Opening

UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II

Pictorial Record

Second Edition

THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN

CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY

UNITED STATES ARMY

WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hunter, Kenneth E. The war against Japan.--2d ed. p. cm.--(United States Army in World War II. Pictorial record) “The text was written and the photographs compiled by Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter and Miss Margaret E. Tackley” Foreword. Includes index. 1. World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Japan--Pictorial works. 2. World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Pacific Ocean--Pictorial works. 3. World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Pacific Area--Pictorial works. I. Tackley, Margaret E. II. Center of Military History. III. Title. IV. Series.

D767.H85 2006 940.53’52 dc22

2006014728

First Printed 1952--CMH Pub 12-1

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001

ISBN 0-16-076546-3

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Foreword

To the Second Edition

This collection of 500-plus pictures dramatically enhances the written record of World War II in the Pacific Theater. The images freeze in place the soldiers, the weapons, the operations, the geography, and the tenor of the moment. Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward’s foreword to the first edition (see next page) describes this visual dimension as essential to fully understanding military history. The War Against Japan was one of the first volumes in the United States Army in World War II series, and it has stood the test of time. The book has also served as a useful resource for anyone seeking to illustrate this stage of the war.

Although this second edition keeps all the original photographs, captions, and short narrative historical introductions in each section, the Center of Military History has taken several steps to improve the appearance, currency, and utility of the book. New prints of all existing photographs ensure their clarity, replacing the old printing negatives with greatly improved examples. The Center staff also removed outdated references and developed an appendix that provides more detailed information on sources and photograph cataloging numbers. I hope this information will further assist those involved in research or seeking to obtain their own prints.

In visually documenting the World War II experience, this volume has proven to be an invaluable collection. By publishing this upgraded edition, the Center hopes to revive and expand the book’s effectiveness in promoting an awareness of the determination, courage, and sacrifices of the American soldier in World War II.

Washington, D.C. JEFFREY J. CLARKE 15 May 2006 Chief of Military History

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Foreword

During World War II the photographers of the United States armed forces created on film a pictorial record of immeasurable value. Thousands of pictures are preserved in the photographic libraries of the armed services but are little seen by the public.

In the narrative volumes of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, now being prepared by the Office of the Chief of Military History of the United States Army, it is possible to include only a limited number of pictures. Therefore, a subseries of pictorial volumes, of which this is the last, has been planned to supplement the other volumes of the series. The photographs have been especially selected to show important terrain features, types of equipment and weapons, living and weather conditions, military operations, and matters of human interest. These volumes will preserve and make accessible for future reference some of the best pictures of World War II. An appreciation not only of the terrain upon which actions were fought, but also of its influence on the capabilities and limitations of weapons in the hands of both our troops and those of the enemy, can be gained through a careful study of the pictures herein presented. These factors are essential to a clear understanding of military history.

The text was written and the photographs compiled by Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter and Miss Margaret E. Tackley; the volume was edited by Miss Mary Ann Bacon. The book deals with the Pacific Theater of Operations and is divided into six sections: (1) The Allied Defensive; (2) The Strategic Defensive and Tactical Offensive; (3) The Offensive--1944; (4) The Final Phase; (5) The China-Burma-India Theater; and (6) The Collapse of Japan and the End of the War in the Pacific. Each section is arranged in chronological order. All dates used are local dates, and it should be remembered that all dates west of the International Date Line are one day ahead of those east of the line. For example, 7 December 1941 at Pearl Harbor is the same day as 8 December 1941 in the Philippines. The written text has been kept to a minimum. Each section is preceded by a brief introduction recounting the major events which are set down in detail in the individual narrative volumes of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II. The appendixes give information as to the abbreviations used and the sources of the photographs.

Washington, D.C. ORLANDO WARD 3 January 1952 Maj. Gen., USA Chief of Military History

United States Army in World War II

Advisory Committee

(As of May 2006)

Jon T. Sumida University of Maryland

Brig. Gen. Patrick Finnegan U.S. Military Academy

Lt. Gen. Anthony R. Jones U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

Adrian R. Lewis University of North Texas

Brian M. Linn Texas A&M University

Howard Lowell National Archives and Records Administration

Col. Craig Madden U.S. Army War College

Joyce E. Morrow Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army

Ronald H. Spector The George Washington University

Brig. Gen. Volney Warner U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

U.S. Army Center of Military History

Jeffrey J. Clark, Chief of Military History

Chief, Histories Division Richard W. Stewart Editor in Chief Keith R. Tidman

VI. THE COLLAPSE OF JAPAN AND THE END OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC 443

APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 463

APPENDIX B: LIST OF PICTORIAL SOURCES 464

INDEX 475

.. to Those Who Served

THE ALLIED DEFENSIVE

SECTION I

The Allied Defensive[1]

Before 7 December 1941, while war was actively being waged in Europe and the Far East, the United States, still a neutral, was expanding its manufacturing facilities to meet the demands for additional war materials, both for the growing U.S. forces and those of the Allies. On 7 December the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor in an attempt to so cripple U.S. naval power that future Japanese conquest and occupation in the Pacific would meet with little or no opposition. This attack dealt a serious blow to Navy and Army Air Forces units stationed in the Hawaiian Islands. On the same day two Japanese destroyers attacked the island of Midway, but were beaten off by the defending troops. On 8 December Wake was assaulted. The attacks on Wake were continued for two weeks and the small U.S. garrison was forced to surrender on 23 December. Another weak garrison on the island of Guam, unable to resist the enemy attacks, fell on 10 December.

[1] See Louis Morton, The Fall of the Philippines, Washington, D.C., 1953, in the series U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.

Early on the morning of 8 December the U.S. forces in the Philippines were notified that a state of war existed and a full war alert was ordered. On the same day the first Japanese aerial attack on the Philippines took place. This was followed by others and on 10 December enemy landings were made on Luzon. Expecting an early victory, the Japanese sent a large force, but it was not until 6 May 1942 that the Japanese were able to conquer the American and Filipino defenders who fought a delaying action down the Bataan Peninsula and made a final stand on the island of Corregidor. All military resistance ended in the rest of the Philippine Islands by 17 May except for small bands of guerrillas who continued to fight the enemy until 1945 when the U.S. forces landed in the Philippines. In March 1942 the commander of the United States Army Forces in the Far East was ordered to move to Australia by the President of the United States. Troops from the United States began arriving in Australia in December 1941 for the build-up in preparation for the defense of Allied bases and the recapture of enemy-held islands and bases in the Pacific.

While some Japanese forces were carrying out the attacks in the Pacific, others were overrunning Malaya, North Borneo, and Thailand. After eighteen days of fighting Hong Kong was captured on 25 December 1941. Thailand, unable to resist the Japanese, agreed to co-operate with them. Early in 1942 the Japanese took Borneo and by 15 February the British garrison in Malaya capitulated. In the Netherlands East Indies the U.S. Navy inflicted damage on an enemy convoy in the Battle of Makassar Strait, the first important surface action of the war for the U.S. Navy. On 9 March 1942 formal surrender by the Dutch ended all resistance in the Netherlands East Indies. By these conquests in Asia and the Pacific, the Japanese gained valuable territory rich in natural resources and were ready to expand in other directions.

During the first six months of 1942 the U.S. Navy fought the Japanese Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, and raided the Marshall and Gilbert Islands. Army Air Forces medium bombers took off from a carrier at sea and bombed Tokyo in April 1942 in a surprise attack. As part of the Midway operations in June, planes of the Japanese Navy bombed U.S. installations in Alaska and enemy troops landed in the Aleutian Islands on Attu and Kiska.

The Allied defensive phase of the war in the Pacific ended on 6 August 1942, with the Allies ready to strike the enemy-held islands in the South Pacific.

HAWAII

PHILIPPINES

MARSHALL ISLANDS AND WAKE

MARCUS ISLAND AND WAKE

PHILIPPINES

TOKYO RAID

PHILIPPINES

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

CORAL SEA

AUSTRALIA

MIDWAY

ALASKA

AUSTRALIA

NEW CALEDONIA

NEW CALENDONIA

NEW CALEDONIA

THE STRATEGIC DEFENSIVE

AND

TACTICAL OFFENSIVE

SECTION II

The Strategic Defensive and Tactical Offensive[2]

By August 1942 the Allies had established a series of defensive island bases, along an arc reaching from Honolulu to Sydney, which served as steppingstones for the supply system and the springboard for later offensive operations. The Japanese threat to these islands in late summer 1942 put the Allies on the tactical offensive, strategic defensive. Rabaul, the principal Japanese base in the Southwest Pacific, became the objective of a two-pronged Allied counterattack. One prong, starting with Guadalcanal, was directed up the chain of Solomons; the other prong, starting from Port Moresby, was directed through northeastern New Guinea toward New Britain.

[2] See John Miller, jr., Guadalcanal: The First Offensive, Washington, D.C., 1949 and Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul, Washington, D.C. 1959; Samuel Milner, Victory in Papua, Washington, D.C., 1957; and Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love, _The Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls_, Washington, D.C., 1955, in the series _U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II._

The Guadalcanal Campaign, first in the Solomon ladder, was undertaken with extremely limited means. Ground forces, aided by the Navy and Air Forces, fought tenaciously, bringing the campaign to an end on 21 February 1943, a little over six months after its inception. Advancing further up the Solomon chain, the Allies made unopposed landings in the Russells on 21 February. Construction of airstrips, a radar station, a motor torpedo boat base, and facilities to accommodate a large quantity of supplies was immediately undertaken there.

In preparation for the assault on the Munda airfield, New Georgia, combat troops underwent rigorous training during the following months. Before this assault, Rendova was occupied on 30 June against only light opposition. This island provided gun positions and a staging point for the thrust against Munda Point two days later. Munda airfield was captured on 5 August and by the 25th all organized resistance on New Georgia Island ceased. The next objective was Vella Lavella where landings were made on the southern end of the island on 15 August without opposition. Simultaneously, the lesser islands in the New Georgia group were occupied and the enemy evacuated Vella Lavella during the night of 6-7 October. The New Georgia group operation was closed on 15 October.

On the night of 26-27 October 1943, New Zealand troops landed on the Treasury Islands which were to be used as a staging area for landing craft. On 28 October a U.S. Marine battalion executed diversionary landings on Choiseul in preparation for a surprise attack at Bougainville on 1 November. By the end of the year a naval base and three airfields had become operational on Bougainville. No further offensive action was undertaken by U.S. forces on the island since the American troops expected to be replaced by Australian units. Naval engagements and air attacks throughout this entire period effected considerable damage on the enemy.

In the latter part of September 1942, nearly two months after the invasion of Guadalcanal, the initial Allied blow of the second prong was made in Papua. On 16 September the enemy advance in Papua was halted at a point less than 20 miles from Port Moresby where it was met by stiffened Australian resistance. American troops were rushed into Port Moresby by plane and boat, and a counter-attack was launched in the last days of September. The enemy fell back to Buna and, while the Australian forces laboriously made their way over the steep mountain trails, American troops were flown overland toward Jaure. During this campaign U.S. troops in New Guinea learned the bitter lessons of jungle warfare by actual experience. By 23 January 1943 organized resistance had been wiped out, ending the Papua Campaign.

While the ground forces were fighting the enemy in Papua, U.S. aircraft struck at his bases at Salamaua, Lae, Finschhafen, Madang, and Wewak in Northeast New Guinea. In the latter part of January, American troops followed by Australian troops, were flown over the mountains to engage the enemy at threatened points along his advance from his defense bases. Fighting over the rugged terrain in this area was slow and costly. Salamaua was overrun on 12 September, and when troops entered Lae on 16 September the enemy had fled into the hills to the north. To prevent the Japanese from attempting further advances between September and December, pressure was maintained by the Allies in a slow move toward Madang on the northeast coast of New Guinea.

New moves to isolate Rabaul started on 15 December, when troops landed on Arawe on the southern coast of New Britain, and on 26 December, when landings were made on both sides of Cape Gloucester. At the end of the year Rabaul was under constant air attack by U.S. aircraft, and the enemy’s line of communication from Rabaul to the Solomon-New Guinea area was severed.

Meanwhile, the plan of operation against the Japanese in the Aleutians was to attack Attu in an attempt to compel them to evacuate Kiska. Attu was invaded on 11 May 1943 and for eighteen days a bitter and bloody fight ensued. The fighting ended on 30 May but mopping-up operations continued for several days. When Kiska was invaded on 15 August the island was deserted; the Japanese had withdrawn.

While the enemy was fully occupied in the Southwest Pacific, an invasion of the Gilbert Islands was made on the Makin and Tarawa Atolls on 20 November. This was the first in a series of moves to recover Japanese-held bases that could be used to further the Allied advance toward the heart of the Japanese Empire. Only moderate opposition was met at Makin and by evening of the 23d its capture was complete. At Tarawa much stronger resistance was encountered but was destroyed by the 24th, except for isolated groups which were later eliminated. Other islands in both atolls were occupied during the following days.

SOLOMON ISLANDS

NEW CALEDONIA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

NEW GUINEA

AUSTRALIA

NEW GUINEA

AUSTRALIA

NEW GUINEA

New Guinea

NEW BRITAIN

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS

GILBERT ISLANDS

THE OFFENSIVE----1944

SECTION III

The Offensive----1944[3]

The battle of production and supply, designed to build a foundation to support unprecedented Allied air and naval power, was won during 1942 and 1943, while Japanese air and naval power greatly diminished. Hawaii, the most important naval base in the Pacific, had become a training center and staging area for U.S. troops as well as one of the many important supply bases. In 1944, the strategic offensive against Japan began.

[3] See Philip R. Crowl and Edmund G. Love, Seizure in the Gilberts and Marshalls; and Philip R. Crowl Campaign in the Marianas; Robert Ross Smith; The Approach to the Philippines; and M. Hamlin Cannon, Leyte: The Return to the Philippines, in the series U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.

Following the invasion of the Gilberts in late 1943, U.S. forces prepared for an assault in the western Marshalls, the principal objective being Kwajalein and Eniwetok Atolls. According to plans for the assault on the western Marshalls, a Marine division was to seize the northern half of the Kwajalein Atoll, principally the islands of Roi and Namur; Army ground forces units were to capture the southern half of the atoll, including the island of Kwajalein, and to occupy Majuro Island, one of the finest naval anchorages west of Pearl Harbor. Supporting naval and air bombardment and artillery fire (the artillery had been ferried ashore on the small nearby islands) were brought to bear on the selected landing beaches of Kwajalein and Roi Islands of Kwajalein Atoll. Unopposed landings were made on both islands on 1 February 1944, with slight resistance developing after advance was made inland. Six days after the main landings, all the islands of the Kwajalein Atoll were in U.S. hands and Majuro had been occupied. On 17 February landings were made on the islands of Eniwetok Atoll; resistance was wiped out five days later. A two-day strike against Truk, 16 and 17 February, was executed by a large carrier task force to screen the assault of the Eniwetok Atoll and to test strength of the Japanese base there.

Although the strong enemy island bases in the eastern Marshalls were bypassed, the air forces maintained continual attacks on them throughout the year. Conquest of the western Marshalls provided air bases and a new forward fleet base in the Pacific.

The Mariana Islands, the next objective in the Central Pacific, differ from the coral atolls of the Marshalls and Gilberts. The individual islands are much larger and the distinguishing terrain features are precipitous coast lines, high hills, and deep ravines. Plans were made, ships and supplies collected, and the troops given special training for the invasion; meanwhile Japanese air and ground reinforcements poured into the Central Pacific.

An intense air offensive against enemy installations in the Marianas began on 11 June 1944 and a naval bombardment of Saipan began on the 13th, two days before the landings on the 15th. Opposition was heavy at first, but by the 25th U.S. troops, supported by tanks, heavy artillery, renewed naval gunfire, and aerial bombardment, drove the enemy from the high ground on the central part of the island. Again advances were slow and difficult with heavy troop losses. On 9 July the mission was completed, except for mopping-up operations which continued for nearly two months.

On the morning of 24 July an attack was made on Tinian, supported by artillery on Saipan. Enemy resistance, slight for first two days, increased when high ground was reached in the central part of the island. The entire island was overrun by 1 August.

Meanwhile, Guam had been invaded on 21 July by U.S. forces in two separate landings. This invasion was preceded by a thirteen-day aerial and naval softening-up process. The two beachheads were joined after three days of fighting. The troops, greatly hampered by heavy undergrowth, concentrated on the high ground in the northern part of the island and, except for resistance from small groups of scattered Japanese, were in command of the island by 10 August.

A force of nearly 800 ships from the Guadalcanal area sailed for the Palau Islands, the next hop in the Central Pacific. Marines landed on Peleliu Island on 15 September while Army units landed on Angaur on the 17th. These were the two southernmost islands of the Palau group. Opposition on Angaur was relatively light. Much stiffer resistance was met on Peleliu, which contained the site of the major Japanese airfield on the islands. The troops succeeded, by 12 October, in pushing the enemy into a small area in the central hills of Peleliu, but many more weeks were spent destroying the remaining opposition.

During the fighting in the southern Palaus, Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines was taken to secure a naval anchorage in the western Pacific. Air attack against bypassed islands was maintained. Meanwhile, huge air bases were being developed in the Marianas for use by B-29 bombers. On 24 November B-29’s operating from Saipan made the first of a series of attacks on Tokyo.

Concurrent with the operations in the Marshalls, Marianas, Palaus, and Carolines, forces of the Southwest Pacific Area moved swiftly along the northern coast of New Guinea, jumped to Vogelkop Peninsula, and then to Morotai and on into the Philippines. The first amphibious advance of 1944 in this area was made on 2 January at Saidor, to capture the airport there. The next major advance was begun early on the morning of 29 February when a landing was effected on Los Negros in the Admiralty Islands. The Japanese sent reinforcements from Manus Island, separated from Los Negros by only 100 yards of water. Except for isolated groups of enemy troops, Los Negros was cleared on the 23d and Momote airfield, on the east coast, was ready for operation. Manus Island was invaded on 15 March, after the seizure of a few smaller islands, and an airfield there was captured the next day. At the end of April most of the enemy had been cleared from the Admiralties.

In New Britain the beachheads established in 1943 were expanded. On 6 March another landing took place on Willaumez Peninsula on the north coast. This operation, together with the establishment of airfields in the Admiralties and the occupation of Green and Emirau Islands, completed the encirclement and neutralization of Rabaul, the once powerful Japanese base. On 26 November U.S. units left New Britain, the enemy being contained on the Gazelle Peninsula by the Australians.

In New Guinea, after the Saidor operation, the enemy organized his defenses in the coastal area between Wewak and Madang. Surprise landings by U.S. troops were made at Aitape and Hollandia, both west of Wewak, on 22 April. Within five days the airfields at Hollandia and Aitape were in Allied possession. In July 1944 the Japanese Army, which had moved up the coast from Wewak, attacked the Allied perimeter at Aitape. Within a month the Japanese had been thrown back toward Wewak. At the end of the year Australian troops, which had begun relieving U.S. forces at Aitape in October, started a drive on Wewak from the west. While the enemy was bottled up in this area, the Allies continued to leap-frog up the New Guinea coast.

On 17 May forces debarked at Arare, 125 miles northwest of Hollandia, and established a strong beachhead. Wakdé Island, just offshore, was assaulted the next day and was secured by the 19th.

Other units assaulted the island of Biak on 27 May to seize additional air base sites. Here considerable resistance was met and the island with its airfields was not secured until August. Noemfoor Island, where three airfields were located, was invaded on 2 July by troops which landed at points where reefs made invasion hazardous. The Noemfoor airstrips were captured by night of the 6th. The last landing on New Guinea was an unopposed one made on 30 July in the Cape Sansapor area, on the northwestern coast of the Vogelkop Peninsula. The Japanese in New Guinea had been eliminated from the war.

Another air base site on the southern tip of Morotai Island, northwest of the Vogelkop Peninsula, was seized on 15 September at slight cost. The invasion of Morotai, lying between New Guinea and the Philippines, was the last major operation undertaken by Southwest Pacific forces before the attack on the Philippines in October.

Prior to the invasion of the Philippines a seven-day air attack, beginning on 10 October, was undertaken against enemy bases on the Ryukyu Islands, Formosa, and Luzon. On 17 October, Suluan, Homonhon, and Dinagat Islands, guarding Leyte Gulf where the main invasion was to be made, were captured.

Despite all this activity, strategic surprise proved complete when, on 20 October 1944, the assault forces landed on Leyte. Heavy opposition was encountered on only one of the many beaches. Throughout the entire campaign, opposition at times was fierce although it came from relatively small units or from separate defense positions. Between 23 and 26 October the naval battle for Leyte Gulf took place. The enemy made every effort to hold Leyte; reinforcements were rushed in by every means available to them and during November an all-out struggle for Leyte developed. Bad weather conditions in November seriously interfered with the supply of U.S. forces and with air operations. On 7 December U.S. troops landed on the west coast of Leyte at Ormoc to place new strength at the rear of Japanese forces holding out in northwestern Leyte and to prevent the Japanese from landing any more reinforcements in the Ormoc area. By 26 December Leyte was declared secured but mopping up against strong resistance continued for several months.

PACIFIC ISLANDS

NEW GUINEA

HAWAII

MARSHALL ISLANDS

CAROLINE ISLANDS

MARIANA ISLANDS

PHILIPPINE SEA

MARIANA ISLANDS

PALAU ISLANDS

ULITHI

MARIANA ISLAND

TOKYO

NEW GUINEA

ADMIRALTY ISLANDS

NEW GUINEA

GREEN ISLAND

NEW GUINEA

BIAK ISLAND

NOEMFOOR ISLAND

NEW GUINEA

MOROTAI ISLAND

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

LEYTE

ADMIRALTY ISLANDS

PHILIPPINES

GUAM

THE FINAL PHASE

SECTION IV

The Final Phase[4]

The last three months of 1944 marked the almost complete destruction of Japanese air power in the Philippines and the defeat of the enemy ground forces on Leyte. In January 1945 men and equipment began to arrive in the Pacific in ever increasing numbers. Sixth and Eighth Armies were fighting the Japanese in the Philippines, while the Tenth was being organized to be used later on Okinawa. The Navy and Air Forces were also expanding in number of men, ships, and planes.

[4] See Roy E. Appleman, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens, Okinawa: The Last Battle. Washington D.C. 1948, in the series U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.

The next step in the reconquest of the Philippines was the battle for Luzon. Mindoro was seized before the invasion of Luzon was launched so that an Allied air base could be established to provide air support for the ground operations on Luzon. On 9 January 1945 U.S. troops landed on the beaches of Lingayen Gulf on the western side of Luzon. The landings were virtually unopposed and assault troops advanced rapidly inland until they came to rugged terrain and well-prepared Japanese defense. While part of the forces were left to hold a line facing north, the bulk of the troops turned south toward Manila, which was captured. Bataan Peninsula was cleared of enemy troops and Corregidor was seized. While the U.S. attack carried on to clear the southern portion of the island, another advance through the difficult mountainous terrain in the north got under way. This was the climax to the fighting on Luzon.

While the battle for Luzon was in progress, other U.S. troops were clearing the enemy pockets on Leyte and Samar and capturing the islands in the southern Philippines with a speed and thoroughness which showed the high degree of coordination developed by the ground, sea, and air forces.

By the time the fighting stopped on Luzon, U.S. troops were being redeployed from Europe to the Pacific, and in July the first contingent of service troops from the ETO arrived in Manila. In August the U.S. First Army established its command post on Luzon.

On 19 February 1945 Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands was assaulted by marines who, by 16 March, overcame the stubborn enemy resistance and secured the island for an advance air base from which the U.S. Air Forces could support the invasion of Japan. On 1 April the invasion of Okinawa in the Ryukyus began. This island, assaulted by Marine and Army troops, was the last in the island-hopping warfare--in fact the last of the battles before the fall of Japan itself. As on Iwo, the enemy had prepared elaborate defenses and fought fanatically in the unsuccessful attempt to prevent the U.S. forces from seizing the island. Because of its closeness to Japan, the enemy was able to attack Okinawa by air from its home bases and air superiority had not been gained by the Allies before the amphibious assault began. This period of fighting was marked by Japanese suicide attacks against Allied naval ships and the Navy sustained heavy losses, losses greater than in any other campaign during the war. On 21 June the island was declared secure and the next few days were spent mopping up enemy pockets. The fall of Okinawa and Iwo gave the Allies the air bases from which the almost daily aerial attacks on the principal industrial cities of Japan were to be launched, as well as emergency landing fields for crippled B-29’s returning to their more distant island bases from attacks on Japan.

PHILIPPINES

NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

IWO JIMA

OKINAWA

JAPAN

KEISE ISLANDS

OKINAWA

CHINA-BURMA-INDIA

SECTION V

China-Burma-India[5]

China’s last important supply link with the Allies, the Burma Road, was closed when the Japanese occupied northern Burma in May 1942. Despite her isolation, China resisted the Japanese and remained an active ally. The importance of giving China sufficient support to keep her in the war led to the Allied plan to re-establish surface communications with China and to increase supply by air over the Hump.

[5] See Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell’s Mission to China, Washington, D.C., 1953; and Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell’s Command Problems, Washington, D.C., 1956, in the series U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.

In August 1942 a training center was established at Ramgarh, India, for training the poorly equipped Chinese troops; concurrently, training centers were also established in China. In December 1942 the Allies began the construction of a new road leading from Ledo, India, across northern Burma to an intersection with the Burma Road near the China border. Subsequently this was supplemented by a pipeline for aviation and fuel oil from Calcutta, India, to Kunming, China. Pending the reopening of ground communications with China, the only route of supply available was the air transport system over the spur of the Himalayas from the Assam valley, India, to Kunming, a distance of approximately 500 air miles.

Fighting in Burma was relatively light in 1943; however, Allied aircraft pounded enemy airfields, communications, and rear installations. Rangoon, important center of the enemy supply system, was bombed repeatedly with damaging results.

In China during 1943, air attacks constituted the only offensive operations by the Allies. U.S. planes carried out attacks against enemy bases in Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Formosa. Shipping along the China coast was attacked with little loss to the enemy. In 1944 B-29’s based in China attacked targets in Manchuria, on Formosa, and in Japan.

During this time the Japanese had increased their China-based air strength but were deploying their best planes and pilots to meet the threat in the Southwest Pacific.

The Allied counteroffensive in north Burma, which started early in 1944, continued to the end of the year with great intensity. Landings in the Philippines and U.S. naval operations in the China Sea threatened the Japanese supply line to Burma and by the end of January 1945, large groups of enemy forces were retreating from north Burma. As a result of the Allied advance in Burma in 1944, the entire route of the new Ledo Road was cleared except for a small stretch near its junction with the Burma Road. On 4 February the first Allied convoy traveled over the Ledo Road, which was renamed the Stilwell Highway.

In the latter stages of the Burma Campaign, American troops together with Chinese troops were flown to China. Serious Japanese offensives in China during the summer of 1944 and early 1945 were terminated in the spring of 1945 and the enemy began to withdraw from south and central China.

CHINA-BURMA-INDIA

INDIA

CHINA

INDIA

BURMA

INDIA

BURMA

INDIA

BURMA

CHINA

BURMA

THE COLLAPSE OF JAPAN AND THE END OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

SECTION VI

The Collapse of Japan and the End of the War in the Pacific

The capture of Iwo Jima gave the Allies bases for fighter planes which were to escort the Superfortresses, based in the Marianas, when they attacked Japan. With Okinawa in U.S. hands other bombers could join the B-29’s in the raids. The first Superfortresses flying from the Marianas struck Tokyo in November 1944. The number of planes used in the attacks increased with each raid until, in July 1945, over 40,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Japan. During July most of the industrial areas of Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka had been destroyed. The Air Forces then turned its attention to secondary targets and to mining operations planned to blockade Japan so that her warships would be unable to leave the harbors and her ships carrying supplies would be unable to enter Japanese waters.

In July the U.S. Third Fleet was sent into Japanese waters to assist in preventing the Japanese fleet from leaving its bases and to shell enemy installations along the coast. Aircraft from naval carriers joined in the attack and the combined efforts of the Allied air power reduced Japan’s air force to scattered remnants.

The Allies issued the Potsdam Proclamation on 26 July 1945 calling upon the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. Japan refused the terms and the Allies began a new series of attacks. On 6 August the first atomic bomb to be used against an enemy was dropped on Hiroshima; on 8 August, the Russians declared war on Japan; and on 9 August a second atomic bomb was released, this time over the city of Nagasaki. These blows were closely followed by a series of Allied aerial attacks and on 15 August Japan accepted the Potsdam terms, ending the war in the Pacific.

On 2 September 1945 the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers accepted the formal Japanese surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri in a twenty-minute ceremony.

JAPAN

HAWAII

Appendix A

List of Abbreviations

BAR Browning automatic rifle

GHQ general headquarters

HB heavy barrel

LCI landing craft, infantry

LCI (L) landing craft, infantry (large)

LCM landing craft, mechanized

LCM (3) landing craft, mechanized (Mark III)

LCP (L) landing craft, personnel (large)

LCP (R) landing craft, personnel (ramp)

LCR landing craft, rubber

LCT (6) landing craft, tank (Mark VI)

LCV landing craft, vehicle

LCVP landing craft, vehicle and personnel

LST landing ship, tank

LVT landing vehicle, tracked

LVT (1) landing vehicle, tracked, unarmored (Mark I) (“Alligator”)

LVT (4) landing vehicle, tracked, unarmored (Mark IV)

LVT (A) (1) landing vehicle, tracked (armored) (Mark I) (“Water Buffalo,” turret type)

LVT (A) (2) landing vehicle, tracked (armored) (Mark II) (“Water Buffalo,” canopy type)

LVT (A) (4) landing vehicle, tracked (armored) (Mark IV)

PT patrol vessel, motor torpedo boat

SCR Signal Corps radio

Appendix B

List of Pictorial Sources

The following list gives the origin of all photographs that appear in this book. The photographs were selected from those in the files of the Army Signal Corps (111-SC or MC), the Air Force (342-FH or 18AO), the Navy (80-G), the Marine Corps (127-N), the Coast Guard (26-G), YANK Magazine (YANK), and individual collections as noted.

---------------------------------------- Page Source Number ---------------------------------------- 4 MC 215 5 SC 120588 6 SC 117032 7 (Top) SC 117037 7 (Bottom) SC 122190 8 SC 127004 9 (Top) SC 127002 9 (Bottom) USN 19948 10 USN 16871 11 (Top) USN 32424 11 (Bottom) USN 19947 12 USN 19943 13 (Top) SC 127000 13 (Bottom) SC 134872 14 SC 127050 15 SC 176598 16 SC 136966 17 SC 128344 18 SC 136024 19 SC 136018 20 (Top) SC 137367 20 (Bottom) SC 137268 21 SC 182415 22 (Top) SC 147131 22 (Bottom) SC 142137 23 (Top) SC 137253 23 (Bottom) SC 136227 24 MC 5 25 (Top) SC 118927 25 (Bottom) SC 118925 26 (Top) SC 118917 26 (Bottom) SC 126694 27 (Top) SC 126705 27 (Bottom) SC 126742 28 SC 126703 29 SC 126711 30 SC 130991 31 SC 130990 32 (Top) SC 126728 32 (Bottom) SC 126730 33 SC 282334 34 SC 131323 35 USAF 54853 AC 36 (Top) SC 131312 36 (Bottom) SC 131304 37 SC 131471 38 (Top) USN 6744 38 (Bottom) USN 63345-848-B 39 (Top) USN 17023 39 (Bottom) USN 11662 40 (Top) SC 136339 40 (Bottom) SC 136340 41 SC 131349 42 (Top) USN 324199 42 (Bottom) USN 41196 43 USAF C-25758 44 SC 334265 45 SC 282340 46 SC 249636 47 (Top) SC 229704 47 (Bottom) SC 335469 48 SC 334296 49 SC 140332 50 (Top) SC 132940 50 (Bottom) SC 132942 51 SC 151125 52 USN 7401 53 USN 7392 54 SC 166677 55 (Top) SC 164198 55 (Bottom) SC 166712 56 USAF 3725 57 (Top) USN 414423 57 (Bottom) USN 312018 58 USN 215475 59 (Top) SC 163666 59 (Bottom) SC 163613 60 (Top) SC 170985 61 SC 151129 62 (Top) SC 151183 62 (Bottom) SC 151182 63 (Top) SC 151148 63 (Bottom) SC 151140 64 (Top) SC 162873 64 (Bottom) SC 163276 65 (Top) SC 163361 65 (Bottom) SC 163356 66 SC 165013 67 (Top) SC 163263 67 (Bottom) SC 163253 68 (Top) SC 162823 68 (Bottom) SC 163307 69 (Top) SC 172399 69 (Center) SC 180891 69 (Bottom) SC 172398 70 SC 133563 71 SC 163077 72 (Top) SC 163287 72 (Bottom) SC 326269 73 (Top) SC 181536 73 (Bottom) SC 181535 74 SC 162837 79 Unknown 80-81 Unknown 82-83 USAF 18AO-229R17 84 USN 11034 85 (Top) USN 12646 86 USMC 59636 87 USMC 1775 88 USMC 13444 89 USN 34887 90 (Top) USN 40298 90 (Bottom) USN 33368 91 (Top) USMC 13295 91 (Bottom) USN 14615 92 (Top) SC 164894 92 (Bottom) SC 164902 93 (Top) SC 165177 93 (Bottom) SC 165171 94 USN 67247 95 USN 35903 96 (Top) USN 163952 96 (Bottom) SC 163875 97 SC 163787 98 (Top) SC 163986 98 (Bottom) SC 163989 99 SC 164056 100 (Top) SC 163976 100 (Bottom) SC 163960 101 (Top) SC 163972 101 (Bottom) SC 163884 102 SC 164045 103 (Top) SC 163878 103 (Bottom) SC 163842 104 (Top) USMC 81274 104 (Bottom) USN 51882 105 USAF 205076 S 106 USAF 18AO-230R9 107 USAF 18AO-230R17 108 SC 245495 109 SC 185866 110 SC 184078 111 SC 185875 112 SC 181676 113 SC 186151 114 SC 191093 115 USN 295237 116 USN 54648 117 SC 184437 118 (Top) SC 182104 118 (Bottom) SC 184070 119 (Top) USN 186472 119 (Bottom) SC 186471 120 SC 182101 121 SC 184442 122 (Top) USAF 52908 AC 122 (Bottom) USAF 58813 AC 123 USCG 3120 124 USCG 3170 125 USN 202502 126 (Top) SC 186564 126 (Bottom) SC 184362 127 SC 255944 128 SC 186309 129 SC 186859 130 (Top) SC 187873 S 130 (Bottom) SC 186568 131 (Top) SC 186979 131 (Bottom) SC 186566 132 (Top) SC 186595 132 (Bottom) SC 183238 S 133 (Top) SC 184363 133 (Bottom) SC 241023 134 (Top) SC 187870 S 134 (Bottom) SC 184773 S 135 (Top) SC 341721 135 (Bottom) USAF 67341 136 (Top) SC 190893 136 (Bottom) SC 188913 137 (Top) SC 187246 137 (Bottom) SC 184441 138 SC 341722 139 SC 189558 140 (Top) SC 190050 140 (Bottom) SC 325321 141 SC 190051 142 SC 190888 143 SC 189100 S 144 Unknown 145 (Top) SC 163202 145 (Bottom) SC 170650 146 SC 162418 147 SC 169642 148 SC 230756 149 SC 167795 150 SC 164359 151 SC 162494 152 SC 166026 153 SC 166804 154 SC 162501 155 SC 166662 156 (Top) SC 162500 156 (Bottom) SC 164347 157 SC 168195 158 SC 172793 159 SC 173351 160 SC 163240 161 SC 168999 162 (Top) SC 169947 162 (Bottom) SC 168945 163 SC 173813 164 USAF 24825 AC 165 (Top) USAF 23672 AC 165 (Bottom) USAF 27488 AC 166-167 USAF 25418 168 SC 186216 169 SC 186006 170 USAF 233R4 171 SC 25899 AC 172 (Top) SC 187966 S 172 (Bottom) SC 187961 S 173 USCG 3059 174 (Top) SC 184411 174 (Bottom) SC 184419 175 SC 184414 176 USMC 68988 177 USCG 3046 178 Unknown 179 SC 177608 180 SC 174121 181 SC 171813 182 (Top) SC 174111 182 (Bottom) SC 174114 183 SC 174151 184 SC 179445 185 (Top) SC 174109 185 (Bottom) SC 174202 186 (Top) SC 174501 186 (Bottom) SC 177717 187 SC 177706 188 (Top) SC 174504 188 (Bottom) SC 171798 189 (Top) SC 177631 189 (Bottom) SC 177652 190 SC 170367 S 191 SC 245190 192 USN W-AA7-42784 193 (Top) SC 182886 193 (Bottom) SC 186547 194 SC 187013 S 195 Unknown 196 USN 43464 197 (Top) SC 183595 197 (Bottom) SC 183571 198 SC 183537 199 (Top) SC 183542 199 (Bottom) SC 183538 200 (Top) SC 183547 200 (Bottom) SC 183543 201 USCG 3197 202 (Top) SC 183639 202 (Bottom) SC 183636 203 (Top) SC 183529 203 (Bottom) SC 183556 204 (Top) USAF 62938 204 (Bottom) SC 183550 205 USMC 63457 206 USMC 63926 207 USMC 63458 208 USMC 63814 209 USAF 63206 210 USMC 63573 218 Unknown 219 Unknown 220 (Top) SC 301944 220 (Bottom) SC 302014 221 SC 301959 222 (Top) SC 301985 222 (Bottom) SC 301954 223 (Top) SC 301936 223 (Bottom) SC 301970 224 SC 301932 225 SC 301922 226 SC 187437 227 SC 185591 228 SC 185589 229 SC 185588 230 SC 186639 231 SC 185595 232 SC 186642 233 (Top) SC 187442 233 (Bottom) SC 212770 234 (Top) SC 185593 234 (Bottom) SC 212615 235 SC 212607 236 USAF 57029 237 (Top) USAF 58931 AC 237 (Bottom) USAF 60225 238-239 USCG 2466 240 (Top) SC 212619 240 (Bottom) SC 212740 241 (Top) SC 345987 241 (Bottom) SC 211305 242 USN 238363 243 USN 238024 244 (Top) SC 341527 244 (Bottom) SC 212591 245 (Top) SC 319109 245 (Bottom) SC 213139 246 SC 345988 247 USMC 87135 248 SC 324468 249 USMC 85222 250 SC 335533 251 USAF 55505 252 (Top) SC 318816 252 (Bottom) SC 122478 253 (Top) SC 318809 253 (Bottom) SC 318813 254 (Top) SC 210232 254 (Bottom) USCG 2659 255 SC 272338 256 SC 347413 257 (Top) SC 211195 257 (Bottom) SC 211196 258 (Top) USMC 239431 258 (Bottom) SC 347412 259 (Top) SC 347414 259 (Bottom) USMC 92083 260 USAF 54125 261 USMC 95256 262 SC 282145 263 SC 282136 264 USN 283751 265 SC 212876 266 YANK 267 YANK 268 USAF 3A38005 269 USN 294131 270 (Top) USAF 3A38600 270 (Bottom) USAF 55510 271 (Top) YANK Captured Japanese photo 271 (Bottom) YANK Captured Japanese photo 272 (Top) SC 184495 272 (Bottom) SC 184494 273 SC 186800 274 (Top) SC 271479 274 (Bottom) SC 287704 275 SC 271481 276 SC 189112 S 277 (Top) USAF 18AO-236R22 277 (Bottom) USAF 18AO-236R17 278 (Top) SC 271559 278 (Bottom) SC 271560 279 SC 188907 280 (Top) SC 191965 280 (Bottom) SC 258149 281 USMC 75194 282 SC 264452 283 SC 255799 284 (Top) SC 258120 284 (Bottom) SC 258122 285 (Top) SC 287452 285 (Bottom) SC 190022 286-287 USAF 18AO-234R29 288 (Top) SC 190770 288 (Bottom) SC 190023 289 (Top) SC 258033 289 (Bottom) SC 258032 290 (Top) SC 190554 290 (Bottom) SC 258170 291 SC 190763 292 SC 272062 293 SC 191355 294 SC 238989 295 (Top) SC 239021 295 (Bottom) SC 257829 296 SC 238991 297 SC 272260 298 (Top) SC 272258 298 (Bottom) SC 272261 299 USAF 53212 AC 300 SC 272280 301 SC 328594 302 SC 267176 303 SC 267878 304 (Top) USAF A-53686 304 (Bottom) USAF C-53686 305 USN 282604 306 USAF 54084 307 USAF 57803 AC 308 CMH 309 SC 261074 310 SC 196081 S 311 SC 196457 312 USCG 3541 313 SC 198318 314 SC 348141 315 SC 195586 S 316 SC Unknown 317 SC 261947 318 USAF A-56859 319 USAF B-56859 320 SC 260179 321 SC 287147 322 SC 308024 323 SC 196606 324 USAF 64408 325 USAF 58984 330 CMH 331 SC 198654 S 332 SC 265255 333 SC 200587 S 334 SC 200010 335 SC 200017 336 (Top) SC 201638 336 (Bottom) SC 268778 337 (Top) SC 200628 337 (Bottom) SC 199999 338 SC 265272 339 (Top) SC 203013 339 (Bottom) SC 200644 340 SC 200767 341 (Top) SC 322742 341 (Bottom) SC 200760 342 SC 203004 343 (Top) SC 202147 343 (Bottom) SC 202145 344 SC 202560 345 SC 200729 S 346 SC 202420 S 347 SC 203048 348 SC 334068 349 (Top) SC 203073 349 (Bottom) SC 203074 350 SC 202172 351 (Top) SC 202999 351 (Bottom) SC 202592 352 (Top) SC 200787 S 352 (Bottom) SC 201366 353 SC 263672 354 SC 201373 355 SC 271152 356 (Top) SC 335470 356 (Bottom) SC 216825 357 SC 208720 358 SC 264076 359 SC 206277 360 (Top) SC 212567 360 (Bottom) SC 229843 361 USAF 70851 362 (Top) SC 208664 362 (Bottom) SC 210434 363 USAF 59013 364 SC 264187 365 (Top) USAF 58295 365 (Bottom) USAF 58268 366 SC 334072 367 (Top) SC 265863 367 (Bottom) SC 264186 368 (Top) SC 271396 368 (Bottom) SC 270897 369 SC 271001 370 (Top) SC 263036 370 (Bottom) SC 337930 371 (Top) SC 209765 371 (Bottom) SC 205921 372 (Top) SC 263039 372 (Bottom) SC 208670 373 SC 205918 374 SC 274869 375 SC 209387 376-377 SC 252389 378 SC 209439 379 SC 274871 380 SC 207988 381 (Top) SC 264204 381 (Bottom) SC 265177 382 (Top) SC 204238 382 (Bottom) SC 204236 383 SC 264155 384 SC 266175 385 (Top) SC 208702 385 (Bottom) SC 212124 386 SC 322626 387 USAF 54122 AC 388 Unknown 389 SC 207407 390 (Top) USMC 109604 390 (Bottom) SC 207398 391 (Top) SC 207396 391 (Bottom) SC 207401 392 (Top) USMC 109611 392 (Bottom) USMC 111100 393 SC 208998 394 SC 207788 395 SC 207787 396 (Top) SC 204800 396 (Bottom) SC 205113 S 397 SC 230293 398 399 (Top) USN 273880 399 (Bottom) USN 273884 400 (Top) SC 206497 400 (Bottom) SC 207487 401 (Top) SC 207486 401 (Bottom) SC 207481 402 (Top) SC 248856 402 (Bottom) SC 248904 403 (Top) SC 204284 403 (Bottom) SC 183743 404 (Top) SC 207959 404 (Bottom) SC 207917 405 (Top) SC 210416 405 (Bottom) SC 210415 406 (Top) SC 208607 406 (Bottom) SC 208608 407 (Top) SC 208599 407 (Bottom) SC 208598 408 (Top) USAF 61214 AC 408 (Bottom) USAF 63879 AC 409 SC 210967 410 SC 204192 414-415 CMH 416 SC 145495 417 (Top) SC 145509 417 (Bottom) SC 147440 418 (Top Left) SC 146779 418 (Top Right) SC 146771 418 (Bottom) SC 148206 419 SC 147442 420-421 USAF 18AO-187R13 422 USAF A-54567 423 (Top) USAF A-27445 423 (Bottom) USAF 74547 424 (Top) SC 193213 424 (Bottom) SC 276903 425 (Top) SC 263436 425 (Bottom) SC 200944 426 SC 193765 S 427 SC 193045 428 YANK 429 USAF 71707 430 SC 197352 S 431 SC 196382 S 432 SC 198735 433 (Top) SC 198917-S 433 (Bottom) USAF B-25132 434 SC 198806 S 435 SC 203107 436 SC 199064 S 437 (Top) YANK 437 (Bottom) YANK 438-439 USAF Unknown 440 (Top) USAF 57314 440 (Middle) USAF 58114 440 (Bottom) USAF 57314 444 Unknown 445 (Top) USN 490108 445 (Bottom) USN 490147 446 USN 490363 447 (Top) SC 211312 447 (Bottom) USAF 58994 AC 448 USAF 58209 AC 449 USAF 69647 AC 450 SC 329433 451 USAF 69680 AC 452 USAF A-58587 AC 453 USAF 58582 AC 454-455 USN 490487 456 SC 210628 S 457 SC 211875 458 (Top) SC 212116 458 (Bottom) SC 216907 459 SC 213317 460 (Top) SC 212118 460 (Bottom) SC 214297 461 (Top) SC 211765 461 (Bottom) SC 216451 462 SC 212189

UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II

The following volumes have been published:

The War Department

Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations Washington Command Post: The Operations Division Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941-1942 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1943-1944 Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940-1943 Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943-1945 The Army and Economic Mobilization The Army and Industrial Manpower

The Army Ground Forces

The Organization of Ground Combat Troops The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops

The Army Service Forces

The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces

The Western Hemisphere

The Framework of Hemisphere Defense Guarding the United States and Its Outposts

The War in the Pacific

The Fall of the Philippines Guadalcanal: The First Offensive Victory in Papua CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls Campaign in the Marianas The Approach to the Philippines Leyte: The Return to the Philippines Triumph in the Philippines Okinawa: The Last Battle Strategy and Command: The First Two Years

The Mediterranean Theater of Operations

Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West Sicily and the Surrender of Italy Salerno to Cassino Cassino to the Alps

The European Theater of Operations

Cross-Channel Attack Breakout and Pursuit The Lorraine Campaign The Siegfried Line Campaign The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge The Last Offensive The Supreme Command Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume I Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume II

The Middle East Theater

The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia

The China-Burma-India Theater

Stilwell’s Mission to China Stilwell’s Command Problems Time Runs Out in CBI

The Technical Services

The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany The Corps of Engineers: Military Construction in the United States _The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation; Zone of Interior_ _The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and Minor Theaters_ _The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations_ The Medical Department: Medical Service in the War Against Japan The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront _The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume I_ _The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume II_ The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Japan The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Germany The Signal Corps: The Emergency The Signal Corps: The Test The Signal Corps: The Outcome _The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations_ The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, and Supply The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas

Special Studies

Chronology: 1941-1945 Military Relations Between the United States and Canada: 1939-1945 Rearming the French Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt The Women’s Army Corps Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Army Air Forces The Employment of Negro Troops Manhattan: The U.S. Army and the Atomic Bomb

Pictorial Record

The War Against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas The War Against Japan

Index

Agno River, Luzon, 336

Air attacks Allied, 38, 56, 89, 94, 122, 164, 165, 171, 196, 236, 237, 243, 306, 307, 318, 319, 350, 363, 365, 374, 387, 422, 440, 445 Japanese, 9, 10, 11, 15, 30, 57, 90, 91, 102, 132, 163, 173, 251

Air bases. See Airfields.

Airdrop Burma, 428, 435 Corregidor, 351, 352 Luzon, 349, 378 New Guinea, 166-67 Noemfoor Island, 299, 300 supplies, 133

Aircraft bombers, heavy, 89, 92, 164, 236, 260, 268, 270, 284, 307, 324, 325, 397, 408, 457 bombers, light, 304, 387 bombers, medium, 32, 42, 122, 165, 209, 318, 423, 440 Catalina flying boats, 331, 357 cub plane, 337 dive bomber, SBD, 196 fighters, 13, 190, 284, 364, 365, 374, 423 gliders, 386 Japanese, 90, 171, 186, 201, 242, 252, 306, 422 observation seaplane, 264 pursuit planes, 32 torpedo bomber, 38, 122, 242 transport planes, 133, 145, 165, 166-67, 352, 408, 429

Aircraft carriers, 269 Japanese, 56, 461 USS Enterprise, 90 USS Franklin, 399 USS Hornet, 42, 90 USS Lexington, on fire, 52 USS Wasp, 88 USS Yorktown, on fire, 57

Airfields Adak, 191 Amchitka, 190 Australia, 145 Bellows Field, Hawaii, 13 Betio Island, 209 Burma, 429 construction of, 133, 337, 433 Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, 80-81 Hickam Field, Hawaii, 9 Iwo Jima, 397 Los Negros Island, 277 Luzon, 337, 361 Netherlands East Indies, 306 New Georgia, 115 New Guinea, 165, 284 Noemfoor Island, 298, 299 Okinawa, 408 Russell Islands, 106 Saipan, 252 Wheeler Field, Hawaii, 8, 17

Airports. See Airfields.

Alligator, 175, 193

Ambulance, converted jeep, 101

Ammunition 81-mm. mortar, 277 105-mm. howitzer, 127 antiaircraft gun, 162 chemical mortar, 119 machine gun, 23, 179

Ammunition dump, on fire, 265

Amphibian tractor, LVT, 130, 175, 177, 198, 244, 289, 311

Amphibious training, Hawaii, 18

Antiaircraft guns 3-inch, 6, 41, 55, 162 37-mm., 204 40-mm., 135, 162, 425 90-mm., damaged, 132 Japanese, 156, 188, 193

Antitank gun, 37-mm., 26, 62, 92, 93, 229, 232, 240, 257

Armored car, light, 381

Army band, Guadalcanal, 126

Artillery gun, 37-mm., 154 guns, 155-mm., 34, 244, 278, 316, 400 howitzers, 8-inch., 317, 367 howitzers, 105-mm., 22, 129, 183, 188, 278, 341, 342 howitzers, 155-mm., 55, 120, 250, 291, 373 howitzers, 240-mm., 346 Japanese, 40, 188 mortars. See Mortars. observation plane, 272 pack howitzers, 75-mm., 87, 353, 418

Assembly line, for vehicles, 73

Atomic bombing Hiroshima, 448 Nagasaki, 451

Baguio, Luzon, 372

Balikpapan, Borneo, 307

Barbed wire, 36, 105, 140, 221

Barrage balloons, 131

Bazooka 200, 248, 354, 394

Bellows Field, Hawaii, 13

Bilibid prison farm, Luzon, 349

Bivouac area Guadalcanal, 98 New Caledonia, 67

Bloody Hill, Bougainville, 142

Bombardment. See also Air attacks. aerial, 38, 56, 84, 164, 236, 306, 307, 350, 364, 365 naval, 38, 39, 84, 231

Bombers formation of, 268, 325 heavy, B-17, 9, 89, 92, 284 heavy, B-24, 164, 236, 260, 268, 307, 324, 408 heavy, B-29, 270, 325, 397, 457 light, A-20, 304, 387 medium, B-18, 32 medium, B-25, 42, 122, 165, 209, 318, 423, 440 torpedo, TBD, 38 torpedo, TBF, 122 torpedo, TBF-1, 242

Bomb craters, 170 Butaritari Island, 202 Corregidor, 352 Luzon, 361 New Guinea, 169

Bomb damage, 169 Angaur, 267 Henderson Field, 91 Japan, 447, 449, 452, 453 Luzon, 372 New Guinea, 170

Bombproof shelter, Japanese, 207

Bombs 500-pound, 236 1,000-pound, 196 parafrag, 306

Bougainville, 122

Bren-gun carriers, 152

Bridges construction of, 96 footbridge, 147, 159, 294 ponton, 28, 29, 336, 430 repair of, 424 temporary suspension, 427

Bucket brigade, 91 Japanese, 271

Buffalo, 289, 311

Burma Road, China, 438-39

Cameras, 174, 241

Camouflage antiaircraft gun, 55 antiaircraft gun emplacement, 162 foxhole, 72, 174 gun, 155-mm., 34 howitzer, 120, 250 Japanese aircraft, 306 Japanese troops, 40 SCR 300, 297

Camouflage suits, 123, 224

Cape Sansapor, New Guinea, 302, 303

Cargo carrier, M29, 323

Cargo nets, 54, 128

Casualties, 160, 241, 247, 338, 357, 434 Australian, 160 Japanese, 266, 345

Caves Biak, 294, 295 Guam, 258 Iwo Jima, 395, 396 Okinawa, 403, 405 Saipan, 247

Cavite Navy yard, 30

Cheney Battery, Corregidor, 356

Civilians Betio Island, 209 Guadalcanal, 93, 100 Japan, 271 Leyte, 312, 320 New Caledonia, 70 New Guinea, 155 Philippines, 31, 337, 383, 386

Collecting point for Japanese arms, 460

Command posts, 66, 297 Japanese, 208

Communications field telephone, 99, 358 SCR 300, 297 wire stringing, 324

Construction airfield, 133, 337, 433 bridge, 96 corduroy road, 157

Conveyor, 290

Convoy motor, 59, 323, 336, 417, 430, 436 ship, 110, 310, 331, 389, 446

Coral reefs, 197

Corregidor Island, 35

Crews antiaircraft gun, 41, 162, 204, 425 antitank gun, 93, 229 gun, 155-mm., 316 howitzer, 105-mm., 183 LVT, 199 machine gun, 23 mortar, 7, 86, 138, 380, 425 tank, 282 Tokyo Raid, 43

Cruiser, 39

Cub plane, 337

Dagupan City, Luzon, 336

Debarkation of troops, 50, 63, 113

Decontamination suits, 55

Destroyers, 10, 12, 116

Dive bombers Japanese, 90, 242 SBD, 196

Division headquarters, New Caledonia, 68

Duck, 69

Dugouts, Japanese, 156, 233, 403

Dummy tank, Japanese, 393

Dumps, on fire ammunition, 265 oil, 285

Dutch Harbor, Alaska, 58

Embarkation prisoners of war, 385 troop, Australia, 61, 149

Emplacements antiaircraft gun 132, 135, 162, 204 antitank gun, 93, 203 gun, Japanese, 188 howitzer, 317 machine gun, 134 mortar, 298

Enclosure, prisoner of war, 105, 349

Evacuation of casualties, 101, 160, 184, 206, 254, 357 of civilians, 31

Explosions Japanese warship, 319 light bomber, 304 mine, 403 phosphorus hand grenade, 379

Field telephone, 99

Fighter planes P-38, 284, 364, 365, 374 P-40, 13, 190, 423 P-47, 365 Grumman Wildcat, 91

Fire fighters 11, 15, 91, 351 Japanese, 271

Fires Alaska, 58 Angaur, 265 Bougainville, 132 Fort Drum, 363 Guadalcanal, 102 Kwajalein, 231, 233, 234 Leyte, 312 Luzon, 343, 365 Netherlands East Indies, 387 New Guinea, 163 Saipan, 249, 251 Tanambogo Island, 84 Tokyo, 271

Flak, 90

Flame thrower, 233, 247, 340

Florida Island, Solomon Islands, 82-83, 85

Flying boat, Catalina, 331, 357. See also Aircraft.

Flying bombs, Japanese, 402

Footbridges, 147, 159, 294. See also Bridges.

Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, 363

Foxholes Angaur, 267 Attu, 185 camouflaged, 72 Guadalcanal, 98, 103 Peleliu Island, 261 water-filled, 407

Fuel dump, on fire, 132

Garapan, Saipan, 249

Gas drums, 126

Gas dump, 189

Gas masks American, 64 Japanese, 49

Gavutu Harbour, 82-83

Gavutu Island Solomon Islands, 84

Gizo Island, Solomon Islands, 89

Glider, Waco, CG-4A, 386

Green Island, 281

Guerrillas, Filipino, 367

Gun emplacements Corregidor, 47 Japanese, 188, 193, 253 Saipan, 245

Gun fire 155-mm., 278, 316 antiaircraft, 112 Japanese, 261 Japanese, naval, 279 naval, 116

Gun motor carriages 3-inch, 235 75-mm., 392 76-mm., 370

Guns, See also Artillery; Antiaircraft guns. 37-mm., 154 75-mm., 7 155-mm., 34, 244, 278, 316, 400 Japanese, 75-mm., 40

Hand grenades, 263

Harbors Adak, 191 Gavutu, 82-83 Japan, 445 Kiska, 193 Luzon, 360 New Caledonia, 63, 70, 108 New Guinea, 170 Okinawa, 410

Helmets, 6, 23, 98, 404

Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, 80-81

Hickam Field, Hawaii, 9

Himalaya mountains, 420-21

Hiroshima, Japan, 448, 449

Hollandia area, New Guinea, 286-87

Holtz Bay, Attu, 186

Hong Kong, 422

Hospital, field Attu, 185 Bougainville, 137 Okinawa, 404

Howitzer motor carriages 75-mm., 245 105-mm., 246, 359, 366, 370, 371

Howitzers 8-inch, 317, 367 105-mm., 22, 129, 183, 188, 278, 341, 342 155-mm., 55, 120, 250, 291, 373 240-mm., 346 pack, 75-mm., 87

Hyane Harbour, Admiralties, 277

Identification tags, 134

Infantry column, 147, 168, 201, 255, 280

Infantrymen, 5, 16, 74, 114, 119, 130, 134, 143, 158, 186, 199, 230, 234, 240, 275, 285, 288, 293, 314, 334 Chinese, 418, 426 Filipino, 25, 26 on board ship, 62, 276

Inspection of troops, Los Negros Island, 309

Interrogator, 283

Intramuros, Luzon, 347

Invasion beaches Bougainville, 123, 124 Butaritari Island, 197 Cebu Island, 382 Guam, 254 Iwo Jima, 390 Kiska, 192 Leyte, 311, 312 Luzon, 333, 362 New Guinea, 272, 280, 290, 302 Okinawa, 401

Invasion preparations, for Attu, 179

Irrawaddy River, Burma, 430

Jautefa Bay, 286-87

Jeeps, 64, 97, 177, 203, 240 communications, 256 used as ambulance, 101 waterproofed, 227

Jungle training, Hawaii, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225

Kamiri airfield, Noemfoor Island, 298, 299

Kowloon docks, Hong Kong, China, 422

Lae, New Guinea, 170

Lake Sentani, New Guinea, 286-87, 289

Landing craft LCI, 113, 305 LCM, 181, 238-39, 254, 311, 362 LCP, 18, 92 LCR, 128 LCT, 109, 118, 192, 401 LCV, 126, 184 LCVP, 124, 184, 238-39 LST, 125, 131, 135, 272, 273, 281, 290, 362, 389 LVT, 175, 177, 193, 198, 244, 289, 311, 384 Japanese, 104

Landing operations Angaur, 264 Attu, 180, 181 Bougainville, 123, 135 Butaritari Island, 197, 198 Cebu Island, 382 Florida Island, 85 Green Island, 281 Guadalcanal, 92, 127 Guam, 254 Honshu, 459 Japan, 458 Kiska, 192 Kwajalein, 226 Leyte, 311 Los Negros Island, 310 Luzon, 332, 362 Morotai Island, 305 New Britain, 176, 177 New Guinea, 272, 280, 302 Okinawa, 401 Saipan, 238-39 Vella Lavella, 117

Ledo Road, 436, 437

Linesman, 324

Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, 331

Lipa airfield, Luzon, 361

Litter bearers, 160

Living conditions, Okinawa, 407

Living quarters Guam, 450 New Caledonia, 68 Rendova Island, 111

Loading operations Australia, 149 Guadalcanal, 126 infantrymen, 145

Log beach barricade, Betio Island, 205

Long Tom, 316. See also Artillery.

Los Negros Island, 277

Lunga River, Guadalcanal, 80-81

Machine gun .30-caliber, 25, 134, 230, 234, 344, 358 .50-caliber, 8, 23, 172, 245 Japanese, 40, 253, 367

Mail call, Bougainville, 136

Malaya River, Luzon, 376-77

Malinta Hill, Corregidor, 355

Malinta Tunnel Corregidor, 46, 356

Maneuvers. See Training.

Manila, Luzon, 343, 344, 347

Manila Harbor, Luzon, 360

Maps Admiralty Islands, 218 Aleutian Islands, 178 Caroline Islands, 218 China-Burma-India Theater, 414-15 Gilbert Islands, 195 Iwo Jima, 388 Japan, 444 Leyte, 308 Mariana Islands, 218 Marshall Islands, 218 New Britain, 144 New Guinea, 144, 218 Oahu, 4 Okinawa, 398 Palau Islands, 218 Papua, 144 Philippines, 24, 330 Solomon Islands, 79

Massacre Bay, Attu, 189

Matanikau River, Guadalcanal, 96, 100

Medical aid men, 137, 203

Medical operations. See also Evacuation. Attu, 185 Betio Island, 206 Bougainville, 137 Burma, 434 Guadalcanal, 101 Guam, 254 Luzon, 338 Okinawa, 404

Message center, Bougainville, 136

Mess kits, 134

Momote airfield, Los Negros Island, 277

Mortars 12-inch, 47 60-mm., 138, 151, 298, 321, 380 81-mm., 25, 86, 225, 425 chemical, 4.2-inch, 7, 119

Motor carriages gun, 75-mm., 392 gun, 76-mm., 370 howitzer, 75-mm., 245 howitzer, 105-mm., 246, 359, 366, 370, 371

Motor torpedo boat, 39

Mount Fujiyama, Japan, 454-55

Mud Bougainville, 130 Burma, 424 Guadalcanal, 96 Guam, 256 Luzon, 368 New Guinea, 274 Okinawa, 406

Munda airfield, New Georgia, 115

Munda Point, New Georgia, 115

Nadzab, New Guinea, 166-67

Nagasaki, Japan, 451, 452, 453

Naha Harbor, Okinawa, 410

Naval gun, Japanese, 270

Nouméa, New Caledonia, 108

Observation plane, artillery, 272

Observation post Guam, 259 Luzon, 341

Observation seaplane, 264

Obstacles, tank, 36

Oil dump, 189 Japanese, on fire, 285

Ordnance depot, 73

Ordnance repair shop, 22

Ormoc Bay, Leyte, 318, 319

Osaka, Japan, 447

Pack animals, 27, 65, 322, 424

Pack howitzer, 75-mm., 87, 353, 418

Parachute bombs, 171

Parachutes, 111, 166-67, 171, 299, 349, 351, 354, 378, 435

Parafrag bomb, 306

Pasig River, Luzon, 343

Pearl Harbor attack, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15

Personnel carrier, half-track, 140

Phosphorus hand grenade, explosion of, 379

Photographers, 174, 458

Pipelines, Burma, 431

Pistol, .45-caliber automatic, 22

Plasma, 338

Pontoon causeway, 244

Priest, 246

Prisoners of war Allied, 45, 48 Japanese, 37, 105, 161, 283, 385, 396, 405, 409

Pursuit plane, P-36, 30

Puruata Island, 132

Rabaul, New Britain, 171

Rafts bamboo, 27 cork, 172 rubber, LCR, 128

Railroad station, Australia, 51

Railroads Angaur, 266 India, 417, 436 Luzon, 345 Saipan, 240, 241

Ramgarh Training Center, India, 418

Renard Field, Russell Islands, 106

Renard Sound, Russell Islands, 107

Rendova Island, 118

Rescue operations, 53, 95

Rest area, Attu, 187

Rifles .30-caliber Browning automatic, 22, 315 .30-caliber M1, 22, 114, 121, 156 .30-caliber M1903, 114 Japanese, 460

River crossings Bougainville, 139 Burma, 427, 430 Luzon, 334, 335, 336, 371 New Caledonia, 64 New Guinea, 146, 159, 168, 274, 275

Rivers Burma, 427, 430 Guadalcanal 80-81, 96, 100 Luzon, 336, 343, 376-77 New Guinea, 146, 274, 275

Roads Australia, 59 Bougainville, 130, 141 Burma, 424, 432, 437 Butaritari Island, 203 China, 438-39 corduroy, 157 Guadalcanal, 96, 97, 101, 103 Guam, 256 India, 419, 436 Leyte, 323 Luzon, 336, 364, 371, 376-77 New Guinea, 170, 274, 282, 292 Okinawa, 406 Saipan, 246

Rocket launchers 2.36-inch, 200, 248, 354, 394 automatic, 4.5-inch, 392

Saber, Australian, 74

Salamaua, New Guinea, 164, 169

Salvage, aircraft parts, 284

Salween River, Burma, 427

Samboga Creek, New Guinea, 146

Sand bags, 93, 137, 138, 162, 193

Seaplane, observation, 264

Seeadler Harbour, Los Negros Island, 310

Small Arms .30-caliber Browning automatic rifles, 22, 199, 315 .30-caliber machine guns, 134, 230, 344, 358 .30-caliber rifles, M1, 22, 114, 121, 156 .30-caliber rifles, M1903, 114 .45-caliber automatic pistol, 22 .45-caliber Thompson submachine gun, 224 .50-caliber machine gun, 23, 172 carbine M1A3, 354 Japanese, 460 rocket launcher, 200, 248, 354, 394

Smoke screen, 64, 166-67, 378

Staging area, Los Negros Island, 309

Steel matting, 337, 391

Stilwell Highway, 437

Street fighting Luzon, 344 Saipan, 249 Shanghai, 49

Submachine gun, .45-caliber, 224, 394

Submarines German U-boat, 461 Japanese, 14, 104, 461

Suicide boat, Japanese, 400

Sunlight Field, Russell Islands, 106

Supply dump, Guadalcanal, 103

Supply operations Arundel, 119 Attu, 182 Burma, 428, 435 Corregidor, 352 Guadalcanal, 93, 100 Guam, 256 India, 417, 419 Leyte, 320, 322 Luzon 333, 336, 349, 360 New Caledonia, 69, 108 New Guinea, 150, 274, 290, 292 Russell Islands, 109

Surgery room, underground 137

Surrender ceremony, 456, 457

Survivors Japanese warship, 440 of SS President Coolidge, 95 of USS Lexington, 53

Tanambogo Island, Solomon Islands, 84

Tank destroyer, 230, 235

Tanks Japanese, 33, 202, 208, 253, 339, 393, 460 Light, 20, 21, 141, 153, 202, 370, 432 medium, 143, 203, 231, 266, 282, 285, 293, 314, 339, 348, 371, 372, 403, 432 medium, flame-throwing, 405 medium, on fire, 259 medium, waterproofed, 226

Telescopes, 259, 341

Terrain Attu, 180, 182, 186 Australia, 59 Burma, 424, 427, 429 China, 438-39 Corregidor, 351, 352, 355 Florida Island, 82-83 Guadalcanal, 94, 96, 97, 100 Guam, 255 India, 436 Kiska, 192 Los Negros Island, 277 Luzon, 341, 350, 361, 365, 368, 369, 376-77 New Caledonia, 67 New Guinea, 147, 148, 150, 157, 165, 166-67, 169, 273, 286-87, 288, 303 Russell Islands, 107 Saipan, 240

Tokyo, 271

Tokyo Bay, 454-55, 461

“Tokyo Local,” 270

Tractors. See Vehicles.

Trails. See Roads.

Training amphibious, 18 Australia, 54, 55 Hawaii, 5, 6, 7, 19, 22, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 India, 418 New Caledonia, 64, 65 Philippines, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32

Transport planes C-47, 133, 145, 165, 166-67, 352, 429 C-54, 408

Transport ships, 63, 416 George Taylor, 149 Japanese, 94, 104 President Jackson, 128

Troops. See also Infantrymen. Australian, 161, 168 Chinese, 418, 427 Japanese, 33, 40, 44, 49 New Zealand, 71, 117

Truk, 237

Tundra, 182. See also Mud.

Ulithi Anchorage, 269

Unloading operations Attu, 189 Bougainville, 131 India, 417 Iwo Jima, 390, 391 Leyte, 311 Luzon, 333 New Caledonia, 70, 108

USS Arizona, 11

USS Cassin, 12

USS Dowries, 12

USS Enterprise, 90

USS Franklin, 399

USS Hornet, 90

USS Lexington, 52

USS Missouri, 456, 457

USS Pennsylvania, 12

USS Shaw, 10

USS Tennessee, 11

USS Wasp, on fire, 88

USS West Virginia, 11

USS Yorktown, 57

V-J-Day parade, Honolulu, 462

Vehicles amphibian tractor, LVT, 130 amphibian truck, 69, 336 assembly of, 73 Bren-gun carriers, 152 bulldozer, 347, 371 cargo carrier, M29, 323 jeeps. See Jeeps. light armored car, 381 personnel carrier, half-track, 140 tanks. See Tanks. tractor, 7-ton, 189 tractor, 18-ton, 244 tractor, crawler type, 274 tractor, medium M5, 256 trucks, 290, 406, 417 trucks, ¾-ton, 392 trucks, 2½-ton, 191, 437 trucks, 4-ton, 131, 135

Wake, 38, 196

Walkie-talkie, SCR 300, 297

War trophies, 204

Warships, Japanese, 237, 243, 318, 319, 440, 445

Waterproofed vehicles, 226, 227

Water cans, 313

Water supply point, Leyte, 313

Water tanks, 130 collapsible, 313

Wheeler Field, 8, 17

Women, Army nurses, 50, 60, 404

Wotje Atoll, Marshall Islands, 38

Yank magazine, 296

Yap Island, 260

Yokohama, Japan, 447

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The war against Japan: Pictorial record

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The war against Japan: Pictorial record

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