than the rest. It may be dull purple or greenish purple with a brownish or blackish center, or sometimes with an olive green center, or it may be olive green or smoky green with a brownish center. Olive green and purplish hues of various shades are variously combined, but sometimes the margin is grayish and the center olive green. The flesh is white and its taste mild. The gills are white when young, or barely tinged with yellow, but they become pale yellow with age. They are neither crowded nor widely attached to the stem, and are connected with each other by cross veins, which can be seen at the bottom of the interspaces. The stems are rather slender, soft or spongy, sometimes becoming hollow and occasionally tapering upward. They are very constantly and persistently white. The =cap= is 1–2.5 inches broad, the =stem= 1–2.5 inches long, 3–5 lines thick. This russula grows under or near pine, spruce or balsam fir trees. It occurs from July to October. It is tender and palatable. The stems also are tender and may be cooked with the caps. Peck, 54th Rep. N. V. State Bot.

(Plate V.)

=Cantharellus cinnabarinus= Schw. Cinnabar Chantarelle. (Plate V.) =Pileus= firm, convex or slightly depressed in the center, often irregular with a wavy or lobed margin, glabrous, cinnabar red. =Flesh= white. =Lamellæ= narrow, distant, branched, decurrent, red. =Stem= equal or tapering downward, glabrous, solid or stuffed, red. =Spores= elliptic, 8–10µ long, 4–5µ broad.

The cinnabar Chantarelle is readily recognized by its color. It is externally red in all its parts, the interior only being white. It is a small species but often quite irregular in shape. Small specimens are more likely to be regular than large ones. Sometimes the cap is more fully developed on one side than on the other. This makes the stem eccentric or in some cases almost lateral. The color is quite constant, but in some instances it is paler and approaches a pinkish hue. It is apt to fade or even disappear in dried specimens. The gills are blunt on the edge as in other species of this genus. They are forked or branched, narrow and decurrent.

The stem is small, smooth and usually rather short. It is generally solid, but in the original description it is characterized as stuffed. The cap is 8 to 18 lines broad; the stem 6 to 12 lines long and 1 to 3 broad. It grows gregariously in thin woods and open places and may be found from July to September. It sometimes occurs in great abundance, which adds to its importance as an edible species. The fresh plant has a tardily and slightly acrid flavor, but this disappears in cooking. In Epicrisis, Fries referred this species to the genus Hygrophorus, and in Sylloge also it is placed in that genus, but it is a true Cantharellus and belongs in the genus in which Schweinitz placed it. Peck, 52d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Cortinarius corrugatus= Pk. Corrugated Cortinarius. (Plate VI.) =Pileus= fleshy, broadly campanulate or very convex, viscid when moist, coarsely corrugated, bright-yellow, reddish-yellow, tawny or ochraceous. =Flesh= white. =Lamellæ= close, pallid when young, becoming tawny with age. =Stem= rather long, equal, hollow, bulbous, pallid or yellowish, the bulb viscid and usually colored like the pileus. =Spores= broadly elliptical, rough, 11–16µ long, 8–10µ broad.

The corrugated Cortinarius is a well-marked and easily-recognized species, quite distinct from its allies. Although the color of the pileus is variable, its viscid, corrugated surface and the viscid bulb of the stem afford distinctive and easily-recognized characters. Sometimes the corrugations or wrinkles anastomose with each other in such a way as to give a reticulated appearance. The color varies from yellow to reddish-tawny or reddish-ochraceous. The margin in young plants is incurved.

(Plate VI.)

There is a variety in which the cap is adorned with darker-colored spots or scales. This bears the name, variety subsquamosus. In all other respects it is like the species.

The gills are closely placed side by side. They are at first of a pale hue, but assume a darker and more definite tawny color with age. They are usually minutely uneven or eroded on the edge and transversely striate on the sides. They are slightly narrowed toward the stem.

The stem is generally a little longer than the width of the cap. It is commonly smooth, but sometimes sprinkled near the top with minute yellowish particles and adorned below with a few fibrils. It is hollow and has a distinct viscid bulbous base, the viscidity of which is a peculiar feature. This bulb in the very young plant is even broader than the young cap, that at this stage of development appears to rest upon it. The color of the bulb is usually like that of the cap, but the stem is commonly paler than either.

The cap is 2 to 4 inches broad, the stem 3 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines thick. The plants are gregarious in woods and bushy places, and may be found from June to September. It sometimes grows in considerable abundance, and as an edible species it is not to be despised. Peck, 52d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Agaricus hæmorrhoidarius= Schulz. Bleeding Mushroom. The bleeding mushroom is easily recognized, when fresh, by the red color assumed by wounds of the flesh either of the cap or stem. This character is also found in the seashore mushroom, A. maritimus, a species that has a solid stem and has not yet been found growing far from the sea. The cap is generally some shade of brown, but sometimes when young it is white. It is adorned with darker fibrils or scales, though these sometimes become obscure or disappear with age. When young it is hemispheric or very convex, but it soon becomes broadly convex or nearly flat, with the center either slightly depressed or somewhat prominent. The flesh is generally whitish or grayish white when first exposed to the air. It assumes the red color rather slowly and after a time loses it again.

The gills are pink or rarely whitish when young, but become brown or blackish brown with age. The stem is long or short, cylindric or tapering upward, sometimes slightly thickened or bulbous at the base, sometimes not. It is hollow, but the cavity small, at first fibrillose and more or less adorned with floccose scales toward the base, but these generally disappear with age, and the primary white color of the stem is apt to become darker with age. The collar is membranaceous and at first conceals the gills. It is persistent, silky and white or whitish, sometimes tinged with brown.

The =cap= is 2–4 inches broad; the =stem= 2–4 inches long, 3–5 lines thick. It grows in woods or bushy places and seems to prefer damp soil rich in vegetable mold. It may be found from August to October. It sometimes grows in clusters. It gives to milk in which it is stewed a brownish color. Its flavor is similar to that of the common mushroom. A variety in which the stem is commonly shorter and the pileus of a darker smoky brown color is sometimes abundant in low damp ground on Long Island. It may be called variety fumosus. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

=Agaricus abruptus= Pk. (A. silvicola Vitt., A. arvensis var. abruptus Pk.) (Plate I, page 722.) Agaricus abruptus Pk. is described on page 343 as A. silvicola Vitt. It is very common in the woods of West Virginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In the summer of 1901, I found it in Rockingham Co., N.C. The probabilities are that its spread is extensive.

Being the wood cousin of the field mushroom (A. campester) it deserves more than ordinary attention. It is found during months which do not favor the growth of the mushroom. It is equally good, though not so fleshy. It gives the true mushroom flavor to less flavored edible species when cooked with them.

When seen at a distance, growing in the woods, it has the appearance of an Amanita, but the color of the gills, which are never white after the cap opens and become as the spores ripen a blackish brown, distinguishes it at once. Neither has it a volva.

The excellent photograph of the species, taken by the late Dr. J.R. Weist, Richmond, Ind., presents a life-like picture of it.

=Boletus granulatus albidipes= n. var. “Under pine trees. Westport. October. This variety differs from the typical form of the species in having the flesh of the pileus white, except next the tubes, where it is faintly yellowish, the stem white externally and internally, and in having a slight membranaceous veil which forms a very thin annulus on the stem of the young plant, or forms fragments which adhere to the margin of the pileus.” Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

For typical form B. granulatus, see page 416.

=Boletus chrysenteron albocarneus= n. var. White Flesh Boletus. =Pileus= fleshy, convex above, dry, subglabrous, varying from brick red to bay red. =Flesh= white, sometimes tinged with red near the surface; tubes rather long, adnate or slightly depressed around the stem, greenish yellow, their mouths small, subrotund. =Stem= equal or nearly so, solid, subglabrous, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, white within.

The white flesh boletus is quite common in the Adirondack forests and quite constant in its characters. I have not seen it with yellow flesh, though in other respects it agrees very well with the description of B. chrysenteron. The cap is not often cracked, but, when it is, the cracks are sometimes red, sometimes yellowish, though the flesh is constantly white except just beneath the cuticle, where it is sometimes reddish. The tubes are long and greenish yellow. They are at first nearly plane in the mass, but with the expansion of the cap the mass often becomes ventricose. The mouths of the tubes are small and nearly round. Wounds or bruises of the mass become bluish or greenish blue. The stem is firm, solid and colored like the cap, though it is sometimes a little paler.

The =Cap= is 1–2.5 inches broad; the =Stem= 1–2 inches long, 2–4 lines thick. The trial specimens were fried in butter and found to be harmless, palatable and digestible. Peck, 54th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.

For typical species—B. chrysenteron—see page 431.

RAISING MUSHROOMS AT HOME

By the courtesy of the publishers of The Woman’s Home Companion, the author is permitted to republish his article, “Raising Mushrooms at Home,” which appeared in the October, 1901, number of that excellent monthly—encyclopedic in all home matters.

In October is the time to prepare the manure and beds for house-raising of mushrooms. During the warm months they can not be cultivated without trial of one’s temper and test of one’s taste. Any one having control of a cellar can raise a fine crop of expectations, and may raise a crop of mushrooms by either accident or experience. They are at all times the most contrary of growths, and require the nicest management and much patience. The first thing to do is to select a well-ventilated spot away from direct drafts, where the temperature can be maintained at from fifty to sixty degrees and a moist atmosphere assured. Thoroughly cleanse the cellar and give it an entire covering of whitewash.

Decide upon the size of bed desired. In width the bed should not exceed reaching distance to its center when there is a pathway on each side of it, say six feet. The length of the bed should reach to its useful stopping-place. If the cellar has a portable heater in it, and is warm, the bed should be ten to twelve inches in depth; if the heater is walled in, or the cellar is cool, the bed should be fifteen inches deep.

Calculate how much fresh horse-manure, with the long straw only removed from it and that has not been rained upon, it will take to make a bed of desired dimensions solidly tramped. Get it, put it in a compact heap, and keep it covered from rain. It will heat rapidly and get smoking-hot, because a fermentation sets in which produces heat. If loam can be procured from a pasture or elsewhere it is well to add one-fifth (in bulk) of it to the manure, mixing it thoroughly. This addition retards the fermentation and absorbs the ammonia—a valuable fertilizer—which would otherwise be driven off by the heat. It also takes up any surplus of moisture.

After the compact pile has been thus prepared it should stand two or three days, then be well forked over and again piled. This forking should be repeated from four to six times, at intervals of from two to four days, depending upon the use or not of loam, which affects the rapidity of heating. If loam is used the forking should be at longer intervals unless the heat becomes excessive. The manure will probably then be in good order to go into beds. It is upon proper, careful preparation of this medium that successful mushroom-raising greatly depends. All work and hopes are thrown away if the greatest care is not exercised. Just as it is folly to buy poor seeds upon which to expend costly labor, so it is folly to make beds of poorly prepared manure.

The manure must neither contain too much nor too little water. By far the largest percentage of failures is due to too much. It rots the spawn vine (mycelium), and thus destroys the starting place of the fruit, or mushroom. The object in forking the manure so frequently is to sweeten it (as the operation is called) and to prevent overheating from fermentation. If it gets too hot it “burns”—gets too dry. Molding, too, is avoided. Moldy manure will not produce. If, in forking over the pile, dry places are found, they should be sprinkled with water; if, when the fermentation grows less active, the manure is too wet, spread it out to air and dry somewhat. It is in good condition and properly moist when tight squeezing will not press water from it. Far better that it should be too dry than too wet. The manure now ready should be moved to the cellar and made into beds while warm.

Good ventilation is a necessity. Two thermometers are needed—one to mark the temperature of the cellar, the other to place well and solidly down in the bed to record what it is doing in the heat way. It is probable that the mercury will rise slowly. It may go as high as one hundred and twenty-five or one hundred and thirty degrees. Do not disturb the bed, however high it goes. When it falls to between ninety and eighty degrees plant the spawn. If possible, keep the temperature up for several days. It should then fall slowly to sixty degrees, but go down no farther. Never plant on a rising temperature.

Mushroom-spawn comes in brick-shaped blocks. They can be purchased, of good quality, from any reliable seedsman. These blocks are made of a mixture of dungs, through which the mycelium, or vine, from which mushrooms grow, has been run. After this mixture is filled with the vine (badly named spawn) it is pressed into blocks and dried. It should be kept dry until used. Spawning a bed is nothing more than placing cuttings of this exceedingly fine vine under the influence of moisture and heat in a soil fitted for its growth (such as the bed should be), then inducing it to run and fruit. Spawn is originally made to grow by planting the seed of mushrooms in specially prepared dungs and germinating them. The mycelium, or vine, coming from this germination is called “virgin spawn,” and is perpetuated in its growth by running (training) it through manures, pieces of which form the spawn of commerce.

With a sharp hatchet cut the bricks into twelve pieces of equal size; a fine, clean meat-saw may be used, as it reduces breakage. With the hand make holes in the bed ten inches apart each way. These holes must be so deep that when the lumps of spawn are thrust firmly down into them the top of the lumps will be not less than one inch or more than two inches below the surface of the bed. Cover the lumps firmly. Have the surface of the bed as even as possible. Without having to go very far into the cold region of mathematics, the number of bricks of spawn needed is easily figured. Ascertain the number of holes, ten inches apart, that can be made in the bed. Divide this number by twelve, and lo! you have it.

After the bed is spawned it is well to lay a double thickness of newspapers over it, putting a few plastering-laths or light sticks upon them to keep them in place. This is to keep the heat in the bed, as it is desirable that the temperature should not run down too rapidly. It should be two weeks falling to sixty degrees.

Ten days after spawning, if the heat of the bed has gone down to sixty-five or sixty degrees, cover the bed with two inches of loam and pat it solid with spade or board. The bed should not be covered with loam when the temperature is too high. Removing the papers will allow the heat to escape. At the time of covering with loam the spawn should have begun to spread. It will show plainly in the manure close to the lumps of spawn. Its odor is unmistakable, being musky, spicy, much like mushrooms, but stronger. Care should be taken not to disturb the new mycelium, as all breakage of the fine, web-like threads lessens its product. The mycelium should start and grow quickly up to the time of covering with loam. After that a slow increase is best. To effect this the surrounding outside temperature should be from fifty-seven to sixty-two degrees. Ventilation should be upward and good, but not directly upon the bed.

The mycelium will now run and completely fill the bed. Minute white nodules will appear upon the threads of it; these are the beginnings of the mushrooms to come. In from seven to eight weeks after spawning tiny button mushrooms should appear on top of the bed. If the cellar has been cool it may be a few days longer. Mr. Falconer says, “If the temperature of the bed falls below fifty-seven degrees, and the atmospheric temperature below forty-five degrees, the beds should be covered with matting or other material.” Newspapers will do. Upon the appearance of the mushrooms is the time a moist atmosphere is needed. This is obtained by sprinkling the walks and cellar well with warm water. This moisture should be kept up all the while the crop is growing. Unless the fruiting beds show a marked dryness they should not be watered. If watering is required, do it very carefully with a fine rose or syringe. Have the pure water at ninety degrees, and do not more than moisten the loam covering. Never let the water settle in pools or wash the surface.

After the bed is in bearing the addition of strong, liquid manure plentifully applied between the bunches (never on them) will add to their weight and size. It should be done with a long spout without rose. A sprinkling of salt on bare places is beneficial.

GATHERING THE CROP.

The mushrooms will now show in various sizes, from pin-head to large, full-grown specimens, singly and in dense clusters. As fast as they reach the desired size twist them from their sockets. Do not cut or pull them. Keep the gills downward, to prevent dirt getting in them. Take care not to disturb those left in the beds more than is necessary. It is unnecessary to add, cook them, but it is very necessary to tell how, because many excellent cooks commit the outrageous sacrilege of peeling mushrooms. A large amount of the flavor and deliciousness of a mushroom is in the skin—as it is in the apple. One might just as well peel a strawberry. First, always holding the plant gills downward and not over others, cut away the extreme base of the stem and brush off any adhering dirt. If the cap shows much scruff, rub it off with a piece of coarse flannel or cloth. Throw the mushrooms thus cleaned into cold water; they will float. Run the fingers through them several times, then lift them to a fresh pan of water, wash them and place them, gills downward, on a cloth to drain, or put them in a colander. Then cook them to taste. Here, again, sacrilege is frequent. Many foods are simply mediums for added flavors. Not so the mushroom; it has a decided, exquisite flavor of its own. It should not be made in cooking to taste like something else. Put the mushrooms in a stew-pan with a little water; cover them, and stew slowly for twenty minutes, adding butter, salt and pepper to taste. Cream or milk may be added. Another very good way is to butter well a medium-hot pan; cut the mushrooms into equal-sized pieces, put them in it, cover, and fry. Stir them from time to time, and when quite done season with salt and pepper. A good gravy is made for them by using water, milk or cream. Now if you must have a meat of some sort, put the meat on one dish and the mushrooms on another. By doing this you spoil the taste of neither.

Beds will continue to produce for several weeks if properly cared for. As soon as they cease bearing remove them, clean up, white-wash, coal-oil every inch of wood, salt the floor, and be ready to try again. After the amateur has his or her hand in, the bed area can be largely increased by building rough berths, one above the other, in which beds can be made. An important bit of advice is: Start in a small way. Do not expend any more money than you can afford to lose.

Transcriber’s Note

This is a complex text, with a great deal of structure, which occasionally lapses. In general, the text is given as printed, except that minor lapses of the conventional punctuation have been silently corrected. Where the author’s intent is unclear, the notes collected here will indicate the resolution, if any.

The text proved difficult to outline, with different sections adopting various schemes. The only class contained here is FUNGI.

In each Genus section, the 'Analysis of the Tribes' tabulation indicates one or more subsections to follow, keyed by one or more asterisks. Frequently, these references have no corresponding subsection. In general, this scheme is unreliable.

On p. 34, the outline entry ‘B. PILEUS VISCID. NEITHER SCALY NOR WARTY’ almost certainly refers to the incorrectly lettered and titled section on p. 49, ‘A. CUTICLE VISCID. NEITHER SCALY NOR WARTY.’. The ‘cuticle’ is an attribute of the ‘pileus’.

As examples, on p. 133, there are no asterisks on the references to the Collybarii or Mycenarii, but one asterisk appears in the subsection Collybarii directly below. On the other hand, there is no matching subheading for Mycenarii.

On p. 271, the reference '* Ægeritini. P. ægerita, the type of the section,' in the Table of the Tribes has no matching section.

Where the subsection references have matching subsections, hyperlinks have been included to facilitate navigation.

There are number of issues associated with the many illustrations.

There is a parenthetical reference on p. 142 to Plate XXXV_a_ on the same page, which does not exist in the text, nor in the List of Illustrations.

On p. 216, the page reference for Plate CXXXVI, fig. 4 was omitted. The correct page (p. 508) has been provided.

On p. 319, Plate LXXXVIa (Cortinarius autumnalis) is mislabeled as LXXXVIb. Plate LXXXVIb (Cortinarius annulatus) appears properly on p. 320.

Plates LXXXIX, CXXIII, CXXVII and CLVII are missing from both the List and the text.

On pp. 569–570, the quotation marks associated with the passage “The botanical description of Gastromycetes, given by M.C. Cooke, is ... by various transformations of the peridium.” are confused. They are given as printed here.

On p. 664, the reference to MONOCOTYLEDON in the entry for ENDOGEN has no corresponding entry.

p. xxiii The Clavariaceæ—branched or Missing, club-shaped[—]often found but likely.

p. 64 In other re[s]pects Added.

p. 65 mot[t]lings Added.

p. 100 =Spores= 5–6×3–4[µ] B. Added.

p. 227 [Novia] Scotia Sic.

p. 285 dangerous plant.[”] Added.

p. 297 Mrs. Mary F[a/u]ller Corrected. 'Fuller' elsewhere.

p. 324 at M[r/t]. Gretna, Pa. Corrected.

p. 351 som[e]what Added.

p. 352 evidence against it.[”] Added.

p. 363 [A/H]. Candolleanus Corrected; the genus following this entry.

p. 407 Pile[o]us yellow Removed.

p. 464 =Spores= oblong, 12–14×4–5[µ]. Added.

p. 467 =B. gra[´]cilis= Added.

p. 471 the type of a new tribe.[”] Added.

p. 484 Philade[l]phia Added.

p. 517 *[*] Plant white, gray or yellowish. Added.

p. 548 MITRUL[L]A VITELLINA. sic.

p. 660 (cortina[)] Added.

p. 663 plan tbefore/plant before Corrected.

p. 671 LA´TEX (latex, liquid; [ferre, Sic. bear]),

p. 679 as i[f/n] pruinatus Corrected.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us