VI. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS (part 2 of 2)

VI. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS (part 2 of 2)

That your retirement may be as happy as your life has been virtuous and useful; that our youth may see in the blissful close of your days, an additional inducement to form themselves on your model, is the devout and earnest prayer of your fellow citizens who compose the General Assembly of Virginia.

XLIII.

Notes on Fifth Volume of Marshall's Life of Washington.

Page 2. "The practicability of perpetuating his authority," &c. I am satisfied that General Washington had not a wish to perpetuate his authority; but he who supposes it was practicable, had he wished it, knows nothing of the spirit of America, either of the people or of those who possessed their confidence. There was indeed a cabal of the officers of the army who proposed to establish a monarchy and to propose it to General Washington. He frowned indignantly at the proposition, [according to the information which got abroad,] and Rufus King and some few civil characters, chiefly [indeed, I believe, to a man] north of Maryland, who joined in this intrigue. But they never dared openly to avow it, knowing that the spirit which had produced a change in the form of government was alive to the preservation of it.

Page 28. The member of Congress here alluded to was myself, and the extracts quoted, was part of a letter from myself in answer to one General Washington wrote. (See both.) General Washington called on me at Annapolis (where I then was as a member of Congress), on his way to the meeting of the Cincinnati in Philadelphia. We had much conversation on the institution, which was chiefly an amplification of the sentiments in our letters, and, in conclusion, after I had stated to him the modifications which I thought might remove all jealousies, as well as dangers, and the parts which might still be retained, he appeared to make up his mind, and said: "No! not a fibre of it must be retained--no half-way reformation will suffice. If the thing be bad, it must be totally abolished." And he declared his determination to use his utmost endeavors to have it entirely abolished. On his return from Philadelphia he called on me again at Annapolis, and sat with me until a very late hour in the night, giving me an account of what passed in their convention. The sum of it was that he had exerted his whole influence in every way in his power to procure an abolition; that the opposition to it was extreme, and especially from some of the younger members; but that after several days of struggle within doors and without, a general sentiment was obtained for its entire abolition. Whether any vote had been taken on it or not, I do not remember; but his affirmation to me was, that within a few days (I think he said two or three) it would have been formally abolished. Just in that moment arrived Major L'Enfant, who had been sent to France to procure the Eagles, and to offer the order to the French officers who had served in America. He brought the King's permission to his officers to accept it, the letters of thanks of these officers accepting it, letters of solicitation from other officers to obtain it, and the Eagles themselves. The effect of all this on the minds of the members was to undo much of what had been done; to rekindle all the passions which had produced the institution, and silence all the dictates of prudence, which had been operating for its abolition. After this, the General said, the utmost that could be effected was the modification which took place, and which provided for its extinction with the death of the existing members. He declined the Presidency, and, I think, Baron Steuben was appointed. I went soon after to France. While there, M. de Munier, charged with that part of the Encyclopedie Methodique which relates to economy politique and diplomatique, called on me with the article of that dictionary, "Etats Unis," which he had prepared ready for the press, and begged I would revise it and make any notes on it which I should think necessary towards rendering it correct. I furnished him most of the matter of his fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and tenth sections of the article "Etats Unis," with which, however, he intermixed some of his own. The ninth is that which relates to the Cincinnati. On this subject, the section, as prepared by him, was an unjust and incorrect Philippic against General Washington and the American officers in general. I wrote a substitute for it, which he adopted, but still retaining considerable of his own matter, and interspersing it in various parts.

Page 33. "In a government constituted," &c. Here begins the artful complexion he has given to the two parties, Federal and Republican. In describing the first by their views and motives, he implies an opposition to those motives in their opponents which is totally untrue. The real difference consisted in their different degrees of inclination to Monarchy or Republicanism. The Federalists wished for everything which would approach our new government to a Monarchy. The Republicans to preserve it essentially Republican. This was the true origin of the division, and remains still the essential principle of difference between the two parties.

XLIV.

Scheme for a system of Agricultural Societies. March, 1811.

Several persons, farmers and planters of the county of Albemarle, having, during their visits and occasional meetings together, in conversations on the subjects of their agricultural pursuits, received considerable benefits from an intercommunication of their plans and processes in husbandry, they have imagined that these benefits might be usefully extended by enlarging the field of communication so as to embrace the whole dimensions of the State. Were practical and observing husbandmen in each county to form themselves into a society, commit to writing themselves, or state in conversations at their meetings to be written down by others, their practices and observations, their experiences and ideas, selections from these might be made from time to time by every one for his own use, or by the society or a committee of it, for more general purposes. By an interchange of these selections among the societies of the different counties, each might thus become possessed of the useful ideas and processes of the whole; and every one adopt such of them as he should deem suitable to his own situation. Or to abridge the labor of such multiplied correspondences, a central society might be agreed on to which, as a common deposit, all the others should send their communications. The society thus honored by the general confidence, would doubtless feel and fulfil the duty of selecting such papers as should be worthy of entire communication, of extracting and digesting from others whatever might be useful, and of condensing their matter within such compass as might reconcile it to the reading, as well as to the purchase of the great mass of practical men. Many circumstances would recommend, for the central society, that which should be established in the county of the seat of government. The necessary relations of every county with that would afford facilities for all the transmissions which should take place between them. The annual meeting of the legislature at that place, the individuals of which would most frequently be members of their county societies, would give opportunities of informal conferences which might promote a general and useful understanding among all the societies; and presses established there offer conveniences entirely peculiar to that situation.

In a country, of whose interests agriculture forms the basis, wherein the sum of productions is limited by the quantity of the labor it possesses, and not of its lands, a more judicious employment of that labor would be a clear addition of gain to individuals as well as to the nation, now lost to both by a want of skill and information in its direction. Every one must have seen farms otherwise equal, the one producing the double of the other by the superior culture and management of its possessor; and every one must have under his eye numerous examples of persons setting out in life with no other possession than skill in agriculture, and speedily, by its sole exercise, acquire wealth and independence. To promote, therefore, the diffusion of this skill, and thereby to procure, with the same labor now employed, greater means of subsistence and of happiness to our fellow citizens, is the ultimate object of this Association; and towards effecting it, we consider the following particulars among those most worthy of the attention of the societies proposed.

1st. And principally the cultivation of our primary staples of wheat, tobacco, and hemp, for market.

2d. All subsidiary articles for the support of the farm, the food, the clothing and the comfort of the household, as Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, millet, the family of peas and beans, the whole family of grasses, turnips, potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, and other useful roots, cotton and flax, the garden and orchard.

3d. The care and services of useful animals for the saddle or draught, for food or clothing, and the destruction of noxious quadrupeds, fowls, insects, and reptiles.

4th. Rotations of crops, and the circumstances which should govern or vary them, according to the varieties of soil, climate, and markets, of our different counties.

5th. Implements of husbandry and operations with them, among which the plough and all its kindred instruments for dividing the soil, holds the first place, and the threshing machine an important one, the simplification of which is a great desideratum. Successful examples, too, of improvement in the operations of these instruments would be an excitement to correct the slovenly and unproductive practices too generally prevalent.

6th. Farm buildings and conveniences, inclosures, roads, fuel, timber.

7th. Manures, plaster, green-dressings, fallows, and other means of ameliorating the soil.

8th. Calendars of works, showing how a given number of laborers and of draught animals are to be employed every day in the year so as to perform within themselves, and in their due time, according to the usual course of seasons, all the operations of a farm of given size. This being essential to the proportioning the labor to the size of the farm.

9th. A succinct report of the different practices of husbandry in the county, including the bad as well as the good, that those who follow the former may read and see their own condemnation in the same page which offers better examples for their adoption. It is believed that a judicious execution of this article alone, might nearly supersede every other duty of the society, inasmuch as it would present every good practice which has occurred to the mind of any cultivator of the State for imitation, and every bad one for avoidance. And the choicest processes culled from every farm, would compose a course probably near perfection.

10th. The county communications being first digested in their respective societies, a methodical and compact digest and publication of these would be the duty of the central society; and on the judicious performance of this, would in a great degree depend the utility of the institutions, and extent of improvement flowing from them.

11th. That we may not deter from becoming members, those practical and observing husbandmen whose knowledge is the most valuable, and who are mostly to be found in that portion of citizens with whom the observance of economy is necessary, all duties of every kind should be performed gratis; and to defray the expenses of the central publication alone, each member should pay at the first stated meeting of his society in every year, ---- dollars, for which he should be entitled to receive a copy of the publication bound in boards.

12th. The first association of ---- persons in any county notifying themselves as constituted to the central society, should be received as the society of the county making a part of the general establishment here proposed; but every county society should be free to adopt associate members, although residents of other counties, and to receive and avail the institution of communications from persons not members, whether in or out of their county.

We are far from presuming to offer this organization and these principles of constitution as complete, and worthy the implicit adoption of other societies. They are suggested only as propositions for consideration and amendment, and we shall readily accede to any others more likely to effect the purposes we have in view. We know that agricultural societies are already established in some counties; but we are not informed of their particular constitutions. We request these to be admitted into their brotherhood, and to make with them parts of one great whole. We have learned that such a society is formed or forming at the seat of our government. We ask their affiliation, and give them our suffrage for the station of central society. We promise to all our zealous co-operation in promoting the objects of the institution, and to contribute our mite in exchange for the more abundant information we shall receive from others.

For these purposes we now constitute ourselves an agricultural society of the county of Albemarle, and adopt as rules for present observance, the principles before stated.

Our further organization shall be a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be chosen at the first stated meeting to be held in every year, by a majority of the members present, provided those present be a majority of the existing members, and to continue in office until another election shall be made.

There shall be four stated meetings in ever year, to wit: on the first Mondays in January, April, July and October.

The place of meeting, and rules of the society, shall be established, revoked or altered, and new members admitted, at any of the stated meetings, by a majority of the attending members, if they be a majority of those present, not being less than one-fourth of the whole. And, lest the powers given to the greater quorum of a majority of the whole, should at any time remain unexercised from insufficient attendance, the same may be exercised by a resolution of the lesser quorum of one-fourth, passed at a stated meeting: provided it be confirmed at the next stated meeting, by either a greater or lesser quorum, and in the meantime have no force.

Those who for two whole years shall not have attended any stated meeting shall, ipso facto, cease to be members. And to ascertain at all times who are the existing members, the names of those attending every meeting shall be regularly entered in the journals of the society.

The President shall preside at all meetings when present, and when absent, a president pro tempore may be appointed for that purpose by those present.

XLV.

_Observations on the force and obligation of the common law in the United States, on the occasion of Hardin's case, in Kentucky. November 11th, 1812._

The common law of England is that system of law which was established in that country anterior to the Magna Charta, 9 H. 3, before which period no statutes are extant of record. It is used in contradistinction to the term statute law, which comprehends all the laws passed by their Parliament from the Magna Charta down to this day.

The term common law is used also in contradistinction to the chancery, as when we speak of the doctrines or courts of the common law, the doctrines or courts of chancery, and then include the statute law also. In which sense the term is used, must always depend on the subject matter.

On the settlement of the colonies now composing the United States, and the establishment of a legislature in each of them, that legislature, in some cases, finding that the enacting a complete code of laws, which should reach every transaction needing legislative regulation, would be far beyond their time and abilities, adopted, by an express act of their own, the laws of England as they stood at that date, comprehending the common law, statutes to that period, and the chancery law. In other cases, instead of adopting them by an express statute of their own, they considered themselves as having brought with them, and been, even on their passage, under the constant obligation of the laws of the mother country, and on their arrival they continued to practice them without any act of adoption, which practice or usage is evidence that there was an adoption by general consent. In the case of Connecticut, they did not adopt the common law of England at all as their basis, but declared by an act of their own, that the law of God, as it stood revealed in the Old and New Testament, should be the basis of their laws, to be subject to such alterations as they should make. In all the cases where the common law, or laws of England, were adopted either expressly or tacitly, the legislatures held of course, and exercised the power of making additions and alterations.

As the different States were settled at very different periods, and the adoption for each State was the laws of England as they stood at the moment of the adoption by the State, it is evident that the system as adopted in 1607 by Virginia, was one thing, as by Pennsylvania was another thing, as by Georgia, in 1759, was still a different one. And when to this is added the very diversified modifications of the adoptive code, produced by the subsequent laws passed by the legislatures of the different States, the system of common law in force in any one State on the 24th of September, 1789, when Congress assumed the jurisdiction given them by the Constitution, was very different from the systems in force at the same moment in the several other States: that in all of these the common law was in force by virtue of the adoption of the State, express or tacit, and that it was not in force in Connecticut, because they had never adopted it.

Having settled, by way of preliminary, to what extent, and by what authority, the common law of England is the law of each of the States, we will proceed to consider how far, and by what authority, it is the law of the United States as a national government.

By the Constitution, the General Government has jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution, under the (constitutional) laws of the United States, and under treaties; in all cases, too, of ambassadors, of admiralty jurisdiction, where the United States is a party, between a State or its citizens, or another State or its citizens, or a foreign State or its citizens.

The General Government, then, had a right to take under their cognizance all these cases, and no others. This might have been done by Congress, by passing a complete code, assuming the whole field of their jurisdiction, and applying uniformly to every State, without any respect to the laws of that State. But, like the State legislatures, who had been placed before in a similar situation, they felt that it was a work of too much time and difficulty to be undertaken. Observing, therefore, that (except cases of piracy and murder on the high seas) all the cases within their jurisdiction must arise in some of the States, they declared by the act Sept. 24, 1789, c. 20, § 34, "That the laws of the several States, except where the Constitution, treaties, or statutes of the United States shall otherwise provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts of the United States in cases where they apply."

Here, then, Congress adopt for each State the laws of that State; and among the laws so adopted were portions of the common law, greater or less in different States, and in force, not by any innate authority of its own, but by the adoption or enacting of it by the State authority.

Now what was the opinion to which this was opposed? Several judges of the General Government declared that "the common law of England is the unwritten law of the United States in their national and federal capacity." A State judge, in a printed work, lays it down as "certainly wrong to say that the judiciary power of the nation can exercise no authority but what depends for its principle on acts of the national legislature." And then quoting the preamble to the Constitution of the United States, which says that its object is "to insure domestic tranquillity, promote the general welfare," &c., he adds, that "what is here expressed is the common law of the whole country," and that "whatever is in opposition to it, whether treason, insurrection, sedition, murder, riot, assaults, batteries, thefts or robberies, may be punished as crimes, independent of any act of Congress." And opinions equivalent to this were declared by one party on the floor of Congress. This is the doctrine which the republicans declared heretical. They deny that Congress can pass any law not authorized by the Constitution, and that the judges can act on any law not authorized by Congress, or by the Constitution in very direct terms.

If the true doctrine then be, that certain portions of the common and statute law of England be in force in the different States by virtue of the adoption of that State, and in the federal courts of the same State by virtue of the adoption by Congress of the laws of that State within its limits, then whenever a case is presented to a federal court, they are to ask themselves the following questions:

1. Is this case within any of the definitions of jurisdiction given by the Constitution to the General Government? If it be decided that it is, then

2. Has Congress by any positive statute assumed cognizance of this case as permitted them by the Constitution? To determine this question, the judge must first look into the statutes of Congress generally; if he finds it not there, he must look into the laws of the State, as well as that portion of the English code which the State may have adopted, as the acts passed specially by the legislature. If the case be actually found provided for in these laws, another question still remains, viz.:

3. Is the law of the State applicable to the analogous case of the General Government? for it may happen that a law of the State, adapted perfectly to its own organization and local circumstances, may not tally with the different organization or circumstances of the federal government. If the difference be such as to defeat the application, it must be considered as a case unprovided for by Congress, and not cognizable in their courts. Just so parts of the common or statute law of England are found by the State judges inapplicable to their State from a difference of circumstance. These differences of circumstance will be shaded off from nothing to direct inconsistence, and it will be only by many decisions on a great variety of cases that the line will at length be drawn.

Let us apply these questions to Hardin's case, which is simply this: Congress, by an express statute, 1802, c. 13, § 6, have made the murder of an Indian within the territory of the United States punishable by death. A murder is committed on an Indian in that territory. The murderers fly to Kentucky. They are demanded by the Governor of Indiana of the Governor of Kentucky; under whose authority our officer attempting to take them, they are protected by Hardin and others in arms.

1. Is this case within the jurisdiction of Congress? Answer. Congress having a right "to make all rules and regulations respecting the territory of the United States," have declared this to be a case of murder. As they can "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying their powers into execution," they can make the protecting a murderer criminal in any part of the United States.

2. Has Congress assumed cognizance of the offence of Hardin? We must first examine whether the act of Congress, 1790, c. 9, § 22, takes in this offence. Then whether the laws of Kentucky, common, statute, or State law, as adopted by Congress, comprehend this offence.

3. Whether any difference of organization or other circumstance renders the law of Kentucky inapplicable to this offence, can be decided by those only who are particularly acquainted with that law.

XLVI.

Plan for Elementary Schools.

POPLAR FOREST, Sept 9th, 1817.

DEAR SIR,--I promised you that I would put into the form of a bill my plan of establishing the Elementary Schools, without taking a cent from the Literary fund. I have had leisure at this place, to do this, and now send you the result. If twelve or fifteen hundred schools are to be placed under one general administration, an attention so divided will amount to a dereliction of them to themselves. It is surely better, then, to place each school at once under the care of those most interested in its conduct. In this way the Literary fund is left untouched to complete at once the whole system of education, by establishing a college in every district of about eighty miles square, for the second grade of education, to wit: languages, ancient and modern, and for the third grade a single University, in which the sciences shall be taught in their highest degree.

I should apologize, perhaps, for the style of this bill. I dislike the verbose and intricate style of the English statutes, and in our revised code I endeavored to restore it to the simple one of the ancient statutes, in such original bills as I drew in that work. I suppose the reformation has not been acceptable, as it has been little followed. You, however, can easily correct this bill to the taste of my brother lawyers, by making every other word a "said" or "aforesaid," and saying everything over two or three times, so that nobody but we of the craft can untwist the diction, and find out what it means; and that, too, not so plainly but that we may conscientiously divide one half on each side. Mend it, therefore, in form and substance to the orthodox taste, and make it what it should be; or, if you think it radically wrong, try something else, and let us make a beginning in some way. No matter how wrong, experience will amend it as we go along, and make it effectual in the end.

I shall see you of course at our stated visitation, and hope all the gentlemen will consider Monticello as the rendezvous of the preceding day or evening.

I salute you with friendship and respect.

* * * * *

An Act for establishing Elementary Schools.

1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, that at the first session of the Superior Court in every county within this commonwealth, next ensuing the passage of this act, the judge thereof shall appoint three discreet and well-informed persons, residents of the county, and not being ministers of the gospel[22] of any denomination, to serve as visitors of the Elementary Schools in the said county; of which appointment the sheriff shall, within fifteen days thereafter deliver a certificate, under the hand of the clerk of the said court, to each of the persons so appointed.

2. The said visitors shall meet at the court-house of their county on the first county court day after they shall have received notice of their appointment, and afterwards at such times and places as they, or any two of them, with reasonable notice to the third, shall have agreed; and shall proceed to divide their county into wards,[23] by metes and bounds so designated as to comprehend each, about the number of militia sufficient for a company, and so also as not to divide, and throw into different wards[24] the lands of any one person held in one body; which division into wards shall, within six months from the date of their appointment, be completely designated, published, and reported, by their metes and bounds, to the office of the clerk of the Superior Court, there to be recorded, subject, however, to such alterations, from time to time afterwards, as changes of circumstances shall, in the opinion of the said visitors or their successors, with the approbation of the said court, render expedient.

3. The original division into wards being made, the visitors shall appoint days for the first meeting of every ward, at such place as they shall name within the same, of which appointment notice shall be given at least two weeks before the day of meeting, by advertisement at some public place within the ward, requiring every free, white male citizen, of full age, resident within the ward, to meet at the place, and by the hour of twelve of the day so appointed, at which meeting some one of the visitors shall also attend, and a majority of the said warders being in attendance, the visitor present shall propose to them to decide by a majority of their votes,--1. The location of a school-house for the ward, and a dwelling-house for the teacher, (the owner of the ground consenting thereto.) 2. The size and structure of the said houses; and 3. Whether the same shall be built by the joint labor of the warders, or by their pecuniary contributions; and also 4. To elect by a plurality of their votes a warden, resident, who shall direct and superintend the said buildings, and be charged with their future care.

4. And if they decide that the said buildings[25] shall be erected by the joint labor of the warders, then all persons within the said ward liable to work in the highways, shall attend at the order of the warden, and, under his direction, shall labor thereon until completed, under the same penalties as provided by law to enforce labor on the highways. And if they decide on erection by pecuniary contributions, the residents and owners of property within the ward shall contribute toward the cost, each in proportion to the taxes they last paid to the State for their persons and for the same property: of which the sheriff or commissioners shall furnish a statement to the warden, who, according to the ratio of that statement, shall apportion and assess the quota of contribution for each, and be authorized to demand, receive, and apply the same to the purposes of the contribution, and to render account thereof, as in all other his pecuniary transactions for the school, to the visitors; and on failure of payment by any contributor, the sheriff, on the order of the warden, shall collect and render the same under like powers and regulations as provided for the collection of the public taxes. And in every case it shall be the duty of the warden to have the buildings completed within six months from the date of his election.

5. It shall be the duty of the said visitors to seek and to employ for every ward,[26] whenever the number and ages of its children require it, a person of good moral character, qualified to teach reading, writing, numeral arithmetic and geography, whose subsistence shall be furnished by the residents and proprietors of the ward, either in money or in kind, at the choice of each contributor, and in the ratio of their public taxes, to be apportioned and levied as on the failures before provided for. The teacher shall also have the use of the house and accommodations provided for him, and shall moreover receive annually such standing wages as the visitors shall have determined to be proportioned on the residents and proprietors of the ward, and to be paid, levied and applied as before provided in other cases of pecuniary contribution. At this school shall be received and instructed gratis, every infant of competent age who has not already had three years schooling. And it is declared and enacted, that no person unborn or under the age of twelve years at the passing of this act, and who is compos mentis, shall, after the age of fifteen years, be a citizen of this commonwealth until he or she can read readily in some tongue, native or acquired.

6. To keep up a constant succession of visitors, the judge of the Superior Court of every county shall at his first session in every bissextile year, appoint visitors as before characterized, either the same or others, at his discretion. And in case of the death or resignation of any visitor during the term of his appointment, or of his removal by the said judge for good cause, moral or physical, he shall appoint another to serve until the next bissextile appointment. Which visitors shall have their first meeting at their court house on the county court day next ensuing their appointment, and afterwards at such times and places as themselves or any two of them with reasonable notice to the third shall agree. But the election of wardens shall be annually, at the first meeting of the ward after the month of March, until which election the warden last elected shall continue in office.

7. All ward meetings shall be at their school house, and on a failure of the meeting of a majority of the wardens on the call of a visitor, or of their warden, such visitor or warden may call another meeting.

8. At all times when repairs or alterations of the buildings before provided for shall be wanting, it shall be the duty of the warden or of a visitor, to call a ward meeting and to take the same measures towards such repairs or alterations as are herein before authorized for the original buildings.

9. When, on the application of any warden, authorized thereto by the vote of his ward, the judge of the Superior Court shall be of opinion that the contributors of any particular ward are disproportionably and oppressively overburthened with an unusual number of children of non-contributors of their ward, he may direct an order to the county court to assess in their next county levy the whole or such part of the extra burthen as he shall think excessive and unreasonable, to be paid to the warden for its proper use, to which order the said county court is required to conform.

10. The said teachers shall, in all things relating to the education and government of their pupils, be under the direction and control of the visitors; but no religious reading, instruction or exercise, shall be prescribed or practiced inconsistent with the tenets of any religious sect or denomination.

11. Some one of the visitors, once in every year at least, shall visit the several schools: shall inquire into the proceedings and practices thereat: shall examine the progress of the pupils, and give to those who excel in reading, in writing, in arithmetic, or in geography, such honorary marks and testimonies of approbation, as may encourage and excite to industry and emulation.

12. All decisions and proceedings of the visitors relative to the original designation of wards at any time before the buildings are begun, or changes of wards at any time after, to the quantum of subsistence, or wages allowed to the teacher, and to the rules prescribed to him for the education and government of his pupils, shall be subject to be controlled and corrected by the judge of the Superior Court of the county, on the complaint of any individual aggrieved or interested.

FOOTNOTES:

[22] § 1. Ministers of the Gospel are excluded to avoid jealousy from the other sects, were the public education committed to the ministers of a particular one; and with more reason than in the case of their exclusion from the legislative and executive functions.

[23] § 2. This designation of the size of a ward is founded on these considerations: 1st. That the population which furnishes a company of militia will generally about furnish children enough for a school. 2d. That in most instances, at present, the militia captaincies being laid off compactly by known and convenient metes and bounds, many will be adopted without change, and others will furnish a canvas to work on and to reform. 3d. That these wards once established, will be found convenient and salutary aids in the administration of government, of which they will constitute the organic elements, and the first integral members in the composition of the military.

[24] § 3. The prohibition to place among different wards the lands of a single individual, held in a body is, 1st. To save the proprietor from the perplexity of multiplied responsibilities; and 2. To prevent arbitrary and inconsistent apportionments, by different wardens, of the comparative values of the different portions of his lands in their respective wards.

[25] § 4. It is presumed that the wards will generally build such log-houses for the school and teacher as they now do, and will join force and build them themselves, experience proving them to be as comfortable as they are cheap. Nor would it be advisable to build expensive houses in the country wards, which, from changes in their population, will be liable to changes of their boundaries and consequent displacements of their centre, drawing with it a removal of their school-house. In towns, better houses may be more safely built, or rented for both purposes.

[26] § 5. Estimating eight hundred militia to a county, there will be twelve captaincies or wards in a county on an average. Suppose each of these, three years in every six, to have children enough for a school, who have not yet had three years schooling; such a county will employ six teachers, each serving two wards by alternate terms. These teachers will be taken from the laboring classes, as they are now, to wit: from that which furnishes mechanics, overseers and tillers of the earth; and they will chiefly be the cripples, the weakly and the old, of that class, who will have been qualified for these functions by the ward schools themselves. If put on a footing then, for wages and subsistence, with the young and the able of their class, they will be liberally compensated: say with one hundred and fifty dollars wages and the usual allowance of meat and bread. The subsistence will probably be contributed in kind by the warders, out of their family stock. The wages alone will be a pecuniary tax of about nine hundred dollars. To a county, this addition would be of about one-fifth of the taxes we now pay to the State, or about one-fifth of one per cent, on every man's taxable property; if tax can be called that which we give to our children in the most valuable of all forms, that of instruction. Were those schools to be established on the public funds, and to be managed by the Governor and council, or the commissioners of the Literary fund, brick houses to be built for the schools and teachers, high wages and subsistence given them, they would be badly managed, depraved by abuses, and would exhaust the whole Literary fund. While under the eye and animadversion of the wards, and the control of the wardens and visitors, economy, diligence, and correctness of conduct, will be enforced, the whole Literary fund will be spared to complete the general system of education, by colleges in every district for instruction in the languages, and an university for the whole of the higher sciences; and this, by an addition to our contributions almost insensible, and which, in fact, will not be felt as a burthen, because applied immediately and visibly to the good of our children.

A question of some doubt might be raised on the latter part of this section, as to the rights and duties of society towards its members, infant and adult. Is it a right or a duty in society to take care of their infant members in opposition to the will of the parent? How far does this right and duty extend?--to guard the life of the infant, his property, his instruction, his morals? The Roman father was supreme in all these: we draw a line, but where?--public sentiment does not seem to have traced it precisely. Nor is it necessary in the present case. It is better to tolerate the rare instance of a parent refusing to let his child be educated, than to shock the common feelings and ideas by the forcible asportation and education of the infant against the will of the father. What is proposed here is to remove the objection of expense, by offering education gratis, and to strengthen parental excitement by the disfranchisement of his child while uneducated. Society has certainly a right to disavow him whom they offer, and are not permitted to qualify for the duties of a citizen. If we do not force instruction, let us at least strengthen the motives to receive it when offered.

XLVII.

The solemn Declaration and Protest of the Commonwealth of Virginia, on the principles of the Constitution of the United States of America, and on the violations of them.

We, the General Assembly of Virginia, on behalf, and in the name of the people thereof, do declare as follows:

The States in North America which confederated to establish their independence of the government of Great Britain, of which Virginia was one, became, on that acquisition, free and independent States, and as such, authorized to constitute governments, each for itself, in such form as it thought best.

They entered into a compact, (which is called the Constitution of the United States of America,) by which they agreed to unite in a single government as to their relations with each other, and with foreign nations, and as to certain other articles particularly specified. They retained at the same time, each to itself, the other rights of independent government, comprehending mainly their domestic interests.

For the administration of their federal branch, they agreed to appoint, in conjunction, a distinct set of functionaries, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the manner settled in that compact: while to each, severally, and of course, remained its original right of appointing, each for itself, a separate set of functionaries, legislative, executive, and judiciary, also, for administering the domestic branch of their respective governments.

These two sets of officers, each independent of the other, constitute thus a whole of government, for each State separately; the powers ascribed to the one, as specifically made federal, exercised over the whole, the residuary powers, retained to the other, exercisable exclusively over its particular State, foreign herein, each to the others, as they were before the original compact.

To this construction of government and distribution of its powers, the commonwealth of Virginia does religiously and affectionately adhere, opposing, with equal fidelity and firmness, the usurpation of either set of functionaries on the rightful powers of the other.

But the federal branch has assumed in some cases, and claimed in others, a right of enlarging its own powers by constructions, inferences, and indefinite deductions from those directly given, which this assembly does declare to be usurpations of the powers retained to the independent branches, mere interpolations into the compact, and direct infractions of it.

They claim, for example, and have commenced the exercise of a right to construct roads, open canals, and effect other internal improvements within the territories and jurisdictions exclusively belonging to the several States, which this assembly does declare has not been given to that branch by the constitutional compact, but remains to each State among its domestic and unalienated powers, exercisable within itself and by its domestic authorities alone.

This assembly does further disavow and declare to be most false and unfounded, the doctrine that the compact, in authorizing its federal branch to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States, has given them thereby a power to do whatever they may think, or pretend, would promote the general welfare, which construction would make that, of itself, a complete government, without limitation of powers; but that the plain sense and obvious meaning were, that they might levy the taxes necessary to provide for the general welfare, by the various acts of power therein specified and delegated to them, and by no others.

Nor is it admitted, as has been said, that the people of these States, by not investing their federal branch with all the means of bettering their condition, have denied to themselves any which may effect that purpose; since, in the distribution of these means they have given to that branch those which belong to its department, and to the States have reserved separately the residue which belong to them separately. And thus by the organization of the two branches taken together, have completely secured the first object of human association, the full improvement of their condition, and reserved to themselves all the faculties of multiplying their own blessings.

Whilst the General Assembly thus declares the rights retained by the States, rights which they have never yielded, and which this State will never voluntarily yield, they do not mean to raise the banner of disaffection, or of separation from their sister States, co-parties with themselves to this compact. They know and value too highly the blessings of their Union as to foreign nations and questions arising among themselves, to consider every infraction as to be met by actual resistance. They respect too affectionately the opinions of those possessing the same rights under the same instrument, to make every difference of construction a ground of immediate rupture. They would, indeed, consider such a rupture as among the greatest calamities which could befall them; but not the greatest. There is yet one greater, submission to a government of unlimited powers. It is only when the hope of avoiding this shall become absolutely desperate, that further forbearance could not be indulged. Should a majority of the co-parties, therefore, contrary to the expectation and hope of this assembly, prefer, at this time, acquiescence in these assumptions of power by the federal member of the government, we will be patient and suffer much, under the confidence that time, ere it be too late, will prove to them also the bitter consequences in which that usurpation will involve us all. In the meanwhile, we will breast with them, rather than separate from them, every misfortune, save that only of living under a government of unlimited powers. We owe every other sacrifice to ourselves, to our federal brethren, and to the world at large, to pursue with temper and perseverance the great experiment which shall prove that man is capable of living in society, governing itself by laws self-imposed, and securing to its members the enjoyment of life, liberty, property, and peace; and further to show, that even when the government of its choice shall manifest a tendency to degeneracy, we are not at once to despair but that the will and the watchfulness of its sounder parts will reform its aberrations, recall it to original and legitimate principles, and restrain it within the rightful limits of self-government. And these are the objects of this Declaration and Protest.

Supposing then, that it might be for the good of the whole, as some of its co-States seem to think, that the power of making roads and canals should be added to those directly given to the federal branch, as more likely to be systematically and beneficially directed, than by the independent action of the several States, this commonwealth, from respect to these opinions, and a desire of conciliation with its co-States, will consent, in concurrence with them, to make this addition, provided it be done regularly by an amendment of the compact, in the way established by that instrument, and provided also, it be sufficiently guarded against abuses, compromises, and corrupt practices, not only of possible, but of probable occurrence.

And as a further pledge of the sincere and cordial attachment of this commonwealth to the union of the whole, so far as has been consented to by the compact called "The Constitution of the United States of America," (constructed according to the plain and ordinary meaning of its language, to the common intendment of the time, and of those who framed it;) to give also to all parties and authorities, time for reflection and for consideration, whether, under a temperate view of the possible consequences, and especially of the constant obstructions which an equivocal majority must ever expect to meet, they will still prefer the assumption of this power rather than its acceptance from the free will of their constituents; and to preserve peace in the meanwhile, we proceed to make it the duty of our citizens, until the legislature shall otherwise and ultimately decide, to acquiesce under those acts of the federal branch of our government which we have declared to be usurpations, and against which, in point of right, we do protest as null and void, and never to be quoted as precedents of right.

We therefore do enact, and be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, that all citizens of this commonwealth, and persons and authorities within the same, shall pay full obedience at all times to the acts which may be passed by the Congress of the United States, the object of which shall be the construction of post roads, making canals of navigation, and maintaining the same in any part of the United States, in like manner as if said acts were, totidem verbis, passed by the Legislature of this Commonwealth.

XLVIII.

Thoughts on Lotteries. February, 1826.

It is a common idea that games of chance are immoral. But what is chance? Nothing happens in this world without a cause. If we know the cause, we do not call it chance; but if we do not know it, we say it was produced by chance. If we see a loaded die turn its lightest side up, we know the cause, and that it is not an effect of chance; but whatever side an unloaded die turns up, not knowing the cause, we say it is the effect of chance. Yet the morality of a thing cannot depend on our knowledge or ignorance of its cause. Not knowing why a particular side of an unloaded die turns up, cannot make the act of throwing it, or of betting on it, immoral. If we consider games of chance immoral, then every pursuit of human industry is immoral; for there is not a single one that is not subject to chance, not one wherein you do not risk a loss for the chance of some gain. The navigator, for example, risks his ship in the hope (if she is not lost in the voyage) of gaining an advantageous freight. The merchant risks his cargo to gain a better price for it. A landholder builds a house on the risk of indemnifying himself by a rent. The hunter hazards his time and trouble in the hope of killing game. In all these pursuits, you stake some one thing against another which you hope to win. But the greatest of all gamblers is the farmer. He risks the seed he puts into the ground, the rent he pays for the ground itself, the year's labor on it, and the wear and tear of his cattle and gear, to win a crop, which the chances of too much or too little rain, and general uncertainties of weather, insects, waste, &c., often make a total or partial loss. These, then, are games of chance. Yet so far from being immoral, they are indispensable to the existence of man, and every one has a natural right to choose for his pursuit such one of them as he thinks most likely to furnish him subsistence. Almost all these pursuits of chance produce something useful to society. But there are some which produce nothing, and endanger the well-being of the individuals engaged in them, or of others depending on them. Such are games with cards, dice, billiards, &c. And although the pursuit of them is a matter of natural right, yet society, perceiving the irresistible bent of some of its members to pursue them, and the ruin produced by them to the families depending on these individuals, consider it as a case of insanity, quoad hoc, step in to protect the family and the party himself, as in other cases of insanity, infancy, imbecility, &c., and suppress the pursuit altogether, and the natural right of following it. There are some other games of chance, useful on certain occasions, and injurious only when carried beyond their useful bounds. Such are insurances, lotteries, raffles, &c. These they do not suppress, but take their regulation under their own discretion. The insurance of ships on voyages is a vocation of chance, yet useful, and the right to exercise it therefore is left free. So of houses against fire, doubtful debts, the continuance of a particular life, and similar cases. Money is wanting for a useful undertaking, as a school, &c., for which a direct tax would be disapproved. It is raised therefore by a lottery, wherein the tax is laid on the willing only, that is to say, on those who can risk the price of a ticket without sensible injury for the possibility of a higher prize. An article of property, insusceptible of division at all, or not without great diminution of its worth, is sometimes of so large value as that no purchaser can be found while the owner owes debts, has no other means of payment, and his creditors no other chance of obtaining it but by its sale at a full and fair price. The lottery is here a salutary instrument for disposing of it, where many run small risks for the chance of obtaining a high prize. In this way the great estate of the late Colonel Byrd (in 1756) was made competent to pay his debts, which, had the whole been brought into the market at once, would have overdone the demand, would have sold at half or quarter the value, and sacrificed the creditors, half or three-fourths of whom would have lost their debts. This method of selling was formerly very much resorted to, until it was thought to nourish too much a spirit of hazard. The legislature were therefore induced not to suppress it altogether, but to take it under their own special regulation. This they did for the first time by their act of 1769, c. 17, before which time every person exercised the right freely; and since which time, it is made unlawful but when approved and authorized by a special act of the legislature.

Since then this right of sale, by way of lottery, has been exercised only under the jurisdiction of the legislature. Let us examine the purposes for which they have allowed it in practice, not looking beyond the date of our independence.

1. It was for a long time an item of the standing revenue of the State.

1813. c. 1, § 3. An act imposing taxes for the support of government, and c. 2, § 10. 1814. Dec. c. 1, § 3. 1814. Feb. c. 1, § 3. 1818. c. 1, § 1. 1819. c. 1. 1820. c. 1.

This, then, is a declaration by the nation, that an act was not immoral, of which they were in the habitual use themselves as a part of the regular means of supporting the government; the tax on the vender of tickets was their share of the profits, and if their share was innocent, his could not be criminal.

2. It has been abundantly permitted to raise money by lottery for the purposes of schools; and in this, as in many other cases, the lottery has been permitted to retain a part of the money (generally from ten to fifteen per cent.) for the use to which the lottery has been applied. So that while the adventurers paid one hundred dollars for tickets, they received back eighty-five or ninety dollars only in the form of prizes, the remaining ten or fifteen being the tax levied on them, with their own consent. Examples are,

1784. c. 34. Authorizing the city of Williamsburg to raise £2,000 for a grammar school.

1789. c. 68. For Randolph Academy, £1,000. 1789. c. 73. For Fauquier Academy, £500. c. 74. For the Fredericksburg Academy, £4,000. 1790. c. 46. For the Transylvanian Seminary, £500. For the Southampton Academy, £300. 1796. c. 82. For the New London Academy. }[27] 1803. c. 49. For the Fredericksburg Charity School. } c. 50. For finishing the Strasburg Seminary. } c. 58. For William and Mary College. } c. 62. For the Bannister Academy. } c. 79. For the Belfield Academy. } c. 82. For the Petersburg Academy. } 1804. c. 40. For the Hotsprings Seminary. } c. 76. For the Stevensburg Academy. } c. 100. For William and Mary College. } 1805. c. 24. For the Rumford Academy. } 1812. c. 10. For the Literary Fund. To sell the privilege for $30,000 annually, for seven years. 1816. c. 80. For Norfolk Academy, $12,000. Norfolk Female Society, $2,000. Lancastrian School, $6,000.

3. The next object of lotteries has been rivers.

1790. c. 46. For a bridge between Gosport and Portsmouth, £400. 1796. c. 83. For clearing Roanoke River. 1804. c. 62. For clearing Quantico Creek. 1805. c. 42. For a toll bridge over Cheat River. 1816. c. 49. For the Dismal Swamp, $50,000.

4. For roads.

1790. c. 46. For a road to Warminster, £200. For cutting a road from Rockfish gap to Scott's and Nicholas's landing, £400. 1796. c. 85. To repair certain roads.

1803. c. 60. For improving roads to Snigger's and Ashby's gaps. c. 61. For opening a road to Brock's gap. c. 65. For opening a road from the town of Monroe to Sweet Springs and Lewisburg. c. 71. For improving the road to Brock's gap. 1805. c. 5. For improving the road to Clarksburg. c. 26. For opening a road from Monongalia Glades to Fishing Creek. 1813. c. 44. For opening a road from Thornton's gap.

5. Lotteries for the benefit of counties.

1796. c. 78. To authorize a lottery in the county of Shenandoah. c. 84. To authorize a lottery in the county of Gloucester.

6. Lotteries for the benefit of towns.

1782. c. 31. Richmond, for a bridge over Shockoe, amount not limited. 1789. c. 75. Alexandria, to pave its streets, £1,500. 1790. c. 46. do. do. £5,000. 1796. c. 79. Norfolk, one or more lotteries authorized. c. 81. Petersburg, a lottery authorized. 1803. c. 12. Woodstock, do. c. 48. Fredericksburg, for improving its main street. c. 73. Harrisonburg, for improving its streets.

7. Lotteries for religious congregations.

1785. c. 111. Completing a church in Winchester. For rebuilding a church in the parish of Elizabeth River. 1791. c. 69. For the benefit of the Episcopal society. 1790. c. 46. For building a church in Warminster, £200. in Halifax, £200. in Alexandria, £500. in Petersburg, £750. in Shepherdstown, £250.

8. Lotteries for private societies.

1790. c. 46. For the Amicable Society in Richmond, £1,000. 1791. c. 70. For building a Freemason's Hall in Charlotte, £750.

9. Lotteries for the benefit of private individuals. [To raise money for them.]

1796. c. 80. For the sufferers by fire in the town of Lexington. 1781. c. 6. For completing titles under Byrd's lottery. 1790. c. 46. To erect a paper mill in Staunton, £300. To raise £2,000 for Nathaniel Twining. 1791. c. 73. To raise £4,000 for William Tatham, to enable him to complete his geographical work. To enable ---- to complete a literary work.[28]

We have seen, then, that every vocation in life is subject to the influence of chance; that so far from being rendered immoral by the admixture of that ingredient, were they abandoned on that account, man could no longer subsist; that, among them, every one has a natural right to choose that which he thinks most likely to give him comfortable subsistence; but that while the greater number of these pursuits are productive of something which adds to the necessaries and comforts of life, others again, such as cards, dice, &c., are entirely unproductive, doing good to none, injury to many, yet so easy, and so seducing in practice to men of a certain constitution of mind, that they cannot resist the temptation, be the consequences what they may; that in this case, as in those of insanity, idiocy, infancy, &c., it is the duty of society to take them under its protection, even against their own acts, and to restrain their right of choice of these pursuits, by suppressing them entirely; that there are others, as lotteries particularly, which, although liable to chance also, are useful for many purposes, and are therefore retained and placed under the discretion of the Legislature, to be permitted or refused according to the circumstances of every special case, of which they are to judge; that between the years 1782 and 1820, a space of thirty-eight years only, we have observed seventy cases, where the permission of them has been found useful by the Legislature, some of which are in progress at this time. These cases relate to the emolument of the whole State, to local benefits of education, of navigation, of roads, of counties, towns, religious assemblies, private societies, and of individuals under particular circumstances which may claim indulgence or favor. The latter is the case now submitted to the Legislature, and the question is, whether the individual soliciting their attention, or his situation, may merit that degree of consideration which will justify the Legislature in permitting him to avail himself of the mode of selling by lottery, for the purpose of paying his debts.

That a fair price cannot be obtained by sale in the ordinary way, and in the present depressed state of agricultural industry, is well known. Lands in this State will now sell for more than a third or fourth of what they would have brought a few years ago, perhaps at the very time of the contraction of the debts for which they are now to be sold. The low price in foreign markets, for a series of years past, of agricultural produce, of wheat generally, of tobacco most commonly, and the accumulation of duties on the articles of consumption not produced within our State, not only disable the farmer or planter from adding to his farm by purchase, but reduces him to sell his own, and remove to the western country, glutting the market he leaves, while he lessens the number of bidders. To be protected against this sacrifice is the object of the present application, and whether the applicant has any particular claim to this protection, is the present question.

Here the answer must be left to others. It is not for me to give it. I may, however, more readily than others, suggest the offices in which I have served. I came of age in 1764, and was soon put into the nomination of justice of the county in which I live, and at the first election following I became one of its representatives in the Legislature.

I was thence sent to the old Congress.

Then employed two years with Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Wythe, on the revisal and reduction to a single code of the whole body of the British statutes, the acts of our Assembly, and certain parts of the common law.

Then elected Governor.

Next to the Legislature, and to Congress again.

Sent to Europe as Minister Plenipotentiary.

Appointed Secretary of State to the new government.

Elected Vice-President, and

President. And lastly, a Visitor and Rector of the University. In these different offices, with scarcely any interval between them, I have been in the public service now sixty-one years; and during the far greater part of the time, in foreign countries or in other States. Every one knows how inevitably a Virginia estate goes to ruin, when the owner is so far distant as to be unable to pay attention to it himself; and the more especially, when the line of his employment is of a character to abstract and alienate his mind entirely from the knowledge necessary to good, and even to saving management.

If it were thought worth while to specify any particular services rendered, I would refer to the specification of them made by the Legislature itself in their Farewell Address, on my retiring from the Presidency, February, 1809. [This will be found in 2 Pleasant's Collection, page 144.] There is one, however, not therein specified, the most important in its consequences, of any transaction in any portion of my life; to wit, the head I personally made against the federal principles and proceedings, during the administration of Mr. Adams. Their usurpations and violations of the constitution at that period, and their majority in both Houses of Congress, were so great, so decided, and so daring, that after combating their aggressions, inch by inch, without being able in the least to check their career, the republican leaders thought it would be best for them to give up their useless efforts there, go home, get into their respective Legislatures, embody whatever of resistance they could be formed into, and if ineffectual, to perish there as in the last ditch. All, therefore, retired, leaving Mr. Gallatin alone in the House of Representatives, and myself in the Senate, where I then presided as Vice-President. Remaining at our posts, and bidding defiance to the brow beatings and insults by which they endeavored to drive us off also, we kept the mass of republicans in phalanx together, until the Legislature could be brought up to the charge; and nothing on earth is more certain, than that if myself particularly, placed by my office of Vice-President at the head of the republicans, had given way and withdrawn from my post, the republicans throughout the Union would have given up in despair, and the cause would have been lost forever. By holding on, we obtained time for the Legislature to come up with their weight; and those of Virginia and Kentucky particularly, but more especially the former, by their celebrated resolutions, saved the constitution at its last gasp. No person who was not a witness of the scenes of that gloomy period, can form any idea of the afflicting persecutions and personal indignities we had to brook. They saved our country however. The spirits of the people were so much subdued and reduced to despair by the X Y Z imposture, and other stratagems and machinations, that they would have sunk into apathy and monarchy, as the only form of government which could maintain itself.

If Legislative services are worth mentioning, and the stamp of liberality and equality, which was necessary to be imposed on our laws in the first crisis of our birth as a nation, was of any value, they will find that the leading and most important laws of that day were prepared by myself, and carried chiefly by my efforts; supported, indeed, by able and faithful coadjutors from the ranks of the House, very effective as seconds, but who would not have taken the field as leaders.

The prohibition of the further importation of slaves was the first of these measures in time.

This was followed by the abolition of entails, which broke up the hereditary and high-handed aristocracy, which, by accumulating immense masses of property in single lines of families, had divided our country into two distinct orders, of nobles and plebeians.

But further to complete the equality among our citizens so essential to the maintenance of republican government, it was necessary to abolish the principle of primogeniture. I drew the law of descents, giving equal inheritance to sons and daughters, which made a part of the revised code.

The attack on the establishment of a dominant religion, was first made by myself. It could be carried at first only by a suspension of salaries for one year, by battling it again at the next session for another year, and so from year to year, until the public mind was ripened for the bill for establishing religious freedom, which I had prepared for the revised code also. This was at length established permanently, and by the efforts chiefly of Mr. Madison, being myself in Europe at the time that work was brought forward.

To these particular services, I think I might add the establishment of our University, as principally my work, acknowledging at the same time, as I do, the great assistance received from my able colleagues of the Visitation. But my residence in the vicinity threw, of course, on me the chief burthen of the enterprise, as well of the buildings as of the general organization and care of the whole. The effect of this institution on the future fame, fortune and prosperity of our country, can as yet be seen but at a distance. But an hundred well-educated youths, which it will turn out annually, and ere long, will fill all its offices with men of superior qualifications, and raise it from its humble state to an eminence among its associates which it has never yet known; no, not in its brightest days. That institution is now qualified to raise its youth to an order of science unequalled in any other State; and this superiority will be the greater from the free range of mind encouraged there, and the restraint imposed at other seminaries by the shackles of a domineering hierarchy, and a bigoted adhesion to ancient habits. Those now on the theatre of affairs will enjoy the ineffable happiness of seeing themselves succeeded by sons of a grade of science beyond their own ken. Our sister States will also be repairing to the same fountains of instruction, will bring hither their genius to be kindled at our fire, and will carry back the fraternal affections which, nourished by the same alma mater, will knit us to them by the indissoluble bonds of early personal friendships. The good Old Dominion, the blessed mother of us all, will then raise her head with pride among the nations, will present to them that splendor of genius which she has ever possessed, but has too long suffered to rest uncultivated and unknown, and will become a centre of ralliance to the States whose youth she has instructed, and, as it were, adopted.

I claim some share in the merits of this great work of regeneration. My whole labors, now for many years, have been devoted to it, and I stand pledged to follow it up through the remnant of life remaining to me. And what remuneration do I ask? Money from the treasury? Not a cent. I ask nothing from the earnings or labors of my fellow citizens. I wish no man's comforts to be abridged for the enlargement of mine. For the services rendered on all occasions, I have been always paid to my full satisfaction. I never wished a dollar more than what the law had fixed on. My request is, only to be permitted to sell my own property freely to pay my own debts. To sell it, I say, and not to sacrifice it, not to have it gobbled up by speculators to make fortunes for themselves, leaving unpaid those who have trusted to my good faith, and myself without resource in the last and most helpless stage of life. If permitted to sell it in a way which will bring me a fair price, all will be honestly and honorably paid, and a competence left for myself, and for those who look to me for subsistence. To sell it in a way which will offend no moral principle, and expose none to risk but the willing, and those wishing to be permitted to take the chance of gain. To give me, in short, that permission which you often allow to others for purposes not more moral.

Will it be objected, that although not evil in itself, it may, as a precedent, lead to evil? But let those who shall quote the precedent bring their case within the same measure. Have they, as in this case, devoted three-score years and one of their lives, uninterruptedly, to the service of their country? Have the times of those services been as trying as those which have embraced our Revolution, our transition from a colonial to a free structure of government? Have the stations of their trial been of equal importance? Has the share they have borne in holding their new government to its genuine principles, been equally marked? And has the cause of the distress, against which they seek a remedy, proceeded, not merely from themselves, but from errors of the public authorities, disordering the circulating medium, over which they had no control, and which have, in fact, doubled and trebled debts, by reducing, in that proportion, the value of the property which was to pay them? If all these circumstances, which characterize the present case, have taken place in theirs also, then follow the precedent. Be assured, the cases will be so rare as to produce no embarrassment, as never to settle into an injurious habit. The single feature of a sixty years' service, as no other instance of it has yet occurred in our country, so it probably never may again. And should it occur, even once and again, it will not impoverish your treasury, as it takes nothing from that, and asks but a simple permission, by an act of natural right, to do one of moral justice.

FOOTNOTES:

[27] The acts not being at hand, the sums allowed are not known.

[28] I found such an act, but not noting it at the time, I have not been able to find it again. But there is such an one.

XLIX.

Mr. Jefferson's Will.

I, Thomas Jefferson, of Monticello, in Albemarle, being of sound mind and in my ordinary state of health, make my last will and testament in manner and form as follows:

I give to my grandson Francis Eppes, son of my dear deceased daughter Mary Eppes, in fee simple, all that part of my lands at Poplar Forest lying west of the following lines, to wit: beginning at Radford's upper corner, near the double branches of Bear Creek and the public road, and running thence in a straight line to the fork of my private road, near the barn; thence along that private road, (as it was changed in 1817,) to its crossing of the main branch of North Tomahawk Creek; and from that crossing, in a direct line over the main ridge which divides the North and South Tomahawk, to the South Tomahawk, at the confluence of two branches where the old road to the Waterlick crossed it, and from that confluence up the northernmost branch, (which separate M'Daniels' and Perry's fields,) to its source; and thence by the shortest line to my western boundary. And having, in a former correspondence with my deceased son-in-law John W. Eppes, contemplated laying off for him, with remainder to my grandson Francis, a certain portion in the southern part of my lands in Bedford and Campbell, which I afterwards found to be generally more indifferent than I had supposed, and therefore determined to change its location for the better; now to remove all doubt, if any could arise on a purpose merely voluntary and unexecuted, I hereby declare that what I have herein given to my said grandson Francis, is instead of, and not additional to, what I had formerly contemplated. I subject all my other property to the payment of my debts in the first place. Considering the insolvent state of the affairs of my friend and son-in-law Thomas Mann Randolph, and that what will remain of my property will be the only resource against the want in which his family would otherwise be left, it must be his wish, as it is my duty, to guard that resource against all liability for his debts, engagements or purposes whatsoever, and to preclude the rights, powers, and authorities over it, which might result to him by operation of law, and which might, independently of his will, bring it within the power of his creditors, I do hereby devise and bequeath all the residue of my property, real and personal, in possession or in action, whether held in my own right, or in that of my dear deceased wife, according to the powers vested in me by deed of settlement for that purpose, to my grandson Thomas J. Randolph, and my friends Nicholas P. Trist and Alexander Garrett, and their heirs, during the life of my said son-in-law Thomas M. Randolph, to be held and administered by them, in trust, for the sole and separate use and behoof of my dear daughter Martha Randolph, and her heirs; and aware of the nice and difficult distinction of the law in these cases, I will further explain by saying, that I understand and intend the effect of these limitations to be, that the legal estate and actual occupation shall be vested in my said trustees, and held by them in base fee, determinable on the death of my said son-in-law, and the remainder during the same time be vested in my said daughter and her heirs, and of course disposable by her last will, and that at the death of my said son-in-law, the particular estate of the trustees shall be determined, and the remainder, in legal estate, possession, and use, become vested in my said daughter and her heirs, in absolute property forever. In consequence of the variety and indescribableness of the articles of property within the house at Monticello, and the difficulty of inventorying and appraising them separately and specifically, and its inutility, I dispense with having them inventoried and appraised; and it is my will that my executors be not held to give any security for the administration of my estate. I appoint my grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph, my sole executor during his life, and after his death, I constitute executors my friends Nicholas P. Trist and Alexander Garrett, joining to them my daughter Martha Randolph, after the death of my said son-in-law Thomas M. Randolph. Lastly, I revoke all former wills by me heretofore made; and in witness that this is my will, I have written the whole with my own hand on two pages, and have subscribed my name to each of them this sixteenth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six.

* * * * *

I, Thomas Jefferson, of Monticello, in Albemarle, make and add the following codicil to my will, controlling the same so far as its provisions go:

I recommend to my daughter Martha Randolph, the maintenance and care of my well beloved sister Anne Scott, and trust confidently that from affection to her, as well as for my sake, she will never let her want a comfort. I have made no specific provision for the comfortable maintenance of my son-in-law Thomas M. Randolph, because of the difficulty and uncertainty of devising terms which shall vest any beneficial interest in him, which the law will not transfer to the benefit of his creditors, to the destitution of my daughter and her family, and disablement of her to supply him: whereas, property placed under the exclusive control of my daughter and her independent will, as if she were a femme sole, considering the relation in which she stands both to him and his children, will be a certain resource against want for all.

I give to my friend James Madison, of Montpelier, my gold-mounted walking staff of animal horn, as a token of the cordial and affectionate friendship which for nearly now an half century, has united us in the same principles and pursuits of what we have deemed for the greatest good of our country.

I give to the University of Virginia my library, except such particular books only, and of the same edition, as it may already possess, when this legacy shall take effect; the rest of my said library, remaining after those given to the University shall have been taken out, I give to my two grandsons-in-law Nicholas P. Trist and Joseph Coolidge. To my grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph, I give my silver watch in preference of the golden one, because of its superior excellence. My papers of business going of course to him, as my executor, all others of a literary or other character I give to him as of his own property.

I give a gold watch to each of my grandchildren, who shall not have already received one from me, to be purchased and delivered by my executor to my grandsons, at the age of twenty-one, and granddaughters at that of sixteen.

I give to my good, affectionate, and faithful servant Burwell, his freedom, and the sum of three hundred dollars, to buy necessaries to commence his trade of glazier, or to use otherwise, as he pleases.

I give also to my good servants John Hemings and Joe Fossett, their freedom at the end of one year after my death; and to each of them respectively, all the tools of their respective shops or callings; and it is my will that a comfortable log-house be built for each of the three servants so emancipated, on some part of my lands convenient to them with respect to the residence of their wives, and to Charlottesville and the University, where they will be mostly employed, and reasonably convenient also to the interests of the proprietor of the lands, of which houses I give the use of one, with a curtilage of an acre to each, during his life or personal occupation thereof.

I give also to John Hemings the service of his two apprentices Madison and Eston Hemings, until their respective ages of twenty-one years, at which period respectively, I give them their freedom; and I humbly and earnestly request of the legislature of Virginia a confirmation of the bequest of freedom to these servants, with permission to remain in this State, where their families and connections are, as an additional instance of the favor, of which I have received so many other manifestations in the course of my life, and for which I now give them my last, solemn, and dutiful thanks.

In testimony that this is a codicil to my will of yesterday's date, and that it is to modify so far the provisions of that will, I have written it all with my own hand in two pages, to each of which I subscribe my name, this seventeenth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six.

GENERAL INDEX.

(A.)

Aborigines of America.-- Vol. iii.-- The origin of, 109. Vol. viii., 344.

Adams, John.-- Vol. i.-- His views of the Articles of Confederation, 33. Appointed Minister to England, 63. His presentation at the Court of St. James, 436. Vol. ii.-- Views of character of, 107. Vol. ix., 97. His recall from England, 110. Mr. Jefferson's views of his new work, 128, 282. Vol. iii.-- His alienation from Mr. Jefferson, 257. His anonymous contributions to newspapers, 267. Letters from Jefferson, explaining the difference between them, 270. Vol. iv., 545, 555, 560. Friendly relations with Jefferson restored, 292. Vol. v., 559, 560. Vol. vi., 30, 31, 36, 125. Vol. iv.-- Opposition to his administration on the question of war with France, 229. The effects of his war policy, 234, 235. Expenses of his administration, 259. State of parties during his administration, 262, 263. His appointments to office, 356, 383, 386. Relations between him and Jefferson, 545, 555, 560. Policy of his administration relative to French war, 290, 291, 298. Vol. v.-- Difference between his political opinions and Hamilton's, 551. Vol. vi.-- His views of Washington's administration, 157. His political principles, 152, 162, 166, 208, 357, 473, 500. Vol. ix., 189, 194. Terrorism excited against him, 155. His religious opinions, 150, 159, 168, 171, 174, 172, 204, 208, 251, 264, 325, 357, 473, 545, 599, 601. Vol. vii., 59, 68, 219, 280. [See Religion.] His views of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 501, 545. The French encyclopedists, 555. His views of different systems of philosophy, 556. His views on aristocracy, 160, 222, 254, 260. Vol. vii.-- His estimate of life, 30. His reading, 59, 69. Calumnies of Pickering against, 58, 62. His views of metaphysics, 71. His views of Bonaparte, 71. Letter of condolence to, from Mr. Jefferson, 107. Oldest signer of the Declaration of Independence, 218, 219. Vol. ix.-- In favor of a strong government, 189, 194. Believes disunion inevitable, 203.

Adams, John Q.-- Vol. vii.-- Made Secretary of State, 85.

Adams, Samuel.-- Vol. i.-- His character, 121.

Advice.-- Vol. vii.-- Letter of, 401.

Agriculture.-- Vol. i.-- Superiority to all other pursuits, 403, 465. That of England and France compared, 549. Vol. ii.-- Condition of, in the South of France, 135. Vol. iv.-- Profits of, in Virginia, 1. Vol. v.-- The science of, 224. Implements of, 226. Products of, adapted to U. States, 314. Jefferson's partiality for. [See Jefferson, Thomas.] Vol. ix.-- Scheme for general system of agricultural societies.

Albemarle County.-- Vol. vi.-- Its climate, soil and natural advantages, 431.

Albinos.-- Vol. viii.-- Description of, 318.

Alexander, Emperor.-- Vol. v.-- Bust of, presented to Jefferson, 6. His character, 7, 526. Vol. vii., 20. His intervention in favor of neutral rights, 8. Vol. vii.-- His views, 20. [See Russia.]

Aliens.-- Vol. i.-- Who are and who are not aliens, 530. Vol. ix.-- The rights and privileges of, 262.

Alien and sedition laws (The).-- Vol. iv.-- Proposal of, 237, 242, 244. Objections to, 258. Copy of Kentucky resolutions sent to Mr. Madison, 258. Resolutions on, by Kentucky, 305. [See Kentucky.] Vol. ix.-- Resolutions relative to, 464.

Algiers.-- [See Barbary States.]-- War with, the best policy. Vol. iii., 164.

Almanacs.-- Vol. vi.-- Improvements in suggested, 29.

America, United States of.-- Vol. i.-- Imperfections of articles of confederation, 78. A new constitution for, necessary, 78. Views of, prevalent in Europe, 407, 413. Views of public affairs in U. States in the year 1785, 423. English calumnies against, 427. Hostile feeling of England against, 429, 464, 541, 550, 563, 604. Low reputation of, in Europe, 513. Extravagance of people of, 550. Summary of news from, 349. [See U. States.] Vol. iii.-- Origin of the Aborigines of, 109. Vol. viii., 344. Vol. viii.-- Whether men and animals degenerate in, 312.

Anas (The).-- Vol. ix.-- Explanation of, 87.

Anatomy.-- Vol. vii.-- Experiments in, 388.

Anglo-Saxon.-- Vol. vii.-- The language, 416.

Antiquities.-- Vol. ii.-- Monuments of in South of France, 132, 133, 134. In Western America, 176.

Antoinette, Maria.-- Vol. i.-- Her character, 88, 101. Vol. ii., 154, 310.

Apocalypse (The).-- Vol. vii.-- Views of, 394.

Apportionment.-- Vol. iii.-- Bill apportioning representation, 384.

Aristocracy.-- Vol. vi.-- Views on, 160, 222, 254, 360. [See Virginia.] [See Adams, J.]

Arms.-- Vol. i.-- Supply of, for Congress, 603. Vol. v.-- When loaned by government, 168, 238, 240. Vol. ix.-- Application for, by governor of Pennsylvania, 159.

Army.-- Vol. iv.-- Reduction of, 430. Vol. viii.-- Objections to standing army, 11. Vol. ix.-- Pickering's views on, 194.

Army, Revolutionary.-- Vol. i.-- Virginia troops in, 235. Continental troops in, 235. Disasters of, in the South, 241, 249. Success in Canada, 202. Supplies of men, provisions and ammunition from Virginia for Southern army, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 253, 260, 262, 263, 273, 274, 285, 288, 302, 304. [See Virginia.] The movements of the Southern Army, 291, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 309. Expedition against Canada, 206. Military movements in Virginia, 207. Progress of the war, 211. Vol. ix.-- False accounts of our battles circulated in Europe, 207. Mutiny in, 258.

Arnold, Benedict.-- Vol. vii.-- His invasion of Virginia, 144. Vol. ix., 212, 320.

Articles of Confederation.-- [See Confederation.]

Asquith Lister.-- Vol. i.-- Relative to his imprisonment in France on charge of being engaged in contraband trade, 583.

Assumption.-- [See Debts, State.]

Astronomy.-- Vol. i.-- Discoveries in, 447, 516. Vol. v.-- Its application to navigation, 374. Vol. vi.-- Astronomical observations, 27, 28. Vol. vii.-- New method of finding longitude, 223, 226.

Aubaine, Droit d'.-- Vol. iii.-- Law of, in France, relative to citizens in new States, 189. Its abolition in France, 259.

Austria.-- Vol. i.-- Relations between the Emperor of, and the Dutch, 346, 353, 355, 358, 365, 400, 405. Relations between Austria, Russia and Turkey, 400. Treaty of commerce with, 510, 523, 566, 571. Vol. ii.-- Our commercial relations with, 28. Relations of, with the Netherlands, 289. " " with Prussia and France, 315, 344, 371. " " with Turkey, 392, 396, 510, 531, 552.

(B.)

Bacon's Rebellion.-- Vol. iv.-- View of, 528.

Baily, M.-- Vol. iii.-- Made Mayor of Paris, 78.

Balls, Birth-night.-- Vol. iv.-- Dissensions about, 218.

Balloons.-- Vol. i.-- Experiments with, in France, 54, 441.

Banks.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's view of the English banking system, 405. Vol. v.-- Excess of, 516. Vol. vi.-- Evils of the system of, 295, 300, 381, 434, 498, 515. Vol. vii., 64, 111, 115. Jefferson's hostility to, 305, 381, 605. Suspension of, in 1814, 381. Vol. vii., 142. Number of, at different periods, 434. Vol. vii.-- Suspension of, 142. Distress resulting therefrom, 151. Jefferson's plan for reducing circulating medium, 146.

Bank of Philadelphia.-- Vol. ii.-- Charter of, 24.

Bank, U. States (The).-- Vol. iii.-- Shares in, taken immediately, 268. Vol. v.-- Question of its constitutionality, 412. Vol. ix., 191. Vol. vi.-- Views of the plan for, proposed in 1813, 228. Vol. ix.-- The origin of, 95.

Bankrupt Bills.-- Vol. iii.-- Views on, 495. Vol. ix., 431.

Barbary States.-- Vol. i.-- Naval alliance against, proposed, 65, 591, 606. It fails, 67. Disposition of, towards U. States, 401, 413, 428. Relations of U. States with, 376, 393, 557, 560, 565, 570, 572, 575, 584, 591, 601. Vol. viii., 8, 30, 31, 33, 35, 51, 65, 96, 97. A minister should be sent to, 406. Mr. Barclay sent as minister to Morocco, 416, 474. Vol. iii., 261. Letter to Emperor of, 418. Vol. iii., 264. Instructions to Mr. Barclay, 420. Inquiries to be made by him, 421. Mr. Lambe sent on mission to Algiers, 376, 438, 457, 474, 581. Embarrassments occasioned by his delay, 376, 385. Remanded to America to give information relative to his mission, 581. His equivocal conduct, 605. Passports for ministers to, 471. American prisoners in, 439, 477, 601. Negotiations with the Tripoline minister, 551. Naval war against, advisable, 591. Vol. ii.-- Hostile relations of, with U. States, 10, 26, 27, 85. Treaty with Morocco, 72, 94, 125. Its ratification, 264. Treaty with Algiers fails, 85. Intervention of the Mathurin Monks in favor of our Algerine prisoners, 93, 113, 270, 307, 386. Redemption of our Algerine prisoners, 307, 380, 464, 564. Vol. iii.-- Provision for our Algerine prisoners, 209, 436, 533. Vol. iv.-- War with Tripoli, 574. Vol. viii., 7, 17. Vol. vii.-- Piracies of, 520. Efforts to redeem Algerine prisoners, 532. Vol. viii.-- Peace with, restored, 50. Case of Hamet Caramalli, ex-bashaw of Tripoli, 54. Difficulties with Tunis, 61. Vol. ix.-- Plan for an European alliance against, 307. How best to secure peace with, 424. Question of ransom of captives, 424.

Barclay, Thomas.-- Vol. ii.-- His arrest at Bordeaux, 155, 158, 159, 226. His return to U. States, 183. His pecuniary embarrassments, 183, 210. His character, 210, 211. Vol. iii.-- His second mission to Morocco, 261.

Barlow, Joel.-- Vol. v.-- His Columbiad, 238. His History of the U. States, 496. His departure for Paris, 587.

Bastrop's Case.-- Vol. v.-- An account of, 231.

Beds of Justice.-- Vol. ii.-- Held to force parliament to register decrees, 258.

Berlin and Milan Decrees.-- Vol. viii.-- Character of, 100. [See Neutrality.]

Berceau (The).-- Vol. iv.-- Case of, 405.

Billon.-- Vol. iii.-- Report of National Assembly of France on, 207.

Bills of Rights.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views of, 329, 358. Vol. iii.-- Federal Constitution should be amended by inserting a bill of rights, 3, 13. Arguments for and against bills of rights, 4, 13, 201. Amendments to, proposed by Jefferson, 100, 101.

Bloodworth, Mr.-- Vol. v.-- His bankruptcy, 49.

Bolingbroke, Lord.-- Vol. vii.-- His writings, 197.

Bollandists (The).-- Vol. vi.-- Their collection, 475, 489.

Bonaparte.-- Vol. iv.-- His expedition to Egypt, 278, 280. Establishment of Consular government by, 315, 320. His administrative talents, 320. His character and purposes, 322. Jerome Bonaparte's marriage with Miss Patterson, 510. Vol. v.-- His great victories, 173. His plans of conquest, 512. His character, 601. Vol. vii., 275. Vol. vi.-- Views of his character and career, 283, 352, 358. His fall, 352, 421. His restoration, 480, 490, 458, 463. His final abdication, 467, 490, 492, 553. His feelings towards U. States, 464.

Books.-- Vol. vii.-- Should be imported free of duty, 220.

Boston Port Bill.-- Vol. i.-- Effects of its passage on colonies, 6. Proceedings thereon in Virginia, 6. A day of fasting, humiliation and prayer appointed, 7.

Botta, M.-- Vol. v.-- His History of American Revolution, 527.

Boundary.-- Vol. i.-- Between Pennsylvania and Virginia, 399. Vol. iii.-- Difficulties on our Eastern boundary, 230. Vol. iv.-- Difficulties between Virginia and Maryland, reference to, 162.

Brabant.-- Vol. ii.-- Revolutionary movements in, 212.

Brazil.-- Vol. ii.-- Revolutionary movements in, 140. Jefferson's views relative thereto, 143. Character of population of, 140. Vol. v.-- Emperor of, 285.

Brienne, Cardinal.-- Vol. ii.-- His influence over the queen, 310. His character, 311, 316. His want of popularity, 316. His dismissal, 471.

Brittany.-- Vol. ii.-- Difficulties between Noblesse and people, 577.

Bunker Hill.-- Vol. ix.-- Account of the battle of, 293.

Burgesses, Virginia house of.-- Vol. i.-- Proceedings in, on stamp act, 4. Distinguished members of, 4. Tone and political views of members, 5. Proceedings on Boston Port Bill, 6. Dissolution of, by Governor, 7. Recommends sending men to Continental Congress, 7. Also election of delegates to meet at Williamsburg, 7. The action of, 8, 9.

Burr, Aaron.-- Vol. v.-- His conspiracy, 24, 26, 28, 38, 40. Vol. viii., 71, 78, 87. His accomplices, 34, 45, 60, 99, 305. Efforts in Ohio to suppress his conspiracy, 37. His arrest and trial, 55, 65, 57, 66, 81, 84, 86, 95, 96, 98, 174. His views and objects, 64, 128, 129, 130. Federalists come to his rescue, 64, 65, 66, 67. Proofs and witnesses against, 72, 78, 81, 95, 96, 112, 190. His forgeries, 86. His acquittal, 187, 199. Vol. ix.-- Intrigues of, 202, 204. Wishes his friends to unite on a federalist for president, 204. Explanations between him and Jefferson, 204, 205, 208. Jefferson's disgust of, 207, 208. Relations of, with Jefferson, 204, 205, 208, 209.

(C.)

Cabinet, Executive.-- Vol. v.-- Mode of transacting business in, 94. Of Washington and Jefferson, 568, 569.

Callender.-- Vol. iv.-- Mr. Jefferson's relations with, 445, 447, 448.

Calonnes, M. de.-- Vol. ii.-- His administration of French finances, 298.

Camden.-- Vol. i.-- The battle of, 263.

Campbell, Col.-- Vol. vii.-- The hero of King's Mountain, 268.

Canada.-- Vol. vi.-- Attack on, 130.

Canals.-- Vol. ii.-- The Erie and Ohio canal projected, 250. Practicability of a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 325, 397. Advantages of a canal between Cuyahoga and Big Beaver, 370. Vol. iii., 30. Potomac canal projected, 283. The Santee and Cooper canal, 283. Vol. iii.-- The Potomac and Ohio canal, 29.

Caper, The.-- Vol. ii.-- The culture of, in the U. States, 198.

Capitol of Virginia.-- Vol. i.-- Model for, from France, 46.

Capitol, Federal.-- Vol. iii.-- Plans for, 507, 508. [See Washington City.] Dr. Thornton's plan approved, 508. Vol. iv.-- The building of, 435. Vol. vi.-- Burnt by the English, 383. Vol. vii.-- Whether there shall be any inscription on the front of the new capitol, 41.

Carmichael, Mr.-- Vol. i.-- The estimation in which, held at Court of Spain, 526. Vol. ii.-- Character of, 107.

Carolina, N.-- Vol. iii.-- What included in her cession of public lands, 229.

Carolina, S.-- Vol. ii.-- Introduction of culture of grape, almond, caper, olive, fig, &c., in, 197, 198, 199. Vol. iv.-- Notice of effort to excite insurrection among negroes in, 98.

Carr, Peter.-- Vol. i.-- Advice in respect to his education, 395. Vol. ii.-- Advice in respect to his education, 237, 409.

Carr, Mr.-- Vol. vi.-- Character of, 529.

Carrying Trade.-- Vol. ii.-- Foreign vessels excluded from, between France and her Colonies, 338, 346. Vol. viii.-- Condition of, 16.

Cedars (The).-- Vol. ix.-- Account of the affair at, 296.

Census.-- Vol. iii.-- Of U. States, 205. Vol. viii., of 1800, 8.

Chancery Courts.-- Vol. i.-- Expediency of introducing trial by jury in, 37, 49, 50.

Charities.-- Vol. iv.-- Principles on which they should be bestowed, 589. Vol. vi., 44.

Chargé des Affaires.-- Vol. iii.-- Proper form for their credentials, 142.

Charters.-- Vol. iii.-- Whether revocable by the Legislature, 103, 108.

Chemistry.-- Vol. vi.-- The science of, 73. Vol. vii.-- Progress of, 259.

Cherbourg, Port of.-- Vol. i.-- Its fortification, 587.

Cherokees, (The).-- Vol. iii.-- Rights of, under the treaty of Hopewell, 192.

Chesapeake (The).-- Vol. v.-- Capture of, 113, 114. Vol. viii., 83, 102, 106, 120. Executive action, relative to, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 139. Preparations for war, on account of, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 132, 146.

Chesapeake Bay.-- Vol. v.-- Defence of mouth of, 180. Vol. vi., 111, 123, 134, 561.

China.-- Vol. v.-- Chinese Mandarin released from embargo, 325.

Christianity.--[See Religion.] [See Law, Common.]

Church, Episcopal.-- Vol. i.-- Its first establishment in Virginia, 38. Character of its clergy, 38. Dissenters from, constitute the majority, 38. Its overthrow as an establishment in Va., 39, 174. Its maintenance advocated by many, particularly by Pendleton and R. C. Nicholas, 39.

Cincinnati.-- Vol. i.-- History of, 334. Vol. vii., 368. Vol. ix., 89, 265. Objections to, 334. Vol. ii.-- Dangers of, 61. Vol. ix.-- First suggested by Gen. Knox, 376. Washington in favor of abolishing, 478.

Citizenship.-- Vol. i.-- Act defining, 40.

Claiborne, Gov.-- Vol. v.-- Wounded in a duel, 137.

Clarke, Col.-- Vol. i.-- His success at St. Vincennes, 221. His expeditions against the Indians, 339, 359, 381, 382, 395.

Clarke, Gen.-- Vol. iii.-- His character and talents, 217.

Classics.-- Vol. vii.-- Benefits of the study of, 131. Vol. viii.-- Study of, should not be neglected, 389.

Clay, Henry.-- Vol. v.-- His opposition to Jefferson, 183.

Clergy.-- Vol. ix.-- Benefit of, abolished, 263.

Climate.-- Vol. v.-- Changes of, in U. States, 487. Vol. iv.-- Of Europe and America compared, 570. [See Weather.] Vol. vii.-- Of Western country, 375. [See Weather.] Vol. viii.--Of Virginia, 320.

Coinage.-- Vol. ii.-- Of the U. States, 101. Improvements in, 75, 89, 111. Vol. iii.-- Employment of Mr. Drost at the Mint, 139, 140, 446. Relative to copper coinage, 279. Hamilton's report on the Mint, 330. [See Mint.] Vol. vii.-- Report on copper coinage, by Jefferson, 462. Jefferson's report on coins, weights and measures, 472.

Colleges.-- Vol. v.-- How buildings for, should be arranged, 521.

Colonies, American.-- Vol. i.-- Resistance of, to the mother country, 5. Tone and views of different parties in, 5. Resistance to governor, 5. Summary view of relations between colonies and mother country, 8. Summary view of rights of, 124. Grievances of, 201. Vol. ix.-- How originally populated, 254. But few manufactures in, 254. Indented servants in, 254. Founded by individual enterprise, 255. No criminals carried to England from, for trial, 299. Equality of rights in, 270. Population of, in 1775, 272, 273. Laws of England adopted in, 282. The power of English parliament over, 294. The tyranny of the king towards towards, 299.

Colonization.-- Vol. v.-- Of Negroes, 564. Vol. vii.-- Views on, 332.

Columbus.-- Vol. vii.-- Portraits of, 343, 373.

Commerce.-- Vol. i.-- Commercial treaties under Confederation, 60. Powers of Congress over, 349. Proposition to exempt merchant vessels from seizure in time of war, 62. Commercial treaties with European powers, 62, 371, 455, 459, 465, 478, 487. Vol. ii., 5, 17. Vol. vii., 436. Benefits of commerce, 404. Expediency of investing Congress with control over, 425, 475, 487, 531. Commercial relations with France, 378, 386, 491, 499. Commercial relations with Austria, 511, 512, 523. Vol. ii., 28. Commerce of the U. States, 597. Programme of commercial treaties with European powers, 350, 360, 371. Vol. ii.-- Transfer of power over to Congress, 19, 21. Commerce with the West Indies, 112, 536. Commerce with Sardinia, 146. Commerce with France, 163, 169, 528, 529. [See France.] Commercial policy of the U. States, 321, 529, 537. Vol. iii.-- Commercial relations with England and France, 99, 100, 320. Whether in our commercial relations we should discriminate in favor of France, 99, 100. Our commerce with French West Indies, 113, 114, 191, 319. Summary of our commerce with France and England, 313, 316, 317, 318. Our commercial relations with France, 509, 516. " " with the Netherlands, 510. " " with Great Britain, 511, 514. " " with Spain, 512. " " with Portugal, 533. Foreign-built vessels purchased by our citizens stand on the same footing as to neutral rights with home-built vessels, 550. Vol. iv.-- Condition of commerce in U. States in 1798, 213. Commercial relations with Great Britain, 214. French regulations in relation to, 220, 221. Vol. v.-- Impulse given to, by embargo, 441. Coasting and carrying trade, 505. Vol. vii.-- Our Mediterranean trade, 519. Privileges of, and restrictions on, our foreign commerce, 636. Vol. ix.-- Commercial negotiations with France, 230, 234, 535. Commercial regulations of U. States, 239. Commerce with French West Indies, 243. Project of treaty with France and England, 415.

Committees of Correspondence.-- Vol. i.-- Origin of, 6, 115, 124. Vol. vi., 527. Vol. vii., 120.

Compensation Law.-- Vol. vii.-- Unpopularity of, 78.

Confederation, Articles of.-- Vol. i.-- Report of Committee appointed to prepare, 26. Debates thereon in Continental Congress, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Adoption of, 36. Vol. iv., 256. Executive power lodged in an executive committee, 54. The Committee splits into factions, 54. Character of Congress under, 58. Imperfections of, 78. Vol. iv., 286. New Constitution required, 78. Financial embarrassments under, 83. Powers of, over commerce, 349, 425, 475, 487. Vol. ix., 257. Vol. ii.-- Powers of the government under, 23. Reform of, 66. Vol. ix.-- Differences arising under, and mode of adjusting them, 291. Plan of confederation proposed by Franklin, 303.

Confiscation.-- Vol. iii.-- Of refugees' property breaking out of Revolutionary war, 372, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384. Question of restitution after the war, 372, 385, 386. Restitution recommended by Congress, 376. Confiscation of debts due to England, 387. Debts not confiscated during the war survive it, 406, 407. But if confiscated, the debtor is released, 407, 408.

Congress.-- Vol. i.-- Proceedings of Continental Congress, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Address by, to people of Great Britain, 11. Character of the Congress at Annapolis, 58. Instructions of Virginia to her delegates to Continental Congress, 122, 142. Vol. iii.-- Current business before, 208. Corrupting influences brought to bear on, 301, 360, 362. Vol. vi.-- Whether the States have power to prescribe new qualifications for members of, 309. Vol. vii.-- Whether Congress has the right to adjourn to a new place of meeting, without consent of the President, 495. Vol. ix.-- Relative to its powers to call on President for papers, &c., 12, 113. Question of an extra session in 1793, 165.

Consolidation.-- Vol. vii.-- Dangers of, 223, 293, 430. Rapid strides towards, 426, 430.

Constitution Federal.-- Vol. i.-- Jefferson's views on, 79. Vol. ii., 217, 249, 250, 256, 267, 316, 318, 328, 334, 365, 388, 404, 435, 465, 586. Vol. iii., 12. Vol. ii.-- His objections to, 316, 318, 329, 355, 358, 375, 399. Description of, 324. Opposition to, by different States, 324. Who for, and who against it, 324, 358. Best to adopt first and amend afterwards, 332, 355, 399, 404. Vote of different States in adoption of, 384, 423. Conduct of Massachusetts in relation to, 398, 399, 404, 550. Nine States accede to, 455, 533. Effect thereof, 533. Virginia and New York accede, but propose amendments, 480, 533, 550. North Carolina follows lead of Virginia and New York, 492, 550. Debates on, in Virginia Convention, 481. Organization of government under new Constitution, 550, 573, 576. Character of first elections under, 576. Vol. iii.-- Jefferson's opinion of, 12. Adoption of, 13. Unpopularity of, in New York and Virginia, 24. Organization of government under, 88. Amendments to, 89. Vote of States on, 207. General acquiescence in, 132. Successful operation of new government under, 199, 200. Vol. iv.-- Declaration of its principles desirable, 328. Manner of construing by Federalists, 329. True principles of, 330. Principles of the Eastern States relative to, 331. Vol. vii.-- Rules for interpreting, 296, 336, 342, 358. Distribution of power between State and Federal Governments, 297, 358. Who would be final arbiter between State and Federal Governments, 298, 358. Should be easily amendable, 223, 336. Similarity of Constitutions of different States, 323. Vol. ix.-- Original form of, 118, 119. Powers of Federal Government strictly limited, 464, 496. Limit to Federal powers, 364, 496. The Constitutional majority varies in different cases, 245. How far questions under, may be reconsidered, 246.

Constitutions.-- Vol. iii.-- No such thing as perpetual Constitutions, 106, 108. Should be easily amendable, 323, 336. Similarity of Constitutions of different States, 323.

Contracts.-- Vol. v.-- Should not be given to members of the Legislature, 50. Vol. vi.-- Laws impairing obligations of, 461.

Consuls.-- Vol. i.-- Consular convention with France, 85. Not entitled to ministerial privileges, 426. Vol. ii.-- Creatures of convention, 17. May be dispensed with, 420, 421. Changes in consular convention with France, 416, 478, 493. Whether foreigners should be made consuls, 495. Copy of consular convention, 498. Vol. iii.-- Native consuls always preferred where they can be had, 155, 195. Consular fees, 160. Consular authentication of instruments, 160. J. Johnson sent consul to London, 176. Consular instructions, 187. How far exempt from duties, taxes, &c., 193. The footing on which the Law of Nations places consuls, 295. Consular circular, 429. What security required of consuls, 429. Whether we have a right to send consuls to French colonies, 252. Consular arrangements with Prussia, 457. Vol. iv.-- One nation not bound to receive consuls from another, 90. How commissions for consuls to the U. States addressed, 91. Limits of the consular jurisdiction, 39. No consuls admitted in the British West Indies, 69. Revocation of Exequatur of French consul, 72. Vol. ix.-- Bill relating to consuls, 416. Notes on a consular convention with France, 462. Jurisdiction of, over prizes, 83, 84. Continental money.-- [See Money.]

Convention, Federal.-- Vol. i.-- The Assembly of, to amend Constitution, 79. Vol. ii.-- Objects of, 149, 211, 257, 264. Distribution of powers of Federal government, 152. Scheme of new Constitution, 217, 249, 250, 256. Place of assembling, 480. Vol. iv.-- What done with journal of, 136.

Cornwallis, Lord.-- Vol. i.-- Military movements of, in the South, 291, 294. Vol. ii.-- Depredations of, on Mr. Jefferson's property, 426.

Cotton.-- Vol. ii.-- Product of the Southern States, 10.

Corporations.-- Vol. ix.-- Congress has no power to charter, 191.

Courts, County.-- Vol. vii.-- Magistrates of, should be elected by the people, 12, 18.

Credit.-- Vol. ii.-- Credit of U. States in Holland, 376. " " in Austria, 376. " " in England, 376. Mode of building up credit, 377.

Criminal Code.-- Vol. i.-- Revision of Criminal Code of Virginia, 43. Whether punishment of death should be abolished, 45. Bill proportioning crimes and punishment, 146. Vol. iv.-- Apportionment of punishments to crimes, 164.

Cuba.-- Vol. v.-- Question of the acquisition of, 444. Vol. vii.-- Should not be allowed to pass to England, 288, 299. People of, how affected, 299. Should belong to U. States, 316.

Currency.-- Vol. i.-- Notes on the money unit, 53, 162. Coinage for U. States, 475. Vol. iii.-- Great scarcity of metals after Revolution, 398. [See Coinage.] When gold and silver are both standards of value, 18. Vol. vi.-- Relative merit of paper and metallic currency, 231. Vol. ix.-- An account of the paper money of the U. States, 248. [See Money.]

(D.)

David, King, Vol. vii.-- His description of a good man, 337.

Davies, Col. Wm.-- Vol. i.-- Recommendation of, for Commissioner of War Office, 301.

Dean, Silas.-- Vol. ii.-- Seizure of his letter books, for debt, 454. Vol. iii.-- His wretched condition, 101.

Dearborn, Gen.-- Vol. iv.-- Made Secretary of War, 356. Vol. v.-- Urged by Jefferson to continue in office, 295.

Debt.-- Vol. iii.-- Imprisonment for, wrong, 396, 397. Vol. v.-- Evils of national debt, 477.

Debt, British.-- Vol. iii.-- Remedy for, suspended by war, 387, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395. Justification of the suspension of, 395. Obstacles in way of recovery of, in the States, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414. No interest on, allowed during the war, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420. Justification thereof, 416, 417, 418. Vol. ix.-- Amount of, 250. How far confiscated during revolutionary war, 292.

Debt, Domestic.-- Vol. i.-- Condition of, 369, 472, 578. Vol. ii.-- Purchase thereof, by U. States, 578, 582.

Debt, Foreign.-- Vol. i.-- Condition of, 83, 369, 471, 510, 512, 519, 546, 566, 576. Interest on, 357. Vol. ii.-- Relative to the funding of, 507. Transfer of French debt to Holland, 28, 53, 79, 111, 120, 154, 161, 181, 209, 231, 327, 385. Interest on, not paid, 101, 103, 181, 378. Instalment laws, 216. Debt to foreign officers and their complaints, 301, 326, 333, 386, 422, 479. Policy of paying interest on, punctually, 239, 351, 352, 377. Negotiations in relation to, 351, 352. Vol. iii.-- Distinction between foreign and domestic debt, 156. Payment of foreign debt pressed, 33. Arrangements to pay foreign officers, 37. Amount due, 91, 92. Mode of paying French debt, 546, 575. Vol. vii.-- How it should be managed, 506.

Debt, Public.-- Vol. ii.-- Amount of, 358. Public lands looked to as means of paying, 358. Redeemed at price paid by holder of the script, 360. Negotiations in Holland for a loan, 363, 373. Certainty that the whole debt will be ultimately paid, 422. Vol. iii.-- The funding of, 152, 153, 165, 169. Funded debt above par, 283. Debt to France will not be paid in depreciated assignats, 294. Condition of public debt, 261. Vol. vi.-- Evils of, 239. Vol. viii.-- Reduction of, 19, 26, 39, 52, 67, 109.

Debt, Revolutionary.-- Vol. i.-- Interest on, not paid during war, 546, 561. On what principle paper debt redeemed, 595. [See Revolutionary Debts.] Vol. ix.-- The funding of, 92. Will all be paid, 262.

Debts, States.-- Vol. iii.-- Question of their assumption by General Government, 145, 148, 159, 166, 169, 185. Vol. ix., 92, 118. Arguments for and against assumption, 166. Opposition to, in Virginia and North Carolina, 198. Vol. ix.-- Debts of different States in 1784, 283.

Decius.-- Vol. v.-- His false statements, 20.

Declaration of Independence.-- Vol. i.-- First moved in Continental Congress by Virginia delegates, 12. [See Independence, Declaration of.]

Delaware River.-- Vol. v.-- Defence of, against the English, 244.

Deluge.-- Vol. ix.-- Reasons against a general deluge, 275.

Democracy.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views on, 100, 105, 166, 249. Self government by the people, 166, 249. Vol. iii., 81.

Denmark.-- Vol. i.-- Claim against, for prize money, 461, 489. Money paid, 522. Commercial relations with, 571.

Departments.-- Vol. iv.-- Circular to heads of, 315. Vol. ix.-- Question of the reference of measures to heads of, by Congress, 105.

Deserters.-- Vol. v.-- Should not be enlisted, 173.

Dickinson, John.-- Vol. v.-- Death of, 249.

Dictator.-- Vol. viii.-- Effort to appoint one in Virginia, 368.

Distillation.-- Vol. iii.-- Of pure water from salt, 228. Vol. vii., 455.

Drawbacks.-- Vol. v.-- View of, 426. Vol. vii.-- Should be repealed, 6.

Duane, William.-- Vol. v.-- Opposition of, to Madison's administration, 590. Pecuniary embarrassments of, 574, 590.

Dumas, M.-- Vol. i.-- Personal standing of, in France and Holland, 527, 568. Debt due to, 528. Mission of, to the Hague, 593. Vol. ii.-- Protection for his official character, asked of the Netherlands, 287. Claims of, against U. States, 366. Vol. iii.-- Statement of his case and claim, 331.

Dumourier, Gen.-- Vol. iv.-- Desertion and character of, 5.

(E.)

Earth, The.-- Vol. ii.-- Theory of, 68.

Eastern States.-- [See Riots.]

Eclipse.-- Vol. i.-- Of 1778, 310.

Eclipse, Solar.-- Vol. vi.-- Account of, 16, 28.

Economy, Political.-- Vol. vi.-- New work on, 261.

Edinburgh Review.-- Vol. vi.-- Merits of, 345.

Editors.-- Vol. v.-- Duties of, 591.

Education.-- Vol. i.-- General system of, 47. Advice from Jefferson relative to, 395. Relative advantages of foreign and domestic education, 467. Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views on, 175, 192, 227, 245, 429. Vol. v., 225. Vol. vi., 353, 362, 510, 517. Vol. iii.-- European schools, 313. Vol. iv.-- Proposition to remove college of Geneva to U. States, 108, 113. Importance of, 119. System of schools and colleges proposed by Jefferson, 317. Plan of popular education, 525. Vol. vi.-- System of common schools, 542. General system of, 564. Vol. vii., 93, 187, 322, 398. Vol. vii.-- Female education, 101. Northern teachers and professors, 187. Common School system of Virginia a failure, 256. Vol. ix.-- Plan for system of elementary schools, 489.

Elections.-- Vol. iv.-- Members of Congress should be elected by districts, and not by general ticket, 308.

Eloquence.-- Vol. vi.-- Specimens of, 346. Vol. vii., 231.

Embargo.-- Vol. v.-- Account of, 227, 252, 299. War preferable to continuance of, 258. Our citizens allowed to withdraw property from foreign countries, 259. Draft of law by Gallatin, 267. Measures to enforce, 271, 272, 297, 336, 341, 343, 352, 359. Its operation, 275. Cases arising under, 277, 292, 307, 317, 324, 327, 344, 346, 355, 363, 368, 369, 370, 375, 382, 386, 396, 399, 405, 418. When to be suspended, 279. Evasions of, 286, 287, 290, 297, 317, 334, 335, 336, 340, 413. Construction of, 287, 290, 292, 307, 317, 324, 327, 344, 346, 355, 398. Resistance to, in Massachusetts, 341, 343, 347, 384, 424. Unpopularity of, in the East, 293, 384. Popularity of, elsewhere, 290, 384. Bonaparte's position relative to, 370. War the only alternative, 384, 387. Views relative to, in Congress, 404. A temporary measure, 410. Action of Congress relative to, 419, 421, 424. Repeal of, 433, 529. Vol. vi.-- Account of, 48, 50. Vol. vii.-- Circumstances under which resorted to, 373. Circumstances which led to repeal of, 425, 431. Treasonable conduct of Massachusetts relative to, 425, 431. Vol. viii.-- Preferable to war, 127, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170.

Emigrants.-- Vol. ii.-- German emigrants the best, 235.

England.-- Vol. i.-- Commercial treaty with, impracticable, 64, 541, 543, 550, 552, 553. Hostile feelings of, towards U. States, 429, 464, 541, 550, 563, 604. Vol. iii., 32. England and France compared, 557, 560, 576. Vol. ii., 161. Debt of United States to, 563. Incites Indians against our people, 604. Vol. ii.-- Calumnies in, against U. States, 36, 204, 318. Scheme for conquest of U. States, 305. Bad health of king of, 490, 532, 577. Vol. iii., 6, 7, 25, 34, 49, 87. Relations between England and France, 303, 308, 356. Relations between England, Spain and Russia, 565. Vol. iii.-- Our diplomatic relations with, 182, 203. Political relations with, 182. Infractions by U. States of treaty with, 183. Admission of our wheat by, 249. Negotiations with, through Mr. Hammond, 365, 439. Review of matters in controversy with, 365, 423, 425, 426, 427. Her seizure of our slaves at end of war, 387, 391. Vol. iv., 96. Refuses to withdraw troops from our posts, 388. On whom the blame for not executing the treaty should fall, 400. Vol. iv.-- Her refusal to surrender our military posts, 95. Danger of war with, 102, 105. Our dependence on, 172. Vol. v.-- Treaty with, objectionable, 52. Its ratification suspended, 54. Hostilities commenced by, 113, 117, 118, 123, 131, 134, 139. Her fleet retires from Hampton Roads, 135. Probability of war with, 134, 135, 139, 189, 197, 211, 215, 266. Relative to certain captors, 142. The conduct of the English in our waters, 143, 145, 195, 196. Relations with, during this quasi state of war, 151, 155, 167, 170, 174, 191, 202. Notice to our merchant vessels of danger of war, 184, 185, 186, 194. Her violations of maritime law, 200, 468, 501, 511, 551. Her orders in council, 442. Repeal of, 443. Relations of peace restored, 455. Domination on the ocean, 530. Condition of, 552, 557. Vol. vi., 32, 52. Relations with, 556. Vol. vi., 467, 470. War with, inevitable, 464. Character of kings of, 514. Vol. vi.-- Her maritime encroachments, 5. Death of King of, 15. Jefferson's sentiments towards, 53, 463. Character of government of, 346, 463. Social condition of, compared with that of U. States, 376. Tendency to revolution in, 423. Vol. vii.-- Feeling of, towards U. States, 42, 519. Debt of, 43. Condition and prospects of, 45, 48, 232. Constitution of, 48. Parties in, 50. Discontents in, 196. Origin of her constitution, 355. Effects of Norman conquest, 413. Indemnity for slaves carried off by, during revolutionary war, 518. Commercial relations of, with U. States, 518. Vol. viii.-- Negotiations with, 70. Vol. ix.-- Negotiations with Hammond, 175, 176, 425. Our relations with, 183, 419.

Enlistments.-- Vol. v.-- When binding on infants, 283, 372.

Entails.-- Vol. i.-- Abolition of, in Virginia, 37, 138.

Episcopal Church.-- [See Church, Episcopal.]

Etiquette.-- Vol. ix.-- Of the government under Gen. Washington, 454.

Europe.-- Vol. i.-- Political condition of, 346, 353, 355, 358, 365, 366, 400, 435, 442, 453, 509, 559, 605. Relations between Emperor and Dutch, 346, 353, 355, 358, 365, 400, 405, 412. Relations between Austria, Russia and Turkey, 400. Mr. Jefferson's views of Europe, 444. Vol. ii.-- Political condition of, 3, 7, 9, 11, 76, 77, 150, 157, 170, 191, 206, 212, 215, 222, 234, 248, 263, 267, 315, 334, 336, 371, 381, 392, 396, 405, 422, 429, 436, 448, 468, 491, 508, 532, 558, 580, 583, 588. Hostilities threatened, 270, 272, 281, 283, 290. Difficulties adjusted, 303, 308. Social and political degradation of, 7. Relations between Turkey and Russia, 262, 263, 272, 288. War between, 436, 441, 453, 459, 460, 462, 468, 510, 533, 552, 568. Relations between Prussia and Holland, 279, 281, 288, 289, 303, 308, 476, 483. " " Austria and Netherlands, 289. " " England and France, 356. " " Spain, England and Russia, 365. " " Austria and Turkey, 392, 396, 510, 531, 552. " " Sweden and Russia, 453, 459, 460, 462, 476, 483, 570. " " Naples and Papal See, 454. Vol. iii.-- Political condition of, 5, 9, 25, 34, 49, 154, 163. War between Russia and Turkey, 56. " " Russia and Sweden, 92. " " England and France, 537. Relations between Spain and England, 537. Vol. iv.-- Condition of, in 1798, 217, 218. Vol. v.-- Not to be permitted to interfere in American affairs, 381. Condition of, 511. Insignificancy of kings of, 514. Vol. vi.-- Condition of, 114, 497, 503. Relations with U. States, 114. Moral condition of, 18th and 19th centuries contrasted, 524. Vol. vii.-- Condition of, 182, 193, 217, 244, 288. Revolutions in, 307. [See Treaties.] [See Commerce.]

Excise.-- Vol. iii.-- Distinction between excise and import, 17. Vol. iv.-- Obnoxious character of, 112.

Executives.-- Vol. iv.-- Mode of communicating between State and Federal Governments, 401. Vol. v.-- Question between a single and plural executive, 449, 567, 581. The executive should be removable, 569.

Expatriation.-- Vol. v.-- Is a natural right, 72.

Exports.-- Vol. vi.-- Why exempted from taxation, 483.

(F.)

Farmers-General.-- Vol. ii.-- Have a monopoly of tobacco trade in France, 14, 70, 89, 183, 186, 193. [See Tobacco.] Jefferson's difficulty with, 182.

Federalists, The.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's opinion of, 506. Vol. iii.-- Views and aims of the party, 450, 503. Strength of the party, 503. The condition of, 548. Vol. iv.-- Character of the party, 112, 139, 197, 448. Their ascendency, 140, 141. The moderate portion of the party, 361. Mr. Jefferson's policy towards, 451, 484, 542. Vol. v.-- Their disorganization as a party, 101. Their conduct in reference to embargo, 304. Their bitterness of feeling, 608. Vol. vi.-- Their opposition to the war of 1812, 63. [See Parties, Political.]

Fenno's Paper.-- Vol. iv.-- Account of, 133.

Fever, Yellow.-- Vol. viii.-- Ravages of, 46. [See Yellow Fever.]

Finance.-- Vol. ii.-- Condition of our European finances, 147, 385. Financial embarrassments of France, 222, 230, 510. Vol. iv.-- Reforms in, 428, 430. Vol. vi.-- Jefferson's views on, 136, 194. Vol. viii.-- Prosperous condition of, 18, 26.

Fiseaux, M.-- Vol. ii.-- His loan, 339, 351, 352, 368.

Fisheries.-- Vol. iii.-- Report on whale and cod fisheries, 185, 214. Vol. vii.-- Report on cod fisheries, 538. History of cod fisheries, 538. History of the whale fisheries, 544.

Floridas, The.-- Vol. iv.-- Cession of, to France, 432. Vol. v.-- Necessity of the acquisition of, 18.

Flour.-- Vol. ii.-- New mode of preserving, 236.

Fly, Hessian.-- Vol. iii.-- An account of, 32, 38.

Foreign Policy.-- Vol. iv.-- View of, 414.

Foreign Relations.-- Vol. viii.-- Views on, 40, 47, 62, 85, 102, 106.

Fourqueux, M. de.-- Vol. ii.-- Succeeds Calonnes as minister to France, 138.

France.-- Vol. i.-- Influence of American Revolution on, 69. Financial embarrassments of, 69. Assembly of Notables convened, 70. They refuse to vote supplies, 70. Constitutional reforms, 71. Abuses of old government, 86. Assembling of States General, 87. Progress of the Revolution, 87. Constitution of States General, 87. Character of king and queen, 88, 101. Severity of winter of 1788-9, 88. Importation of bread-stuffs from America, 89. Riots, 89, 97. Opening of States General, 90. Early debates and difficulties in organizing, 91. Tiers Etat constitute themselves National Assembly, 92. Conduct and policy of Court party, 92. Royal session, 94. Popular demonstrations, 94. Disaffection of soldiery, 95. Part of nobles and clergy join Tiers Etat, 95. New Constitution for France, 96, 103. Military interference by Government, 96. M. Necker expelled from ministry, 96. The new court ministry, 97. Bastille taken, 98. Resignation of court ministry, and recall of M. Necker, 100. Flight of aristocracy begins, 100. Views on the execution of king and queen, 101. The Necker ministry, 102. Great reforms of National Assembly, 103. Divisions spring up in popular party, 103. Friendly relations between France and U. S., 456. Relations between France and England, 371. England and France compared, 549. Mr. Jefferson's views of French people, 187, 395, 549. Commercial relations with U. S., 378, 386, 491, 499, 561, 567, 586, 589. Vol. ii.-- Military preparations by, 3. Importations of whale oil, 27, 47, 157, 312, 341, 393, 488, 515, 516, 537, 539, 565, 567. Note on whale oil, by Mr. Jefferson, 516. Commercial relations with, 45, 47, 50, 65, 88, 163, 169, 260, 274, 278, 298, 312, 341, 487. Description of south of France, 71, 109. Consular convention with, 90. Changes therein, 416, 478, 493, 498. Assembly of Notables, 91, 95, 99, 119, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131. Organization of, 133. Her friendship for U. States, 109. Character of king and queen of, 154, 310. Commerce with south of, 157. Commercial negotiations, 172, 312, 342. Political condition of, 209, 222, 230, 231, 234, 382. Financial embarrassments of, 222, 230, 510. Ministerial changes, 258, 309, 471. Division of ministry on question of war, 294. Call of States General inevitable, 372. Violent measures of king, 390. Reforms in Constitution granted, 390, 448, 457, 466. Concessions by the king, 448, 450, 506. French revolution begins with aristocratic orders, 457, 490, 559. States General convened, 458, 461, 463, 467, 509. Difficulties as to how they shall be constituted, 468, 485, 491, 492, 511, 551, 561. The question referred to decision of Notables, 463, 511, 535. Their decision thereon, 535, 548, 556, 561. The court dissatisfied with decision, 536, 561. Riots, 471. Reforms by States General, 535, 562. What reforms practicable, 544, 548. Elections to States General, 580, 589. Severity of winter of 1788-9, 541, 558, 590, 591. Mr. Jefferson's views on rise and progress of French Revolution, 554, 591. Vol. iii.-- Elections to States General, 8. Question whether States should vote by persons or orders, 8, 11, 23, 27, 34, 36, 40, 41, 43. Concessions by the king, 11, 78. Riots, 22, 26. Opening of States General, 22, 26, 43. Condition of finances, 26. Large numbers of inferior clergy returned to Assembly, 27. State of parties in National Assembly, 27, 34, 35. Majority of clergy unite with Tiers Etat, 40, 41, 43, 44. Proposition to distribute bread among poor, 48. Tiers Etat declare themselves National Assembly, 50, 53, 57. Character of Tiers Etat, 58. Character of the noblesse, 58. Clergy go over to Tiers Etat, 58. A royal session proclaimed, 60. Duke of Orleans joins Tiers Etat, 62. Proceedings of Court party, 60, 61. Disaffection of soldiery, 64. King urges nobles and clergy to go over to Tiers Etat, 64, 65, 83. Supplies of provisions from U. S., 65, 67, 68, 69, 73. Constitutional reforms by National Assembly, 69, 70, 71, 75, 94, 97, 115. Scarcity of provisions in Paris, 73, 86, 94, 111, 117. Military intervention by the Government, 74, 75. Fall of Necker and appointment of new Ministry, 85. Character of new Ministry, 75. Insurrections, 76, 77, 78, 79, 84. Bastile taken and destroyed, 77, 79, 84. Fall of Court Ministry and recall of Necker, 78, 79, 84. Noblesse begin to emigrate, 79, 84, 87. Massacres begin, 84, 85, 87. The constitutional reforms contemplated by Liberal party, 89, 94, 97. Internal condition of, 93, 94. Financial embarrassments of France, 97, 115, 121. Friendly disposition of National Assembly towards U. States, 99. Division of parties in National Assembly, 116. Danger of civil war, 117. The king's flight from Paris, 284, 285, 293. Plan of a French colony in America, 179. How far our people exempt from droit d'Aubaine in France, 189. Commercial relations of, with U. States, 225, 274, 275, 356, 448. Duty on our oil, 250. Duty on our tobacco, 250, 274, 288, 289. War between France and Spain, 357. Payment of our debt to, 252, 546. Suspended by French Revolution, 476. Declaration of war by, against Hungary and Bohemia, 458. Our shipments to Marseilles, 486. Revolutionary Government of France recognized by U. States, 489, 500, 522. Military successes of France, 494, 495, 549, 570. Effects of, in U. States, 502. Mr. Jefferson's views of Jacobins, 501. Reply to notification of establishment of French Republic, 518. Plan of allies to exclude neutral commerce with, 519. Execution of king of, 520. Progress of the war, 549, 570. Dumourier's desertion, 570. Vol. iv.-- Condition of, in 1793, 8. Affection of our people for, 123. Her victories in Europe, 182. Danger of war with, in 1797, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, 233, 265, 277. Special mission to, to preserve peace, 187, 208, 232, 234. War with, avoided, 189, 190. Silence of Envoys to, favorable, 216. Their negotiations in France, 232, 234, 251. Talleyrand's intrigues with, 234, 235, 270. Return of Envoys to U. States, 250. The X Y Z delusion, 265, 271, 274. Effect of, in U. States, 275. Conduct of Envoys, 271, 272. Disposition of France to peace, 271, 275, 276, 288, 292, 293. Establishment of the Consulate, 315. Unfriendly feeling in, towards U. States, 448. Condition of, under Bonaparte, 452, 493, 496. Vol. v.-- Views of her Revolution, 133, 582. Our relations with, 266. War with England, 214. Berlin and Milan decrees, 444. Vol. vi.-- French Revolution, 41, 162, 227, 421. Restoration of Bourbons, 428, 499. Her revolutions, 499, 507, 520. Prospects of, 526. Vol. vii.-- Condition of, 66, 76. Return to, of Louis XVIII., 82. Constitution of, 86. Allied Powers depart, 109. Her Revolution, 302. Her progress in science, 323. Whether our treaties with, remain obligatory after her Revolution, 611. Not allowed to equip privateers in our ports, 226. Vol. ix.-- Whether we should recognize revolutionary government of, 125, 130, 171. Our relations with, 123, 132, 183, 185, 442. Unpopularity of Governeur Morris at French Court, 132, 133. Jefferson urged to accept mission to, 133. Supplies furnished to, by U. States, 134. Negotiations with, in reference to commerce, 230, 234. Commercial treaty with, 304. Joint mission to, 185. Jefferson's notes of his travels in, 313. Message relative to, 183. Party in favor of war with, 185, 199.

Franklin, Benjamin.-- Vol. i.-- His views on Articles of Confederation, 31. Visit to, from Jefferson, 108. Vol. iii.-- His declining health, 134. His death, 139. His philosophical attainments, 212. His popularity in France, 213. National Assembly of France expresses grief at his death, 218. Vol. v.-- His last autobiography, 540. Vol. vii.-- Calumnies against, 108. Vol. viii.-- Anecdotes of, 497.

Freneau, Philip.-- Vol. iii.-- Appointed clerk in State department, 215. Circumstances under which appointed, 464. Vol. ix.-- Attacks of his paper on the Administration, 144.

Fugitives.-- Vol. iii.-- Surrender of, depends on Convention, 299. Convention relative to, proposed by France, 299. Difficulties in arranging Convention with Spain, 346. Project of Convention with Spanish provinces, 350. General views on Conventions for delivery of fugitives, 352. Forcible seizure in Florida, by Americans, of fugitive slaves, 454. Slaves escaping to Florida restored to their masters, 195, 219. [See Slavery.]

Fur Trade.-- Vol. ii.-- Establishment of depôt for, at Alexandria, 60.

(G.)

Gallatin, Albert.-- Vol. v.-- Character of, 574. Jefferson dissuades him from leaving Madison's Cabinet, 477. False imputations against, 593, 594. Views of, on U. States Bank, 595.

Gates, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- His disasters in the South, 241, 249. Supplies for, from Virginia, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 260, 262, 263, 273, 274, 285, 288, 302, 304. Consolations of Jefferson on his failures, 314.

Generations.-- Vol. iii.-- Whether one generation can bind another, 103. Vol. vi., 138, 196. Vol. vii., 16, 19, 311, 359.

Genet, M.-- Vol. iii.-- His arrival in U. States as French minister, 563. Vol. iv.-- His conduct, 7, 20, 31, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 64, 68, 84. His recall asked, 50. Petitions to have Mr. Jay prosecuted for libelling him, 97. Vol. ix.-- The question of his reception, 140. His proceedings in violation of our neutrality, 150, 151, 152. The question of his dismissal, 158, 162, 163, 169, 177, 178, 179, 180. Difficulties with, 182. Conferences with, 438.

Geology.-- Vol. i.-- Views on, 516. Vol. ii.-- Relative to rock formations, &c., 276.

George IV.-- Vol. ii.-- Character of, 558.

Gerry Elbridge.-- Vol. iv.-- His views of the political condition of the U. States, and his mission to France, 273.

Giles, Wm. B.-- Vol. iv.-- The resolutions of, 139.

Glebes.-- Vol. vi.-- Moneys arising from sale of, how disposed of, 389.

Gordon, Dr.-- Vol. ii.-- History of U. States by, 167, 425.

Government.-- Vol. iii.-- The best treatises on, 145. Vol. v., 91. Establishment of seat of, 145, 146, 148, 152, 160. Vol. ix., 94. Removal of, to Philadelphia for ten years, and permanent establishment at Georgetown afterwards, 162, 163, 169. Vol. iv.-- Jefferson's views on, 114, 115. Vol. viii, 222, 413, 543, 589, 604. Importance of equilibrium between State and Federal Governments, 217. Vol. vi.-- Principles of, 45. Vol. viii., 1. Should be local, 543. Definition of Republican Government, 605. Vol. viii.-- Is progressive, 42. Benefits of Republican Government, 148. Vol. vii.-- Views on, 3, 263, 307, 318, 357. Should reflect will of people in all its departments, 9, 319. Is progressive, 15. Should be remodelled from time to time, 14, 19. Principle of representation, 32. Must be adapted to each particular people, 56. Majority must govern, 75. Europe cannot bear Republican Government, 325. [See Republican Governments.]

Grand, Mr.-- Vol. ii.-- His pecuniary advances to U. States, 223.

Greek.-- Vol. vii.-- Pronunciation of, 112, 137. The Ablative case in, 33, 37.

Green, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- His military movements in the South, 291, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 309.

Grief.-- Vol. vi.-- The uses of, 601. Vol. vii.-- Uses and abuses of, 33, 37.

Grimm, Baron.-- Vol. vi.-- Character of, 576.

Gunboats.-- Vol. iv.-- Views on, 507. Vol. vi., 133. Vol. v.-- Value of, as means of defence, 41, 42, 202, 228, 234, 316. Improvements in, 189. Vol. viii.-- The use of, recommended, 79.

(H.)

Hamilton, Alexander.-- Vol. iii.-- His split with Jefferson, 460, 470. His report on manufactures, 461. His strong English bias, 548. His political system, 548. Vol. iv.-- His great talents, 121, 231. His advocacy of Jay's treaty, 121. His anonymous writings, 231. Vol. v.-- Difference between his political principles and those of J. Adams, 554. Relations with Jefferson, 496. Vol. vii.-- His monarchical principles, 389. Vol. ix.-- His system of measures, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 174. Monarchical principles of, 96, 122, 126, 147, 169, 196. Preference of, for stronger government than the present, 99. English partialities of, 108, 109, 145, 196, 197. Relations of, with Jefferson, 121. Efforts of Washington to reconcile him and Jefferson, 131. His abhorrence of French Revolution, 177.

Hamilton, Gov.-- Vol. i.-- His detention as prisoner of war, 231, 232, 233, 237, 258, 267.

Hammond, Mr.-- Vol. iii.-- His negotiations with Jefferson, 365.

Harper's Ferry.-- Vol. v.-- The scenery at, 446.

Hartford Convention.-- Vol. vi.-- Views of, 425.

Hastings, Warren.-- Vol. ii.-- His trial, 349. Jefferson's views on, 349.

Hazzard, Mr.-- Vol. iii.-- Collection of State Papers by, 20.

Head and Heart.-- Vol. ii.-- Dialogue between, 32,

Hennin, M.-- Vol. ii.-- His character, 110.

Hemp Breaker.-- Vol. vi.-- New invention, 506.

Henrick, The.-- Vol. viii.-- The case of, 22.

Henry.-- Vol. vi.-- His mission to Eastern States, 50.

Henry, Patrick.-- Vol. i.-- His connection with the Revolution, 116. His eloquence, 4. Vol. ii.-- His course in Virginia Assembly, 574. Vol. iii.-- His views relative to amendments to Virginia Constitution, 469. Vol. iv.-- Court paid to him by Federalists, 148. Vol. vi.-- Resolutions of, 1765, by, 366, 485. Case of Josiah Philips, 369. His manners and habits, 487.

Hessian Fly.-- Vol. iii.-- Account of, 32, 38.

History, Civil.-- Vol. vii.-- Course of, indicated for University of Virginia, 412.

History, Natural.-- Vol. i.-- Objects of, 506. The grouse, pheasant, elk, deer, &c., 506, 507, 519. Vol. ii., 74, 285, 288, 474. The big bones of the West, 323. Vol. ii., 474. Vol. iv., 149, 337, 351. Whether animals degenerate in America, 340. Vol. iv.-- Skeleton from Paraguay, 195. The wild horses of the West, 253. Vol. v.-- Fossil remains, 46, 219, 220, 261, 310, 467. Different systems of classification, 319.

Holland.-- Vol. ii.-- Political condition of, 212, 215, 234. Division of parties in, 228. Relations between Holland and Prussia, 279, 281, 289. Amicable adjustment of, 303, 308, 476, 483.

Holland, King of.-- Vol. v.-- Congratulations on his accession to the throne, 47.

Honfleur, Port of.-- Vol. i.-- Should be made a free port, 579. Vol. ii., 53, 92, 96, 126.

Hopkins, Mr.-- Vol. i.-- His views of Articles of Confederation, 34.

Hostage.-- Vol. ii.-- Case of one confined at Dunkirk, 312.

Houdon, M.-- Vol. i.-- His statue of Washington, 513, 533.

Hull, Gen.-- Vol. vi.-- His defeat, 101, 103.

Humboldt, Baron.-- Vol. v.-- His work on Spain, 435.

Humphreys, Col. David.-- Vol. i.-- Testimonials of his character, 538, 568. Vol. iii.-- Sent on special mission to Europe, 180. Appointed resident minister to Portugal, 215. Sent on special mission to Algiers, 529.

Hundreds.-- Vol. v.-- Division of counties into, 525.

Hygrometer.-- Vol. ii.-- Invented by Dr. Rittenhouse, 83.

(I.)

Incorporation.-- Vol. v.-- The power of, not granted by Constitution, 412.

Impeachment.-- Vol. iv.-- Introduction of trial by jury in cases of, 215.

Imports.-- Vol. iii.-- Distinction between impost and excise, 17.

Impressment.-- Vol. iii.-- Of American sailors by England, 204, 206. Case of Hugh Purdie, 204. Provision for impressed seamen, 335. Jefferson's views on impressment, 448. Negotiations in relation to, 525. Vol. iv.-- Jefferson's views of, 138. Vol. vi., 420, 426, 428, 467. Vol. v.-- Efforts to suppress by treaty, 55, 63. Refusal of, to sign treaty not providing for suppression of, 55, 63. Vol. viii.-- Our remonstrances against, 58.

Improvement, Internal.-- Vol. iv.-- Jefferson's views on, 131, 449, 478. Post roads, 131. Piers in the Delaware, 449, 478. Light-houses, 450, 478. Vol. vii.-- Progress of, 75, 422. Power of, does not belong to Federal Government, 79. Vol. viii.-- The Cumberland Road, 78, 97. Vol. ix.-- By General Government, unconstitutional, 496, 497.

Inaugural Address.-- Vol. iv.-- Notes on Jefferson's second Inaugural, 475.

Independence, Declaration of.-- Vol. i.-- First moved in Continental Congress by the delegates from Virginia, in obedience to instructions, 12. Debates on that motion, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Action of Congress thereon, 17, 18. Committee appointed to prepare Declaration, 17, 18. Report of Committee, 19. Copy of rough draught of Declaration, 19, 20, &c. Facsimile of rough draught of the Declaration, 26. History of the circumstances attending the Declaration, 118. Separation from mother country necessary and inevitable, 207. Vol. vii.-- Its history, 122, 304. Jefferson's opinion of Mecklenberg Declaration, 128. Authorship of, 407. Original rough draft of, 409. The house in which written, 410. Celebration of 50th anniversary of, 450. Vol. ix.--History of, 309.

Indians.-- Vol. i.-- Expeditions of Clarke and Shelby against, 221. Expedition by Clarke, 239, 259, 281, 282, 295. England incites them against our people, 604. Vol. ii.-- Our policy towards, 3. Vol. iii., 246, 247. Vol. viii., 186, 188, 192, 193, 196, 201, 203, 207, 211, 217, 241. The origin of the aborigines of America, 434. Vol. iii.-- Treaty with Creek Indians concluded, 184. What rights States have over Indians within their limits, 142, 281. Their progress in civilization, 217. Expedition against, fails, 217. Hostility of the Six Nations, 248. Intrigues of the English with, 248. Disclaimed by their Government, 331. Scott's expedition against, 273, 279. What right a State has over Indian territory within its limits, 192, 281. Gen. Wilkinson's expedition against, 306. Our intervention with, in favor of Spain, 358. Intrigues of Spanish agents among, 455, 459, 474, 479, 480, 566. Our conduct towards Creek Indians, 478, 479, 480. Spain incites Indians to hostility against us, 478, 479, 480. Our relations with the Indians, 478, 479, 480, 487, 581, 584. Spanish officers furnish them with arms, &c., 566. Vol. iv.-- Our efforts to keep them neutral in revolutionary war, 10. Efforts to preserve peace with, 10, 11, 12. Our policy towards, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 464, 467, 472, 489. War with North-Western Indians, 86. Cessions of land by, 464, 467, 472. Their languages, 326, 580. Their artistic skill, 310. Vol. v.-- Improvement of, 212, 278, 302. Vol. viii., 7, 51, 118, 185, 141, 210, 214, 219, 226, 229. Their languages, 6, 469, 599. Best articles of trade with, 44. Relations with, 162, 184, 330, 348, 350. Danger of war with, 175. Policy towards, in a war with England, 176, 276, 348. Trade with, 269. General policy towards, 348, 350. How to proceed in case of murders by, 354. Settlement of boundaries with Kickapoos, 400. Efforts to prevent the use of spirituous liquors by, 407. Best mode of civilizing, 440. Efforts to civilize, 484. Vol. vi.-- Wabash prophet, 49. Traditions of, 59. Religion of, 60, 147. Civilization of, 62. Vol. vii., 233. Origin of, 120, 146. Our policy towards, 269. Languages of, 529. Vol. vii., 96, 400. Vol. vii.-- The right to extinguish Indian titles belongs to the Federal Government, and not to the States, 467. Vol. viii.-- Our Indian relations, 17, 21, 25, 31, 37, 42, 66, 85, 106, 172, 184, 186. Acquisitions of territory from, 25, 52, 93, 94, 108, 190, 192, 199, 206, 219, 237, 239. Relations with, during Revolutionary war, 172, 177. Prohibition of sale of spirituous liquors to, 187, 191, 233. Commerce with, 196. Warned against uniting with English in war of 1812, 212, 215, 217, 233, 236. Virginia Indians, 336. Burial places of, 341. Language of, 345. Origin of, 344. Catalogue of tribes of, 346. Logan's speech, 308. The character of the races of, 304. The capacity of, 305. Efforts to preserve peace between, 221, 223, 228, 236. Removal of, West, 231. Government of, 435. Tribes of sea-board, 434, 437. Vol. ix.-- Efforts of English to preserve peace, 127. Nature of our jurisdiction over Indian territory within our limits, 136, 429. Expeditions against Creeks proposed, 174. Our policy towards, 460.

Indies, West.-- Vol. ii.-- Our trade with, 536. Vol. iii.-- Views of U. States in regard to French West Indies, 275. Commerce with, 275, 276. Insurrection of negroes in St. Domingo, 303, 306, 320, 450. Relief furnished by U. States, 492. [See West Indies.] [See Insurrection.]

Insurrection.-- Vol. iii.-- Of negroes in St. Domingo, 303, 306, 320, 450. [See Indies, West.] Vol. iv.-- Of negroes in Virginia, 336.

International Law.-- [See Law of Nations.]

Ireland.-- Vol. i.-- Commerce of, with U. States, 478.

Italy.-- Vol. ii.-- Description of Northern Italy, 136, 137.

Inventions, Mechanical.-- Vol. ii.-- Improvement in making wheels, 97.

(J.)

Jay, John.-- Vol. iv.-- Unpopularity of his treaty with England, 120. Vol. vii.-- Why he did not sign the Declaration of Independence, 308.

Jefferson, Thomas.-- Vol. i.-- His family, 1, 2. His birth, 2. His early education, 2. Elected to Virginia Legislature, 3. Endeavors to have slavery abolished in Virginia, 3. His marriage, 4. Student at William and Mary College, 4. Resolutions against Stamp Act, 4. Proceedings therein, in Virginia, 4. Appointed member of Continental Congress, 10. Elected to Virginia Legislature after separation from England, 36. Brings in bill for establishing courts of justice, 36. Also declaring that tenants entail shall hold their lands in fee, 36. Appointed member of committee to revise laws of Virginia, 42. Overthrow of landed aristocracy of Virginia, 49. Elected Governor of Virginia, 50, 216. His resignation in favor of Gen. Nelson, 50. Appointed Commissioner to France, 50. Declines in favor of Dr. Lee, 51. Appointed minister plenipotentiary to negotiate peace, 51. Declines at first, but accepts afterwards, 51, 313, 321. Prepares to sail, 312, 324, 326. His detentions, 327, 332. Treaty of peace being concluded before he sails, he resigns and returns home, 52, 329, 330, 331. Appointed a delegate to Congress, 52. Executive powers of confederation lodged in committee, 54. Committee split into factions, 54. Appointed minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, 60. Sails for Europe, 60. Appointed minister to France, 63. Subjects of negotiation with France, 64. Visit to south of France, 72. Dislocated wrist, 72. Takes management of European debt of U. States, 83. Visit to Holland, and journey along Rhine, 85. Refuses to aid in framing Constitution for France, 103. Consultation at his house in Paris among the leaders of liberal party of France, 104. His views of French revolution, 106. His views of the French people, 107. His return to U. S., 107. Appointed Secretary of State, 108, 176. Visits Franklin, 108. A summary of his public services, 174. Love affair in Williamsburg, 181, 186, 188, 190. Relative to his residence in Williamsburg, friends and things there, 184, 193, 194. Loss of his library and papers by fire, 193. His opinion of Ossian, 196. Member of the association against importing goods from England, 197. His love of music, 209. His views of Europe, 444. His salary as minister insufficient, 452. Vol. ii.-- His visit to south of France, 71, 109, 121, 126. Vol. ix., 313. His views of south of France, 132, 135, 136, 266. Vol. ix., 313. Visit to Northern Italy, 136, 137, 266. Vol. ix., 313. Settlement of his accounts as minister, 225, 400, 401. His domestic tastes, 243, 356. His visit to Hague, 361. His outfit as foreign minister, 401, 406. Effort to take him prisoner in Albemarle, 425. Vol. ix., 212, 220. Tarleton's conduct at Charlottesville, 425. Vol. ix., 212, 220. The depredations of Cornwallis, 426. Petitions for leave of absence to visit U. States, 513, 552. His relations to parties under new Constitution, 586. His views on Hastings' trial, 349. His views on democracy, 100, 105, 106, 249. Vol. iii.-- Made Doctor of Laws by Harvard University, 14. Asks leave of absence from France, 31, 102, 121. Draws Constitutional charter to be signed by King of France, 45, 46, 47. Declines any office in U. States, 102. Declines Secretaryship of State, 124. Accepts the same, 126. Reasons for this change, 131. The appointment of his assistant, 127. Arrives in New York to enter on duties of his office, 128, 129. Elected member of American academy of Arts and Sciences, 130. Letters of farewell to partisan friends, 133, 134, 135, 136. His observations on the weather, 144. His illness, 155. Depredations on his property during the war, 197. His visit to Eastern States, 265. His purpose to retire from the cabinet, 467, 490, 531, 577. Delay therein, and reasons for it, 506, 531. Letter to General Washington, urging him to serve a second term, 360. His negotiations with Mr. Hammond, 439. His conversations with Hammond, 365, 439. His controversy with Hamilton, 460. His statement of, to Washington, 460. Hamilton's attack upon, 460, 470. Collection of his letters, 520. Refuses, while in public life, to embark in any enterprise for the improvement of his fortune, 527. Vol. iv.-- His retirement from Secretaryship of State, 26, 28, 99, 100. Vol. ix., 165, 166, 167, 168. Consents to remain until December 1792, 28. His retirement from politics, 101. His devotion to agricultural life, 103. His farming system, 106, 143, 224. Declares his purpose never to enter public life again, 110. Does not desire the Presidential office, 116. His relations with Gen. Washington in 1796, 142, 171. Prefers Mr. Adams to himself for Presidency, 150, 151, 153, 154. His letter to J. Adams on the subject, 153. His election to Vice-Presidency, 158, 163, 165, 168. Mode of notifying his election, 160. His views of duties of his new office, 161. His relations with J. Adams, 161, 167. Vol. vii., 314. Preparation of his Parliamentary Manual, 163. His account of the Mazzei letter, 193. His opposition to war with France, 178, 181, 183, 184, 185, 198, 230, 254. His political associates, 254. Calumnies against him, 255, 333, 520, 576. Summary of his political principles, 268. His election over Burr to Presidency, 358. His Valedictory to Senate on termination of Vice-Presidency, 362. His oath of office, 364. Reformations in administration of Government, 396, 399, 523. His agency in forming Constitution, 441. Principles of his Administration, 452, 523, 548. Candidate for second Presidential term, 536. His early friends, 547. Political differences have no effect on his private friendships, 562. His purpose to retire at end of second term, 565. His majority at second election, 573. Unanimity of his Cabinet, 592. Vol. v.-- Efforts to alienate his Cabinet from him, 23. Calumnies against, 80, 264, 503, 504. Resigns presidency of American Philosophical Society, 392. Is re-elected, 40, 494. Refuses all presents while President, 392. Resolution to retire at end of second term, 62, 88, 407. Vol. viii., 121, 123, 126. Reception of, by people on his retirement, 431. His pleasure at retiring, 432. Letter to people of Albemarle at end of Presidential term, 439. All prosecutions for libels against him, dismissed, 452. Franking privilege allowed him, 453. His writings, 465. Relations with Hamilton, 496. His habits, 508, 558. Made member of Royal Institute of Amsterdam, 517. Relations with Adams, 559, 560. Vol. vi.-- His bodily decay, 4, 519. His devotion to agriculture, 6. Efforts to extort from, 9, 10. His declining faculties, 107, 403. Vol. vii., 52, 179, 327. His relations with Mr. Adams, 125. Complains of publication of his letters, 282. Vol. vii., 222. His views of merchants, priests and lawyers, 334. Made member of Agronomic Society of Bavaria, 363. Tenders his library to Congress, 384, 387. Resigns presidency of Philosophical Society, 396, 397. His feelings towards England, 449. Estimate of his public services, 455. Calumnies against, 465. His estimate of life, 575. Vol. vii., 25, 421. Vol. vii.-- Resigned to death, 52, 243. Oppressed by correspondence, 54, 254. His occupations in his old age, 111, 116. His habits of life, 116. Materials for his biography, 117. Application for his portrait, 203. Settlements of his accounts on his return from France, 239, 246. His relations with J. Adams, 314. Calumnies of Pickering, 362. His relations with Washington unaffected by the Mazzei letter, 364. Their friendship uninterrupted to the last, 370. His losses by security debts, 433. Vol. viii.-- Declines being candidate third time, 121, 123, 126. Vol. ix.-- Disinclination of, to all public offices, 103. Purpose of, to retire from Secretaryship of State, 120, 133. Consents to remain longer, 130. Relations of, with Hamilton, 121. Efforts of Washington to reconcile him and Hamilton, 165, 166, 167, 168. Reasons for wishing to resign, 166. Course of, pending the contested election between Burr and himself, 202, 209, 210. His diary of the invasion of Virginia in 1780, 212, 220. Censures against, in connection with his conduct during invasion, 215. Unanimously acquitted by Virginia Legislature, 218. Circumstances of his flight from Monticello, 219, 223. Recommends the appointment of General Nelson as governor, 223. Answers to questions propounded to him by M. de Meusnier, relative to our Government, 244. Journal of his tour through south of France and north of Italy, 313. Tour of, to some of the gardens of England, 367. Tour of, to Amsterdam, Strasburgh and the Rhine, &c., 373. Farewell address of Virginia Legislature to, 476. Applies to Virginia Legislature for leave to sell his estates by lottery, 500. Summary of his public services, 506. His will, 511.

Jones, Paul.-- Vol. ii.-- Prize money due him, 1. Takes employment in Russian navy, 372, 381, 382. His victory over Turks, 441, 443, 448, 449, 451, 454, 466. Vol. iii.-- Difficulties of, with Russian officers, 101. Sent commissioner to Algiers, 431. Instructions to, 431. Death of, 528.

Judiciary.-- Vol. i.-- Jefferson's views on, 81. Expediency of introducing jury trial in Chancery courts, 37, 49, 50. Vol. iv.-- The Executive consults it, 22. Limits to jurisdiction of Federal Judiciary, 199. Jury trial and vivâ voce evidence in Chancery suits, 318. Vol. v.-- Always Federal, 549. Vol. vi.-- Limits between State and Federal, 494. Cannot bind Legislature or Executive by its decisions, 462. Vol. vii.-- Decisions of, do not bind other departments of Government, 134, 177. Each department decides for itself, 134, 177. Dangers to our Government from encroachments of, 192, 199, 216, 256, 278, 293, 321, 403. Vol. viii.-- Reorganization of, 13.

Juries.-- Vol. iii.-- Jefferson's views on, 81.

Jurisdiction.-- Vol. iii.-- One sovereign not amenable to the jurisdiction of another, 277.

Jurisdiction, Maritime.-- Vol. iv.-- Extent of the marine league, 75, 559. Vol. ix., 176.

(K.)

Kaims, Lord.-- Vol. iii.-- Jefferson's opinion of, 452.

Kentucky, State of.-- Vol. i.-- Danger of her secession, 518. Vol. iv.-- Resolutions of, on alien and sedition laws, 258, 305. Vol. ix.-- Establishment of, as a State, 258.

Kentucky Resolutions.-- Vol. vii.-- Drawn by Jefferson, 229. Vol. ix.-- Originals of, 464.

King, Rufus.-- Vol. iv.-- Sent minister to Russia, 289.

Kings.-- Vol. vi.-- Character of European kings, 271.

Klein, M.-- Vol. ii.-- Claim of, against U. States, 569.

Knox, Gen.-- Vol. iv.-- His bankruptcy, 262.

Kosciusko, Gen.-- Vol. iv.-- His return to Europe, 248. Vol. vii.-- His will, 98. His services to the U. States, 106. Vol. viii.-- Biographical sketch of, 494.

(L.)

Lafayette.-- Vol. i.-- Presentation of bust of, by Virginia, to city of Paris, 403, 514. Vol. ii., 80, 44, 118, 123. Grant of land to, 533. Vol. ii.-- Services of, to U. States, 108. Vol. iii.-- Jefferson advises him to join Tiers Etat, 20. Embarrassments of his position in France, 32. Made commander-in-chief of National Guards, 84. Efforts to secure his release from imprisonment, 524. Vol. iv.-- Reception of his son in U. States, 114. Vol. vi.-- His journal of his campaign in Virginia, 426. Vol. vii.-- His visit to U. States, 378, 379.

Lamb, Mr.-- Vol. i.-- His mission to Algiers, 376, 581. Embarrassments resulting from his delay, 376, 385. Remanded to America to give information in reference to his mission, 581. His conduct equivocal, 605. Vol. ii.-- His equivocal conduct, 73, 85.

Land.-- Vol. i.-- Colonial tenure of, 138. Vol. iv.-- Conveyances of, before Revolution, 371.

Lands, Public.-- Vol. i.-- Best disposition to be made of, 347. Ordinance in relation to, 407. Purchase of, by Congress, 423. Land office, 423, 430. Sales of, 430. Vol. ii., 86, 326. Vol. ii.-- Disposition of proceeds of, 325. Vol. iii.-- What included in North Carolina cession, 229. Vol. v.-- Intrusions on, 382. Vol. vii.-- Settlements on, 83.

Langdon, Gov.-- Vol. vii.-- Relations of, with Jefferson, 154.

Language.-- Vol. vi.-- Introduction of new words in, 185, 272. Is progressive, 185, 272. Vol. vii., 174, 218.

Languages.-- Vol. iv.-- Study of the languages, 316. The Indian languages, 326, 348, 580.

Law.-- Vol. vii.-- Course of reading in, 207. Common Law no part of the Law of U. States, 251. Christianity no part of Common Law, 359. Origin of Common Law, 381.

Laws.-- Vol. i.-- Revision of Virginia code, 42, 45. [See Virginia.] Vol. ii.-- Evil of their instability, 333. Vol. iii.-- No such thing as perpetual laws, 106, 108. Collection of laws of different States, 184. Vol. v.-- Rules for construing by Executive, 158. Degeneracy of law, 524. Some cases above law, 542. Law of New England not Common Law, 547.

Law, Common.-- Vol. iv.-- No part of law of Federal Government, 301, 306. Vol. vi.-- Christianity no part of the Common Law, 303, 311. Interpolations on, 311. How far binding, 65. Works on, 291. Origin of, 381. Vol. ix.-- Whether part of law of U. States, 199, 485. How far in force, 485. Hardin's case, 485.

Law, International.-- Vol. i.-- Effort to introduce a new principle in, 62. [See Privateering.] Free ships make free goods; enemies' ships make enemies' goods, how far Law of Nations, 62. Vol. ii., 280. Vol. vii., 270. Proposition to exempt merchant vessels from seizure in time of war, 62. Vol. ii.-- Property of one sovereign cannot be seized in territories of another, 477, 486. Vol. iii.-- One sovereign not amenable to jurisdiction of another, 277. Enemies' property in our territory at the time of war, may be seized and confiscated, 369. Enemies' debts may be confiscated, 387. Rights of one party where another violates a treaty, 391. Before a foreigner can apply to Executive for relief, he must exhaust his remedies in the Courts, 538, 540, 541, 585. We acknowledge always the government de facto, 489, 500, 522. Foreign-built vessels purchased by our citizens, stand on the same footing as to neutral rights with home-built vessels, 550. Vol. iv.-- Enemies' property in neutral vessels may be seized and confiscated, 24, 43, 408. Arms are contraband, but Government will not prohibit exportation of, 87. [See Neutrality.] Vol. ix.-- Principles of, to be insisted on in our first treaties with European powers, 226. Origin of the principle, "Free bottoms make free goods," 443.

Law, Municipal.-- Vol. iv.-- Derived their authority from the people, 302.

Lawyers.-- Vol. v.-- Of New England, not good common-law lawyers, 547.

Ledyard.-- Vol. i.-- Expedition of, to explore western part of American continent, 68. Vol. ii., 151. Defeated by the Empress of Russia, 68. Vol. ii., 433.

Lee, Richard H.-- Vol. vii.-- Biography of, 422.

Leslie, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- Letter from, to Cornwallis, intercepted, 271.

Latrobe.-- Vol. v.-- Relations of, with Jefferson, 578.

Levees, Presidential.-- Vol. iv.-- Account of, under Washington, 132, 147.

Lewis, Capt. Meriwether.-- Vol. iv.-- Expedition of, to explore West, 470, 492, 516, 540. Vol. viii., 59, 66. Vol. v.-- Papers of, 480. Vol. vi.-- Publication of his journal delayed, 270. Lewis and Clarke's journal of their western expedition, 595. Vol. vii., 91. Vol. viii.-- Biographical sketch of, 480.

Lexington.-- Vol. i.-- Account of battle of, 207.

Liancourt, Duke de.-- Vol. iv.-- A fugitive from French Revolution, 145.

Libraries, Public.-- Vol. v.-- Benefit of, 448.

Lincoln, Levi.-- Vol. vi.-- Declines seat on bench of Supreme Court, 8.

Literature.-- Vol. ii.-- New literary works, 95. Vol. iii.-- Literary news of Europe, 14. Vol. iv.-- Condition of literary men, 513.

Livingston, Robert R.-- Vol. iv.-- Secretaryship of Navy tended to, 338. Sent Minister to France, 360.

Livingston, Edward.-- Vol. vii.-- His Louisiana code, 383, 483. Vol. ix.-- Effort to bribe him to Burr's support, 202.

Livy.-- Vol. ii.-- Arabic translation of, 483.

Loans.-- Vol. i.-- European loans to U. States, 210. Vol. iii.-- Negotiation of Holland loan, 247. Destination of Holland loan, 536. Vol. vii.-- Proposition for new loan, 629.

Logan.-- Vol. viii.-- Account of speech of, 308.

Logwood, Thomas.-- Vol. v.-- Pardon of, 385.

Looming.-- Vol. viii.-- The phenomenon of, 327.

Lotteries.-- Vol. vii.-- Jefferson applies to Virginia Legislature for leave to sell his property by lottery, 434, 500. Vol. ix.-- Thoughts on, by Jefferson, 500.

Louis XVI.-- Vol. i.-- Character of, 88, 101. Vol. ii., 154, 310. Vol. iii.-- Execution of, 520.

Louisiana.-- Vol. iv.-- Its cession to France, 432, 435. Efforts to purchase, for U. S., 454, 457, 460. Its acquisition, 494, 497, 503, 509, 510, 525. Vol. viii., 23, 29. Boundaries of, 498, 503, 539, 548, 550, 587. Vol. v., 110, 178. Vol. vii., 51. Its unconstitutionality, 500, 503, 504, 506. Cession of, opposed by Spain, 511. Occupation of, 510, 514. Vol. viii., 32. Organization of government of, 551, 558. Vol. viii., 36. Vol. viii.-- Benefits of acquisition of, 41.

Luzerne, Chevalier de.-- Vol. i.-- Appointed Minister to U. States, 350. Vol. ii.-- His return to U. States as Minister, 106, 112. Appointed ambassador to England, 314. His domestic affairs, 445. Vol. iii.-- Letter of regret to, on termination of his mission to U. States, 140, 141. Gold medal presented to, 107.

(M.)

Madison, James.-- Vol. i.-- Character and early history of, 41. Vol. ii.-- Books for, 207. Vol. iv.-- Jefferson wishes him to succeed Washington as President, 116, 117, 136, 150. Vol. v.-- Divisions in his Cabinet, 509, 589, 596, 598, 600, 607.

Mammoth, The.-- Vol. ii.-- Account of, 474. Vol. viii., 286.

Mansfield, Lord.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's opinions of his decisions, 487.

Manual, Parliamentary.-- [See Parliamentary Manual.]

Manufactures.-- Vol. ii.-- Improvement of U. States in, 91. Reason why U. States do not prosper in, 412. Domestic manufactures of Virginia, 412. Vol. v.-- Impulse given to, by embargo, 415, 456. Vol. viii., 109. How far should, be protected, 415, 417, 440. Condition of, in U. States, 583. Vol. vi.-- Domestic, in U. States, 36, 69, 94, 472. Growth of, during the war, 430. Jefferson's views on manufacturing system, 521, 553. Vol. ix.-- Hamilton's Report on, 104.

Mail.-- Vol. v.-- Robberies of, 406.

Malthus.-- Vol. iv.-- Work of, on population, 526, 527.

Map.-- Vol. i.-- Of Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 536.

Maritime Jurisdiction.-- Vol. iv.-- Limits of, 73, 559.

Maria Antoinette.-- Vol. i.-- Character of, 88, 101.

Marque, Letters of.-- Vol. v.-- Character of, 273.

Marseilles.-- Vol. ii.-- Our trade with, 138.

Marshall, John.-- Vol. iv.-- Reception of, on his return from mission to France, 249. Vol. v.-- His Life of Washington, 476. Notes on, by Jefferson, 476. Vol. ix., 478.

Mason, George.-- Vol. i.-- Character of, 41.

Massachusetts.-- Vol. viii.-- Extension of Republican principles in, 116.

Materialism.-- Vol. vii.-- Views on, 153, 175.

Matthews, Col.-- Vol. i.-- Prisoner of war, 231, 232, 233.

Mazzei Letter.-- Vol. iv.-- History and explanation of, 193. Vol. vii.-- Relations with Washington unaffected by, 364.

Measures.-- Vol. iii.-- Standard of, for U. States, 157, 161. Standard of, adopted by French National Assembly, 276. [See Weights and Measures.]

Medals.-- Vol. ii.-- For Revolutionary officers, 123.

Medicine.-- Vol. v.-- Views of science of, 105. Vol. vi., 33, 105.

Mesmerism.-- Vol. iii.-- Jefferson considers Mesmer a maniac, 212.

Messages.-- Vol. iv.-- Substituted for speeches by Jefferson, 426.

Metaphysics.-- Vol. vi.-- Jefferson's views, 153, 175.

Meteoric Stones.-- Vol. v.-- Account of, 245.

Mexico.-- Vol. ii.-- Classification of population of, 143. Revolutionary movements in, 144.

Militia.-- Vol. iv.-- The discipline of, 469. Vol. v.-- Organization of, 116, 76. Vol. viii., 49, 108. Called out to defend Norfolk and Hampton, 118, 138. Disbanded, 143. The Ohio militia, 206. When should be called out, 409. Vol. ix.-- Washington's opinion of best mode of using, 146.

Mines.-- Vol. v.-- Rent of Indiana lead mines, 207, 210.

Ministers, Foreign.-- Vol. ii.-- Salaries of, insufficient, 401, 406. Entitled to outfit, 402, 406. Have no power to authenticate legal instruments, 542. Vol. iii.-- Medals presented to, on leaving, 142. Breach of privilege, 453. Vol. iv.-- Pay of, 455. Right of, to import free of duty, 588. Vol. vii.-- Senate has no right to negative the grade of a minister. It can only negative the person appointed by the Executive, 465. Vol. ix.-- Relative to appointments of, at London, Paris, and the Hague, 420.

Ministers of Religion.-- Vol. vi.-- Should not discuss political matters from the pulpit, 445.

Mint, The.-- Vol. iii.-- Arrangements for its establishment, 139, 140, 446, 509, 542. An Assayer for, 542. Hamilton's report on, 330. [See Coinage.] Vol. v.-- Appointment of assistant engraver for, 61. Vol. vii.-- The coiner at, unable to give security, 651.

Miranda's Expedition.-- Vol. v.-- Discountenanced by our government, 474.

Missions, Religious.-- Vol. vii.-- To foreign States objectionable, 287.

Mississippi River.-- Vol. ii.-- Our right to the navigation of, 100, 378, 396, 398, 416. Vol. vii., 568. Vol. ix., 412. Vol. iii.-- Question of the right of navigation of, mooted with Spain, 172. Necessity of some port on bank of, 173, 178, 228. Negotiations relative to, 178, 227, 233, 234, 328, 340, 341, 342, 344.

Mississippi Territory.-- Vol. v.-- British claims in, 274.

Missouri Question.-- Vol. vii.-- Agitation of, 150, 151, 194, 200. Evils of a geographical line, 151, 158, 159, 180, 182, 184.

Monarchy.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views on, 221, 249, 253. Vol. ix.-- Efforts to establish, in U. States, 89, 90. Washington's opinion that there is no real monarchical party in U. States, 117, 122. Jefferson's opinion that there is, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 196, 197. Jefferson's apprehensions of the Hamilton party, 122, 167, 184.

Money.-- Vol. ii.-- Redemption of paper money of U. States, 51, 64. Money unit of U. States, 52. Vol. ix.-- Depreciation of Continental money, 259, 260. [See Currency. See Paper Money.]

Monroe, James.-- Vol. ii.-- Character of, 555. Marriage of, 590. Vol. iv.-- Jefferson advises him to come to Congress, 242. Sent on special mission to France, to negotiate for Louisiana and the Floridas, 454, 457, 460. Vol. v.-- Relations of, to Madison's administration, 247, 482. Offered government of Orleans or Louisiana, 11. Explanations by, in relation to English treaty, 254. Vol. vi.-- Made Secretary of War, 410. Vol. vii.-- Elected President, 80.

Montesquieu.-- Vol. v.-- Commentary on his Spirit of Laws, 525, 539, 566.

Montmorin, Count de.-- Vol. ii.-- Succeeds Count de Vergennes, 122. Character of, 131.

Monticello.-- Vol. ii.-- Beautiful scenery of, 35.

Monuments.-- Vol. iv.-- To living men objectionable, 335.

Moose, The.-- Vol. ii.-- Account of, 474.

Moose Island.-- Vol. v.-- Within jurisdiction of U. States, 317.

Morality.-- Vol. vi.-- Basis of, 348.

Moral Sense.-- Vol. vi.-- The existence of, 349.

Moreau, Gen.-- Vol. iv.-- Arrival of, in U. States, 584.

Morris, Governeur.-- Vol. iii.-- Appointed minister to France, 325. Instructions to, 325, 329, 448. Salary of, 325. Opposition to his appointment, 329. Vol. iv.-- Becomes unpopular in France, 93.

Morris, Robert.-- Vol. iii.-- Land purchases by, in Massachusetts, 231.

Morocco.-- Vol. iii.-- Death of Emperor of, 357. [See Barbary States.]

Mountains.-- Vol. vi.-- Method of measuring height of, 495, 510.

Moustier, Count de.-- Vol. iii.-- Letter of respect to, on terminating his mission to U. States, 216.

Mulatto.-- Vol. vi.-- Who are Mulattoes under our laws, 437.

Museum.-- Vol. v.-- Establishment of one at Williamsburg, 79.

Music.-- Vol. i.-- New musical instrument, 504. Vol. ii.-- The Harmonicon, 75.

Muskets.-- Vol. i.-- Improvement in, 412, 514.

(N.)

Napier, Lord.-- Vol. vi.-- His theorem, 335.

Naples.-- Vol. ii.-- Relations of, with Papal See, 454.

Natural History.-- Vol. ii.-- [See History.]

Naturalization.-- Vol. viii.-- Revision of laws of, 14.

Navy.-- Vol. vi.-- Success of, 122, 211. Vol. vii.-- Origin of, 261, 264. Vol. viii.-- Necessity for small one, 12, 20.

Necker, M.-- Vol. ii.-- Appointed director-general of finance in France, 471. Vol. iii.-- Character of, 52, 53. Popularity of, in France, 61, 62. Dismissal of, from office, 75. Recall of, 78, 79.

Negroes.-- Vol. v.-- Capacity of, relative to white races, 429, 475. Vol. viii., 381, 384.

Netherlands.-- Vol. i.-- Insurrection in, against the Stadtholder, 73. France promises assistance to, 73. Difficulties in, compromised, 77.

Neutrality.-- Vol. ii.-- The true policy of U. States, 253, 291. Vol. viii., 25. Obstacles to, growing out of French treaty, 223. Vol. iii.-- Principles of, pursued by our Government relative to, 559, 561, 571, 573, 574, 582. Our efforts to preserve neutrality, 533, 535, 542, 551, 557, 564, 569, 574, 580, 583. Proclamation of, 543, 544. Circumstances attending it, 591. Invasions of our neutrality by France, 547, 558, 560, 571, 583. Existing treaties with France, &c., and duties under, 651. Hamilton's interference with this question, 552, 566. It is a question belonging to State and not Treasury Department, 556. Government does not prohibit exportation of arms, ammunition, &c.; but leaves them to be confiscated, if seized, 558, 560. Punishment of our citizens for invasions of, 559, 574. The equipment and arming of vessels in our waters, violation of our neutrality, 559, 561, 571, 573, 586, 587, 588, 589. Right of France and Holland, under pre-existing treaties, to arm and equip vessels in our ports, 564. Circumstances under which French vessels were armed and equipped in our ports, 573. Difficulties with French and English ministers, 585, 586. Vol. iv.-- Efforts to preserve it, 6. Grounds on which proclamation of, opposed, 18, 29. Circumstances attending it, 18, 29, 30, 32. Measures vindicating our neutrality, 18, 19, 27, 51, 55. Violations of, by France, 27, 33, 45, 46, 55, 68. Questions at issue between Genet and U. States, 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44. Unlawful for the belligerents to arm and equip in our ports, 34. In what cases our courts have jurisdiction over prizes, 38, 40. Enemy's goods in neutral vessels liable to capture, 43. Same rule extending to England as to other nations, though no treaty with her, 57. Violations of our neutrality by England, 59, 62. What are the rights of neutral nations, 59. Condition of neutrality, 61. Difference between England and France resulting from treaty, 65. French prizes admitted, and English excluded, by treaty, 66. Right of vessels of belligerents to visit our ports, 66. Territorial jurisdiction extends to the Marine League, 75, 559. In what cases our courts make restitution of prizes, 78. Vol. v.-- No breach of, to assist vessels in distress, 35. Invasions of, by France and England, 217. Frauds on our neutral flag, 223, 250. Our resolution to side with the party that shall first respect our neutrality, 258. What the rights of neutral vessels, 425, 426. Wisdom of our neutral policy, 585. Vol. vii.-- A neutral nation may refuse both belligerents right to pass through its territory, 509. Vol. viii.-- Violations of our neutral territory, 47, 57. Right of neutrals to trade with belligerents, 57. Berlin and Milan decrees inconsistent with, 100, 103. Violations of our neutrality, 103, 128, 129, 130, 132, 149, 151. Vol. ix.-- Invasions of, by Genet, 152, 153. [See Genet.] Case of the Little Sarah, 152, 153, 158. Our neutral obligations, 157, 161. Case of the ship Jane, 161. Invasions of, by England, 193. Rights and duties of U. States relative to, under treaty with France, 405. Rules regulating our conduct to belligerents, 440. Origin of principle, "Free ships make free goods," 443. [See Privateering. See Proclamation of Neutrality.]

New England.-- Vol. iv.-- Character of the people of, 247.

New Orleans.-- Vol. iv.-- Difficulties relative to right of deposit at, 454, 457, 460. Our policy relative to, 483.

Nicholas, Wilson C.-- Vol. v.-- Sent on special mission to France, 3. Declines it, 5. Jefferson wishes him to take leadership in House of Representatives, 48.

Notables.-- Vol. i.-- The Assembly of, 70. Refuse to vote supplies, 70. Make reforms in Constitution of France, 71. Vol. ii.-- Assembly of, in France, 91, 95, 99, 119, 127, 128, 129, 131. Organization of, 133. Question of organization of States General referred to, 463, 511, 535. Their decision thereon, 535, 562. Reforms by, 257. [See France.]

Notes on Virginia.-- [See Virginia.]

Nova Scotia.-- Vol. i.-- Relations of, with U. States, 488.

Novels.-- Vol. vii.-- Evils of, 102.

Nullification.-- Vol. iv.-- The rightful remedy, 467, 468.

(O.)

Office.-- Vol. i.-- Question whether a citizen has right to decline office, 320. Vol. ii.-- Rotation in, the true principle, 330. Vol. iii., 18. Vol. vii., 190. Vol. iv.-- Principles on which distributed, 353, 368, 380, 391, 398, 402, 406, 451, 543. Vol. v., 136. Vol. viii., 114. Jefferson refuses all offices to relations, 388. Vol. v., 90, 498.

Oglethorpe, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- Claim of, to lands in Georgia, 499, 500, 501. Vol. ix., 236.

Olive, The.-- Vol. ii.-- The culture of, in U. States, 359, 414. Olive oil, 359. Vol. iii.-- Culture of, in South Carolina, 471.

Optics.-- Vol. vii.-- Views on, suggested, 258.

Oratory.-- Vol. vii.-- Defects of modern, 347.

Orders in Council.-- Vol. vi.-- Repeal of, 78, 117.

Orleans, Duke of.-- Vol. iii.-- Goes over to the Tiers Etat, 62. His character, 95. His faction, 118.

Orleans, New.-- Vol. v.-- Claim of, to public common, 26. Scheme for defence of, 36, 46. Public property at, 251. Canal at, 288, 306, 318, 321. Title to the Batture at, 291, 319, 518, 536, 545, 546, 548. Vol. vi., 42. Vol. viii., 99. Conspiracies at, against U. States, 378. Vol. vi.-- Battle of, 420.

Orleans, Territory of.-- Vol. v.-- Discontents in, 29, 32.

Orthography.-- Vol. vi.-- Improvements in, 190.

Ossian.-- Vol. i.-- Jefferson's opinion of Ossian's poems, 199.

Otto, M.-- Vol. i.-- Mission of, to U. States, 346.

(P.)

Pacific Ocean.-- Vol. vi.-- American settlements on, 55, 248.

Pagan, Thomas.-- Vol. iii.-- Memorial in his case, 308. Answer thereto, 335. Merits of his case, 538.

Paine, Thomas.-- Vol. ii.-- Account of his bridge, 204, 546. Vol. iii.-- Extract from letter by, 32. Sensation produced by his pamphlet on "The Rights of Man,", 267, 279. Vol. vii.-- The writings of, 197.

Panama, Isthmus of.-- Vol. ii.-- Practicability of a canal through, 325.

Paper Money.-- [See Money.] Vol. ix.-- An account of, 248. Depreciation of, 254. Redemption of, 287, 289.

Paris.-- Vol. ii.-- Every-day life in Paris and America compared, 116. Improvement in city of, 253. [See France.]

Parliament of Paris.-- Vol. ii.-- Resistance of, to the crown, 254, 255, 439. Removal of, to Troyes, 258. Bed of justice, 258. [See France.]

Parliamentary Manual.-- Vol. ix.-- Preface to, 3. Legislative powers, 7. Privilege, 7. Elections, 13. Qualifications, 13. Quorum, 15. Call of the House, 16. Speaker, 16. Address, 18. Committees, 18. Committee of the Whole, 19. Examination of witnesses, 21. Arrangement of business, 22. Order, 23. Order respecting papers, 24. Order in debate, 24. Order of the House, 29. Petitions, 31. Motions, 31. Resolutions, 32. Bills, 33. Bills, leave to bring in, 33. Bills, first reading of, 33. Bills, second reading of, 34. Bills, commitment of, 34. Report of committee, 38. Bills, recommitment of, 38. Bills, report taken up, 33. Quasi committee, 39. Bill, second reading in the House, 41. Reading papers, 42. Privileged questions, 43. Previous question, 50. Amendments, 52. Division of the question, 55. Co-existing questions, 57. Equivalent questions, 58. The question, 59. Bills, third reading, 60. Division of the House, 62. Title, 66. Reconsideration, 68. Bills sent to the other house, 68. Amendments between the houses, 68. Conferences, 70. Messages, 73. Assent, 75. Journals, 76. Adjournment, 77. A session, 78. Treaties, 80. Impeachment, 82.

Parties, Political.-- Vol. vii.-- History of, in U. States, 277, 290. View of original Federal and Republican, 290. Republican party becomes Federalized, 325, 342. Necessity of, 376. A strong monarchical party at the beginning of our government, 390. [See United States.] [See Republican party.] [See Federalists, the.]

Passports.-- Vol. iii.-- Mode of distributing for sea vessels, 555. To whom, and on what conditions granted, 581.

Patents.-- Vol. v.-- Construction of the Patent law, 75. What should be duration of, 75, 76.

Peace.-- Vol. i.-- Ratification of, at Annapolis, 55, 56. Debate thereon, in Congress, 56, 59.

Pearls.-- Vol. ii.-- The manufacture of, 203.

Pedometer.-- Vol. ii.-- Account of, 379.

Pendleton, Edmund.-- Vol. i.-- His character, 37. Opposed to abolition of entails, 37. Also to abolition of Church establishment in Virginia, 39.

Penitentiary.-- Vol. i.-- Model for Virginia Penitentiary, 46. Question as to solitary confinement, 46, 47.

Pennsylvania.-- Vol. i.-- Boundary between, and Virginia, 399. Vol. iii.-- Whiskey riots in, 471.

Perpetual Motion.-- Vol. vi.-- Views on, 83.

Peru.-- Vol. ii.-- Insurrectionary movements in, 147. Our sympathy with, 145.

Peyrouse, M.-- Vol. i.-- Expedition of, 454, 602.

Philadelphia.-- Vol. iv.-- Yellow fever at, 54, 64, 70, 74, 86. [See Yellow Fever.]

Phillips, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- Point of etiquette between him and Jefferson, 308.

Philips, Josiah.-- Vol. vi.-- Case of, 439.

Philosophy.-- Vol. vi.-- What the true, 531. Of the ancients, 147, 277.

Pinckney, Thomas.-- Vol. iii.-- Appointed Minister to England, 298, 321. His letter of credence, 441. Instructions to, 442.

Platina.-- Vol. i.-- Uses of, 505.

Plato.-- Vol. vi.-- Writings of, 354, 360.

Plenary Courts.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views of, 388, 391, 438.

Ploughs.-- Vol. iv.-- Improvement in, by Jefferson, 147, 225. Vol. v.-- Improved model of, 313.

Poisons.-- Vol. vi.-- Views on, 164.

Poland.-- Vol. v.-- Views on the partition of, 603.

Polygraph, The.-- Vol. iv.-- Description of, 572. Vol. v.-- Value of, 17.

Pope, The.-- Vol. ii.-- Relations between Naples and the Papal See, 454.

Portraits.-- Vol. vi.-- Of Columbus and Americus Vespucius, 343, 373. Of Jefferson, 344.

Portugal.-- Vol. i.-- Treaty of commerce with, defeated, 64. Treaty proposed again, 406, 458, 460, 492, 539, 543, 551. Vol. ii.-- Our commercial relations with, 589. Vol. iii.-- Establishment of mission to, 174, 175. Health of Queen of, 359. Her succession, 359. Commercial relations with, 488.

Post Office.-- Vol. i.-- Postal arrangements between U. S. and France, 410. Infidelities of French and English Post Offices, 442.

Post, North-Western.-- Vol. i.-- Refusal of English to surrender, 540. Vol. iv., 95. Vol. vii., 518.

President.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's view of question on re-eligibility of, 330. Vol. iii., 13. Vol. iv.-- Has no power to change place of meeting of Congress, 72. Removal of Executive Government to Germantown, 74, 86. Vol. v.-- Presidential tours objectionable, 102. Not bound to obey subpœna duces, tecum, 103, 191. Cannot present memorial to Congress from State Legislature, 203. Candidates for Presidency in 1808, 247, 321. Vol. vi.-- Should be elected for four years, 213. Vol. ix.-- Ceremonies of his inauguration, 139.

Presidency.-- Vol. iv.-- Nominations for, in 1796, 100, 116, 150, 151, 153, 154. Equality of vote for, between Barr and Jefferson, 340, 342, 344, 345, 349, 352, 354, 369. Vol. v.-- Candidates for, in 1808, 247, 321.

Press.-- Vol. iv.-- Freedom of, in U. States, 21. Vol. v., 43. Vol. v.-- Calumnies of, 92. License of, 362. How far to be tolerated, 362. Vol. viii., 43. Vol. vi.-- Corruption of, 285. Censorship of, not to be tolerated, 340.

Primogeniture.-- Vol. i.-- Abolition of, in Virginia, 39, 43, 138.

Printing.-- Vol. v.-- Extension of, in U. States, 475.

Prisoners.-- Vol. i.-- Disposition of those taken at Saratoga, 202, 268, 276. Case of Col. Hamilton, 231, 232, 233, 237, 258, 267. Case of Col. Matthews, 231, 232, 233. Jefferson's attention to Saratoga prisoners, 278. Vol. ii.-- [See U. States.] Redemption of our Algerine prisoners, 307, 380, 386, 464, 564. Vol. iii., 112, 531. Intervention of Mathurin monks in favor of, 93, 113, 270, 307, 386. [See Barbary States.]

Privateering.-- Vol. iii.-- Proposition to abandon, in time of war, 477. Vol. iv.-- A merchant vessel armed for defence only, is not a privateer, 41. Vol. vi.-- Success of our privateers, 409. [See Law, International.] Vol. ix.-- Equipment of French privateers in our ports prohibited, 148. Those already equipped prohibited from leaving without further order, 156. [See Neutrality.]

Prizes.-- Vol. i.-- Claim against Denmark for prize money, 461, 522. Against France, 364, 374, 392.

Proclamation.-- Vol. iii.-- Against whiskey riots in Pennsylvania, 471. Vol. iv.-- Of Neutrality. [See Neutrality.] Vol. ix.-- Views relative to unconstitutionality of, 178, 180, 181.

Protestants.-- Vol. ii.-- Edict of, 13.

Prussia.-- Vol. i.-- Commercial negotiations with, 355, 368, 372, 382, 416, 469. Bad health of King of, 586. His death, and the effects of, in Europe, 586. Vol. ii.-- Death of King of, 28. Relations of, with Holland, 279, 281, 288, 289, 303, 308, 476, 488. Vol. iv.-- Articles of treaty with, 280.

(Q.)

Quakers.-- Vol. v.-- English affinities of, 492, 494. Vol. vii.-- Character of, 66.

Quarantine.-- Vol. v.-- Views on, 362.

(R.)

Ramsay, Dr.-- Vol. ii.-- His History of U. States, 216.

Randolph, Edmund.-- Vol. iii.-- Vacillations of, in Washington's cabinet, 569. Vol. iv.-- Character of, 125.

Randolph, John.-- Vol. iv.-- Relations of, to Jefferson's administration, 517. Vol. v., 9.

Randolph, Peyton.-- Vol. vii.-- Character of, 20. Vol. viii.-- Biography of, 477.

Randolph, Thomas J.-- Vol. ii.-- Education of, 245. Vol. v.-- Advice to, 398.

Religion.-- Vol. i.-- Bill establishing religious freedom, 45. Vol. ii.-- Reception of, in Europe, 67. Jefferson's views on, 237. [See Jefferson, Thomas.] Vol. iv.-- Jefferson's views on, 422, 525. Vol. v., 416, 471, 492. His views on Christianity, 475, 477, 479. His views of Jesus, 475, 477, 481. Fastings and Thanksgivings not proclaimed by him, 427. Vol. v.-- President has no right to prescribe day for prayer and fasting, 237. Vol. vi.-- Views of J. Adams on, 150, 159, 168, 171, 172, 174, 204, 208, 251, 264, 325, 357, 473, 545, 599, 601. Views of Jefferson on, 191, 210, 217, 302, 305, 387, 519. The Christian system, 217, 412. Platonic Christianity, 354. The Jewish creed, 577. The character of Jesus, 593. Vol. vii.-- Jefferson's views on, 28, 61, 127, 164, 170, 185, 210, 245, 252, 257, 266, 269, 281. System of Jesus compared with that of ancient philosophers, 138, 156, 164, 185. Jesus as a reformer, 164. Modern fanaticism, 170. Religious intolerance, 396. Vol. viii.-- Religion should be free, 113, 137, 138.

Representation.-- Vol. vii.-- Bill apportioning, 594. Vol. ix.-- Vetoed as unconstitutional, 115. History of, 447. Invasion of, by Grand Jury, 447.

Republican Party.-- Vol. iii.-- Ascendency of, in the country, 491, 493. Vol. iv.-- Dissensions in, 591. Vol. v., 9, 121, 204. Vol. v.-- Massachusetts republicanized, 14. Vol. viii., 116. Increase of, 450. Importance of harmony in, 577. [See Parties, Political.] Vol. ix.-- The danger of, in 1800, 506.

Republican Government.-- Vol. ii.-- Superiority of, over Monarchical, 221, 249, 253. [See Government.] Vol. ix.-- Danger of, in 1800, 506.

Retrenchment.-- Vol. viii.-- Necessity of, 9.

Revenue, Surplus.-- Vol. viii.-- How it should be disposed of, 68.

Revolutions.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views of, 332.

Revolution, American.-- Vol. i.-- Its early stages, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, 20. [See Virginia.] Association against importing foreign goods, 197. Outbreak at Boston, 199, 202. Tone of colonies, 201, 203, 204. Expedition against Canada, 203, 206. Military movements in Virginia, 207. Progress of the war, 211. History of, 535. Disasters in South, 241, 249. False accounts of the war propagated in Europe, 207. Vol. ii.-- History of, by M. Chas, 63. Vol. vi.-- History of American, 489, 492. Revolutionary men and documents, 249, 484. Of South American States, 268, 274. Reminiscences of, 364, 412, 484, 527. Committees of correspondence, 527. Vol. vii.-- Who began it, 99, 103, 121. Circumstances attending Declaration of Independence, 122.

Revolution, French.-- Vol. ix.-- Washington's opinion of, 110, 111. [See France.]

Revolutionary Debts.-- Vol. vii.-- Those due soldiers of North Carolina and Virginia, should be paid to themselves, and not to their assignees, 469. [See Debt, Revolutionary.]

Revolution, French.-- Vol. ii.-- [See France.]

Revolution.--Of South American Spanish provinces. [See South American Provinces.]

Reyneval, M.-- Vol. ii.-- Character of, 109.

Rhode Island.-- Vol. iii.-- Accession of, to the Union, 146.

Rhode Island, College of.-- Vol. ii.-- Jefferson refuses to apply to King of France for donation of books to, 184.

Rice.-- Vol. ii.-- Consumption of, in France, 48, 434. Rice trade, 138, 537. Mode of preparation, 138, 434. The rice of Lombardy, 139. Attempt to introduce its culture in S. Carolina, 139, 178, 347. Difference between Carolina and Piedmont rice, 162, 178, 195. Rice trade of France, 194, 205, 320. Rice of Cochin China, 197. Vol. iii.-- The rice trade of France, 110. Vol. v.-- Upland, 393.

Richmond, City of.-- Vol. i.-- Removal of Government to, from Williamsburg, 40.

Riedesel, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- Detention of, in Albemarle, as prisoner of war, 240.

Riots.-- Vol. ii.-- In Eastern States, 78, 81, 99, 104, 124, 165, 318, 322, 399. In New York, 415. [See France.]

Ritchie, Thomas.-- Vol. v.-- Relations of, to Madison's Administration, 596.

Rittenhouse, Dr.-- Vol. vi.-- Character of, 324.

Rivanna River.-- Vol. vi.-- Navigation of, 514, 541.

Rivers.-- Vol. v.-- Right of all nations inhabiting banks of, to navigate, 115. Vol. vi., 541.

Robbins' Case.-- Vol. iv.-- Account of, 323, 324.

Rome.-- Vol. vii.-- View of people and Constitution of, 148, 150.

Royalists.-- Vol. ix.-- The number of, in the States, 285.

Russia.-- Vol. i.-- Relations of, with Austria and Turkey, 400. Vol. ii.-- Relations with Turkey, 261, 263, 272, 285. War with Turkey, 436, 441, 453, 459, 460, 465, 468, 510, 552, 553, 568. Relations with Austria and France, 315, 344, 371. Relations with Sweden, 453, 459, 460, 462, 476, 483, 510. Vol. v.-- Emperor of, his character and policy, 140. Mission to, 329, 358, 360. Negatived by Senate, 435.

(S.)

Safe Conduct.-- Vol. ii.-- One asked for Mr. Nesbitt, 575.

Saints.-- Vol. vi.-- Lives of, 479.

Say, M.-- Vol. vi.-- Contemplates emigrating to U. States, 405.

Science.-- Vol. i.-- Discoveries in, 364, 446, 516. Scientific views of Europe, 364. Vol. ii., 247, 270, 429. Vol. ii.-- Theory of vegetation, 430. Astronomical discoveries, 429. The Rainbow, 430. The progress of chemistry, 431. Vol. vii.-- Distribution of the sciences, 339. Progress of, in France, 327.

Science, Political.-- Vol. vi.-- Views on, 160.

Seamen.-- Vol. v.-- Employment of foreigners in our navy, 69, 70.

Sea Letters.-- Vol. iv.-- To whom should be granted, 566.

Sea, The.-- Vol. ii.-- The currents of, 58.

Secession.-- Vol. v.-- No danger of, 571.

Senate.-- Vol. iv.-- Functions of, 107. J. Adams's views of, 215.

Sheep.-- Vol. v.-- Introduction of Merino breed of, 479, 522.

Short, William.-- Vol. i.-- Appointed Jefferson's private secretary, 407, 411. Vol. iii.-- Appointed Minister at the Hague, 322. Salary and outfit of, 322. Joined in the mission to Spain to negotiate for navigation of the Mississippi River, 328. Vol. iv.-- Recall of, from Europe, 413.

Sinclair, Gen. Arthur.-- Vol. ix.-- Charges against, as Governor of North-West Territory, 455.

Slavery.-- Vol. i.-- Effort to abolish, arrested by royal veto, 3. View of different sections of U. S. on, 377. Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's views on, 357. Vol. iii.-- Slaves escaping from Florida restored to their masters, 195, 219. [See Fugitives.] Difficulties in connection with fugitive slaves, 454. Effort to improve condition of slaves, 291. Our slaves carried off by English at end of revolutionary war, 387. Vol. vi.-- How to be abolished, 456. Vol. viii.-- Roman and American slavery compared, 384. Effects of, on manners, 403. Evils of, 404. In Virginia, 380. Vol. ix.-- American colonies not ripe for emancipation, 279. Sentiment of different States on policy of emancipation, 290.

Slaves.-- Vol. i.-- Their first importation into Virginia, 38. First law prohibiting their importation, 38. Bill relative to, 48. Prospective emancipation proposed, but defeated, 49. King's veto to bill abolishing, 135. Vol. iii.-- Slaves carried off by English at end of revolutionary war, 387, 391. Vol. iv., 96. Vol. vii., 518. Vol. iv.-- Policy of emancipation, 196. Vol. vii., 58, 310. Vol. viii., 380. Plans of colonization, 420, 442. Vol. vii.-- Not entitled to be represented, 36. Amelioration of condition of, 403, 437. Re-capture of slaves escaped to Florida, 601. [See Fugitives.]

Slave Trade.-- Vol. ii.-- Abolition of, 357. Vol. viii., 67, 334.

Societies, Democratic.-- Vol. iv.-- Opposition of Federalists to, 111, 133. Efforts to suppress them, 111, 133.

Society.-- Vol. viii.-- Progress of, 377.

South American Provinces.-- Vol. v.-- Revolt of, against Spain, 584, 586, 580. Vol. vi., 268, 274, 550. Vol. vi.-- Independence of, recognized, 550. Vol. vii.-- Incapable of self-government, 67, 75, 104, 210.

Spain.-- Vol. iii.-- Presentation of case of Don Blas to court of, 138. Independence of colonies of, 534. Invasion of jurisdiction of U. States by, 222. [See South American Provinces.] Vol. iv.-- Danger of war with, 7, 8, 16, 17, 21. Summary of our relations with, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Difficulties with, in respect to inciting the Indians against us, 12, 13, 14. Vol. viii., 48, 60, 62. Vol. v.-- Our relations with, 27, 164, 181, 211, 337, 367. Vol. vi., 550. Vol. viii., 34, 48, 85. Questions of navigation and boundary with, 278, 294. Plan to seize our territory in possession of, 337, 339. Conquest of, by Spain, 442. Defence against French, 603. Vol. vi.-- New Constitution of, 341. Revolt of her South American colonies, 550. Vol. vii.-- Treaty with, rejected, 160. Vol. ix.-- Our relations with, and policy towards, 123.

State Department.-- Vol. iii.-- Statement of accounts of, 482, 483, 484.

States General.--[See France.]

States.-- Vol. iv.-- Jefferson's views on rights of, 331, 570. Vol. v.-- Sovereignty of, a high conservative feature in our government, 570. Vol. ix.-- Admission of new, 251.

Steam.-- Vol. i.-- Application of, to milling, 543. To navigation, 543. Vol. ii.-- Use of, as a motive power, 67, 69. Description of new steam mill, 277.

Steam Engines.-- Vol. iv.-- Employed to conduct water through houses, 296.

Stevens, Dr.-- Vol. iv.-- Case of, 528. Vol. ix., 472.

St. Domingo.-- Vol. iii.-- Sends deputies to States General of France, 52. They are received, 64. Insurrection of negroes in, 303, 306, 320, 450. [See Indies, West.] Vol. iv.-- Condition of fugitives from, 20. Expulsion of whites from, 20. Assistance rendered to, by U. States, 49. Vol. ix., 125. Condition of the island, 251.

Stocks, Public.-- Vol. iii.-- Depreciation of, 343, 430.

Sugar.-- Vol. iii.-- The manufacture of, from maple, 158.

Surveying.-- Vol. vi.-- New method of platting, 338.

(T.)

Talleyrand.-- Vol. iv.-- Connection of, with the X Y Z affair, 436.

Tariff.-- Vol. v.-- On wines, 76.

Tarleton, Col.-- Vol. ii.-- Conduct of, at Charlottesville and Monticello, 425. Vol. ix., 212, 220.

Taylor, John.-- Vol. vii.-- Jefferson's opinion of his "Constitution Construed," 213, 216.

Taxation.-- Vol. vi.-- Principles of, 573. Vol. viii.-- Direct taxes should be abolished, 9, 40. Vol. ix.-- In different States, 284.

Taxes.-- Vol. v.-- Of U. States, how imposed, 586.

Ternant, M.-- Vol. iii.-- Alienation of, from Jefferson, 549. Affiliation of, to Hamilton, 549.

Territory, North-Western.-- Vol. i.-- Right of Va. to, controverted, 315.

Terrorism.-- Vol. vi.-- The era of, 155.

Texas.-- Vol. vi.-- Included in the Louisiana purchase, 551.

Theatre.-- Vol. ii.-- Establishment of one at Richmond, Virginia, 346.

Theological Societies.-- Vol. vi.-- Should not be incorporated, 533.

Timber.-- Vol. i.-- American ship timber, 488.

Tobacco.-- Vol. i.-- Shipments of, to England, 488. Trade in, with France, 343, 362, 515, 547, 561, 563, 577, 600. Vol. ii.-- Trade in, to France a monopoly in hands of Farmers General, 14, 70, 89, 183, 186, 193. Vol. ix., 232, 242. Tobacco trade of France, 320, 333. [See Farmers General.]

Tombigbee.-- Vol. v.-- Memorial from, 141.

Torpedoes.-- Vol. v.-- Invention of, by Fulton, 165, 516.

Tracy, Destutt.-- Vol. vi.-- Works of, 109. Vol. vii., 38, 35. Prospectus to his works, 568.

Travelling.-- Vol. ix.-- Directions relative to, 403.

Treasury.-- Vol. i.-- State of our European finances, 450. Vol. ii.-- Funds of U. States in hands of Mr. Grand, 2. Vol. iv.-- Financial reforms in, 428, 430.

Treaties.-- Vol. iii.-- Paramount to State laws, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406. Vol. iv.-- Our policy in relation to, 552. The unpopularity of Jay's treaty, 120. Power of House of Representatives over, 125, 134, 135. Passage of Jay's treaty, 148. Vol. vi.-- With European nations, 453. [See Commerce.] Power of Senate over, 557. Vol. ix.-- Where money is required, lower house must be consulted, 106, 114, 190. Whether the national domain can be alienated by treaty, 135, 137. Effect of French revolution on treaties with France, 142, 143. Hamilton's opinion of Jay's treaty, 186. Principles embodied in first treaties with European powers, 226. Fidelity of U. States to her treaties, 235, 239.

Troops.-- Vol. i.-- Virginia troops in continental service, 235. Continental troops, 235.

Trumbull, Mr.-- Vol. ii.-- The paintings of, 10.

Truxton, Commodore.-- Vol. v.-- Medal for, 300.

Turkey.-- Vol. i.-- Relations of, with Austria and Russia, 400. Vol. ii.-- Relations of, with Russia, 262, 263, 272, 288. War with Russia, 436, 441, 453, 459, 460, 462, 468, 510, 533, 552, 568. Relations with Austria, 392, 396, 510, 531, 552. [See Europe.]

Turkey, The.-- Vol. iv.-- A native of America, 346.

(U.)

United States.-- Vol. i.--[See Colonies.]-- Imperfection of Articles of Confederation, 78. They require remodelling, 78. Views of U. S. prevalent in Europe, 407, 413. Account of public affairs in 1785, A. D., 423. English calumnies against, 427. Bad reputation of, in Europe, 513. Extravagance of people of, 550. Summary of news from, at different times, 349. Vol. ii.-- Habits of people in 1786, 13. Current events, 19, 21, 148, 574. Climate of, 82. Extravagance of people of, 191, 193, 215, 219. The instalment laws of, 216. Minister to, 227, 274. Histories of, 256. Coinage of, 101. Money unit of, 52. Paper money of, how redeemed, 52. Public debt of-- [See Debt.] Vol. iii.-- Supply of corn from, for France, 66, 67, 68, 119, 122. Credit of, in Holland, 114. Division of parties in, 209, 363, 494, 495, 557. Invasion of our jurisdiction by Spain, 222. Prosperity of, 260. Gambling, stock jobbing and speculating mania abroad in, 285. Condition of political parties, 361. The Federalists, their views, strength and conduct, 450, 503, 548. [See Federalists.] Vol. iv.-- Excess of party spirit in, 176, 178, 184, 191, 241, 247, 286. [See Parties.] Danger of war with France, 178, 181, 183, 187. State of parties in, 179, 184, 206, 224, 234, 246. Preparations for war, 183, 185, 241. Political complexion of different sections of U. S., 186, 246. Importance of peace to, 187. State of parties on question of war with France, 189, 190, 222, 227, 229, 239. Majority against war, 190, 192, 210. Our true policy in our Foreign relations, 191, 414. Proceedings in Congress, 205, 208, 210, 211, 237. Political condition of, 256, 259, 265, 271, 281, 287, 295, 297, 300, 322, 328, 330. Financial condition of, in 1798, 264, 277, 284. Increase of Republican party, 288, 414, 437, 488. [See Republican Party.] Consolidation of Republicans and moderate Federalists, under Jefferson, 366, 367, 370, 378, 381, 382, 386, 389, 406, 437, 523, 542. The political revolution of 1800, 373, 375, 376, 390, 425, 440, 467. Vol. v., 256. Relations with England and France, 586. Vol. v.-- Condition of parties in Senate and House of Representatives, 5. Relations with England, 12. Conduct of, in relations with European powers, 472. Prosperity of, 604. Vol. vi.-- Social condition of, compared with that of England, 376. Relations of, with Europe, 13, 430. [See Europe.] Survey and census of, 548. Vol. vii.-- True policy of, 6. Animosity to England growing out of last war, 22. Relations of, with European Powers, 288. Relations of, with England, 22. Danger of dissolution of Union, 182. Should disconnect their policy from that of Europe, 183, 315. Dangers which threaten them, 211, 214. Vol. viii.-- Treasonable combinations against it, 90, 95. Vol. ix.-- Capacities of, for population, 275. Taxes in different States, 284. Treasonable schemes against, 200, 201. Policy of, in war between Spain and England, 419.

Universities.-- Vol. i.-- Relative merits of Universities of Rome and Geneva, 466.

University of Virginia.-- Vol. iv.-- Foundation of, 313, 316, 462. Vol. vi.-- Establishment of, 294, 371. What Chairs should be established, 389. Organization of, 537. Vol. vii., 81, 161, 173, 196, 329, 392, 441. Vol. vii.-- Religious objections to appointment of Dr. Cooper in, 156, 162, 171. Difficulties surrounding, 201, 204, 237, 392. Necessity for a Southern University, 205. Arrangement for religious worship, 267. Students allowed to select tickets, 300. Difficulties of discipline, 301. Progress of, 309. Selection of Professors for, 348. Inculcation of Federal doctrines in, should be guarded against, 397. Necessity for an Anatomical Hall, 393, 398. Appointment of Foreign Professors, 415. Library of, 432. Establishment of school of Botany, 438, 441.

(V.)

Vander Kemp.-- Vol. vii.-- History of, 29.

Vergennes, Count de.-- Vol. vi.-- Conference between him and Jefferson, 576. Vol. ii.-- View of his character, 108. His ill health, 113. His death, 122.

Vermont.-- Vol. ix.-- Admission of, into Union, probable, 280.

Veterinary College.-- Vol. v.-- Policy of establishing one, 402.

Vice-Presidency.-- Vol. ii.-- Candidates for the first, 465, 490, 573.

Vincennes.-- Vol. v.-- Loyalty of French inhabitants of, 240, 243.

Virginia.-- Vol. i.-- Abolition of entails in, 37, 138. Primogeniture, 39, 43, 138. Church establishment, 27, 38, 39, 174. Revision of code of, 43, 45, 146. Vol. ii., 6. History of, by Girardin, 50. Right of Virginia to Western territory, controverted, 315. Boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania, 399. Her militia in Southern army, 249, 250, 256, 266, 285. Her supplies for Southern army, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 260, 262, 263, 273, 274, 285, 288, 302, 304. Model of Capitol of Virginia, 432, 434, 578. Notes of Virginia, 6, 297, 340, 464, 578, 531, 536. Supplies of arms for, from France, 570, 600. Invasion of Virginia, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 278, 282, 284, 288, 290, 291, 304, 306. [See Burgesses, Virginia House of.] Vol. ix., 212, 270. Vol. ii.-- Jefferson's notes on, 6. Circumstances of their publication, 170, 180. Revisal of code of, 6. Vol. v., 459. The sea breezes on her coast, 54. Arms and ammunition for, 215. Vol. iii.-- Whether her first constitution was repealable by an ordinary legislature, 202. Destruction of her records in 1781, 258. Jefferson's views of new constitution for, 314. Vol. iv.-- Profits of agriculture in, 1. Height of mountains of, 147. Vol. vi., 495. Vol. viii., 263, 265. Proposition for State convention in, 199. Collection of statutes of, 128. Vol. v., 31. Loss of public documents of, 129. Alterations in Notes on Virginia, 564. Vol. v.-- Defence of sea boundary against English in 1807, 113, 117, 123, 131, 134, 139, 150, 166. Her exertions in Revolutionary war, 461. Vol. vi.-- Relative powers of governor and council, 38. Aristocracy of, 225, 485. New edition of Notes on Virginia contemplated, but not executed, 403. Invasion of, by Arnold and Cornwallis, 410. Vol. ix., 212, 220. Patrick Henry's resolutions, 485. Survey of, 578. Vol. vii.-- Programme of new Constitution for, 9. Arnold's invasion of, 144, 444. Vol. ix., 212, 220. Historical documents of, 312. Her first Constitution, 344. Defects in, 345. Authorship of Bill of Rights and Constitution of, 405, 407. Vol. viii.-- Boundaries of, 249. Rivers of, 250. Mountains of, 263. Their height, 265. Scenery at Harper's Ferry, 264, 429. Cascades and caverns of, 266. Natural bridge, 269. Mines, minerals, trees and plants, 270. Mineral springs of, 279. Mammoth, 286. Whether animals degenerate in America, 290, 297, 300, 431, 432. Whether man degenerates in America, 303, 313. The fish of, 319. Climate of, 320. Winds of, 323. Changes in climate, 327. Population of, 328. Immigration not desirable, 330. Militia and regular troops of, 334. Marine of, 336. Indians in, 336, 434. Logan's speech, 309, 457. Indian burial places, 341, 440. Counties, cities, townships and villages of, 350. Charters of, 352. Oppressions of George III., 358. First Constitution of, 359. Convention of 1776 not authorized to make a Constitution, 363. Proposition to appoint a Dictator, 368. Judicial system of, 372. The laws of, 374. Land laws, 378. Negro slavery in, 380. Bill proportioning crimes and punishments, 387. School system of, 386. Colleges, public establishments, roads, &c., 391. Public buildings of, 394. Architecture of, 394. Dwelling houses of, 395. Property of Tories and English how far respected during Revolution, 397. Religious sects of, 398. Heresy punished, 399. Free inquiry, 400. Religious tolerance, 400. Manners, customs, &c., of Virginians, 403. Commerce and manufactures of, 404. Exports and imports of, 406. Wheat and tobacco culture compared, 407. Horses of, 408. Copy of a Constitution submitted in 1783, 409. Weights, coins, and measures of, 409. Public income and expenses, 410. Means of defence, 413. Histories of, 415. Vol. ix.-- Contributions of, to Revolutionary war, 261. First Constitution of, 283. Her cessions of territory to General Government, 285. Answer to Lord North's conciliatory propositions, 302. Jefferson's diary of invasion of in 1780, 212, 220. Losses of public by invasion, 214. Censures of Jefferson on account of, 215. Tarleton's effort to surprise Legislature at Charlottesville, 219, 223. Delays of courts in, before Revolution, 240. Since Revolution, 240. Reasons for the delay in the recovery of British debts, 240. Course of England relative to slaves captured in the war, 240. Debt due to British merchants in, 250. First Constitution of, revocable by the Legislature, 252. Account of Capitol of, 446. [See Jefferson, Thomas.]

Volunteers.-- Vol. v.-- Relative to, 33, 51, 153, 158, 179, 423. Construction of law relative to, 159. Offers of, 408, 414, 423.

(W.)

War.-- Vol. ii.-- Effect of European war on U. States, 252. Vol. iii.-- What amounts to levying war, 256. Vol. iv.-- Preparations for, 279, 283, 285, 290, 291, 299, 323. Vol. viii., 86. Public opinion in relation to, 279, 295, 300. War policy of J. Adams' administration, 290, 291, 298. War unavoidable in Europe, 491. Danger of war with France, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, 233, 265, 277. Vol. v.-- Prospect of, 214, 215, 437. Preparations for, 58, 280, 283, 506. Feeling of Eastern States relative to, 488, 607. Jefferson opposed to, 598. [See France and England.] Vol. vi.-- With England inevitable, 51, 57, 91, 215. Vol. viii., 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162. Efforts to avoid, 215. Declared against England, 67, 215. Causes for which declared, 398, 452, 481, 470. Benefits resulting from, 444, 452. Popularity of, and means of maintaining, 70, 391, 394. Progress and history of, 76, 77, 81, 100, 128, 211, 275, 307, 385, 408, 418, 423, 438. Opposition in New England, 79, 213. Defection of Massachusetts, 402, 414, 451. Hull's surrender, 80, 83. Financial arrangements to meet expenses of, 137, 391, 395, 406, 408, 419. Prospects of termination of, 353. Purposes for which waged, 391, 394, 403, 452. Internal effects produced by, 390. Peace declared, 420, 426, 428, 438, 450. Successful termination of, 453, 466. Upon what principles war is justifiable, 539. Vol. vii.-- Benefits of the last war, 66. Vol. viii.-- Defensive works, 111.

War, Revolutionary.-- Vol. ix.-- Cost of, 260. Valor of our soldiers, 261. Treatment by British of American prisoners, 277. Effects of foreign aid in, 298. The defence of New York, 298. Barbarous manner in which waged by English, 300.

Wards.-- Vol. vii.-- Counties should be divided into, 35.

Washington, Gen.-- Vol. i.-- Expression of Jefferson's esteem for, 326. Houdon's statue of, 513, 533. Vol. ii., 250. Vol. ii.-- Vast popularity of, 465. Jefferson's opinion of, 587. Looked to as first President, 465, 587. Vol. iii.-- Elected first President, 21. Letter to, from Jefferson on the occasion, 30. His health, 133, 166, 579. His pure republicanism, 224. Vol. ix., 96, 167, 478. His visit to Southern States, 245. Equestrian statue of, proposed, 347. Letter from Jefferson, urging him to serve a second term, 360. Reasons urged in favor of it, 360, 361, 362, 364. Dissensions in his cabinet, 460. His proclamation against Pennsylvania riots, 471. Attacks upon him in newspapers, 579. Vol. iv.-- Monument to, 82. Influence of Federalists over, 139, 140, 141. His influence in the country, 169. His relations with Jefferson, 142, 171. Vol. vii., 364, 370. Cost of Houdon's statue of, 310. Monuments to great men while living, objectionable, 335. Vol. v.-- Mode of doing business in his Cabinet, 510. Vol. vi.-- His political principles, 97. Adams' view of Administration, 157. A sketch of his character, by Jefferson, 285, 286. Statue of, for N. Carolina, 534. Vol. vii.-- Authorship of Farewell Address, 291. No unkind feeling between him and Jefferson on account of Mazzei letter, 364, 370. Forms and ceremonies adopted during his administration, 367. Was a true Republican, 371. Vol. ix.-- His Federal tendencies, 99. His purpose to retire from office, 102, 116, 121, 157. His views of French Revolution, 110. Efforts to alienate him from Republicans, 160. His restlessness under assaults upon him, 264. Whether a Christian or not, 198. Did not wish to perpetuate his power, 478. In favor of abolishing Society of Cincinnati, 478.

Washington City.-- Vol. iii.-- [See Capitol, Federal.]-- Survey and map of, 221. Laying off the city, 236, 297, 301, 336. Vol. ix., 434. Reservation of public grounds, 238. Proposition to build a whole street, 300. Sale of lots, 301. Plan for Capitol and President's house, 337, 507. Dr. Thornton's model of Capitol approved, 508. Vol. iv.-- Removal of Government to, 201. Vol. v.-- Improvement of, 50. Vol. vi.-- Attack on, by English, 424. Vol. vii.-- The location of, 512, 561.

Waste.-- Vol. iii.-- The law of, 452.

Water.-- Vol. vii.-- Report on method of obtaining fresh water from salt, 455. [See Distillation.]

Waterhouse, Dr.-- Vol. v.-- Appointment of, to Marine Hospital, 222.

Weather.-- Vol. iv.-- The extreme cold of winter of 1776-7, 157. [See Climate.] [See Virginia.]

Weights and Measures.-- Vol. iii.-- Standard of, for U. States, 149, 150, 157, 161, 171, 496. Vol. vi., 11, 17, 26. Vol. vii., 87. Vol. v.-- Improvements in, proposed, 235, 377. Vol. vii.-- Report on, 476. [See Measures.]

Western Country.-- Vol. i.-- Division of, into States, 587. Vol. ii.-- Antiquities of, 176. Danger of separation from the East, 106, 153, 395. Our policy towards, 395. Vol. iv.-- Exploration of, by Capt. Lewis, 470, 492, 516, 540. Vol. viii., 66. Exploration of Red River, 577. [See Lewis, Meriwether.] Vol. ix.-- Instructions for exploration of, 434.

West Indies.-- Vol. ii.-- Our commerce with, 536. [See Indies, West.] [See Insurrection.]

West Point.-- Vol. v.-- Complaints of cadets, 332. Vol. viii.-- Enlargement of, proposed, 101. Vol. ix.-- Establishment of, proposed, 182, 183.

Western Road.-- Vol. v.-- Route of, 332, 333.

Whale Fishery.-- Vol. ii.-- Views on, by Jefferson, 516. Vol. iii.-- Of England, 112.

Whiskey.-- Vol. vii.-- Evils of cheapness of, 285. [See Riots.] [See Pennsylvania.]

Wilkinson, Gen.-- Vol. vi.-- Relations of, with Jefferson, 34.

William and Mary College.-- Vol. i.-- Character of, 48. Change in organization of, 50. Vol. ii.-- Great ability of faculty of, 428. Vol. vii.-- Its foundation, 328. Proposition to consolidate it with University, 350, 384. Proposition to remove it to Richmond, 350, 384. Its charter is under the power of the Legislature, 350, 384. Vol. viii.-- History of, 391.

Williamsburg.-- Vol. i.-- Removal of seat of government from, to Richmond, 40.

Wills.-- Vol. ii.-- Construction of G. Harmer's will, 242.

Winds.-- Vol. iv.-- Observations on, 159.

Wines.-- Vol. iii.-- Mazzei's experiment at manufacturing, in Virginia, 251, 284. Vol. vii.-- Use of, beneficial, 110.

Wilson, Mr.-- Vol. i.-- His views of articles of confederation, 35.

Wirt, William.-- Vol. v.-- Urged by Jefferson to become candidate for Congress, 233.

Writing Machine.-- Vol. ii.-- A new invention, 110.

Wyoming.-- Vol. ii.-- Account of the massacre at, 102, 114.

Wythe, George.-- Vol. i.-- Character of, 41. Biography of, 111.

(Y.)

Yazoo.-- Vol. iii.-- Account of the Yazoo claims, 251, 281.

Yellow Fever.-- Vol. iv.-- Ravages of, at Philadelphia, 54, 64, 70, 74, 86. Nature of, 570. [See Philadelphia.]

Yorktown.-- Vol. i.-- Battle of, 314. Jefferson's congratulations to Washington thereon, 314.

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